题库——摘录要点型
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第2讲点要全、语要精,稳取内容要点概括题文章的内容要点,指文章的主要内容,或者说是文章内容的精要之处,可以是指全文的,也可以是指文章局部的。
概括内容要点题主要有3大题型:层(段)意概括题、主旨概括题、特定信息概括题。
其中特定信息概括题是考查重点。
概括内容要点,应做到“点要全、语要精”,条理简明。
阅读下面的文字,完成1~4题。
端午的阳光熊红久(1)公元前278年的五月初五,被流放至汨罗江畔的屈原,得知秦国军队已攻破楚国郢都,顿时感到支撑生命的最后一点亮光熄灭了.........。
(2)当他把“举世皆浊我独清,众人皆醉我独醒”的诗句吟诵给江边渔父的时候,就已经决定,要将自己的清澈与江水的澄明合二为一了。
我知道,这是屈子为保留个体纯净最无奈的选择,也是迄今为止,文化祭坛上最高尚的选择。
(3)最终,三闾大夫坐在了汨罗江边,坐在了五月初五的阳光里,把最后的生路溺死水中。
怀中石的沉重,恰如其心,所以屈原是抱着自己冰凉的心,走进激流之中的。
而那些“长太息以掩涕兮,哀民生之多艰”“亦余心之所善兮,虽九死其犹未悔”的诗句,留在了岸上,留给了端午。
一条江因为成了一个诗人心灵最后的归属地,而永远被世人铭记。
一个普通的节日,因为收留了伟大诗人的高尚魂魄,而内涵充盈。
(4)端午,把缅怀和敬仰裹成了节日的粽心。
(5)节日的寿命当然要比人的寿命长久许多,所以,三闾大夫把自己的傲骨托付给了这个日子。
在结束自己生命肉体的同时,也放射出了精神的光芒。
被江水灌洗的灵魂,犹如江............面的粼粼波光,刺痛了后人的视线和思想..................。
我知道,这种深入骨髓的隐痛,来自时间深处的行吟,一个背负着深重苦难,行走了两千多年的节日,其实是在为自己的存在寻找一个答案。
(6)所以,端午节带给我们的,应该是溯流而上的文化追源,恰如诗人余光中所说:“蓝.墨水的上游,是汨罗江..........。
”(7)以我们现在的视角来看,用一个诗人的陨落,唤醒了一种文化的崛起,就像屈大夫生未能拯救楚国,却用死成就了《离骚》一样,忽然觉得,端午节其实更像是包裹粽子的苇叶了,它把所有的内容和精髓,密密细细地包藏起来,让我们极具耐心地一层层打开,最后领略到事物的真相。
行测笔记模块一:言语理解与表达(不可加入个思想常识,一切以题为起点)题型:片段阅读(考理解)多于选词填空(考表达)试卷第一部份,30题一、做题顺序:一、先审题问―――――分清题型、了解题问是什么二、回读题干―――――寻觅命题语句同义替换:换一种说法,对策型答案占多数3、果断选择―――――通过转换后的答案精减紧缩:提炼句子骨干二、阅读理解题:(共计20小题)10题左右)标识词:主旨、主要、主题、中心、核心、旨在。
主(说明、阐明、表达、意思)――――归纳、总结、归纳、复述―――――――――――――――――――――――⑴、做题思路: 行文脉络关联词语选择答案对策多为考点,转换后为答案切记不得思维发散或引申,转换即可⑵、做题方式:2个切入点――――关联词行文脉络:1、总-分-总①首尾句原则:文章的前半段或后两句比较重要,可能出现观点(重点强调一、二句)2、总――分如随着―――,背景交待,粗读事后找对策。
尾句“在这种情况下”指代上段,后句为观点3、分――总4、分—分②辅(分)证原则:地位为辅,作用为证。
例子:看其前后,对于例子的表述项,不选出现原因时:看前后援引:看前后内容,援引不选反证:看之前或通过反证推导出正面观点正确答案要与原文在主体、偏向性、语态、时态上维持一致。
①递进复句:(重点在递进句的后部份)【典型格式】“不但……,而且……”。
如“大别山区不但矿产很丰硕,而且自然景色很美。
”【关联词语】跟“不但”作用相同的词语还有“不仅”、“不单”、“不独”、“不只”、“不但”等;跟“而且”相同的词语还有“并”、“而且”、“也”、“还”;(一级递进)与“乃至”相同的词语还有“更”、特别、尤其、重要的是、关键的是、核心的是等。
(二级递进)【多重递进】“不但……,而且……,乃至……”例1:某公司的经验充分显示出(说明、表明、证明―――结论性的引导词),成功的行销运作除有赖专门的行销部门外,还若是(反面论证,重点在反面论证之地整合,都会让行销运作无法顺利有效地进行,难以发挥应有的壮大威力。
类型四摘录要点型咨询建议类Passage 1〔2015某某〕In almost every US city and town, there are local organizations to help people stop smoking. One of the most popular and successful is the California Smokers’ Helpline. Here is a page from one of their leaflets.When you really want a cigarette—try the three Ds:1. Delay: Look at your watch and wait for a couple of minutes. If you can wait two minutes, you won’t want to smoke.2.Drink something: If you drink water or some other drinks, you will reduce the need to have something in your mouth.3.Deep breathing: Breathe in slowly and deeply. Count to five when your lungs are full. Then breathe out slowly. Repeat several times.And here are some ideas from Florida Anti-smoking Club to help people to give up smoking:1. Make a plan: Make a list of friends who smoke and places where you smoke. Don’t see those people and don’t go to those places!2. Keep busy: Instead of smoking, make a phone call, take a short walk or talk with a friend.3. Develop new interests: Exercise—walking, biking, jogging, swimming or taking a music class—helps you to forget about cigarettes.It is now against the law for anyone to smoke anywhere at any time in our schools. So set a date, and act at once to give up smoking for your own good.Title: Stop Smoking Now—We Can Help![主旨大意]本文是一篇说明文.