医学护理中英文对照外文翻译文献word版

乳腺癌护理中英文对照外文翻译文献(文档含英文原文和中文翻译)翻译：宗教信仰在应对乳腺癌患者以后生活中的作用目的：识别并检查新诊断为乳腺癌的老年患者中是否存在宗教和精神应对策略现象。

方法：一个简易样本，由被招募来进行为期6个月的诊断的33名65岁女性组成。

受访者被要求参加一个会提出灵活性问题的结构式访谈。

访谈的誊本由三名研究人员各自独立分析讨论其主题,直至达成共识。

结果：参加者的宗教背景为:17名新教徒,五,六名犹太人,天主教和另外四个其它教徒。

她们在出席宗仪式的频率上存在着很大的不同。

而在健康危机期她们的宗教和/或精神信仰或增加或保持不变。

誊本分析显示出了三个主题。

宗教和宗教信仰为受访者提供了必要的情感支持（91%)、社会支持(70%)来面对她们的乳腺癌，以及赋予了她们一些使日常生活变得有意义的能力,特别是癌症经验(64%)。

结论：宗教和宗教信仰为新诊断为乳腺癌的老年女性患者提供了一些重要的应对这些疾病的方法,这些方法也得到了诊断医生的认可。

这可能对于鼓励这些患者寻求宗教的支持和/或重新与她们的宗教团体再结合是非常重要的。

引言一个关于乳腺癌的新的诊断已被证实对女性有重大的影响(格里，1979;琼斯和格林伍德1994；罗兰和马西，1996分;安徒生,1998)。

在老年妇女中，乳腺癌是最常见的癌症，其影响还会因为人口老龄化继续上升。

更好的了解老年妇女如何应对乳腺癌可以使人们更好的增强功能和改善生活质量。

最近日益让人们产生浓厚兴趣的是，宗教或信仰在患者对乳腺癌的反应中所扮演的角色。

在这些老年人中，宗教经常可以帮助她们缓解生理疾病中的固有压力,比如那些伴随着医师会诊、治疗及其它事件所产生的相关压力(包括罗斯,1982;考恩威博士(1985 - 1986);曼弗雷德和皮克特,1987)。

宗教或者精神依赖的正面效应，一直被认为是社会支持的次要规定，其通过与社会性的或教会有关的方式来进行宗教活动。

人们去教堂敬拜时通过培养友情和社会关系来获得能够提供正式的和非正式的社会网络的支持。

医院中英文常用语对照表医院中英文常用语对照表急诊室Emergency Room医院Hospital内科病房Medical Ward外科病房Surgical Ward儿科病房Pediatric Ward接生房Labor and Delivery手术室Operation Room (OR)心脏重症室Coronary Care Unit (CCU)重症室Intensive Care Unit (ICU)内科重症室Medical Intensive Care Unit (MICU)初生婴儿重症室Neonatal Intensive Care Unit (NICU)儿科重症室Pediatric Intensive Care Unit (PICU)外科重症室Surgical Intensive Care Unit (SICU)末期护理Hospice 末期病患者照料居家健康服务Home Health Service 药疗、物理治疗等化验所Laboratory 进行化验研究门诊手术中心Outpatient Surgical Center 一般非严重性手术药房Pharmacy 药物、医疗用品Health Care Provider 医疗服务Physician 医生Acupuncture 针灸Allergy and Immunology 过敏性专科Anesthesiology 麻醉科Cardiology 心脏科Cardio-Thoracic Surgery 心胸外科Chiropractic 脊椎神经科Colorectal Surgery 结肠直肠外科thermocouple pyrometer 热电偶高温计Dentistry 牙科Dermatology 皮肤科Endocrinology 内分泌科Family Practice 家庭科Gastroenterology 肠胃科General Practice 普通全科General Surgery 普通外科Geriatrics 老人病专科Hematology 血液科Hepatology 肝病专科Infectious Disease 传染病科Internal Medicine 内科Nephrology 肾脏科Neurology 神经科Neurosurgery 神经外科Obstetrics-Gynecology 妇产科Oncology 癌症专科Ophthalmology 眼科Optometry 验光科Orthopedic Surgery 骨外科Osteopathy 整骨疗科Otolaryngology (ENT) 耳鼻喉科Pathology 病理科Pediatrics 小儿科Plastic surgery 整形外科Podiatry 足科Psychiatry 精神治疗科Physiatrics 物理疗法Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation 物理疗法及恢复正常生活护理Pulmonary Medicine 肺科Radiation Oncology 癌症放射疗科Radiology Ｘ光科Urology 泌尿科Vascular Surgery 血管外科Other Health Care Professionals 其它医疗专业人员Audiologist 听觉学专家Dental Assistant 牙医助理Dietitian 饮食指导员Genetic Counselor 遗传病辅导员Health Technician 健康技员Laboratory Technician 化验技员Medical Assistant 医务助理Medical Technologist 医学技师Nurse 护士Home Visiting Nurse 家访护士Nurse Midwife 接生护士Nutritionist 营养专家Pharmacist 药剂师Pharmacologist 药理学专家Physical Therapist 物理治疗员Physician's Assistant 医生助手Psychologist 心理学专家Psychologic Counselor 心理辅导员Respiratory Therapist 呼吸治疗员X-Ray Technician Ｘ光科技员。