文章介绍了两个戒烟组织并列举了它们各自提供的戒烟方法.California Smokers’ Helpline给出了在人们想抽烟的时候的3条做法:延迟、喝点东西和深呼吸,Florida Anti-smoking Club为了帮助人们戒烟也给出了3条建议:制定计划、让自己忙起来和开展新的兴趣.1. Club[解析]细节理解题.根据文章第六段第一句"And here are some ideas from Florida Anti-smoking Club...〞可知填Club.2. smoke[解析]推理判断题.根据文章第二段"When you really want a cigarette...〞以与下面的第二条建议"Drink something:If you drink water or some other drinks, you will reduce the need to have something in your mouth.〞可知当嘴里面需要有一些东西的时候可以喝水或其他饮品,联系上下文可知嘴里面有东西,也就是指的是吸烟,故填smoke.3. deep[解析]细节理解题.由空前的a与空后的breath可知此处是形容词作定语,再根据文章第五段"Deep breathing:Breathe in slowly and deeply.〞可知填deep.4. avoid[解析]推理判断题.根据文章第七段"Make a plan:Make a list of friends who smoke and places where you smoke. Don’t see those people and don’t go to those places!〞再结合题目可知此处表示不要见吸烟的朋友,也就是防止见吸烟的朋友,故填avoid.5. Advice/Suggestion<s> [解析]推理判断题.通读文章最后一段可知此段是对还在吸烟的人提出的建议,可用advice或suggestion<s>,小标题,首字母应大写,故填Advice/Suggestion<s>.咨询建议类Passage 2We are all called upon to make a speech at some point in life, but most of us don’t do a verygood job. This article gives some suggestions on how to give a good speech.Try the following simple steps to take the pain out of speech making. First of all, stay calm. Try to stay calm by asking yourself the purpose of your speech. Next, be prepared. Collect as many facts as you can on your subject. Spend plenty of time organizing your materials so that your speech is clear and easy to be followed. Use as many examples as possible and use pictures to make your points more clearly. Then, never forget your audience〔观众〕.Don’t talk over their heads and don’t talk down to them. Treat them with respect. One tip, just don’t forget to be yourself. Let your personality e through so that you make person-to-person contact with your audience.If you follow these simple steps, you’ll see that you are not afraid of public speaking. In fact,[主旨大意]本文是一篇说明文.文章就如何做好演讲给出了一些建议.主要介绍了如何保持冷静、充分准备、以与尊重观众三方面的内容.1. gives some suggestions[解析]细节理解题.根据第一段最后一句"This article gives some suggestions on how to give a good speech.这篇文章就如何做好演讲给出了一些建议.〞可知答案.2. Steps[解析]推理判断题.根据右侧内容主要介绍做好演讲的步骤可知应填steps.注意:首字母大写.3. Ask yourself [解析]细节理解题.根据第二段第三句"Try to stay calm by asking yourself the purpose of your speech. 通过自问演讲的目的,努力保持冷静.〞可知答案.4. Be prepared [解析]细节理解题.根据第二段第四句"Next, be prepared.接下来,做好准备.〞可知答案.注意:首字母大写.5. Never forget [解析]细节理解题.根据第二段第八句"Then, never forget your audience〔观众〕.然后,不要忘记你的观众.〞可知答案.注意:首字母大写.说明介绍类Passage 3How do you feel when you have to make a speech in front of the class or when you go to a birthday party? Do you get really shy?Shyness means feeling nervous or frightened when you’re around other people. Experts have found that more than 80 percent middle school students feel afraid to be the center of attention. Some kids are born shy. Some bee shy later because of their life experiences.It’s OK if it takes you a while to feel yourself again when you go to a new place or meet new people. In fact, everybody gets a little shy sometimes. It’s just a cause of how much.Most people have red faces and talk in broken sentences when they get shy. But some bee so shy that they won’t go to a restaurant because they are too nervous to order and pay for the food. Some are afraid of meeting new people, so they seldom go outside. This kind of shyness can be bad for a person.If being shy doesn’t stop you from doing something you want to do, it isn’t a very big problem. Some experts say shy people are cleverer because they think more and talk less. Shy people are also good at working with others because they think more for other people. Some great people in history were shy, too.You see, being shy isn’t all bad.But remember not to let good opportunities pass by just because of it! If you have to sing a song at a birthday party or practice your spoken English in front of others, just do it! There’s nothing to be afraid of.[主旨大意]本文是一篇说明文.主要介绍了害羞的表现症状并且指出哪些症状会对人们有害,同时说明了害羞并非一无是处.最后强调了不要因为害羞而白白丧失一些好机会.1.nervous or frightened[解析]细节理解题.题干意为:它意味着____当你在他人周围感到.根据文章第二段第一句Shyness means feeling nervous or frightened when you’re around otherpeople.可知答案.故填nervous or frightened.2.red faces[解析]细节理解题.题干意为:当人们感到害羞时,他们会有____并说话____根据文章第四段第一句Most people have red faces and talk in broken sentences when they get shy.可知答案.故填red faces.3.broken sentences [解析]细节理解题.题干意为:当人们感到害羞时,他们会脸红并说话____.根据文章第四段第一句Most people have red faces and talk in broken sentenceswhen they get shy.可知答案.故填broken sentences.4.go outside[解析]细节理解题.题干意为:人们害怕见生人, 所以他们很少____. 根据文章第四段第三句Some are afraid of meeting new people, so they seldom go outside.可知答案. 故填go outside.5.Are you shy[解析]标题归纳题.题干意为:本文最好的题目是____.根据文章第一段最后一句、全文主旨与空后标点可知答案为Are you shy.Passage 4’s not pletely true, but almost. In every season, Americans have a ball. If you want to know what season it is, just look at what people are playing. For many Americans, sports do not just occupy the sidelines. They take center court.Besides"the big three〞sports, Americans play a variety of other sports. In warm weather, people enjoy water sports. Lovers of surfing, sailing and scuba diving flock to the ocean. Swimmers and water skiers also revel in the wet stuff. Fisherman try their luck in ponds, lakes and rivers. In winter, sportsmen delight in freezing fun.From the first snow, skiers hit the slopes. Frozen ponds and ice rinks bee playgrounds for skating and hockey. People play indoor sports whatever the weather is like. Racquetball, weightlifting and bowling are year-round activities.For many people in the U.S., sports are not just for fun. They’re almost a religion. Thousands of sports fans buy expensive tickets to watch their favorite teams’ and athletes’ plays in person. Other fans watch the game at home, glued to their TV sets. Some fans never miss a game.[主旨大意]本文是一篇说明文.