The clinical and cost-effectiveness of Pharmalgen®for the treatment of bee and wasp venom allergy1 TITLE OF PROJECTThe clinical and cost effectiveness of Pharmalgen®for the treatment of bee and wasp venom allergy2 TAR TEAMLiverpool Reviews and Implementation Group (LR i G), University of Liverpool Correspondence to:Rumona Dickson, MsDirector, LR i GUniversity of LiverpoolRoom 2.12WhelanBuildingThe QuadrangleBrownlow HillLiverpoolL69 3GBTel: +44 (0) 151 794 5682Fax: +44 (0)151 794 5585Email: R.DicksonFor details of expertise within the TAR team, see section 7.3 PLAIN ENGLISH SUMMARYAllergic reactions to bee and wasp venom may occur in venom-sensitive patients immediately following a sting, and can vary in severity, with initially mild symptoms sometimes progressing to critical conditions within seconds. The most severe systemic allergic reactions (generalised reactions) are known as anaphylaxis, a reaction characterised by abnormally low blood pressure, fainting or collapse, and in extreme reactions these symptoms can cause death.Each year in the UK there are between two and nine deaths from anaphylaxis caused by bee and wasp venom. The immediate treatment for severe allergic reactions to bee and wasp venom consists of emergency treatment with drugs to decrease the patient’s response to the venom and support breathing, if required.To avoid further reactions, the use of sensitisation to bee and wasp venom, through a process known as venom immunotherapy (VIT), has been investigated. Venom immunotherapy consists of subcutaneous injections of increasing amounts of venom into patients with a history of anaphylaxis to bee and wasp venom. Pharmalgen®has had UK marketing authorisation for the diagnosis and treatment (using VIT) of allergy to bee venom (using Pharmalgen®Bee Venom) and wasp venom (using Pharmalgen®Wasp Venom) since March 1995, and it is used by more than 40 centres across the UK. This review aims to assess whether using Pharmalgen®in VIT is clinically useful when treating people with a history of severe reaction to bee and wasp stings. The review will compare preventative treatment withPharmalgen®to other treatment options, including high dose antihistamines, advice on the avoidance of bee and wasp stings and adrenaline auto-injector prescription and training. If suitable data are available, the review will also consider the cost effectiveness of using Pharmalgen®for VIT and other subgroups including children and people at high risk of future stings or severe allergic reactions to future stings.4 DECISION PROBLEM4.1 Clarification of research question and scopePharmalgen®is used for the diagnosis and treatment of immunoglobin E (IgE)-mediated allergy to bee and wasp venom. The aim of this report is to assess whether the use of Pharmalgen®is of clinical value when providing VIT to individuals with a history of severe reaction to bee and wasp venom and whether doing so would be considered cost effective compared with alternative treatment options available in the NHS.4.2 BackgroundBees and wasps form part of the order Hymenoptera (which also includes ants), and within this order the species that cause the most frequent allergic reactions are the Vespidae (wasps, yellow jackets and hornets), and the Apinae (honeybees).1Bee and wasp stings contain allergenic proteins. In wasps, these are predominantly phospholipase A1,2 hyaluronidase2 and antigen 5,3 and in bees are phospholipase A2 and hyaluronidase.4 Following an initial sting, a type 1 hypersensitivity reaction may occur in some individuals which produces the IgE antibody. This sensitises cells to the allergen, and any subsequent exposure to the allergen may cause the allergen to bind to the IgE molecules, which results in an allergic reaction.These allergens typically produce an intense, burning pain followed by erythema (redness) and a small area of oedema (swelling) at the site of the sting. The symptoms produced following a sting can be classified into non-allergic reactions, such as local reactions, and allergic reactions, such as extensive local reactions, anaphylactic systemic reactions and delayed systemic reactions.5-6 Systemic allergic reactions may occur in venom-sensitive patients immediately following a sting,7 and can vary in severity, with initially mild symptoms sometimes progressing to critical conditions within seconds.1The most severe systemic allergic reaction is known as anaphylaxis. Anaphylactic reactions are of rapid onset (typically up to 15 minutes post sting) and can manifest in different ways. Initial symptoms are usually cutaneous followed by hypotension, with light-headedness, fainting or collapse. Some people develop respiratory symptoms due to an asthma-like response or laryngeal oedema. In severe reactions, hypotension, circulatory disturbances, and breathing difficulty can progress to fatal cardio-respiratory arrest.Anaphylaxis occurs more commonly in males and in people under 20 years of ageand can be severe and potentially fatal.84.3 EpidemiologyIt is estimated that the prevalence of wasp and bee sting allergy is between 0.4% and 3.3%.9 The incidence of systemic reactions to wasp and bee venom is not reliably known, but estimates range from 0.15-3.3%,10-11 Systemic allergic reactions are reported by up to 3% of adults, and almost 1% of children have a medical history of severe sting reactions.9, 12 After a large local reaction, 5–15% of people will go on to develop a systemic reaction when next stung.13 In people with a mild systemic reaction, the risk of subsequent systemic reactions is thought to be about 18%.13 Hymenoptera venom are one of the three main causes of fatal anaphylaxis in the USA and UK.14-15 Insect stings are the second most frequent cause of anaphylaxis outside of medical settings.16 Between two and nine people in the UK die each year as a result of anaphylaxis due to reactions to wasp and bee stings.17 Once an individual has experienced an anaphylactic reaction, the risk of having a recurrent episode has been estimated to be between 60% and 79%.13In 2000, the register of fatal anaphylactic reactions in the UK from 1992 onwards was reported by Pumphrey to determine the frequency at which classic manifestations of fatal anaphylaxis are present.18 Of the 56 post-mortems carried out, 19 deaths were recorded as reactions to Hymenoptera venom (33.9%). A retrospective study in 2004 examined all deaths from anaphylaxis in the UK between 1992 and 2001, and estimated 22.19% to be reactions to Hymenoptera venom (47/212). This further breaks down into 29/212 (13.68%) as reactions to wasp stings, and 4/212 (1.89%) as reactions to bee stings. The remaining 14/212 were unidentified Hymenoptera stings (6.62%).194.4 Current diagnostic optionsCurrently, individuals can be tested to determine if they are at risk of systemic reactions to bee and wasp venom. The primary diagnostic method for systemic reactions to bee and/or wasp stings is venom skin testing.Skin testing involves intradermal injection with the five Hymenoptera venom protein extracts, with venom concentrati ons in the range of 0.001 to 1.0 μg/ml. This establishes the minimum concentration giving a positive result (a reaction occurring in the individual). As venom tests show unexplained variability over time,20 and as negative skin tests can occur following recent anaphylaxis, it is recommended that tests be repeated after 1 to 6 months.21Other methods of diagnosis in patients following an anaphylactic reaction include radioallergosorbent test (RAST), which detects allergen-specific IgE antibodies in serum. This test is less sensitive than skin testing but is useful when skin tests cannot be done, for example in patients with skin conditions.22-234.5 Current treatment optionsPreventative treatments include education on how to avoid bee and wasp venom,and prescription of high dose antihistamines. Patients with a history of moderate local reactions should be provided with an emergency kit,24 containing aH1-blocking antihistamine and a topical corticosteroid for immediate use following a sting. Patients with a history of anaphylaxis should be provided with an emergency kit containing a rapid-acting H1-blocking antihistamine, an oral corticosteroid and an auto-injector for self administration, containing epinephrine.Injected epinephrine (a sympathomimetic drug which acts on both alpha and beta receptors) is regarded as the emergency treatment of choice for cases of acute anaphylaxis as a result of Hymenoptera stings.25 For adults, the recommended dose is between 0.30 mg/ml and 0.50 mg/ml I.M, and 0.01 ml/kg I.M. for children. Individuals with a history of anaphylactic reactions are recommended to carry auto injectors containing epinephrine (commonly known as EpiPen®, Adrenaclick®, Anapen®or Twinject®). These are intended for immediate self-administration by individuals with a history of hypersensitivity to Hymenoptera stings and other allergens.Preventive measures following successful treatment of a systemic allergic reaction to Hymenoptera venom consists of either allergen avoidance or specific allergen immunotherapy, known as VIT. Venom immunotherapy is considered to be a safe and effective treatment.26 Currently, VIT can be used with several regimes, including Pharmalgen®(manufactured by ALK Abello, and licensed in the UK), Aquagen®and Alutard SQ®(both manufactured by ALK Abello and unlicensed in the UK but licensed in some parts of Europe), VENOMENHAL®(HAL Allergy, Leiden, Netherlands, unlicensed in the UK), Alyostal®(Stallergenes, Antony Cedex, France, unlicensed in the UK), and Venomil®(Hollister-Stier Laboratories LLC, unlicensed in the UK). Venom immunotherapy is recommended to prevent future systemic reactions. It is recommended that VIT is considered ‘when positive test results for specific IgE antibodies correlate with suspected triggers and pa tient exposure’.27 Venom immunotherapy consists of subcutaneous injections of increasing amounts of venom, and treatment is divided into two periods: the build up phase and maintenance phase. Venom immunotherapy is now the standard therapy for Hymenoptera sting allergy,28 and is a model for allergen-specific therapy,29-30 with success rates (patients who will remain anaphylaxis free) being reported as more than 98% in some studies.4, 31 There are now 44 centres across the UK which provide VIT to people for bee and wasp sting allergy. Venom immunotherapy is normally discontinued after 3 to 5 years, but modifications may be necessary when treating people with intense allergen exposure (such as beekeepers) or those with individual risk factors for severe reactions. There is no method of assessing which patients will be at risk of further anaphylactic reactions following administration of VIT and those who will remain anaphylaxis free in the long term following VIT.27Local or systemic adverse reactions may occur as a result of VIT. They normally develop within 30 minutes of the injection. Each patient is monitored closely following each injection to check for adverse reactions. Progression to anincreased dose only occurs if the previous dose is fully tolerated.4.6 The technologyPharmalgen®is produced by ALK Abello, and has had UK marketing authorisation for the diagnosis (using skin testing/intracutaneous testing) and treatment (using VIT) of IgE-mediated allergy to bee venom (Pharmalgen®Bee Venom) and wasp venom (Pharmalgen®Wasp Venom) since March 1995 (marketing authorisation number PL 10085/0004). The active ingredient is partially purified freeze dried Vespula spp. venom in Pharmalgen®Wasp Venom and freeze dried Apis mellifera venom in Pharmalgen®Bee Venom, each provided in powder form for solution for injection.Before treatment is considered, allergy to bee or wasp venom must be confirmed by case history and diagnosis. Treatment with Pharmalgen®Bee or Wasp Venom is performed by subcutaneous injections. The treatment is carried out in two phases: the initial phase and the maintenance phase.In the build up phase, the dose is increased stepwise until the maintenance dose (the maximum tolerable dose before an allergic reaction) is achieved. ALK Abello recommends the following dosage proposals: conventional, modified rush (clustered) and rush updosing. In conventional updosing, the patient receives one injection every 3-7 days. In modified rush (clustered) updosing, the patient receives 2-4 injections once a week. If necessary this interval may be extended up to two weeks. The 2-4 injections are given with an interval of 30 minutes. In rush updosing, while being hospitalised the patient receives injections with a 2-hour interval. A maximum of four injections per day may be given in the initial phase.The build up phase ends when the individual maintenance dose has been attained and the interval between the injections is increased to 2, 3 and 4 weeks. This is called the maintenance phase, and the maintenance dose is then given every 4 weeks for at least 3 years.Contra-indications to VIT treatment are immunological diseases (e. g. immune complex diseases and immune deficiencies); chronic heart/lung diseases; treatment with β-blockers; severe eczema. Side effects include superficial wheal and flare due to shallow injection; local swelling (which may be immediate or delayed up to 48 hours); mild general reactions such as urticaria, erythema, rhinitis or mild asthma; moderate or severe general reactions such as more severe asthma, angioedema or an anaphylactic reaction with hypotension and respiratory embarrassment; anaphylaxis (often starting with erythema and pruritus, followed by urticaria, angioedema, nasal or pharyngial congestion, wheezing, dyspnoea, nausea, hypotension, syncope, tachycardia or diarrhoea). 324.7 Objectives of the HTA projectThe aim of this review is to assess the clinical and cost effectiveness of Pharmalgen®in providing immunotherapy to individuals with a history of type 1 IgE-mediated systemic allergic reaction to bee and wasp venom. The review willconsider the effectiveness of Pharmalgen®when compared to alternative treatment options available in the NHS, including advice on the avoidance of bee and wasp stings, high dose antihistamines and adrenaline auto-injector prescription and training. The review will also examine the existing health economic evidence and identify the key economic issues related to the use of Pharmalgen®in UK clinical practice. If suitable data are available, an economic model will be developed and populated to evaluate if the use of Pharmalgen®for the treatment of bee and wasp venom allergy, within its licensed indication, would be a cost effective use of NHS resources.5 METHODS FOR SYNTHESISING CLINICAL EFFECTIVENESS EVIDENCE5.1 Search strategyThe major electronic databases including Medline, Embase and The Cochrane Library will be searched for relevant published literature. Information on studies in progress, unpublished research or research reported in the grey literature will be sought by searching a range of relevant databases including National Research Register and Controlled Clinical Trials. A sample of the search strategy to be used for MEDLINE is presented inAppendix 1.Bibliographies of previous systematic reviews, retrieved articles and the submissions provided by manufacturers will be searched for further studies.A database of published and unpublished literature will be assembled from systematic searches of electronic sources, hand searching, contacting manufacturers and consultation with experts in the field. The database will be held in the Endnote X4 software package.Inclusion criteriaThe inclusion criteria specified in Table 1 will be applied to all studies after screening. The inclusion criteria were selected to reflect the criteria described in the final scope issued by NICE for the review. However, as there is likely to be a limited amount of RCT data, the inclusion criteria of study design may be expanded to include comparative studies and descriptive cohorts. The clinical and cost effectiveness of Pharmalgen®for the treatment of bee and wasp venom allergy Page 11 of 21Table 1: Inclusion criteria Intervention(s) Pharmalgen®for the treatment of bee and wasp venom allergy,Population(s) People with a history of type 1 IgE-mediatedsystemic allergic reactions to:wasp venom and/or bee venomComparators Alternative treatment options available inthe NHS, without venom immunotherapyincluding:advice on the avoidance of bee and wasp venom,high-dose antihistamines,adrenaline auto-injector prescription andtrainingStudy design Randomised controlled trialsSystematic reviewsOutcomes Outcome measures to be considered include:number and severity of type 1 IgE-mediatedsystemic allergic reactionsmortalityanxiety related to the possibility of futureallergic reactionsadverse effects of treatmenthealth-related quality of lifeOther considerations If the evidence allows, considerations willbe given to subgroups of people, according totheir:risk of future stings (as determined, forexample, by occupational exposure)risk of severe allergic reactions to futurestings (as determined by such factors asbaseline tryptase levels and co-morbidities)If the evidence allows, the appraisal willconsider separately people who have acontraindication to adrenaline.If the evidence allows, the appraisal willconsider children separately.Two reviewers will independently screen all titles and abstracts of papers identified in the initial search. Discrepancies will be resolved by consensus and where necessary a third reviewer will be consulted. Studies deemed to be relevant will be obtained and assessed for inclusion. Where studies do not meet the inclusion criteria they will be excluded.Data extraction strategyData relating to study design, findings and quality will be extracted by one reviewer and independently checked for accuracy by a second reviewer. Study details will be extracted using a standardised data extraction form. If time permits, attempts will be made to contact authors for missing data. Data from studies presented in multiple publications will be extracted and reported as a single study with all relevant other publications listed.Quality assessment strategyThe quality of the clinical-effectiveness studies will be assessed accordingto criteria based on the CRD’s guidance for undertaking reviews in healthcare.33-34 The quality of the individual clinical-effectiveness studies will be assessed by one reviewer, and independently checked for agreement by a second. Disagreements will be resolved through consensus and if necessary a third reviewer will be consulted.Methods of analysis/synthesisThe results of the data extraction and quality assessment for each study will be presented in structured tables and as a narrative summary. The possible effects of study quality on the effectiveness data and review findings will be discussed. All summary statistics will be extracted for each outcome and where possible, data will be pooled using a standard meta-analysis.35 Heterogeneity between the studies will be assessed using the I2 test.34 Both fixed and random effects results will be presented as forest plots.6 METHODS FOR SYNTHESISING COST EFFECTIVENESS EVIDENCEThe economic section of the report will be presented in two parts. The first will include a standard review of relevant published economic evaluations. If appropriate and data are available, the second will include the development of an economic model. The model will be designed to estimate the cost effectiveness of Pharmalgen®for VIT in individuals with a history of anaphylaxis to bee and wasp venom. This section of the report will also consider budget impact and will take account of available information on current and anticipated patient numbers and service configuration for the treatment of this condition in the NHS.6.1 Systematic review of published economic literatureThe literature review of economic evidence will identify any relevant published cost-minimisation, cost-effectiveness, cost-utility and/or cost-benefit analyses. Economic evaluations/models included in the manufacturer submission(s) will be included in the review and critiqued as appropriate.Search strategyThe search strategies detailed in section 5 will be adapted accordingly to identify studies examining the cost effectiveness of using Pharmalgen®for VIT in patients with a history of allergic reactions to bee or wasp venom. Other searching activities, including electronic searching of online health economic journals and contacting experts in the field will also be undertaken. Full details of the search process will be presented in the final report. The search strategy will be designed to meet the primary objective of identifying economic evaluations for inclusion in the cost-effectiveness literature review. At the same time, the search strategy will be used to identify economic evaluations and other information sources which may include data that can be used to populate a de novo economic model where appropriate. Searching will be undertaken in MEDLINE and EMBASE as well as in the Cochrane Library, which includes the NHS Economic Evaluation Database (NHS EED).Inclusion and exclusionIn addition to the inclusion criteria outlined in Table 1, specific criteria required for the cost-effectiveness review are described in Table 2. In particular, only full economic evaluations that compare two or more options and consider both costs and consequences will be included in the review of published literature. Any economic evaluations/models included in the manufacturer submission(s) will be included as appropriate. Studies that do not meet all of the criteria will be excluded and their bibliographic details listed with reasons for exclusion.Table 2: Additional inclusion criteria (cost effectiveness) Study design Full economic evaluations that consider both costs and consequences (cost-effectiveness analysis,cost-utility analysis,cost-minimisation analysis and cost benefit analysis)Outcomes Incremental cost per life year gainedIncremental cost per quality adjustedlife year gainedData extraction strategyData relating to both study design and quality will be extracted by one reviewer and independently checked for accuracy by a second reviewer. Disagreement will be resolved through consensus and, if necessary, a third reviewer will be consulted. If time constraints allow, attempts will be made to contact authors for missing data. Data from multiple publications will be extracted and reported as a single study.Quality assessment strategyThe quality of the cost-effectiveness studies/models will be assessed according to a checklist updated from that developed by Drummond et al.36 This checklist will reflect the criteria for economic evaluation detailed in the methodological guidance developed by NICE.37 The quality of the individual cost-effectiveness studies/models will be assessed by one reviewer, and independently checked for agreement by a second. Disagreements will be resolved through consensus and, if necessary, a third reviewer will be consulted. The information will be tabulated and summarised within the text of the report.6.2 Methods of analysis/synthesisCost effectiveness review of published literatureIndividual study data and quality assessment will be summarised in structured tables and as a narrative description. Potential effects of study quality willbe discussed.To supplement findings from the economic literature review, additional cost and benefit information from other sources, including the manufacturer submission(s) to NICE, will be collated and presented as appropriate.Development of a de novo economic model by the AGa. Cost dataThe primary perspective for the analysis of cost information will be the NHS. Cost data will therefore focus on the marginal direct health service costs associated with the intervention.Quantities of resources used will be identified from consultation with experts, primary data from relevant sources and the reviewed literature. Where possible, unit cost data will be extracted from the literature or obtained from other relevant sources (drug price lists, NHS reference costs and Chartered Institute of Public Finance and Accounting cost databases).Where appropriate costs will be discounted at 3.5% per annum, the rate recommended in NICE guidance to manufacturers and sponsors of submissions. 37 b. Assessmentof benefitsA balance sheet will be constructed to list benefits and costs arising from alternative treatment options. LRiG anticipates that the main measures of benefit will be increased QALYs.Where appropriate, effectiveness and other measures of benefit will be discounted at 3.5%, the rate recommended in NICE guidance to manufacturers and sponsors of submissions. 37b. ModellingThe ability of LRiG to construct an economic model will depend on the data available. Where modelling is appropriate, a summary description of the model and a critical appraisal of key structures, assumptions, resources, data and sensitivity analysis (see Section d) will be presented. In addition, LRiG will provide an assessment of the model’s strengths and weaknesses and discuss the implications of using different assumptions in the model. Reasons for any major discrepancies between the results obtained from assessment group model and the manufacturer model(s) will be explored.The time horizon will be a patient’s lifetime in order to reflect the chronic nature of the disease.A formal combination of costs and benefits will also be performed, although the type of economic evaluation will only be chosen in light of the variations in outcome identified from the clinical- effectiveness review evidence.If data are available, the results will be presented as incremental cost per QALY ratios for each alternative considered. If sufficient data are not available to construct these measures with reasonable precision, incrementalcost-effectiveness analysis or cost-minimisation analysis will be undertaken. Any failure to meet the reference case will be clearly specified and justified, and the likely implications will, as far as possible, be quantified.d. Sensitivity analysisIf appropriate, sensitivity analysis will be applied to LRiG’s model in order to assess the robustness of the results to realistic variations in the levels of the underlying parameter values and key assumptions. Where the overall results are sensitive to a particular variable, the sensitivity analysis will explore the exact nature of the impact of variations.Imprecision inthe principal model cost-effectiveness results with respect to key parameter values will be assessed by use of techniques compatible with the modelling methodology deemed appropriate to the research question and to the potential impact on decision making for specific comparisons (e.g. multi-way sensitivity analysis, cost-effectiveness acceptability curves etc).7 HANDLING THE MANUFACTURER SUBMISSION(S)All data submitted by the drug manufacturers arriving before 22nd March 2011 and meeting the set inclusion criteria will be considered for inclusion in the review. Data arriving after this date will only be considered if time constraints allow. Any economic evaluations included in the manufacturer submission(s) will be assessed. This will include a detailed analysis of the appropriateness of the parametric and structural assumptions involved in any models in the submission and an assessment of how robust the models are to changes in key assumptions. Clarification on specific aspects of the model may be sought from the relevant manufacturer.Any 'commercial in confidence' data taken from a manufacturer submission will be clearly marked in the NICE report according to established NICE policy and removed from the subsequent submission to the HTA8 EXPERTISE IN THIS TAR TEAM AND COMPETING INTERESTS OF AUTHORSThis TAR team will be made up of the following individuals:Juliet HockenhullTeam lead /clinical systematicreviewerSenior economic modeller Professor Adrian BagustSystematic reviewer (clinical) Gemma CherrySystematic reviewer (economics) Dr Angela BolandEconomic modeller Dr Carlos Martin SaboridoInformation specialist Dr Yenal DundarMedical statistician James OyeeDirector Ms Rumona DicksonClinical advisor A team of clinical experts will beestablished to address clinicalquestions related to the technologyand to provide feedback on drafts ofthe final report9 REFERENCES1. Freeman T. Hypersensitivity to hymenoptera stings. NEJM. 2004;351:1978-84.。

介导性shRNA能抑制肺癌细胞中livin沉默基因的表达从而促进SGC-7901细胞凋亡背景—由于肿瘤细胞抑制凋亡增殖,特定凋亡的抑制因素会对于发展新的治疗策略提供一个合理途径。

Livin是一种凋亡抑制蛋白家族成员，在多种恶性肿瘤的表达中具有意义。

但是, 在有关胃癌方面没有可利用的数据。

在本研究中,我们发现livin基因在人类胃癌中的表达并调查了介导的shRNA能抑制肺癌细胞中livin沉默基因的表达，从而促进SGC-7901细胞凋亡。

方法—mRNA及蛋白质livin基因的表达用逆转录聚合酶链反应技术及西方吸干化验进行了分析。

小干扰RNA真核表达载体具体到livin基因采用基因重组、测序核酸。

然后用Lipofectamin2000转染进入SGC-7901细胞。

逆转录聚合酶链反应技术和西方吸干化验用来验证的livin基因在SGC-7901细胞中使沉默基因生效。

所得到的稳定的复制品用G418来筛选。

细胞凋亡用应用流式细胞仪(FCM)来评估。

细胞生长状态和5-FU的50%抑制浓度(IC50)和顺铂都由MTT比色法来决定。

结果—livin mRNA和蛋白质的表达检测40例中有19例(47.5%)有胃癌和SGC-7901细胞。

没有livin基因表达的是在肿瘤邻近组织和良性胃溃疡病灶。

相关发现在livin基因的表达和肿瘤的微小分化和淋巴结转移一样(P < 0.05)。

4个小干扰RNA真核表达矢量具体到基因重组的livin基因建立。

其中之一,能有效地减少livin基因的表达,抑制基因不少于70%(P < 0.01)。

重组的质粒被提取和转染到胃癌细胞。

G418筛选所得到的稳定的复制品被放大讲究。

当livin基因沉默,胃癌细胞的生殖活动明显低于对照组(P < 0.05)。

研究还表明,IC50上的5-Fu 和顺铂在胃癌细胞的治疗上是通过shRNA减少以及刺激这些细胞(5-Fu proapoptotic和顺铂)(P < 0.01)。

医⽤英语医学⽂献翻译4（缺5,9整理版）UNIT 1 TEXT B刷⽛，使⽤⽛线，以及每年2次的⽛齿检查是⼝腔卫⽣保健标准，但是保护你珍珠样洁⽩的⽛齿的好处远⽐我们知道的还要多。