主要介绍了运动在美国的多样性和影响.1. Football, basketball and baseball [解析]细节理解题.根据第一段第二句"In the U.S., there are only three: football, basketball and baseball.〞可得答案,注意首字母大写.2. Water sports [解析]细节理解题.根据第二段第二、三句"In warm weather, people enjoy water sports. Lovers of surfing , sailing and scuba diving flock to the ocean.〞可得答案,注意首字母大写.3. In cold weather/In winter [解析]细节理解题.根据第二段第六、七、八句"In winter sportsmen delight in freezing fun. From the first snow, skiers hit the slopes. Frozen ponds and ice rinks bee playgrounds for skating and hockey.〞可得答案,注意首字母大写.4. Indoor sports [解析]细节理解题.根据第二段最后两句"People play indoor sports whatever the weather is like. Racquetball, weightlifting and bowling are year-round activities.〞可得答案,注意首字母大写.5.watch games [解析]细节理解题.根据第三段倒数第二句"Other fans watch the game at home, glued to their TV sets.〞可得答案.文化类Passage 5Have you ever studied abroad? Maybe it is an amazing experience, especially when you e to Australia as a foreign high school student. You can have a lot of fun there, especially on holidays. There are many festivals in Australia. The most important one is Christmas. Each year, the summer holiday at every high school last about two months from the beginning of December to February, which covers the Christmas time. Since it is a long holiday, most foreign students still stay in Australia during the holiday to get part-time jobs. It is quite easy to find a part-time job at Christmas. Students often take part in another major social activity. They go to the beach to havefun in the sunshine. And going to the beach in December is very popular with Australians. Easter in March is another important holiday in the year. It actually bines"Good Friday〞and "Easter Monday〞. Almost every shop closes on Good Friday. And people usually go to see Easter Show.Festivals in Australia[主旨大意]本文是一篇科普类说明文.介绍了澳大利亚的两大节日——圣诞节和复活节.在澳大利亚,暑假包含了圣诞节,因此学生们会做兼职并且找兼职很容易.而在复活节到来时,商店停止营业,人们常去观看复活节表演.1. December[解析]细节理解题.根据第二段第三句"Each year, the summer holiday at every high school last about two months from the beginning of December to February, which covers the Christmas time.〞可知应填December.2. beach [解析]细节理解题.根据第二段最后一句"And going to the beach in December is very popular with Australians.〞可知应填beach.3. Two[解析]细节理解题.根据第二段第二句"The most important one is Christmas.〞和第三段第一句"Easter in March is another important holiday in the year. 〞可知圣诞节和复活节是澳大利亚的两个重要节日.故填two.注意首字母大写.4. bines[解析]细节理解题.根据第三段第二句"It actually bines‘Good Friday’and ‘Easter Monday’.〞可知应填bines.5. Easter show [解析]细节理解题.根据第三段最后两句"Almost every shop closes on Good Friday. And people usually go to see Easter Show.〞可得答案.志愿活动类Passage 6Looking for a new way to raise money for charity<慈善>? Has your school run out ofcleverand fun ideas? Don’t give up. There are several ways to support your favorite charity.How about organizing a car wash? Everybody who has a car sooner or later washes it or has it washed. So why don’t you and your classmates do the job? The money the car owners pay for having their cars washed will go towards your charity. When we did it, we had an amazing time! At first, some of us were worried about getting wet or dirty and it’s true. But we also had fun, and at the end of the day it was really worth it!On the other hand, if you don’t feel like getting wet or messy, but have some musical talent, how about organizing a street concert? Street musicians can make a lot of money, and so can you. If you’ve got the talent and courage it takes to play in front of an audience. You just need to find a suitable place, practice for a few hours with your friends first, and have a try!I hope the above ideas can help you a bit, and if you’ve got any other great suggestions, we would love to hear them and practice them, too. Good luck![主旨大意]本文是一篇说明文.介绍了为慈善机构筹钱的方法——洗车和举办街头音乐会.旨在帮助大家找到更多筹钱做慈善的方法.1.Raise Money [解析]标题归纳题.根据文章第一段第一句"Looking for a new way to raise money for charity<慈善>?〞和最后一句"There are several ways to support your favorite charity.〞可归纳出文章题目为Ways to Raise Money for Charity〔为慈善机构筹钱的方法〕.注意首字母大写.anizing [解析]细节理解题.根据第二段第一句"How about organizing a car wash?〞可知应填Organizing〔组织〕.注意首字母大写.3.pay for [解析]细节理解题.根据第二段第四句"The money the car owners pay forhaving their cars washed will go towards your charity. 〞可得答案.pay for支付.4.suitable [解析]细节理解题.根据第三段最后一句"You just need to find a suitable place, practice for a few hours with your friends first, and have a try!〞可得答案.suitable适宜的.5.suggestions [解析]细节理解题.根据最后一段第一句"...if you’ve got any other great suggestions, we would love to hear them and practice them, too. 〞可得答案.suggestions建议.。
精品文档!值得拥有!第一部分题点训练案第一章语言文字运用题点训练一信息要点提取和概括要准确、全面旧标解说]压缩语段题是江苏卷中最传统、最经典的语言表达题型,提取概括信息要点要准确、全面是做这种题型的基本要求。
在训练中,要从以下三方面展开:①抓好读懂语段这个前提,把握准语段的中心和层次;②灵活而综合地使用好各种压缩方法;③重点做好复杂语句中信息要点的提取和概括工作。
回顾性练习回练T温【真题回做】(2013•山东)对下面这段文字提供的信息进行筛选、整合,给“创造”下定义,不超过30字。
作为人的一种活动,创造包括思维活动和行为活动。
创造一定要获得成果。
形形色色的创造成果可以分为两种类型:一类是精神性的,即新的认识;另一类是物质性的,即新的事物。
这些创造成果不管以何种形式表现出来,都必须具备“首次获得”这个必要条件。
答案创造是人首次获得精神或物质成果的思维和行为活动。
解析这是一道综合能力的考查题,既考查压缩语段的能力,又考查变换句式的能力,即短句变长句。
首先确立“创造是……”的答题格式。
其次找出被定义项的邻近属概念:“人的一种活动(思维活动和行为活动)。
”再次筛选相关信息:第二句介绍“创造”的特点,第三、四句介绍创造的两种类型;最后一句介绍其必要条件。
最后是整合,把二至五句的内容整合为句子的修饰限制成分。
为了满足字数要求还要把重复的内容、次要的内容删去。
【错题回练】1.阅读下面的材料,用一句话概括什么是“细节”。
(不超过30字)材料一1912年4月10日,“泰坦尼克”号游轮起航后,船员突然发现船上唯一的望远镜锁在坚固的工具箱里,而钥匙却不在船上。
船员们未加重视,他们认为没有望远镜不会对航行产生多大影响。
然而,黑夜来临后,当船员突然发现前方出现一个庞然大物时,巨大的游轮想转向已经来不及了,一头撞向了冰山,造成1 522人丧生。
材料二台湾有一位博士,在意大利某名牌鞋店买鞋。
最合脚的尺码已经卖完了,就选了一双小一号的,但有一点紧。
1.阅读下面的文字,完成问题。
辩证法也有几个原则,如下:一是矛盾对立的原则。
演绎法立脚于事物的同一,不承认有矛盾。
辩证法却以矛盾为出发点。
世间事物本来自身含有矛盾,例如:生长和死亡互相对立,生物一天天生长,同时也就一天天近于死亡,生长的意义也要因了死亡才可思维理解。
此外,如力学上的作用和反作用,数学上的正和负,都是矛盾和对立的好例。
二是量影响到质的原则。
一种事物因了量的改变,性质就会变化。
例如:把水的温度增至摄氏百度以上就成汽,降至摄氏零度以下就成冰。
又如:一张一元纸币在袋中是日常零用,把同样的一元积贮起来到某阶段,就会变成谋利的资本了。
三是否定的否定的原则。
世间事物的发展进步,必取否定的否定的顺序。
例如:一粒谷子下土到发芽变禾以后,最初的一粒谷子已没有了,这是一个否定。
禾到成熟的时候就萎去,所留剩的是一粒粒的新谷,这又是个否定。
否定的否定,是事物发展进步的步骤,社会的变迁的情形也可用这原则来说明。
这原则又叫“正反合”,两种互相正反的东西被统一为较高的东西,世间一切进步的根源就在于此。
(摘编自夏丏尊、叶圣陶《议论文的推理方式》)请简要赏析“生长的意义也要因了死亡才可思维理解”。
2.阅读下面的文字,完成文后题目。
电影善用技术更须关注心灵完整地再现现实世界原貌一直都是电影的努力方向。