在⼀篇评论⽂章中，塔夫茨⼤学⽛科医学院的⼀个教员破除了常见的⽛科神话，并概述了饮⾷和营养如何影响⼉童，青少年，孕妇，成年⼈和⽼年⼈的⼝腔健康。

误区1：⼝腔卫⽣的不良后果是限制嘴巴准妈妈也许不知道她们所吃的⾷物会影响到胎⼉的⽛齿发育。

在怀孕过程中的营养缺乏也许会使未出⽣的孩⼦在今后的⽣活中更容易出现蛀⽛。

“在14周到4个⽉⼤的时候，缺乏钙，维⽣素D，维⽣素A，蛋⽩质和卡路⾥会导致⼝腔软组织缺损，” Carole Palmer说。

Carole Palmer是，教育学博⼠(EdD)，注册营养师(RD)，塔夫茨⼤学教授，公共健康和社会服务系营养和⼝腔健康推进部的负责⼈。

有数据表明缺乏⾜够的维⽣素B6和B12可能是导致患唇裂和阻碍味觉形成的危险因素。

在童年的时候，最普遍的疾病是蛀⽛，⼤约⽐⼉童哮喘⾼五倍。

“如果⼀个⼉童因为蛀⽛⽽嘴巴受伤，他/她在学校会⽐较难集中注意⼒，⽽且会更喜欢吃容易咀嚼的⾷物，这些⾷物含有的营养往往更少些。

甜甜圈和点⼼这样的⾷物⼤多营养品质低下，含糖量⾼于其他需要咀嚼的富含营养的⾷物，⽐如⽔果和蔬菜，” Palmer说。

“⼝腔并发症与不良的饮⾷习惯会造成认知和⽣长发育问题，以及导致肥胖。

”误区2：吃越多糖，越容易蛀⽛这与你吃了多少糖⽆关，⽽是糖和⽛齿接触的时间有多少。

“⾷物，⽐如慢慢溶解的糖果和苏打⽔在嘴巴⾥停留的时间会⽐较久。

这增加了⽛齿暴露在⼝腔细菌由糖产⽣成的酸中的时间，” Palmer说。

有研究表明，⼗⼏岁的青少年⼤约40%的碳⽔化合物是由软饮料中摄取的。

这些源源不断地软饮料增加了⽛齿腐烂的风险。

⽆糖碳酸饮料和酸性饮料，⽐如柠檬⽔，往往被认为⽐含糖饮料对⽛齿更安全，但是经常⾷⽤的话仍会造成⽛齿釉质脱矿。

英文文献翻译第1 篇 Effects of sevoflurane on dopamine, glutamate and aspartate release in an vitro model of cerebral ischaemia七氟醚对离体脑缺血模型多巴胺、谷氨酸和天冬氨酸释放的影响兴奋性氨基酸和多巴胺的释放在脑缺血后神经损伤中起重要作用。

在当前的研究中，采用离体脑缺血模型观察七氟醚对大鼠皮质纹状体脑片中多巴胺、谷氨酸和天冬氨酸释放量的影响。

脑片以34℃人工脑脊液灌流，缺血发作以去除氧气和降低葡萄糖浓度（从4mmol/l至2mmol/l）≤30分钟模拟。

多巴胺释放量用伏特法原位监测，灌流样本中的谷氨酸和天冬氨酸浓度用带有荧光检测的高效液相色谱法测定。

脑片释放的神经递质在有或无4%七氟醚下测定。

对照组脑片诱导缺血后，平均延迟166s（n=5）后细胞外多巴胺浓度达最大77.0μmol/l。

缺血期4%七氟醚降低多巴胺释放速率，（对照组和七氟醚处理组脑片分别是6.9μmol/l/s和4.73μmol/l/s，p<0.05），没有影响它的起始或量。

兴奋性氨基酸的释放更缓慢。

每个脑片基础（缺血前）谷氨酸和天冬氨酸是94.8nmol/l和69.3nmol/l，没有明显被七氟醚减少。

缺血大大地增加了谷氨酸和天冬氨酸释放量（最大值分别是对照组的244%和489%）。

然而，4%七氟醚明显减少缺血诱导的谷氨酸和天冬氨酸释放量。

总结，七氟醚的神经保护作用与其可以减少缺血引起的兴奋性氨基酸的释放有关，较小程度上与多巴胺也有关。

第2篇The Influence of Mitochondrial K ATP-Channels in the Cardioprotection of Proconditioning and Postconditioning by Sevoflurane in the Rat In Vivo线粒体K ATP通道在离体大鼠七氟醚预处理和后处理中心肌保护作用中的影响挥发性麻醉药引起心肌预处理并也能在给予再灌注的开始保护心脏——一种实践目前被称为后处理。

医学常用护理学术语中英文翻译一、导言近年来，医学领域的国际合作与交流日益频繁，为确保交流的准确性与一致性，医学常用护理学术术语的中英文翻译显得尤为重要。

本文旨在对一些常用的护理学术术语进行准确的中英文翻译，以促进医学护理领域的国际交流与合作。

二、常用护理学术术语中英文对照1. 护士 (Nurse)护士是指从事护理工作的专业人员，主要负责照顾患者的生活起居和医疗护理。

2. 护理 (Nursing)护理是指通过采取一系列措施，帮助患者维持或恢复健康，提高患者的自理能力。

3. 患者 (Patient)患者是指接受医学护理服务的人员，通常因患病或需要专业护理而入院或就诊。

4. 病历 (Medical Record)病历是指记录患者个人信息、疾病状况、治疗过程和效果等医学护理信息的文件。

5. 诊断 (Diagnosis)诊断是指通过收集、分析患者的病史、体征和实验室检查等信息，确定患者所患疾病的过程。

6. 治疗 (Treatment)治疗是指为了缓解疾病症状、恢复患者健康，而采取一系列医疗手段、药物或操作的过程。

7. 医嘱 (Medical Order)医嘱是指医生根据患者的具体情况，书写的包括用药、操作、护理措施等在内的治疗建议。

8. 预防护理 (Preventive Care)预防护理是指通过健康宣教、疫苗接种等手段，预防疾病，减少疾病发生的护理措施。

9. 术前护理 (Preoperative Care)术前护理是指在患者进行手术前，通过准备环境、术前教育等方法，为手术创造有利条件的护理措施。

10. 术后护理 (Postoperative Care)术后护理是指在患者完成手术后，通过监测、处理手术创面、预防并发症等方法，促进患者康复的护理。

11. 吸氧 (Oxygen Therapy)吸氧是指通过给患者供应纯氧或含氧气体的方法，提高患者体内氧气浓度，促进组织的氧合作用。

12. 静脉输液 (Intravenous Infusion)静脉输液是指将药物或溶液通过静脉注射进入患者体内，以快速达到治疗目的的方法。

病历中英文对照文献Medical records play a crucial role in the healthcare system, serving as comprehensive documentation of a patient's medical history, treatment, and ongoing care. In an increasingly globalized world, where patients may seek medical attention in different countries or work with healthcare providers from diverse linguistic backgrounds, the need for bilingual medical records has become paramount. This essay will explore the importance of bilingual medical records, the challenges associated with their implementation, and the potential benefits they can offer to both patients and healthcare professionals.One of the primary reasons for the growing demand for bilingual medical records is the increasing mobility of patients. As people travel more frequently for work, education, or leisure, they may find themselves in need of medical care in a country where the primary language differs from their own. Providing these patients with medical records that are easily understood in both their native language and the language of the healthcare system can significantly improve the quality of care they receive. By ensuring that all relevant information is accurately conveyed, healthcare providers can makemore informed decisions, tailor treatments to the patient's specific needs, and reduce the risk of misunderstandings or medical errors.Moreover, the importance of bilingual medical records extends beyond the needs of traveling patients. In many countries, particularly those with diverse immigrant populations, healthcare providers often encounter patients who do not speak the dominant language fluently. In these situations, the availability of bilingual medical records can greatly facilitate communication and ensure that the patient's medical history, symptoms, and treatment preferences are accurately documented and understood by the healthcare team. This can lead to more effective and personalized care, as well as a more positive patient experience.The implementation of bilingual medical records, however, is not without its challenges. One of the primary obstacles is the need for accurate and consistent translation of medical terminology and documentation. Medical language can be highly specialized, with a vast array of technical terms and abbreviations that may not have direct equivalents in other languages. Ensuring the accuracy and consistency of these translations is crucial, as any discrepancies or errors could have serious implications for patient care.Another challenge lies in the standardization and integration of bilingual medical records within existing healthcare systems.Healthcare providers often rely on established electronic medical record (EMR) systems, and the integration of bilingual functionality into these systems can be a complex and resource-intensive process. Factors such as data storage, user interfaces, and data exchange protocols must all be carefully considered to ensure the seamless integration of bilingual medical records.Despite these challenges, the potential benefits of bilingual medical records are significant. By facilitating better communication and understanding between patients and healthcare providers, bilingual medical records can lead to improved health outcomes, reduced medical errors, and enhanced patient satisfaction. Patients who are able to access and understand their medical records in their native language are more likely to be actively engaged in their own healthcare, leading to better adherence to treatment plans and a stronger partnership between the patient and the healthcare team.Moreover, the availability of bilingual medical records can also have broader societal benefits. In regions with diverse immigrant populations, the provision of bilingual medical records can help to address healthcare disparities and ensure that all members of the community have equal access to quality medical care, regardless of their linguistic background. This can contribute to the overall well-being of the population and promote social equity in the healthcare system.In conclusion, the importance of bilingual medical records cannot be overstated. As the world becomes increasingly interconnected, the need for effective communication and understanding between patients and healthcare providers has become more critical than ever. By addressing the challenges associated with the implementation of bilingual medical records and embracing the potential benefits they offer, healthcare systems can strive to provide more inclusive, personalized, and effective care for all patients, regardless of their linguistic background. This commitment to bilingual medical records represents a crucial step towards a more equitable and accessible healthcare system, one that can truly meet the diverse needs of the global community.。