技术的进步使电影再现和重构现实中存在的事物成为可能,让电影制作似乎变得“无所不能”,极大地推动了电影创作者的热情,创作出一部又一部“色香味俱全”的大片,带动了电影产业的繁荣。
影片《少年派的奇幻漂流》依然凭借其唯美的画面、精致的构架以及奇妙的历险故事,创造了全球票房新高,再一次证明了技术在电影产业中的力量。
然而,成也萧何,败也萧何。
尽管有一些成功运用数字技术夺得高票房、好口碑的案例,但近年来电影生产者们对数字技术的过分倚重,使得电影越来越忽视内容的重要性,盲目追求视听的奇观性和猎奇性。
电影题材也越来越脱离大众的现实体验,过分追求给受众带来强大的视听冲击力,强调表层影像和画面唯美,而缺少了深沉的人文关怀、深刻的现实关照和高远的理想情怀。
2023高考语文备考复习重要知识点高考语文必记重点知识点病句辨析题病句类型:语序不当、搭配不当、成分残缺或赘余、结构混乱、表意不明、不合逻辑。
答题技巧:1、跟着语感走。
即通过语感进行检测,可很容易地审出杂糅、赘余、语序不当等语病。
2、主干压缩法(即划分主谓宾法)。
此法可很容易地解决搭配不当、成分残缺等问题。
3、同类比较法。
感觉拗口而查不出病因时,可举几个相类似的句子或短语进行类比,从而找出病源。
4、特点记忆法。
掌握一般病句的基本症状,找出病源的出现规律。
如句中的并列成分,非常值得注意。
要梳理整体框架结构,有时要细研到各词的关系。
杂糅要理清两种结构。
正确项有时也较为模糊,需用排除法才能确定。
5、做题思路通常是:先检查句子的主干,看是否缺成分→→推敲词语运用,是否搭配→→心里默读,看是否有不同的句式混用→→综合思考,是否符合逻辑思维,特别注意常见的典型病症。
①介词"关于""对于""对"等开头的句子,注意主语的残缺。
②类似于"A"是"B"的句子,注意"A""B"的协调,也可能是句式杂糅。
③动词后有很长的修饰词语,注意是否宾语残缺。
④用"和""或"以及顿号连接的并列成分,注意歧义及内在逻辑顺序是否失当以及意义的从属关系。
⑤前半句使用了"能否""可否"等双面词语,注意后半句是否与前半句协调。
⑥反问句及疑问句注意是否表意相反。
标点符号题答题技巧:注意试卷中常考标点(顿号、引号、破折号、括号、分号、问号)的使用,重点审查这类标点的使用正确性,逐一辨析排除。
高考语文常备知识点【四大名绣】苏绣〖苏州〗、湘绣〖湖南〗、蜀绣〖四川〗、广绣〖广东〗【四大名扇】檀香扇〖江苏〗、火画扇〖广东〗、竹丝扇〖四川〗、绫绢扇〖浙江〗【四大名花】牡丹〖洛阳〗水仙〖福建漳州〗菊花〖浙江杭州〗山茶〖云南昆明〗【十大名茶】西湖龙井〖浙江杭州西湖区〗碧螺春〖江苏吴县太湖的洞庭山碧螺峰〗信阳毛尖〖河南信阳车云山〗君山银针〖湖南岳阳君山〗六安瓜片〖安徽六安和金寨两县的齐云山〗黄山毛峰〖安徽歙县黄山〗祁门红茶〖安徽祁门县〗都匀毛尖〖贵州都匀市〗铁观音〖福建安溪县〗武夷岩茶〖福建崇安县〗【十二生肖】子鼠、丑牛、寅虎、卯兔、辰龙、巳蛇、午马、未羊、申猴、酉鸡、戌狗、亥猪【年龄称谓】襁褓:未满周岁的婴儿孩提:指2——3岁的儿童垂髫:指幼年儿童(又叫“总角”)豆蔻:指女子十三岁及笄:指女子十五岁加冠:指男子二十岁(又“弱冠”)而立之年:指三十岁不惑之年:指四十岁知命之年:指五十岁(又“知天命”、“半百”)花甲之年:指六十岁古稀之年:指七十岁耄耋之年:指八、九十岁期颐之年:一百岁【古代主要节日】元日:正月初一,一年开始。
语言文字运用回顾总结闪电回顾 比喻:1.甲和乙必须是本质不同的事物,否则不能构成比喻。
① 类相比。
例如:他长得很像他哥哥。
② 示猜测。
例如:他刚才好像出去了。
③ 示想象。
例如:每当看到这条红领巾,我就仿佛置身于天真灿漫的少年时节。
④表示举例的引词。
例如:本次考试很多同学的进步很大,像禄晨、王胜超等等。
2.甲乙之间必须有相似点。
3.分类 明喻:甲(喻词:像、好像、仿佛、犹如、似、若)乙 漫天飞雪纷纷扬扬,像舞动的梨花。
暗喻:甲(喻词:是、成、变成、成为、当(化)作)乙 漫天飞雪纷纷扬扬,是舞动的梨花。
借喻:只出现喻体,本体和喻词都不出现。
忽如一夜春风来,千树万树梨花开。
博喻:连用几个比喻,对同一本体从不同角度、不同相似点进行比喻。
雪,像梨花,像羽毛,像棉花。
借代:借用相关的事物来代替所要表达的事物 ① 特征来代替所要说的人和事物。
红眼睛原知道他家里只有一个老娘。
② 事物的名称代替该事物。
我买了一台“康佳”。
③ 部分代替全体。
樯橹灰飞烟灭。
④ 专名代一般人或事物。
新时代的雷锋不止千千万。
⑤ 材料、工具代该事物。
他走进柜台,从腰间伸出手来,满把是银的和铜的。
⑥ 作者代著作。
我建议大家多读点鲁迅。
⑦ 结果代事物本身。
(代担心)于是大家替他们兄弟捏把汗。
夸张:有意强调事物的某种特征,并对其加以扩大或缩小来表达强烈思想感情 扩大的夸张:白发三千丈,缘愁似个长。
/蜀道之难,难于上青天。
缩小的夸张:这巴掌大的小山庄吸引着成千上万人的心。
超前的夸张:农民们说,看见这样鲜绿的麦苗,就嗅出白面包的香味来了。
比拟:把甲事物模拟作乙事物来写拟人 把物当作人来写,写出和人一样的感情和动作。
花喜鹊格格地笑起来。
/感时花溅泪,恨别鸟惊心 。
拟物 ①把人当作物来写 帝国主义夹着尾巴逃跑了。
/接着便飞出了八岁的侄儿宏儿。
②把此物当作彼物来写 你带一队人马把黑龙潭的水牵到山下的坝子里来。
优选文档
职业能力测试答题技巧:把握片段阅读重点行测考试中片段阅读的阅读量比拟大,简单出现做题速度慢或精确率不高的现象。
考生在阅读题目时往往找不到重点,所以接下来我们就来和大家分享做片段阅读题时需要注意的重点局部。
一、把握重点句
首先我们要来了解片段阅读的文章结构,头部从结构上来说,是落笔点题,点明文章的中心,开门见山,总领全文,或起到引起下文的作用。
中间段落在结构上起到承上启下、过渡的作用。
最后一段的作用是总结全文,点明文章主旨,与题目相照顾。
二、关键词句引出主旨
考生可以从文中找,在文章的每一段特别是第—段或最后一段的第—句或最后一句,文章中富有哲理性的句子往往是作者所要表达的主题。
三、修辞手法突出重点
考生应该注意片段阅读中所使用到的修辞手法。
在平常的考试中最多出现的是比喻、拟人、夸张、排比。
考生要着重从修辞手法中找寻重点。
而且要对一些常见的修辞手法的作用有肯定的了解。
比方比喻的作用是使深奥的道理浅显化,帮人加深体会;拟人的作用是可以使读者不仅对所表达的事物产生鲜亮的印象,而且感受到作者对该事物的强烈感情;排比的作用在于能突出文章的中心,表达强烈奔放的感情,增强言语的气概。
四、作者中心思想
考生可以依据文章的具体内容来答复,一般作者的感情可以从文章的字里行间看出来,有的也许写得比拟含蓄,有的是直抒胸臆。
.。
⾔语理解与表达整理⾼分笔记⾔语理解与表达⽚段阅读⼀、做题顺序读问题读原⽂选答案⼆、两⼤原则1、同义替换(最⼤程度的吻合原⽂),意图类题不适合2、把握主题三、⼋种题型(⼀)、主旨概括题已表达、已然、⾔内之意A、解题⽅法:⾸尾寻找中⼼句事物罗列抓共性⽂末注意新概念尾句警惕“个别”词(不能盲⽬抓尾句,以偏概全)①⾼频主语暗⽰法②主体数⽬分析法在谈论两个或两个以上对象时,两者是独⽴关系,选包括两个的;两者是对⽐关系时,选择突出的那个③“研究⼈员”提⽰法,重点在权威主体后④“为了”识别法,重点在“为了”后B、解题思路⾸先寻找主题句,其次寻找对主题句进⾏同义替换的选项。
C、宏观上——⾏⽂脉络(层级关系是重点、多重复句是重中之重)Ⅰ、总—分—总(⾸句为中⼼句)提出问题—分析问题—解决问题提出观点—解释观点—总结观点引导词:只有、必须、应该、需要、应当、如何、怎样所以、造成、使得、致使、显⽰出、说明、表明、证实Ⅱ、总—分(尾句为中⼼句)提出观点—解释说明;提出观点—举例论证Ⅲ、分—总列举现象—提出观点;列举现象—解决问题Ⅳ、承启句为中⼼句※⾏⽂脉络两⼤原则:①⾸尾句原则(⾸句、前半段)举例(重点在前后)本⾝略读②辅证原则原因解释(重点在前后)证明的观点重要反⾯论证(重点在前)选项涉及辅证不是主旨题答案。
※此外=另外=与此同时,表明另起话题了。
D、微观上—逻辑关系1、递进复句①典型格式:不但A,⽽且B,甚⾄C②其他关联词:不单…还…,不光…还…更、尤其、重要的是、关键的是③解题要领:递进之后是重点⼀级递进与⼆级递进同时出现时,⼆级递进是重点主旨句往往是递进之后内容2、因果复句①典型格式:因为A,所以B②解题要领:结果之后是重点③其他格式:“由于…,因此、因⽽”、“总之…”“综上所述”“看来”“可见”3、转折复句,(会话策略)①典型格式:虽然A,但是B强转折:虽然=尽管=虽说=固然;但是=可是=不过=然⽽=却弱转折:其实、事实上、实际上、只是、当然②解题要领:转折之后是重点,强弱同时出现时,强转折是重点。
类型四摘录要点型咨询建议类Passage 1(2015连云港)In almost every US city and town, there are local organizations to help people stop smoking. One of the most popular and successful is the California Smokers’ Helpline. Here is a page from one of their leaflets.When you really want a cigarette—try the three Ds:1. Delay: Look at your watch and wait for a couple of minutes. If you can wait two minutes, you won’t want to smoke.2.Drink something: If you drink water or some other drinks, you will reduce the need to have something in your mouth.3.Deep breathing: Breathe in slowly and deeply. Count to five when your lungs are full. Then breathe out slowly. Repeat several times.And here are some ideas from Florida Anti-smoking Club to help people to give up smoking:1. Make a plan: Make a list of friends who smoke and places where you smoke. Don’t see those people and don’t go to those places!2. Keep busy: Instead of smoking, make a phone call, take a short walk or talk with a friend.3. Develop new interests: Exercise—walking, biking, jogging, swimming or taking a music class—helps you to forget about cigarettes.It is now against the law for anyone to smoke anywhere at any time in our schools. So set a date, and act at once to give up smoking for your own good.Title: Stop Smoking Now—We Can Help!【主旨大意】本文是一篇说明文。
文章介绍了两个戒烟组织并列举了它们各自提供的戒烟方法。
California Smokers’ Helpline给出了在人们想抽烟的时候的3条做法:延迟、喝点东西和深呼吸,Florida Anti-smoking Club为了帮助人们戒烟也给出了3条建议:制定计划、让自己忙起来和发展新的兴趣。
1. Club【解析】细节理解题。
根据文章第六段第一句“And here are some ideas from Florida Anti-smoking Club...”可知填Club。
2. smoke【解析】推理判断题。
根据文章第二段“When you really want a cigarette...”以及下面的第二条建议“Drink something:If you drink water or some other drinks, you will reduce the need to have something in your mouth.”可知当嘴里面需要有一些东西的时候可以喝水或其他饮品,联系上下文可知嘴里面有东西,也就是指的是吸烟,故填smoke。
3. deep【解析】细节理解题。
由空前的a及空后的breath可知此处是形容词作定语,再根据文章第五段“Deep breathing:Breathe in slowly and deeply.”可知填deep。
4. avoid【解析】推理判断题。
根据文章第七段“Make a plan:Make a list of friends who smoke and places where you smoke. Don’t see those people and don’t go to those places!”再结合题目可知此处表示不要见吸烟的朋友,也就是避免见吸烟的朋友,故填avoid。
5. Advice/Suggestion(s) 【解析】推理判断题。
通读文章最后一段可知此段是对还在吸烟的人提出的建议,可用advice或suggestion(s),小标题,首字母应大写,故填Advice/Suggestion(s)。