Nursing English(第一学期)（一）phleb(o)-静脉的构成成分-itis 炎症的构成成分Phlebitis 静脉炎Phleboclysis 静脉输液Key words: air/cathter embolism 空气/导管栓塞Hypertonic(solutions/osmolality) 高渗溶液Isotonic等渗溶液Hypotonic低渗溶液Infiltration(seepage) 渗透液Allergy 过敏Latex sensitivity 乳胶管The signs and sympotoms 症状、体征Circulation overload 容量负荷过多Informed consent 手术同意书Asepsis 无菌Evaluation 抬高Intravenous therapy静脉营养Parental therapies肠外营养Electrolyte imbalance电解质失衡Nutrients 营养（malnutrients 营养不良）Vascular 血管的Extracelluar fluid（ECF）细胞外液Hemorrhage 大出血Hypovolemia贫血Concentrated 浓缩dilute 稀释（二）antecubital fossa 肘前窝（uper）lower extremities (上)下肢Thrombus血栓Scalp 头皮Splint(armboard)手臂Rupture 爆破、破裂Punture 穿刺（venipunture site 穿刺点）Elbow肘关节Flexion 关节（屈曲部位）Compatibility …的相容性Medical disorders医疗疾病Contraindicate 禁忌症Sterile消毒dressing 敷料Antimicrobial solution 消毒液Contaminate 污染Swab 擦拭Microorganism 机体微生物Congestive heart failure充血性心力衰竭diabetes mellitus 糖尿病病人Exacerbate使…恶化（三）locally 局部地Systemically 全身的Immunocompronise 免疫低下的Immunodeficiency 免疫缺陷的Predisposition to 易感（的）Chemotherapy化学治疗Device 装置Culture 培养Prescribe 处方Differentiate sepsis脓毒症Sub cutaneous tissue 皮下组织Tourniquet 止血带Ecchymosis淤血（斑）Penetrate 穿刺Cannula 导管Adhesives 胶布Slaughing 脱落Chills 寒战malaise 身体不适cloudiness 絮状物tachycardia 心动过速Nausea and vomiting 恶心、呕吐Redness，swelling and drainage 红肿痛Trauma 感染/损伤Clot 血（凝）块irritating 刺激性强的（注：irrigate 灌注）Dislodge 不固定（anchor 固定）Veinspasm 静脉痉挛Leak，seepage，ectravasation:渗液Occlude 夹闭、闭塞hematoma血栓embolus 栓子Inspect 检查strip 小标签Weak and rapid pulse 脉搏细速cyanosis of nail beds 指甲床苍白Infusion controller device 输液泵Distended jugular vein 颈静脉怒张dyspnea 呼吸困难crackles 毛细血管破裂Moist cough咳粉红色泡沫痰Verify 评估Potassium chloride 氯化钾anticoagulants 抗凝血药hematoma 血肿Ecchymosis瘀斑lumps 疤块The right(left) ventricle右（左）心室The right(left) atrium右（左）心房（四）position client：Fowler，s position半卧位Low Fowler，s position低半卧位High Fowler，s position 高半卧位Lateral(side-lying) position侧卧位Lithotomy position截石位Prone position俯卧位Supine position仰卧位Sims, position半俯卧位Spine 脊柱hip 臀部Flex 屈曲extend 伸展retract 内收abduct 外展rotate 旋转Flex at the hip and knee 屈髋屈膝Mobility运动、蠕动immobility 制动Integumentary system 皮肤系统Autograft 自体移植adhere 粘连Tracheal edema气管水肿dependent edema 体位性水肿Reproductive system 生殖系统Lymph 淋巴结axillary腋窝Endocrine system 内分泌系统Hypophysectomy 垂体切除thyroidectomy 甲状腺切除Intracranial pressure 颅内压升高Gastrointestinal system 胃肠系统Hemorrhoidectomy 痔疮切除liver biopsy肝活检Trachea 气管tracheitis 气管炎esophagus食管aspiration 误吸Rectal enemas /irrigation 灌肠sengstaken-blakemor and minnesota tubes 三腔二囊管Portal blood flow门静脉回流Varices 静脉曲张Respiratory system 呼吸系统Advanced disease晚期疾病laryngectomy 喉切除Postural drainage体位引流the lungsegment 肺段uppermost 最高的Thoracentesis胸椎穿刺lumber punture 脊椎穿刺Thoracotomy 开胸手术Cardiovascular systems 血液系统Amputation 截肢stump 残肢contracture 挛缩Femoral artery股动脉（五）basic life support:Ventricular fibrillation室颤Rhythm 节律Cardiopulmonary resuscitation(CPR)= basic life support:Head tilt-chin lift仰头抬颏法jaw thrust maneuver双手抬颌法Sternum 胸骨Cervical颈部的Exhale 呼气inhale 吸气Denture假牙Gastric distention胃胀气Stoma 造瘘口tracheostomy 气管插管Chest pression 胸外按压carotid 颈动脉Crucial 必要的margin边缘rib cage 肋骨（笼）Notch 切迹heel 根部Umbilicus and xiphoid 脐部与剑突（六）care of a client with a tube1、nasogastric tubes:epiglottis会厌water solute jelly 水溶性的the rush of air 气过水声diarrhea腹泻cramps 肠梗阻bowel sound肠鸣音aspiration pneumonia 吸入性肺炎2、esophageal and gastric tube:ulcerlation溃疡necrosis坏死inflatable 可充气的scissors 剪刀esophageal rupture 食管破裂3、respiratory system tubes:Orotracheal 经口气管插管Nasotracheal经鼻气管插管Carina 气管隆突Inspection视诊Palpation触诊Percussion叩诊Auscultation听诊Mucosa 粘膜Oral cavity口腔分泌物Hoarseness声音嘶哑A sore throat 喉咙肿痛Crackles 啰音Stridor 喘鸣音Analgesic 止痛药Nursing English(第二学期)(一)Gastroesophageal reflux：1、lower esophageal sphincter(LES) 食管下括约肌2、pyloric stenosis 幽门狭窄3、reflux、backflow、regurgitation 反胃4、pyrosis胸骨后烧灼感（heartburn）5、dyspesia 消化不良6、dysphagia吞咽困难7、dyspenea呼吸困难8、Antacids 抗酸药9、Anticholinergics 抗胆碱能药物10、Antogonists 抗生素11、Histamine H2 receptor H2受体拮抗剂12、Prokinetic 促…蠕动（static 静止的）13、Fundophcation 胃底反折术消化道：Esophagus食管Gaster 胃Duodenum十二指肠Jejunum空肠Ileum回肠Cecum盲肠Rectum直肠Ascending colon升结肠Transverse colon 横结肠Descending colon降结肠Sigmoid colon乙状结肠Anus 肛门（二）hiatal hernia 裂孔疝（herniate/protrude 疝入）（三）gastritis 胃炎Mucosa粘膜Ingestion摄入Contaminate污染Irritate（-ing）刺激(性)Benign(良性的)/malignant(恶性的)Diaphragm 膈Thorax胸部Ascite腹水necrosis 坏疽ulceration溃疡peritonitis腹膜炎mediastinitis纵膈炎Anorexia厌食belching 嗳气（四）hemorrhagic 出血性的Hematemsis呕血Erosion 浸润Extend through 延伸到（五）peptic ulcer 消化性溃疡Gnawing 痛苦的Midepigastric 胃的中上部Melena黑便Submucosal 粘膜下层Predisoposing factors 易感因素Complecations:hemorrhage(出血)；perforation(穿孔)；pyloric obstruction(幽门梗阻) Bland/clear feeding 清谈饮食small frequent feeding 少量多餐Neutralize 中和、抵消Antisecretory 抗分泌Prostaglandin 前列腺素Consuming alcohol （刺激的、浓烈的）烈酒Dehydration脱水Hypovolemic shock 低血容量性休克Sepsis 感染性休克Respiratory insufficiency 通气不足NPO禁食Decompression胃肠减压lavage 灌洗Vasopressin 血管加压素：vasoconstriction 血管收缩（六）surgeryGastrectomy胃切除esophago-jejunostomy 食管空肠造瘘Vagotomy迷走神经切断术eliminate 清除Resection 切除antrectomy 胃窦切除术Anstomose 吻合gastroduodenostomy 胃十二指肠吻合术Gastrojejunostomy胃空肠吻合术Pyloroplasty 幽门成形术（七）drainage 引流物Bowel（colon）大肠Small intestine 小肠intestinal tract 肠道Peristalsis 肠蠕动Diarrhea腹泻Hypoglycemia 低血糖Gastric outlet obstruction=pyloric obstruction 幽门梗阻Intractable 棘手的cessation 停止（八）dumping syndrome 倾倒综合征Palpitation心悸Perspiration出汗Borborygmi 肠鸣音Pernicious anemia恶性贫血Antispasmodic 抗痉挛Fatigue 虚弱Jaundice黄疸Peresthesias感觉异常（九）esophageal varices 食管静脉曲张Varices静脉曲张Dilate 扩大Tortuous 曲折的Portal hypertension门脉高压Cirrhosis肝硬化Tarry stool 柏油样便Ascite 腹水Hepato megly肝肿大Spleno megly脾肿大（十）ulcerative colitis 溃疡性结肠炎Edematous水肿的Scar tisssue瘢痕组织Elasticity 弹性Hypertrohpy肥厚atrohpy 萎缩Deposits 沉淀Fecal matter 粪便Abdominal tenderness 腹痛（十一）hemorrhoid 痔疮（internal 内痔；external 外痔；prolapsed 脱垂）Anal canal肛管Perianal 肛周Thrombosed 血栓性inflamed 炎性的Straining 用力排便（constipation 便秘；defecation 排便）Rectal pain/itching 肛周痛/痒（十二）appendicitis 阑尾炎The right lower quadrant(象限) 右下腹Intense 强烈的Rebound tenderness反跳痛Abodominal rigidity板状腹Diffuse 弥慢性的Nodular regeneration结节再生Fibrosis 纤维化Heptic cells 肝细胞Flatulence（feeling of fullness）腹胀Emaciation消瘦Fatgue 疲乏的Rashes玫瑰疹Petechiae瘀点Purpura紫癜Ecchymosis瘀斑Spider angiomas 蜘蛛痣Protruding umbilicus 脐部突出（腹水）Fetor hepaticus 肝臭The fruity 烂苹果味Dlirium谵妄。

常用缩写AAA, abdominal aortic aneurysm 腹主动脉瘤ABFB, aortobifemoral bypass 主双股动脉旁路术ABI, ankle-brachial index 踝肱指数ACA, anterior cerebral artery 大脑前动脉ACE, angiotensin-converting enzyme 血管紧张素转化酶ACT, activated clotting time 活化凝血时间ADA, American Diabetes Association 美国糖尿病协会ADP, adenosine diphosphate 二磷酸腺苷AEF, aortoenteric fistula 主动脉肠道瘘AF, atrial fibrillation 房颤AFB, aortofemoral bypass 主股旁路术AGE, advanced glycosylation end product 高级糖基化终末产物AHA, American Heart Association 美国心脏病协会AHRQ, Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality 健康保健研究及质量控制委员会AI,aortoiliac 主髂AIDS, acquired immunodeficiency syndrome 获得性免疫缺陷综合征AKA, above-knee amputation 膝上截肢术AMP, adenosine monophosphate 单磷酸腺苷APC, activated protein C 活化蛋白CAPG, air plethysmography 空气体积描记术aPTT, activated partial thromboplastin time 活化部分凝血酶原时间ARB, angiotensin receptor blocker 血管紧张素受体阻滞剂ARDS, acute respiratory distress syndrome 急性呼吸窘迫综合征ARF, acute renal failure 急性肾衰ASA, acetylsalicylic acid 阿司匹林ATN, acute tubular necrosis 急性肾小管坏死ATP, adenosine triphosphate 三磷酸腺苷AVE, arteriovenous fistula 动静脉瘘AVG, arteriovenous graft 动静脉移植物AVM, arteriovenous malformation 动静脉畸形AVP, ambulatory venous pressure 非卧床静脉压bFGF, basic fibroblast growth factor碱性成纤维细胞生长因子BKA, below-knee amputation 膝下截肢BSA, body surface area 体表面积BUN, blood urea nitrogen血尿素氮CABG, coronary artery bypass grafting 冠状动脉旁路术CAD, coronary artery disease 冠状动脉疾病CAMP, cyclic adenosine monophosphate 环磷酸腺苷CAS, carotid artery stenting 颈动脉支架置入术CAVH, continuous arteriovenous hemofiltration连续动静脉血液滤过CAVHDF, continuous arteriovenous hemodiafiltration 连续动静脉血液透析滤过法CCA, common carotid artery 颈总动脉CCB, calcium channel blocker 钙通道阻滞剂CDC, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention疾病控制和预防中心CEA, carotid endarterectomy 颈动脉内膜切除术CEAP, clinical, etiologic, anatomic, pathologic [staging system] 临床的，病因学，解剖学，病理学（分级体系）CEA, common femoral artery 股总动脉CFV, common femoral vein 股总静脉cGMP, cyclic guanosine monophosphate 环磷酸鸟苷CI, confidence interval 置信区间CIA, common iliac artery 髂总动脉CK-MB, MB isozyme of creatine kinase 肌酸激酶同工酶CLI, critical limb ischemia 严重下肢缺血CMS, Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services 医疗保险和补助中心CNS, central nervous system 中枢神经系统CO, carbon monoxide 一氧化碳CO2, carbon dioxide 二氧化碳COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease 慢性阻塞性肺疾患COX, cyclooxygenase 环氧合酶CRI, chronic renal insufficiency 慢性肾功能不全CRP, C-reactive protein C反应蛋白CRPS, complex regional pain syndrome 复杂区域性疼痛CSF, cerebrospinal fluid 脑脊液CT, computed tomography 计算机断层扫描CTA, computed tomographic angiography 计算机断层扫描血管造影CTD, connective tissue disease 结缔组织病CTV, computed tomographic venography 计算机断层扫描静脉造影CVI, chronic venous insufficiency 慢性静脉功能不全CVP, central venous pressure 中心静脉压CWH, continuous venovenous hemofiltration 连续型静脉-静脉血液滤过CWHDF, continuous venovenous hemodiafiltration 连续型静脉-静脉血液透析法2D, two-dimensional 二维3D, three-dimensional 三维DBI, digital-brachial index 趾肱指数DBP, diastolic blood pressure 舒张压DDAVP, desmopressin去氨加压素DES, drug-eluting stent 药物洗脱支架DFU, diabetic foot ulcer 糖尿病足溃疡DIC, disseminated