咨询建议类Passage 2We are all called upon to make a speech at some point in life, but most of us don’t do a very good job. This article gives some suggestions on how to give a good speech.Try the following simple steps to take the pain out of speech making. First of all, stay calm. Try to stay calm by asking yourself the purpose of your speech. Next, be prepared. Collect as many facts as you can on your subject. Spend plenty of time organizing your materials so that your speech is clear and easy to be followed. Use as many examples as possible and use pictures to make your points more clearly. Then, never forget your audience(观众).Don’t talk over their heads and don’t talk down to them. Treat them with respect. One tip, just don’t forget to be yourself. Let your personality come through so that you make person-to-person contact with your audience.If you follow these simple steps, you’ll see that you are not afraid of public speaking. In fact,【主旨大意】本文是一篇说明文。
文章就如何做好演讲给出了一些建议。
主要介绍了如何保持冷静、充分准备、以及尊重观众三方面的内容。
1. gives some suggestions【解析】细节理解题。
根据第一段最后一句“This article gives some suggestions on how to give a good speech.这篇文章就如何做好演讲给出了一些建议。
”可知答案。
2. Steps【解析】推理判断题。
根据右侧内容主要介绍做好演讲的步骤可知应填steps。
注意:首字母大写。
3. Ask yourself 【解析】细节理解题。
根据第二段第三句“Try to stay calm by asking yourself the purpose of your speech. 通过自问演讲的目的,努力保持冷静。
”可知答案。
4. Be prepared 【解析】细节理解题。
根据第二段第四句“Next, be prepared.接下来,做好准备。
”可知答案。
注意:首字母大写。
5. Never forget 【解析】细节理解题。
根据第二段第八句“Then, never forget your audience(观众).然后,不要忘记你的观众。
”可知答案。
注意:首字母大写。
说明介绍类Passage 3How do you feel when you have to make a speech in front of the class or when you go to a birthday party? Do you get really shy?Shyness means feeling nervous or frightened when you’re around other people. Experts have found that more than 80 percent middle school students feel afraid to be the center of attention. Some kids are born shy. Some become shy later because of their life experiences.It’s OK if it takes you a while to feel yourself again when you go to a new place or meet new people. In fact, everybody gets a little shy sometimes. It’s just a cause of how much.Most people have red faces and talk in broken sentences when they get shy. But some become so shy that they won’t go to a restaurant because they are too nervous to order and pay for the food. Some are afraid of meeting new people, so they seldom go outside. This kind of shyness can be bad for a person.If being shy doesn’t stop you from doing something you want to do, it isn’t a very big problem. Some experts say shy people are cleverer because they think more and talk less. Shy people are also good at working with others because they think more for other people. Some great people in history were shy, too.You see, being shy isn’t all bad.But remember not to let good opportunities pass by just because of it! If you have to sing a song at a birthday party or practice your spoken English in front of others, just do it! There’s nothing to be afraid of.【主旨大意】本文是一篇说明文。