intravascular coagulation弥散性血管内凝血DM, diabetes mellitus 糖尿病DNA, deoxyribonucleic acid脱氧核糖核酸2,3-DPG, 2,3-diphosphoglvcerate 2,3二磷酸甘油酸酯DRIL, distal revascularization-interval ligation 远端血运重建间隔结扎DSA, digital subtraction angiography 数字减影血管造影DSE, dobutamine stress echocardiography 多巴酚丁胺负荷超声心动图DTAA, descending thoracic aortic aneurysm 降主动脉瘤DUS, duplex ultrasound 多普勒超声DVT, deep venous thrombosis 深静脉血栓EC，endothelial cell 内皮细胞ECA, external carotid artery 颈外动脉ECG, electrocardiogram 心电图EC-IC, extracranial-intracranial [bypass] 颅外-颅内旁路术ECM, extracellular matrix 细胞外基质ED，erectile dysfunction 勃起功能障碍EDS, Ehlers-Danlos syndrome 埃勒斯－当洛综合征EDV, end-diastolic velocity 舒张末期流速EEG, electroencephalography 脑电描记法EF, ejection fraction 射血分数EIA, external iliac artery 髂外动脉ELAM-1, endothelial leukocyte adhesion molecule-1 内皮细胞白细胞粘附分子-1 ELISA, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay 酶联免疫吸附测定法ELT, euglobulin lysis time 优球蛋白溶解时间EMG, electromyography 肌电图描记术eNOS, endothelial nitric oxide synthase 内皮一氧化氮合酶ePTFE, expanded polytetrafluoroethylene 膨体聚四氟乙烯ESR, erythrocyte sedimentation rate 红细胞沉降率,血沉ESRD, end-stage renal disease 终末期肾病EVAR, endovascular aneurysm repair 腹主动脉瘤腔内修复术FDA, Food and Drug Administration 食品和药品管理局FDP, fibrin/fibrinogen degradation product 纤维蛋白/纤维蛋白原降解产物FEV, forced expiratory volume in 1 second 一秒用力呼气量FFP, fresh frozen plasma 新鲜冰冻血浆FGF, fibroblast growth factor 成纤维细胞生长因子FMD, fibromuscular dysplasia 纤维肌性发育不良FRC, functional residual capacity 功能残气量FVC, forced vital capacity 最大肺活量GA, general anesthesia 全麻GFR, glomerular filtration rate 肾小球滤过率GI, gastrointestinal 胃肠的GMP, guanosine monophosphate 单磷酸鸟(嘌呤)核苷G6PD, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase 6-磷酸葡萄糖脱氢酶GP-IIb/IIIa, glycoprotein Ilb/IIIa 糖蛋白Ilb/IIIaGSM, gray-scale median 灰度中间值GSV, great saphenous vein 大隐静脉GSW, gunshot wound 枪弹伤GTP, guanosine triphosphate三磷酸鸟(嘌呤)核苷GUI, graphic-user interface 图形用户界面GW, guide wire 导丝HD, hemodialysis 血液透析HDL, high-density lipoprotein 高密度脂蛋白HIPPA, Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act健康保险流通与责任法案HIT, heparin-induced thrombocytopenia 肝素诱导的血小板减少症HIV, human immunodeficiency virus 人类免疫缺陷病毒HLA, human leukocyte antigen 人类白细胞抗原HMG-CoA, 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A羟甲基戊二酰辅酶AHR, hazard ratio 危害比HRQoL, health-related quality of life健康相关生活质量hsCRP, high-sensitivity C-reactive protein 高灵敏度C反应蛋白5-HT, serotonin 5-羟色胺HTN, hypertension 高血压ICA, internal carotid artery 颈内动脉ICAM-1, intercellular adhesion molecule-1 细胞间粘附分子-1ICAVL, Intersocietal Commission for the Accreditation of Vascular Laboratories 国家血管检查评估委员会ICH, intracerebral hemorrhage 颅内出血ICU, intensive care unit 重症监护病房IDL, intermediate-density lipoprotein 中密度脂蛋白IEL, internal elastic lamina 内弹力层IFN, interferon 干扰素IFU, instructions for use 使用说明书IGF, insulin-like growth factor 胰岛素样生长因子IH, intimal hyperplasia 内膜增生IL-6, interleukin-6 白介素-6IMA, inferior mesenteric artery 肠系膜下动脉iNOS, inducible nitric oxide synthase诱生型一氧化氮合酶IOM, Institute of Medicine 医学会IPC, intermittent pneumatic compression 间断性肺压缩IPG, impedance plethysmography 阻抗体积描记法IPPB, intermittent positive pressure breathing 间断性正压呼吸I/R, ischemia-reperfusion 缺血再灌注IVC,inferior vena cava 下腔静脉IVUS, intravascular ultrasound 血管内超声JAK-2, Janus kinase-2 蛋白酪氨酸激酶-2JNK, jun N-terminal kinase N-端氨基酸激酶K/DOQI, Kidney Disease Outcomes Quality Initiative 肾脏疾病预后质量测评KM, Kaplan-Meier卡普兰-迈耶曲线LAO, left anterior oblique 左前斜位LDL, low-density lipoprotein 低密度脂蛋白LMWH, low-molecular-weight heparin 低分子量肝素LOS, length of stay 住院时间Lp(a), lipoprotein (a) 脂蛋白LS, lumbosacral 腰骶的LV, left ventricular 左心室LVEDP, left ventricular end diastolic pressure 左心室舒张末期压LVEDV, left ventricular end diastolic volume 左室舒张末期容积LVH, left ventricular hypertrophy 左心室肥大MAP, mean arterial pressure 平均动脉压MCA, middle cerebral artery 大脑中动脉MI, myocardial infarction 心肌梗死MIP, maximum intensity projection 最大强度投影MMP, matrix metalloproteinase 基质金属蛋白酶MOF, multiple organ failure 多器官衰竭MRA, magnetic resonance angiography 核磁共振血管造影MR, magnetic resonance 核磁共振MRI, magnetic resonance imaging 核磁共振成像MRSA, methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus 耐甲氧西林金葡菌MRV, magnetic resonance venography 核磁共振静脉成像MTHFR, 5,10-methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase 5,10 -亚甲基四氢叶酸还原酶NAC, N-acetylcysteine N-乙酰半胱氨酸NAD*, oxidized nicotinamide dinucleotide 氧化烟酰胺二核苷酸NADH, reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide 还原型烟酰胺腺嘌呤二核苷酸,还原型辅酶INADPH, reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate 还原型烟酰胺腺嘌呤二核苷酸磷酸,还原型辅酶ⅡNAIS, neo-aortoiliac system 新主髂动脉系统Nd:YAG, neodymium:yttrium-aluminum-garnet 钕钇铝石榴石NF-K B, nuclear factor K B核因子K BNIH, National Institutes of Health 国立卫生研究院NTS, National Inpatient Sample 全国住院样本NOS, nitric oxide synthase 一氧化氮合酶NPV, negative predictive value阴性预测值NSAID, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug非甾体抗炎药NSQIP, National Surgical Quality Improvement Program 全国外科质量改进计划OR, odds ratio 优势比OTW, over-the-wire 导丝支撑的PA, pulmonary artery 腓动脉PAD, peripheral arterial disease 周围动脉疾病PAI, proximalization of arterial inflow 动脉流入道近端PAI-1, plasminogen activator inhibitor-1纤溶酶原激活物抑制剂-1 PAOD, peripheral arterial occlusive disease 周围动脉闭塞性疾病PBI, penile-brachial index 阴茎-肱(动脉收缩压)指数PBRCs, packed red blood cells 浓缩红细胞PCA, posterior cerebral artery 大脑后动脉PCI, percutaneous coronary intervention 经皮冠脉介入PCNA, proliferating cell nuclear antigen 增殖细胞核抗原PCWP, pulmonary artery wedge pressure 肺动脉楔压PD, peritoneal dialysis 腹膜透析PDE, phosphodiesterase磷酸二酯酶PDGF, platelet-derived growth factor血小板源生长因子PE, pulmonary embolism 肺栓塞PECAM-1, platelet-endothelial cell adhesion molecule-1血小板-内皮细胞粘附分子-1PEEP, positive end-expiratory pressure呼气末正压通气PEG, polyethylene glycol聚乙二醇PET, positron emission tomography正电子发射体层摄影PF4, platelet factor 4血小板因子ⅣPEA, profunda femoris artery 股深动脉PFT, pulmonary function test/testing 肺功能测试PGE2, prostaglandin E2 前列腺素E2PGI2, prostaglandin I,前列腺素IPKC, protein kinase C蛋白激酶CPMN, polymorphonuclear neutrophil 多形核中性粒细胞PPG, photoplethysmography光学体积描记术PPV, positive predictive value阳性预测(价)值PRBCs, packed red blood cells 浓缩红细胞PSA, pseudoaneurysm 假性动脉瘤psi, pounds per square inch 磅/平方英寸PSV, peak systolic velocity最大收缩速度PT, prothrombin time凝血酶原时间PTA, percutaneous transluminal angioplasty 经皮腔内血管成形术PTFE, polytetrafluoroethylene聚四氟乙烯PTT, partial thromboplastin time部分凝血致活酶时间PVI, peripheral vascular intervention 周围血管介入PVR, pulse volume recording脉搏容积记录仪QALY, quality-adjusted life year质量调整生命年QoL, quality of life 生活质量RAAA, ruptured abdominal aortic aneurysm 破裂腹主动脉瘤RAGE, receptor for advanced glycosylation end products高级糖基化终末产物受体RAO, right anterior oblique 右前斜位RAS, renal artery stenosis 肾动脉狭窄RBC, red blood cell 红细胞RCT, randomized controlled trial 随机对照试验Re, Reynolds number 雷诺数RFA, radiofrequency ablation射频消蚀RGD, Arg-Gly-Asp 精氨酸-甘氨酸-天冬氨酸RI, resistive index 对抗指数RIND, reversible ischemic neurologic deficit 可逆性缺血性神经障碍RP, retroperitoneal 腹膜后的RR, relative risk 相对危险度RS, Raynaud's syndrome 雷诺氏综合征rt-PA, recombinant tissue plasminogen activator 重组组织型纤维蛋白酶原激活剂RUDI, revision using distal inflow 流入道远端的修复SBP, systolic blood pressure 收缩压SD, standard deviation 标准差SE, standard error 标准误SEPS, subfascial endoscopic perforator surgery 筋膜内镜下手术SF-36, Short Form (36) Health Survey 健康调查简表-36SFA, superficial femoral artery 股浅动脉SFJ, saphenofemoral junction 股隐交界处SK, streptokinase 链激酶SLE, systemic lupus erythematosus 系统性红斑狼疮SMA, superior mesenteric artery 肠系膜上动脉SMC, smooth muscle cell 平滑肌细胞SOD, superoxide dismutase超氧化物歧化酶SPECT, single-proton emission computed tomography 单光子发射计算体层摄影SPJ, saphenopopliteal junction 隐腘静脉交界处SSV, small saphenous vein 小隐静脉STEMI, ST-segment myocardial infarction ST段异常心肌梗死SVC, superior vena cava 上腔静脉SVS, Society for Vascular Surgery 血管外科协会TAA, thoracic aortic aneurysm 胸主动脉瘤TAAA, thoracoabdominal aortic aneurysm 胸腹主动脉瘤TAAD, thoracic aortic aneurysm and dissection 胸主动脉瘤和夹层TAO, thromboangiitis obliterans 血栓闭塞性脉管炎TASC, Trans-Atlantic Inter-Society Consensus for the Management of Peripheral Arterial Disease 周围动脉疾病治疗的泛大西洋跨协会建议TCD, transcranial Doppler 经颅多普勒TEE, transesophageal echocardiography 经食道超声TEVAR, thoracic endovascular aortic repair 胸主动脉修复术TF, tissue factor 组织因子TGF-β, transforming growth factor-β转化生长因子-βTIMP-1, tissue inhibitor of matrix metalloproteinase-1 基质金属蛋白酶抑制剂-1TIPS, transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunting 经颈静脉肝内门体分流术TLR, target lesion revascularization 靶病变血管重建TMA, transmetatarsal amputation 经跖骨截肢术TNF-α, tumor necrosis factor-α肿瘤坏死因子-αTOS, thoracic outlet syndrome 胸廓出口综合征t-PA, tissue plasminogen activator 组织纤溶酶原激活剂TT, thrombin time 凝血酶时间TTE, transthoracic echocardiography 经胸壁超声心动图TXA2, thromboxane A2 血栓素A2UFH, unfractionated heparin 普通肝素UK, urokinase 尿激酶u-PA, urinary plasminogen activator (urokinase) 尿纤溶酶原激活物USPSTF, U.S. Preventive Services Task Force美国预防服务工作队VATS, video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery电视辅助胸腔镜手术VCAM-1, vascular cell adhesion molecule-1血管细胞粘附分子-1 VEGF, vascular endothelial growth factor 血管内皮生长因子VFI, venous filling index 静脉充盈指数VLDL, very-low-density lipoprotein 极低密度脂蛋白VSMC, vascular smooth muscle cell 血管平滑肌细胞VSS, Venous Severity Score 静脉严重性分级VTE, venous thromboembolism 静脉血栓栓塞性疾病vWF, von Willebrand factor 血管假性血友病因子WBC, white blood cell 白细胞WIQ, Walking Impairment Questionnaire 步行曲线调查表。

Nursing English(第一学期)（一）phleb(o)-静脉的构成成分-itis 炎症的构成成分Phlebitis 静脉炎Phleboclysis 静脉输液Key words: air/cathter embolism 空气/导管栓塞Hypertonic(solutions/osmolality) 高渗溶液Isotonic等渗溶液Hypotonic低渗溶液Infiltration(seepage) 渗透液Allergy 过敏Latex sensitivity 乳胶管The signs and sympotoms 症状、体征Circulation overload 容量负荷过多Informed consent 手术同意书Asepsis 无菌Evaluation评估Intravenous therapy静脉营养Parental therapies肠外营养Electrolyte imbalance电解质失衡Nutrients 营养素（malnutrition营养不良）Vascular 血管的Extracelluar fluid（ECF）细胞外液Hemorrhage 大出血Hypovolemia贫血Concentrated 浓缩dilute 稀释（二）antecubital fossa 肘前窝（uper）lower extremities (上)下肢Thrombus血栓Scalp 头皮Splint（armboard）夹板、固定Rupture 爆破、破裂Puncture穿刺（venipuncture site 穿刺点）Elbow肘关节Flexion 关节（屈曲部位）Compatibility …的相容性Medical disorders医疗疾病Contraindicate 禁忌症Sterile消毒dressing 敷料Antimicrobial solution 消毒液Contaminate 污染Swab 擦拭Microorganism 机体微生物Congestive heart failure充血性心力衰竭diabetes mellitus 糖尿病病人Exacerbate使…恶化（三）locally 局部地Systemically 全身的Immunocompronise 免疫低下的Immunodeficiency 免疫缺陷的Predisposition to 易感（的）Chemotherapy化学治疗Device 装置Culture 培养Prescribe 处方Differentiate sepsis脓毒症Sub cutaneous tissue 皮下组织Tourniquet 止血带Ecchymosis淤血（斑）Penetrate 穿刺Cannula 导管Adhesives 胶布Slaughing 脱落Chills 寒战malaise 身体不适cloudiness 絮状物tachycardia 心动过速Nausea and vomiting 恶心、呕吐Redness，swelling and drainage 红肿痛Trauma 感染/损伤Clot 血（凝）块irritating 刺激性强的（注：irrigate 灌注）Dislodge 不固定（anchor 固定）Veinspasm 静脉痉挛Leak，seepage，ectravasation:渗液Occlude 夹闭、闭塞hematoma血栓embolus 栓子Inspect 检查strip 小标签Weak and rapid pulse 脉搏细速cyanosis of nail beds 指甲床苍白Infusion controller device 输液泵Distended jugular vein 颈静脉怒张dyspnea 呼吸困难crackles 毛细血管破裂Moist cough咳粉红色泡沫痰Verify 评估Potassium chloride 氯化钾anticoagulants 抗凝血药hematoma 血肿Ecchymosis瘀斑lumps 疤块The right(left) ventricle右（左）心室The right(left) atrium右（左）心房（四）position client：Fowler，s position半卧位Low Fowler，s position低半卧位High Fowler，s position 高半卧位Lateral(side-lying) position侧卧位Lithotomy position截石位Prone position俯卧位Supine position仰卧位Sims, position半俯卧位Spine 脊柱hip 臀部Flex 屈曲extend 伸展retract 内收abduct 外展rotate 旋转Flex at the hip and knee 屈髋屈膝Mobility运动、蠕动immobility 制动Integumentary system 皮肤系统Autograft 自体移植adhere 粘连Tracheal edema气管水肿dependent edema 体位性水肿Reproductive system 生殖系统Lymph 淋巴结axillary腋窝Endocrine system 内分泌系统Hypophysectomy 垂体切除thyroidectomy 甲状腺切除Intracranial pressure 颅内压升高Gastrointestinal system 胃肠系统Hemorrhoidectomy 痔疮切除liver biopsy肝活检Trachea 气管tracheitis 气管炎esophagus食管aspiration 误吸Rectal enemas /irrigation 灌肠sengstaken-blakemor and minnesota tubes 三腔二囊管Portal blood flow门静脉回流Varices 静脉曲张Respiratory system 呼吸系统Advanced disease晚期疾病laryngectomy 喉切除Postural drainage体位引流the lungsegment 肺段uppermost 最高的Thoracentesis胸椎穿刺lumber punture 脊椎穿刺Thoracotomy 开胸手术Cardiovascular systems 血液系统Amputation 截肢stump 残肢contracture 挛缩Femoral artery股动脉（五）basic life support:Ventricular fibrillation室颤Rhythm 节律Cardiopulmonary resuscitation(CPR)= basic life support:Head tilt-chin lift仰头抬颏法jaw thrust maneuver双手抬颌法Sternum 胸骨Cervical颈部的Exhale 呼气inhale 吸气Denture假牙Gastric distention胃胀气Stoma 造瘘口tracheostomy 气管插管Chest pression 胸外按压carotid 颈动脉Crucial 必要的margin边缘rib cage 肋骨（笼）Notch 切迹heel 根部Umbilicus and xiphoid 脐部与剑突（六）care of a client with a tube1、nasogastric tubes:epiglottis会厌water solute jelly 水溶性的the rush of air 气过水声diarrhea腹泻cramps 肠梗阻bowel sound肠鸣音aspiration pneumonia 吸入性肺炎2、esophageal and gastric tube:ulceration 溃疡necrosis坏死inflatable 可充气的scissors 剪刀esophageal rupture 食管破裂3、respiratory system tubes:Orotracheal 经口气管插管Nasotracheal经鼻气管插管Carina 气管隆突Inspection视诊Palpation触诊Percussion叩诊Auscultation听诊Mucosa 粘膜Oral cavity口腔分泌物Hoarseness声音嘶哑A sore throat 喉咙肿痛Crackles 啰音Stridor 喘鸣音Analgesic 止痛药Nursing English(第二学期)消化系统：(一)Gastroesophageal reflux：1、lower esophageal sphincter(LES) 食管下括约肌2、pyloric stenosis 幽门狭窄3、reflux、backflow、regurgitation 反胃4、pyrosis胸骨后烧灼感（heartburn）5、dyspesia 消化不良6、dysphagia吞咽困难7、dyspenea呼吸困难8、Antacids 抗酸药9、Anticholinergics 抗胆碱能药物10、Antogonists 抗生素11、Histamine H2 receptor H2受体拮抗剂12、Prokinetic 促…蠕动（static 静止的）13、Fundoplication 胃底反折术消化道：Esophagus食管Gaster 胃Duodenum十二指肠Jejunum空肠Ileum回肠Cecum盲肠Rectum直肠Ascending colon升结肠Transverse colon 横结肠Descending colon降结肠Sigmoid colon乙状结肠Anus 肛门（二）hiatal hernia 裂孔疝（herniate/protrude 疝入）（三）gastritis 胃炎Mucosa粘膜Ingestion摄入Contaminate污染Irritate（-ing）刺激(性)Benign(良性的)/malignant(恶性的)Diaphragm 膈Thorax胸部Ascite腹水necrosis 坏疽ulceration溃疡peritonitis腹膜炎mediastinitis纵膈炎Anorexia厌食belching 嗳气（四）hemorrhagic 出血性的Hematemsis呕血Erosion 浸润Extend through 延伸到（五）peptic ulcer 消化性溃疡Gnawing 痛苦的Midepigastric 胃的中上部Melena黑便Submucosal 粘膜下层Predisoposing factors 易感因素Complecations:hemorrhage(出血)；perforation(穿孔)；pyloric obstruction(幽门梗阻) Bland/clear feeding 清谈饮食small frequent feeding 少量多餐Neutralize 中和、抵消Antisecretory 抗分泌Prostaglandin 前列腺素Consuming alcohol （刺激的、浓烈的）烈酒Dehydration脱水Hypovolemic shock 低血容量性休克Sepsis 感染性休克Respiratory insufficiency 通气不足NPO禁食Decompression胃肠减压lavage 灌洗Vasopressin 血管加压素：vasoconstriction 血管收缩（六）surgeryGastrectomy胃切除esophago-jejunostomy 食管空肠造瘘Vagotomy迷走神经切断术eliminate 清除Resection 切除antrectomy 胃窦切除术Anstomose 吻合gastroduodenostomy 胃十二指肠吻合术Gastrojejunostomy胃空肠吻合术Pyloroplasty 幽门成形术（七）drainage 引流物Bowel（colon）大肠Small intestine 小肠intestinal tract 肠道Peristalsis 肠蠕动Diarrhea腹泻Hypoglycemia 低血糖Gastric outlet obstruction=pyloric obstruction 幽门梗阻Intractable 棘手的cessation 停止（八）dumping syndrome 倾倒综合征Palpitation心悸Perspiration出汗Borborygmi 肠鸣音Pernicious anemia恶性贫血Antispasmodic 抗痉挛Fatigue 虚弱Jaundice黄疸Peresthesias感觉异常（九）esophageal varices 食管静脉曲张Varices静脉曲张Dilate 扩大Tortuous 曲折的Portal hypertension门脉高压Cirrhosis肝硬化Tarry stool 柏油样便Ascite 腹水Hepato megly肝肿大Spleno megly脾肿大（十）ulcerative colitis 溃疡性结肠炎Edematous水肿的Scar tisssue瘢痕组织Elasticity 弹性Hypertrohpy肥厚atrohpy 萎缩Deposits 沉淀Fecal matter 粪便Abdominal tenderness 腹痛（十一）hemorrhoid 痔疮（internal 内痔；external 外痔；prolapsed 脱垂）Anal canal肛管Perianal 肛周Thrombosed 血栓性inflamed 炎性的Straining 用力排便（constipation 便秘；defecation 排便）Rectal pain/itching 肛周痛/痒（十二）appendicitis 阑尾炎The right lower quadrant(象限) 右下腹Intense 强烈的Rebound tenderness反跳痛Abodominal rigidity板状腹Diffuse 弥慢性的Nodular regeneration结节再生Fibrosis 纤维化Heptic cells 肝细胞Flatulence（feeling of fullness）腹胀Emaciation消瘦Fatgue 疲乏的Rashes玫瑰疹Petechiae瘀点Purpura紫癜Ecchymosis瘀斑Spider angiomas 蜘蛛痣Protruding umbilicus 脐部突出（腹水）Fetor hepaticus 肝臭The fruity 烂苹果味Dlirium谵妄呼吸系统：（一）respiratory disorder：1、Pharynx咽Larynx(throat)喉Bronchus（单数）支气管-bronchi(复数)Bornchioles细支气管Alveolus 肺泡2、Vibration振动aspirate抽吸Gown 睡衣/裙pajamas 睡衣Sputum痰液（salivation 唾液）Bronchospasm支气管痉挛Pathological fratures 病理性骨折Incision 伤口（未愈合的）Cyanosis青紫exhaustion 疲劳Humidify 使…湿化Blunt钝性暴力intrathoracic胸腔内的Pneumothorax气胸hemothorax血胸Pulmonary contusion 肺挫伤Shallow respirations 呼吸表浅Client splint chest 呼吸受限Unite spontaneously 自动地愈合Intercostal 肋间的3、flail chest连枷胸Paradoxical 矛盾的Paradoxical respirations 反常呼吸Tachypnea,shallow respirations呼吸浅促Interstitial 肺间质Intraalveolar肺泡间的compliance 顺应性Hypoxemia 低氧血症Hemoptysis咯血Crackles 粉红色泡沫痰wheezes 喘息（二）Pneumothorax 气胸1、the pleural space 胸膜腔Negative/possitive intrapleural pressure 胸膜腔负/正压collapse萎陷a spontaneous pneumothorax 自发性气胸An open pneumothorax开放性气胸A tension pneumothorax张力性气胸Subcutaneous皮下的emphysema 气肿Deviation 反面的2、respiratory failure 呼吸衰竭Carbon dioxide CO2Retention 潴留confusion 模糊Dysrhythmias 呼吸节律失常alterrtion改变bronchodilators 支气管扩张药3、acute respiratory distress syndrome 急性呼吸窘迫综合症Extravascular血管外的Capillary 毛细血管membrane 膜Interstitial肺间质terminal airway 细支气管ABGs 动脉血气分析Deteriorate 使…恶化infiltrate水肿4、airflow limitation 通气受限Emphysema肺气肿Asthma哮喘Bronchiectasis支气管扩张Bronchitis 支气管炎Irreversible不可逆的ABG imbalance 电解质失衡Corpulmonale肺源性心脏病Exertional dyspnea劳力性呼吸困难Sputum production 咳痰Barrel ches t 桶状胸Clubbin g of fingersOrthopnea端坐呼吸Hyperinflation肺水肿5、droplet 微粒overall全身的Alveoli 肺泡patches 斑点lobe 肺叶Atelectasis 肺不张Rhonchi 干啰音Crackles 湿啰音Incentive spirometer深呼吸仪perioperative 围手术期1、informed consent知情同意书asepsis 无菌的discharg e plan 出院计划wound dehiscence伤口裂开~~ evisceration(内脏)脱出sedation 镇静剂minor 未成年人附加：内科医生：physician外科医生：surgeon儿科医生：pediatrician2、prior to=before 在…之前Anesthesia 麻醉Malnourish(under-) 营养不良Void排空（一般指小便）Enema 灌肠foley catheter 导尿管Epidermal表皮的narcotic 麻醉剂/镇静剂Analgesia 止痛Epidural 硬膜下的Subclavian 锁骨下静脉的（clavicle:锁骨）Sterilization 消毒consultation 会诊单Prosthese 假体drowsy 昏昏欲睡的Allergy 过敏（allergic reaction 过敏性反应）3、postoperative care 术后护理1、Patency 通畅Extubate拔管（专指气管插管的拔除；而remove:其他管道的拔除）Lethargic昏睡的symmetry对称Bounding pulse 洪脉predispose to…容易Thrombosis 血栓Pharyngeal reflex 咽反射（semi-）Comatose (半)昏迷Periodic 定期的Drain 引流管（drainage 引流物）Abrasion 破损I&O=input and outputHypothermia 低体温症Hypocalcemia 低钙血症Hyperglycemia 高血糖Acidosis 酸毒症（酸中毒）alkalosis碱毒症Immobility n.制动immobilize V.制动Thrombophlebitis 血栓性静脉炎2、perineum会阴部Constipation 便秘Paralytic ileus 麻痹性肠梗阻Abdominal distention(flatus) 腹胀Purulent脓液Musculoskeletal system disorder 肌肉骨骼系统疾病1、reduction复位fixation固定traction牵引casts 石膏（osteofascial）compartment syndrome 骨筋膜室综合症2、leverage 有力量deformity畸形crepitation骨檫音impaired sensation 感觉障碍manual manipulation手法复位oste(o)-骨的构成成分osteopenia 骨质疏松osteoperiostitis 骨膜炎penia-减少的后缀leucopenia 白细胞减少manual manipulation 手法复位pulley 滑轮tongs 牵引弓ropes 绳子wires 线/绳3、snugly 紧紧地骨科某些身体部位小结：Pelvic骨盆的（pelvis n. 骨盆）iliac髂嵴的（ilium n.髂嵴）femur股骨tibia胫骨fibula腓骨thigh 大腿（legs 小腿）palm 手掌supracondylar髁上humerus肱骨synthetic casts 人工合成石膏discoloration褪色isometric 等长的4、marrow 骨髓Petechia l rash 出血点Anoxia 缺氧paresthesia 感觉丧失Within 4 to 6 hours after 4到6 小时内Osteomyelitis骨髓炎Avascula r necrosis 缺血性坏死Apprehension 恐惧5、vertebia 椎间盘Intervertebral disk 椎间盘突出Cervical disk 颈椎间盘突出Lumber disk 腰椎间盘突出Sacrum骶椎scapula 肩胛骨Tendon reflexes 腱反射sciatica 坐骨神经痛Massage 按摩Motion活动（可大可小的的活动）Ambulatio n (一定要下床，腿要动的活动) Renal system disorder1、kidney肾ureter 输尿管bladder 膀胱Urethra 尿道Glomerulus肾小球renal capsule 肾小囊Renal tubule 肾小管connecting duct 集合管2、glomerulonephritis 肾小球肾炎Sclerosis硬化Pharyngitis咽炎Tonsillitis扁桃体炎Laryngitis 喉炎Encephalopathy 脑病Debris 絮状物Hematuria 血尿proteinuria蛋白尿Hyperlipidemia高血脂amenorrhea 闭经3、hydronephrosis 肾积水renal pelvis肾盂renal calices肾盏calculus(calculi)结石prostate 前列腺小结：描述尿液：diuresis（Polyuria）多尿oliguria少尿Anuria 无尿Hematuria 血尿proteinuria 蛋白尿Pyuria 脓尿nocturia夜尿Frequency 尿频urgency 尿急Dysuria 排尿困难odyuria尿痛4、cystitis膀胱炎Gonorrhea 淋病chalmydial 衣原体UTIs=urinary tract infections 尿道感染5、Ureteritis输尿管炎pylonephritis肾盂肾炎Fibrotic 纤维化的stricture 狭窄、收缩Parenchyma实质Bacteremia 菌血症azotemia 氮质血症6、prostatitis 前列腺炎Hyperplasia=hypertrophy 增生7、epididymitis附睾炎Ejaculatory duct 射精管Vas deferens 输精管Scrotum 阴囊groin 腹股沟8、urolithriasis 尿结石nephrolithriasis肾结石Hydroureter 输尿管积水Oxalate 草酸盐purines 嘌呤Alkali 碱性hyperparathyroidism 甲状旁腺功能亢进gout 痛风renal colic 肾绞痛oxalate 草酸盐类似词根归纳记忆：-oscopy…镜检-ostomy…造瘘/吻合术-otomy…切开术-ectomy…切除术9、hesitancy排尿踌躇Change in size and force of urinary stream尿线变细、无力dribbling 尿后滴沥Ischemia 缺血uremia尿毒症Drowsness嗜睡disorientaton定向力障碍Lethargy 昏睡coma 昏迷Polyuria 多尿osteodystrophy 骨营养不良10、buffe r system 缓冲系统Osmosis渗透dialyzer 透析器Dialysate 透析液ultrafiltration超滤液Hemodialysis (HD) 血液透析Hemofiltration(HF) 血液滤过Hemoperfusion (HP) 血液灌流Plasma exchange (PE) 血浆置换Peritoneal dialysis(PD) 腹膜透析11、External arteriovenous shunt动静脉外瘘Internal arteriovenous fistula动静脉内瘘Internal arteriovenous graft 动静脉移植管Anastomosis吻合术engorge 充盈Maturity 使静脉动脉化aneurysm 动脉瘤Disequilibrium syndrome 失衡综合症Agitation 激动、焦虑Seizure 抽搐、癫痫发作Dementia 痴呆Sepsis(pyemia)脓血症Hepatitis 肝炎尿液系统所学“血症”小结：Bacteremia菌血症azotemia氮质血症hypoalbuminemia低蛋白血症hyperlipidemia高脂血症septicemia脓血症pyemia败血症hypercalcemi a 高钙血症uremia尿毒症（以上资料仅供参考，希望对大家有所帮助！不足之处还望见谅！）祝考试顺利！。

医学中英文对照文章随着信息化社会的高速发展,国民的健康意识不断提高,我国借鉴发达国家先进的健康管理经验,初步形成了具有一定中国国情的健康管理模式,国民参与健康管理的意识大大增强。

下面是小编带来的医学中英文对照文章，欢迎阅读!医学中英文对照文章1美国科学家研究起死回生术A groundbreaking trial to see if it is possible to regenerate the brains of dead people, has won approval from health watchdogs.探究死者大脑能否重获新生的开创性实验已获卫生监管部门批准可以开展。

A biotech company in the US has been granted ethical permission to recruit 20 patients who have been declared clinically dead from a traumatic brain injury, to test whether parts of their central nervous system can be brought back to life.美国一家生物科技公司获得伦理许可，将招募20位因脑创伤被宣布临床死亡的病人，用于测试他们的部分中枢神经系统能否被复苏。

Scientists will use a combination of therapies, whichinclude injecting the brain with stem cells and a cocktail of peptides, as well as deploying lasers and nerve stimulation techniques which have been shown to bring patients out of comas.科学家们将合用多种治疗方法，包括给大脑注入干细胞和混合多肽，以及利用激光和神经刺激技术等等。

Association between IL28B gene polymorphisms and plasmaHCV-RNA levels in HIV/HCV-co-infected patients.Labarga P, Soriano V, Caruz A, Poveda E, Di Lello F, Hernandez-Quero J, Moreno S, Bernal E, Miró JM, Leal M, Gutierrez F, Portilla J, Pineda JA; on behalf of CoRIS.aInfectious Diseases Department, Hospital Carlos III, Madrid, Spain bMolecular Biology Department, Jaen University, Jaen, Spain cInfectious Diseases Unit, Hospital de Valme, Seville, Spain dInfectious Diseases, Hospital San Cecilio, Granada, Spain eInfectious Diseases Service, Hospital Ramón y Cajal, Madrid, Spain fService of Internal Medicine, Hospital Reina Sofía, Murcia, Spain gInfectious Diseases Service, Hospital Clínic, Barcelona, Spain hInfectious Diseases Service, Hospital Virgen del Rocio, Seville, Spain iInfectious Diseases Unit, Hospital de Elche, Elche, Spain jInfectious Diseases Unit, Hospital de Alicante, Alicante, Spain.AbstractBACKGROUND: IL28B polymorphisms influence both the rate of spontaneous hepatitis C virus (HCV) clearance and response to interferon α (IFNα)-based therapy. This observation has been reproduced in HIV-co-infected individuals. Controversy exists about the impact of IL28B alleles on HCV load. METHODS: CoRIS is a nationwide, open cohort of newly diagnosed HIV-1 adults in Spain. In the subset of HCV-co-infected individuals, the relationship between plasma HCV-RNA and IL28B (rs12979860) genotypes was evaluated.RESULTS: A total of 4670 HIV-1-infected patients had been included in CoRIS up to June 2010. All were naive for IFNα. HCV antibodies were reac tive in 895 (19%). Of them, 289 specimens were available and tested positive for plasma HCV-RNA, with median values of 959 900 IU/ml. The rs12979860 genotype distribution in HCV viremic patients was CC 45%, CT 42.2% and TT 12.8%. The median plasma HCV-RNA according to IL28B genotypes was: CC 1 385 000, CT 848 939 and TT 251 189 IU/ml (P = 0.006). The percentage of patients with HCV-RNA more than 600 000 IU/ml was: CC 67.7%, CT 56.6% and TT 35.1% (P = 0.001). In multivariate analysis, IL28B CC/CT genotypes, infection with HCV genotypes 1/4 and prior intravenous drug users were independent predictors of HCV-RNA more than 600000 IU/ml.CONCLUSION: HIV/HCV-co-infected patients with the C allele (CC/CT) at rs12979860 show significantly higher plasma HCV-RNA load than TT carriers. Notably, plasma HCV-RNA levels associated with poorer response to IFNα-based therapy are significantly more frequent in CC/CT than TT carriers. Hypothetically, patients harboring the rs12979860 allele C could display a lower activity of endogenous IFNα, allowing higher HCV replication while keeping an enhanced susceptibility to exogenous IFNα therapy.PMID: 21378537 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]selected towards the adverse genotypes rs12979860CT/TT compared to non-transplanted HCV-infected patients (p=0.046). Patients with the donor genotype rs12979860CC had higher peak ALT and HCV RNA serum concentrations than those with CT/TT (p=0.04 and 0.06, respectively). No associations were observed between ALT / HCV RNA serum concentrations and recipient genotypes (p>0.3). More important, donor IL28B rs12979860 CC vs. CT/TT genotypes were associated with rapid, complete early, and sustained virologic response (RVR, cEVR, SVR) to treatment with PEG-IFN-α and ribavirin (p=0.003, 0.0012, 0.008, respectively), but weaker associations of recipient genotypes with RVR, cEVR and SVR were observed as well (p=0.0046, 0.115, 0.118, respectively).CONCLUSIONS: We provide evidence for a dominant, but not exclusive impact of the donor rather than the recipient IL28B genetic background on the natural course and treatment outcome of HCV liver graft reinfection.Copyright © 2010. Published by Elsevier B.V.PMID: 21147186 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]/pubmed/21147186PubMed找以上在此找的Randomized Trial of Stents versus Bypass Surgery for Left Main Coronary Artery DiseaseSeung-Jung Park, M.D., Young-Hak Kim, M.D., Duk-Woo Park, M.D., Sung-Cheol Yun, Ph.D., Jung-Min Ahn, M.D., Hae Geun Song, M.D., Jong-Young Lee, M.D., Won-Jang Kim, M.D., Soo-Jin Kang, M.D., Seung-WhanLee, M.D., Cheol Whan Lee, M.D., Seong-Wook Park, M.D., Cheol-Hyun Chung, M.D., Jae-Won Lee, M.D., Do-Sun Lim, M.D., Seung-Woon Rha, M.D., Sang-Gon Lee, M.D., Hyeon-Cheol Gwon, M.D., Hyo-Soo Kim, M.D., In-Ho Chae, M.D., Yangsoo Jang, M.D., Myung-Ho Jeong, M.D., Seung-Jea Tahk, M.D., and Ki Bae Seung, M.D.April 4, 2011 (10.1056/NEJMoa1100452)AbstractArticleReferencesBACKGROUNDPercutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) is increasingly used to treat unprotected left main coronary artery stenosis, although coronary-artery bypass grafting (CABG) has been considered to be the treatment of choice.Full Text of Background...METHODSWe randomly assigned patients with unprotected left main coronary artery stenosis to undergo CABG (300 patients) or PCI with sirolimus-eluting stents (300 patients). Using a wide margin for noninferiority, we compared the groups with respect to the primary composite end point of major adverse cardiac or cerebrovascular events (death from any cause, myocardial infarction, stroke, or ischemia-driven target-vessel revascularization) at1 year. Event rates at2 years were also compared between the two groups.Full Text of Methods...RESULTSThe primary end point occurred in 26 patients assigned to PCI as compared with 20 patients assigned to CABG (cumulative event rate, 8.7% vs. 6.7%; absolute risk difference,2.0 percentage points; 95% confidence interval [CI], −1.6 to 5.6; P=0.01 for noninferiority).By 2 years, the primary end point had occurred in 36 patients in the PCI group as compared with 24 in the CABG group (cumulative event rate, 12.2% vs. 8.1%; hazard ratio with PCI, 1.50; 95% CI, 0.90 to 2.52; P=0.12). The composite rate of death, myocardial infarction, or stroke at 2 years occurred in 13 and 14 patients in the two groups, respectively (cumulative event rate, 4.4% and 4.7%, respectively; hazard ratio, 0.92; 95% CI, 0.43 to 1.96; P=0.83). Ischemia-driven target-vessel revascularization occurred in 26 patients in the PCI group as compared with 12 patients in the CABG group (cumulative event rate, 9.0% vs. 4.2%; hazard ratio, 2.18; 95% CI, 1.10 to 4.32; P=0.02).Full Text of Results...CONCLUSIONSIn this randomized trial involving patients with unprotected left main coronary artery stenosis, PCI with sirolimus-eluting stents was shown to be noninferior to CABG with respect to major adverse cardiac or cerebrovascular events. However, the noninferiority margin was wide, and the results cannot be considered clinically directive. (Funded by the Cardiovascular Research Foundation, Seoul, Korea, and others; PRECOMBAT number, NCT00422968.)Full Text of Discussion...Read the Full Article...Use of Fibrates in the United States and Canada1.Cynthia A. Jackevicius, PharmD, MSc;2.Jack V. Tu, MD, PhD;3.Joseph S. Ross, MD, MHS;4.Dennis T. Ko, MD, MSc;5.Daniel Carreon, PharmD;6.Harlan M. Krumholz, MD, SM[+] Author Affiliations1.Author Affiliations: Department of Pharmacy Practice and Administration, College of Pharmacy, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, California (Drs Jackevicius and Carreon); Institute for Clinical Evaluative Sciences, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (Drs Jackevicius, Tu, and Ko); Department of Health Policy, Management, and Evaluation, Faculty of Medicine (Drs Jackevicius and Tu) and Division of Cardiology, Schulich Heart Centre, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre (Drs Tu and Ko), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Veterans Affairs Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, California (Dr Jackevicius); University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (Dr Jackevicius); Department of Medicine, Section of General Internal Medicine (Dr Ross), Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Section of Health Policy and Administration (Dr Krumholz), and Section of Cardiovascular Medicine (Dr Krumholz), Yale UniversitySchool of Medicine, Center for OutcomesResearch and Evaluation, Yale New HavenHospital, New Haven, Connecticut (Drs Rossand Krumholz); and Robert Wood JohnsonClinical Scholars Program, New Haven,Connecticut (Dr Krumholz)AbstractContext Interest in the role of fibrates intensified after the publication of the negative results from the Action to Control Cardiovascular Risk in Diabetes (ACCORD) trial, which assessed therapy with fenofibrate plus statins. The evidence for clinical benefit in outcomes with the use of fibrates is heavily weighted on the use of the older fibrates such as gemfibrozil and clofibrate. Objectives To examine trends in the current use of fibrates and to examine the relationship between differences in the availability and use of brand-name vs generic formulations of fenofibrate and the economic implications in the United States compared with Canada. Design, Setting, and Patients Population-level, observational cohort study using IMS Health data fromthe United States and Canada of patients prescribed fibrates between January 2002 and December 2009. Main Outcome Measures Fibrate prescriptions dispensed and expenditures.Results In the United States, fibrate prescriptions dispensed increased from 336 prescriptions/100 000 population in January 2002 to 730 prescriptions/100 000 population in December 2009, an increase of 117.1% (95% confidence interval [CI], 116.0%-117.9%), whereas in Canada, fibrate prescriptions increased from 402 prescriptions/100 000 population in January 2002 to 474 prescriptions/100 000 population in December 2009, an increase of 18.1% (95% CI, 17.9%-18.3%) (P <.001). In the United States, fenofibrate prescriptions dispensed increased from 150 prescriptions/100 000 population in January 2002 to 440 prescriptions/100 000 population in December 2009, an increase of 159.3% (95% CI, 157.7%-161.0%), comprising 47.9% of total fibrate prescriptions in 2002 and 65.2% in 2009. In Canada, fenofibrate prescriptions increased from 321prescriptions/100 000 population in January 2002 to 429 prescriptions/100 000 population in December 2009. The annual ratio of generic to brand-name fenofibrate use in the United States ranged from 0:1 to 0.09:1 between 2002 and 2008, while the ratio in Canada steadily increased from 0.51:1 to 1.89:1 between 2005 and 2008. In the United States, crude fenofibrate expenditures increased from $11 535/100 000 population/month in 2002 to $44 975/100 000 population/month in 2009, while the rates in Canada declined from $17 695/100 000 population/month in 2002 to $16 112/100 000 population/month in 2009. Fibrate expenditures per 100 000 population were 3-fold higher in 2009 in the United States compared with Canada.Conclusion During the past decade, prescriptions for fibrates (particularly fenofibrate) increased in the United States, while prescriptions for fibrates in Canada remained stable.KEYWORDS:Atazanavir Plus Ritonavir or Efavirenz as Part of a 3-Drug Regimen for Initial Treatment of HIV-1A Randomized Trial+ Author Affiliations1.From Los Angeles Biomedical Research Institute at Harbor-UCLAMedical Center and the University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California; Harvard School of Public Health, Boston,Massachusetts; University of Miami School of Medicine, Miami,Florida; Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard MedicalSchool, Boston, Massachusetts; National Institute of Allergy andInfectious Diseases, Bethesda, Maryland; Social & ScientificSystems, Silver Spring, Maryland; Frontier Science & TechnologyResearch Foundation, Amherst, New York; Stanford University,Palo Alto, California; Bristol-Myers Squibb, Plainsboro, New Jersey;Gilead Sciences, Foster City, California; GlaxoSmithKline, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina; Abbott Laboratories, Abbott Park,Illinois; University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina;University of California, San Diego, San Diego, California; andUniversity of Washington and Harborview Medical Center, Seattle, Washington.AbstractBackground:Limited data compare once-daily options for initial therapy for HIV-1.Objective: To compare time to virologic failure; first grade-3 or -4 sign, symptom, or laboratory abnormality (safety); and change or discontinuation of regimen (tolerability) for atazanavir plus ritonavir with efavirenz-containing initial therapy for HIV-1.Design: A randomized equivalence trial accrued from September 2005 to November 2007, with median follow-up of 138 weeks. Regimens were assigned by using a central computer, stratified by screening HIV-1 RNA level less than 100 000 copies/mL or 100 000 copies/mL or greater; blinding was known only to the site pharmacist. ( registration number: NCT00118898) Setting: 59 AIDS Clinical Trials Group sites in the United States and Puerto Rico. Patients: Antiretroviral-naive patients.Intervention:Open-label atazanavir plus ritonavir or efavirenz, each given with with placebo-controlled abacavir–lamivudine or tenofovir disoproxil fumarate(DF)–emtricitabine.Measurements:Primary outcomes were time to virologic failure, safety, and tolerability events. Secondary end points included proportion of patients with HIV-1 RNA level less than 50 copies/mL, emergence of drug resistance, changes in CD4 cell counts, calculated creatinine clearance, and lipid levels.Results: 463 eligible patients were randomly assigned to receive atazanavir plus ritonavir and 465 were assigned to receive efavirenz, both with abacavir–lamivudine; 322 (70%) and 324 (70%), respectively, completed follow-up. The respective numbers of participants in each group who received tenofovir DF–emtricitabine were 465 and 464; 342 (74%) and 343 (74%) completed follow-up. Primary efficacy was similar in the group that received atazanavir plus ritonavir and and the group that received efavirenz and did not differ according to whether abacavir–lamivudine or tenofovir DF–emtricitabine was also given. Hazard ratios for time to virologic failure were 1.13 (95% CI, 0.82 to 1.56) and 1.01 (CI, 0.70 to 1.46), respectively, although CIs did not meet prespecified criteria for equivalence. The time to safety (P = 0.048) and tolerability (P < 0.001) events was longer in persons given atazanavir plus ritonavir than in those given efavirenz with abacavir–lamivudine but not with tenofovir DF–emtricitabine.Limitations: Neither HLA-B*5701 nor resistance testing was the standard of care when A5202 enrolled patients. The third drugs, atazanavir plus ritonavir and efavirenz, were open-label; the nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors wereprematurely unblinded in the high viral load stratum; and 32% of patients modified or discontinued treatment with their third drug.Conclusion: Atazanavir plus ritonavir and efavirenz have similar antiviral activity when used with abacavir–lamivudine or tenofovir DF–emtricitabine.Primary Funding Source: National Institutes of Health.英国医学杂志Group therapy for adolescents with repeated self harm: randomised controlled trial with economic evaluationOPEN ACCESS1. J M Green, professor of child psychiatry 16,2. A J Wood, consultant adolescent psychiatrist2,3. M J Kerfoot, honorary professor of mental healthstudies1,4. G Trainor, nurse consultant3,5. C Roberts, reader in biostatistics1,6. J Rothwell, research associate1,7. A Woodham, research assistant1,8. E Ayodeji, lecturer in child and adolescent mentalhealth4,9. B Barrett, lecturer in health economics5,10. S Byford, reader in health economics5,11. R Harrington, professor of child psychiatry (deceased)1 + Author Affiliations1. 1Psychiatry Research Group, University of Manchester,Manchester M13 9PL, UK2. 2Tier 4 Child and Adolescent Mental Health Services,Young People’s Centre, Chester, UK3. 3Greater Manchester West Mental Health NHSFoundation Trust, Manchester4. 4School of Nursing and Midwifery, University of Salford,Salford5. 5Centre for the Economics of Mental Health Institute ofPsychiatry, King’s College London, London, UK6. 6Manchester Biomedical Research Centre andAcademic Health Sciences Centre, Manchester1. Correspondence to: Jonathan Green****************************.uk•Accepted 18 December 2010Next Section AbstractObjective To examine the effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of group therapy for self harm in young people.Design Two arm, single (assessor) blinded parallel randomised allocation trial of a group therapy intervention in addition to routine care, compared with routine care alone. Randomisation was by minimisation controlling for baseline frequency of self harm, presence of conduct disorder, depressive disorder, and severity of psychosocial stress.Participants Adolescents aged 12-17 years with at least two past episodes of self harm within the previous 12 months. Exclusion criteria were: not speaking English, low weight anorexia nervosa, acute psychosis, substantial learning difficulties (defined by need for specialist school), current containment in secure care.Setting Eight child and adolescent mental health services in the northwest UK.Interventions Manual based developmental group therapy programme specifically designed for adolescents who harm themselves, with an acute phase over six weekly sessionsfollowed by a booster phase of weekly groups as long as needed. Details of routine care were gathered from participating centres. Main outcome measures Primary outcome was frequency of subsequent repeated episodes of self harm. Secondary outcomes were severity of subsequent self harm, mood disorder, suicidal ideation, and global functioning. Total costs of health, social care, education, and criminal justice sector services, plus family related costs and productivity losses, were recorded. Results183 adolescents were allocated to each arm (total n=366). Loss to follow-up was low (<4%). On all outcomes the trial cohort as a whole showed significant improvement from baseline to follow-up. On the primary outcome of frequency of self harm, proportional odds ratio of group therapy versus routine care adjusting for relevant baseline variables was 0.99 (95% confidence interval 0.68 to 1.44, P=0.95) at 6 months and 0.88 (0.59 to 1.33, P=0.52) at 1 year. For severity of subsequent self harm the equivalent odds ratios were 0.81 (0.54 to1.20, P=0.29) at 6 months and 0.94 (0.63 to 1.40, P=0.75) at 1 year. Total 1 year costs were higher in the group therapy arm (£21 781) than for routine care (£15 372) but the difference was not significant (95% CI −1416 to 10782, P=0.132).Conclusions The addition of this targeted group therapy programme did not improve self harm outcomes for adolescents who repeatedly self harmed, nor was there evidence of cost effectiveness. The outcomes to end point for the cohort as a whole were better than current clinical expectations.Trial registration ISRCTN 20496110Previous SectionNext Section IntroductionSelf harm in adolescents is a major public health problem in many countries. It is associated with recurrent psychosocial problems12 and poor long term outcome,3 and it may mark an emerging personality disorder.4 Self harm tends to recur; the reported risk of repetition in adolescents ranges from 10% within six months to 42% during a 21-month follow-up, with a median recurrence of 5-15% each year.5 The risk of suicide after self harm in adolescence is around 0.1-0.5% over 10 years26 with retrospective studies reporting a repetition rate of 36% over10-12 years7 and lifetime mortality rates of 4-11%.89 Self harm shows comorbidity with axis I psychiatric disorders in 43% to 70% of cases, with evidence that the number of comorbid conditions is associated with increased risk of a serious suicide attempt.10 Around two thirds of children and adolescentspresenting with self harm score positively for depressive disorders1112131415; suicidal adolescents with chronic and recurrent affective illness are at increased risk of repetition.111617 18 The persistence of major depressive disorder predicts substantially increased risk of further self harm in young adulthood when other factors are controlled.19 The incidence of self harm is increasing in some areas of the UK.20Self harming adolescents contribute substantially to the workload of health services, in terms of both emergency risk assessment and longer term management. A further substantial burden is placed on wider social care and education. At the time of a self harm event, the young person commonly presents to an accident and emergency department; current National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence (NICE) guidance1 for England and Wales is for overnight medical hospital admission as a minimum response and more lengthy medical or psychiatric admission is often needed in situations of risk or more severe disorder. A follow-up study of young adults who had deliberately poisoned themselves as adolescents21found that their lifetime service costs were significantly greater than those of matched controls. They used more service provided accommodation, special education, and hospital services, incurred greater criminal justicecosts, and received more social security benefits.Despite this large burden, very little is known about the cost-effectiveness of interventions.22 In one of the few studies to date, Byford and colleagues23undertook a cost-effectiveness analysis of a home based social work intervention for children and adolescents who deliberately poisoned themselves. They found no significant differences between the two groups in terms of the main outcome measures or costs, although in a subgroup of children without major depression, suicidal ideation was significantly lower in the intervention group at follow-up with no significant differences in cost.The design and delivery of effective treatments for this group are complex and have to accommodate considerable variations in presentation.1 A subgroup of patients needs emergency inpatient management; the majority require long term treatment approaches in the context of multi-agency partnerships. A Cochrane review of psychosocial and pharmacological treatments for self harm24found continuing uncertainty about which forms of treatment are most effective and insufficient evidence against which to make firm recommendations. Across all age ranges, a promising additional benefit over standard carewas found for problem solving therapy (summary odds ratio across five studies 0.70; 0.45 to 1.11) and provision of an emergency contact card (summary odds ratio across two studies 0.45; 0.19 to 1.07), but neither of these results reached statistical significance. The authors noted a number of key limitations across all studies reviewed. These included insufficient sample sizes, leading to possible type 2 errors in effectiveness estimates; lack of adequate description of the services used as comparison groups; and use of service data (usually further hospital attendance) rather than interview data to define the primary outcome of repetition, which could introduce biases in outcome estimates, owing to variation in service use and the possibility that the intervention itself could alter willingness to seek hospital help.Hawton and colleagues24noted that only two of the studies reviewed focused on adolescent self harm, despite the importance of the problem in this age group and the likelihood that the treatment needs of adolescents differ from those of adults. Trials of adolescent focused treatments are therefore of high priority to inform service provision. Harrington and colleagues15tested a brief family intervention for adolescents (total n=149) against standard aftercare and found no significanteffect on repetition (odds ratio 1.02; 95% CI 0.41 to 2.5; P=0.97). The same group then undertook a developmental group psychotherapy programme designed to focus on the multiple clinical problems typical in this population (depression, experience of abuse, behavioural disorder, substance misuse, poor self esteem and body image, and family conflict and disruption) and to combine effectively with other interventions (pharmacotherapy, individual and family therapies) using a group therapy format that was cost-effective of clinician time. A pilot randomised trial of developmental group psychotherapy compared with routine care in 63 adolescents referred with repeated self harm to child and adolescent mental health services25 showed a significant relative reduction of repeated self harm over 29 weeks of follow-up (2/31 in developmental group psychotherapy versus 10/31 in routine care; odds ratio 6.3; 95% CI 1.4 to 28.7). The total number of self harm episodes per participant during follow-up was also lower for the treatment group (mean 0.6) than for the routine care group (mean 1.8), but this difference was not statistically significant. This trial was one of the few to have suggested effectiveness of an intervention in patients of any age. A replication in northern Australia, with remote supervision from the UK developing team (n=72)26 failedto show a treatment effect. This study, however, recruited from general referrals to child and adolescent mental health services where patients were identified to have self harming behaviour, rather than from specific self harm referrals, and it only recruited 57% of its target for analytical power.The Assessment of Treatment In Suicidal Teenagers (ASSIST) trial reported here was intended as a definitive test of this group intervention using a large sample with a pragmatic design and including a detailed health economic evaluation. Our objective was to use a large parallel group randomised trial to compare the effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of developmental group psychotherapy plus routine care with that of routine care alone for adolescents presenting with repeated self harm in the previous year. We addressed some of the methodological weaknesses in previous studies identified by Hawton and colleagues24by recruiting a large cohort size, making detailed description of routine treatment undertaken, and triangulating two independent interview based ascertainments of the primary outcome rather than using service data on hospital attendance.Previous SectionNext Section MethodsParticipantsParticipating centres were established child and adolescent mental health services teams in the northwest of England, who served substantial geographical areas and were experienced in the assessment and management of young people with self harm. They delivered the developmental group psychotherapy in partnership with the ASSIST research team.Participants were adolescents aged between 12 years and 16 years 11 months who had presented with two or more episodes of self harm during the previous 12 months. In the context of this study “self harm” was deemed to include the non-accidental overdose of drugs or other toxic substances, or non-accidental self inflicted injuries such as scratching, cutting, burning, or strangulation. Exclusion criteria were non-English speakers, severe low weight anorexia nervosa, current psychotic illness, attendance at special learning disability school, current containment in secure care (young people in other forms of looked after care such as adoption, fostering, or non-secure residential units were, however, included).InterventionsExperimental treatmentDevelopmental group psychotherapy was a manual based treatment specifically designed for self harming adolescents.25 The programme integrated techniques from a number of other therapies that have previously been applied to depressed or suicidal adolescents and their families, including cognitive behavioural therapy, dialectical behavioural therapy, and group psychotherapy.152728 Group goals were oriented around themes that previous research suggested were important in adolescents who harm themselves, such as poor peer relationships, bullying, and family problems. Adolescents learned strategies to deal with these difficulties using group based techniques such as role play. The groups had a rolling entry; young people started attending as soon as their initial assessment and randomisation were completed and attendance continued until the young person felt ready to leave. Therapists had a minimum of three years of relevant post-qualifying experience. They had initial training in fidelity to the model from AJW and GT (the original developers of the intervention), who also led subsequent regular supervision, comprising urgent telephone consultation during working hours and attendance at a monthly supervision group. In the base site, developmental group psychotherapy was provided by AJW and GT and included patients considered clinically challenging by。

医生护士作文模板英语翻译Title: Doctors and Nurses。

Doctors and nurses play a crucial role in the healthcare system, providing essential medical care and support to patients in need. Their dedication, compassion, and expertise are invaluable in ensuring the well-being of individuals and communities. In this article, we will explore the roles and responsibilities of doctors and nurses, as well as the challenges and rewards they face in their professions.Doctors are highly trained medical professionals who diagnose and treat illnesses, injuries, and diseases. They undergo extensive education and training to acquire the knowledge and skills necessary to provide quality healthcare to their patients. From general practitioners to specialists in fields such as cardiology, oncology, and neurology, doctors play a vital role in addressing a wide range of medical needs. They work in hospitals, clinics, and private practices, and may also conduct research and teach future medical professionals.Nurses, on the other hand, are essential members of the healthcare team who provide hands-on care and support to patients. They assist doctors in administering treatments, monitoring patients' conditions, and educating individuals and their families about health and wellness. Nurses work in various settings, including hospitals, nursing homes, and community health centers, and may specialize in areas such as pediatrics, geriatrics, or psychiatric care. Their compassion, empathy, and attention to detail are essential in delivering holistic care to patients.Both doctors and nurses face numerous challenges in their professions, including long hours, high levels of stress, and emotional demands. They often work under intense pressure, making critical decisions that can have a profound impact on the lives of their patients. Additionally, they must stay updated on the latest medical advancements and technologies to provide the best possible care. Despite these challenges, doctors and nurses find their work incredibly rewarding, as they have the opportunity to make a positive difference in the lives of others every day.The COVID-19 pandemic has further highlighted the essential role of doctors and nurses in healthcare. They have been at the forefront of the global response to the virus, caring for infected patients, conducting research, and administering vaccines. Their dedication and resilience in the face of this unprecedented crisis have been nothing short of heroic, and they have earned the gratitude and admiration of people around the world.In conclusion, doctors and nurses are indispensable in the healthcare system, providing vital medical care and support to individuals and communities. Their expertise, compassion, and dedication make a significant impact on the lives of their patients, and their contributions to society are immeasurable. As we continue to navigate the complexities of modern healthcare, it is essential to recognize and appreciate the invaluable work of doctors and nurses in promoting health and well-being for all.。

护理英文文章As a nurse, it is essential to have a good understanding of medical English in order to effectively communicate with patients, their families, and other healthcare professionals. In this article, we will explore the importance of English language proficiency in nursing, as well as provide some tips for improving your medical English skills.First and foremost, being able to communicate effectively in English is crucial for providing high-quality patient care. Whether you are conducting a patient assessment, explaining a treatment plan, or giving discharge instructions, clear and accurate communication is key. Without a strong grasp of medical English, misunderstandings and errors can occur, potentially putting patients at risk.In addition to patient care, nurses also need to be able to communicate with other members of the healthcare team, including doctors, pharmacists, and allied health professionals. This collaboration is essential for providing comprehensive care and ensuring the best possible outcomes for patients. By being proficient in medical English, nurses can effectively communicate with their colleagues, ask questions, and contribute to the overall care plan.Furthermore, as healthcare becomes increasingly globalized, nurses may find themselves working in multicultural environments where English is the common language. Being able to communicate fluently in medical English can help nurses adapt to new work settings and collaborate with colleagues from diverse backgrounds.Now that we understand the importance of medical English in nursing, let's explore some tips for improving your language skills:1. Expand your medical vocabulary: Make an effort to learn and understand medical terms and phrases commonly used in your area of practice. This will help you communicate more effectively with patients and colleagues.2. Practice active listening: Pay attention to how medical English is spoken in different contexts, such as patient interactions, team meetings, and educational sessions. This will help you improve your comprehension and communication skills.3. Seek feedback: Ask for feedback from colleagues or mentors on your English language skills. Constructive criticism can help you identify areas for improvement and tailor your learning efforts.4. Utilize resources: Take advantage of online courses, textbooks, and other resources specifically designed to help healthcare professionals improve their medical English skills.5. Engage in language exchange: Consider finding a language exchange partner who is fluent in English and is interested in learning your native language. This can be a fun and effective way to practice your English skills.In conclusion, proficiency in medical English is essential for nurses to provide high-quality patient care, collaborate with colleagues, and adapt to diverse work environments. By actively working to improve your medical English skills, you can enhance your ability to communicate effectively and contribute to positive patient outcomes. Remember, language learning is a continuous process, so be patient and persistent in your efforts to enhance your medical English proficiency.。

..’.医学文献英文翻译原文：皮质下缺血性脑血管疾病（subcortical ischemic vasculardisease,SIVD）是一组以小血管病变为主要病因、以皮质下多发性腔隙性梗死和脑白质病变为主要脑部损害的缺血性脑血管病，是引起血管性认知功能损害（vascular cognitive impairment，VCI）最常见的亚型。

SIVD可引起步态障碍，如帕金森样步态、共济失调性步态、走路不稳或无明显诱因的频繁跌倒，有研究表明，步态异常可能是血管性痴呆的早期标志。

本文将从SIVD导致步态障碍的病理机制、步态障碍类型、步态障碍与认知损害关系、步态障碍的分析与评价、治疗等方面进行综述。

翻译：皮质下缺血性脑血管疾病（subcortical ischemic vascular disease,SIVD）是一组以小血管病变为主要病因、以皮质下多发性腔隙性梗死和脑白质病变为主要脑部损害的缺血性脑血管病，是引起血管性认知功能损害（vascular cognitive impairment，VCI）最常见的亚型。

Subcortical ischemic vascular disease（SIVD）is a case of ischemic cerebrovascular disease, the leading cause of which is small vessel lesions, and the subsequent main damages to the brain are subcortical multiple lacunae infarct and leukodystrophy; it is the most common subtype that causes vascular cognitive impairment (VCI).SIVD可引起步态障碍，如帕金森样步态、共济失调性步态、走路不稳或无明显诱因的频繁跌倒，有研究表明，步态异常可能是血管性痴呆的早期标志。