最新.尔雅国际商务管理课后答案

经济学院《国际商务管理》课程习题库一、名词解释：（每小题3分）第一章：1.国际商务: （易）2.国际商务学: （易）3.跨国公司: （中）4.国际市场: （易）5.贸易条约和协定: （中）6.经济全球化: （中）第二章：7. 比较成本论：（中）8. 相互需求原理：（中）9. 产业内贸易：（中）10. 波特四因素：（较难）11. 生产要素：（易）12. 需求条件：（中）13. 相关及支持产业：（较难）14. 比较成本论：（中）15. 相互需求原理：（较难）16. 产业内贸易：（中）17. 波特四因素：（中）18. 生产要素：（易）19. 需求条件：（中）20. 相关及支持产业:（中）21. 国际竞争力: （中）22. 国际竞争的类型: （中）23.所有权优势：（易）24. 内部化优势：（中）25. 区位优势：（较难）第三章：26.直接标价法:（中）27.间接标价法：（中）28.固定汇率: （易）29.浮动汇率: （易）30.即期汇率: （中）31.远期汇率: （中）32.单一汇率: （易）33.复汇率: （易）34.国际资本流动：（中）35.政治风险：（较难）36.国际收支：（中）37.外汇市场：（中）38.外汇期货：（较难）39.外汇期权：（较难）40.掉期交易：（较难）41. 货币市场：（易）42. 资本市场：（易）43. 贴现：（中）44. 信贷市场：（易）45. 证券市场：（中）46. 国际债券：（较难）47. 市场经营环境: （易）48.次级影响因素:（中）49. 一级影响因素: （中）50. 国际收支: （中）51. 技术环境: （易）52. 环境威胁: （易）53. 环境机会:（中）54. 交易风险：（较难）55. 经济风险：（较难）56. 储备风险：（中）第四章：57. 商品出口：（易）58. 间接出口:（中）59. 直接出口：（易）60. 彩车效应:（难）61. 新建进入: （中）62. 收购进入: （中）63. 外贸收购：（中）64. 独家代理：（中）65.易货贸易：（易）66.回购贸易：（较难）67.互换贸易：（较难）68.转手贸易：（较难）69. 补偿贸易：（中）70.合同安排：（中）71.管理合同：（较难）72.国际分包合同：（难）73.对外直接投资：（中）第五章：74. 国际市场细分:（中）75. 国际目标市场:（易）76. 国际目标市场选择:（中）77. 集中性市场策略:（中）78. 无差异性市场策略:（易）79. 差异性市场策略:（易）80. 国际市场定位战略:（中）81.渗透策略：（较难）82. 国际分销渠道:（较难）83. 撇脂策略：（中）84．国际市场促销活动:（较难）85．渠道长度策略：（较难）86．选择性分销渠道策略：（较难）87．需求导向定价法：（较难）88. 全球统一定价策略：（易）89.市场差别定价策略：（易）90. 成本差别定价法：（易）91. 直接渠道策略：（易）92. 渠道宽度策略：（易）93. 广泛性分销渠道策略：（中）94.独家分销渠道策略：（易）95. 国际标准化广告：（中）第六章：96. 外向型企业：（易）97. 广义的“走出去”战略：（较难）98.狭义的“走出去”战略：（较难）99. 竞争战略: （较难）100. 成本领先战略: （易）101. 差异化战略: （易）102. 集中战略: （易）第七章：103.横向发展模式：（易）104.纵向发展模式:（易）105.前向发展: （易）106.向后发展: （易）107.混合发展模式: （易）108.范围经济:（较难）109.战略实施计划:（较难）110.跨国并购:（较难）111.战略联盟:（较难）第八章：112. 营运资本:（易）113. 营运资本流量管理:（较难）114. 营运资本存量管理:（较难）115. 国际财务管理:（中）116. 转移定价：（中）117.项目融资：（较难）二、判断改错题：（每小题2分，要求：先判断对错，将错误改正过来。

国际商务课后习题参考答案HUA system office room 【HUA16H-TTMS2A-HUAS8Q8-HUAH1688】C h a p t e r1:G l o b a l i z a t i o n1. Describe the shifts in the world economy over the last 30 years. What are the implications of these shifts for international businesses based in Great Britain? North America? Hong Kong?Answer: The world economy has shifted dramatically over the past 30 years. As late as the 1960s, four stylized facts described the demographics of the global economy. The first was U.S. dominance in the world economy and world trade. The second was U.S. dominance in the world foreign direct investment picture. Related to this, the third fact was the dominance of large, multinational U.S. firms in the international business scene. The fourth was that roughly half of the globe - the centrally planned economies of the Communist world - was off-limits to Western international businesses. All of these demographic facts have changed. Although the U.S. remains the world's dominant economic power, its share of world output and world exports have declined significantly since the 1960s. This trend does not reflect trouble in the U.S. economy, but rather reflects the growing industrialization of developing countries such as China, India, Indonesia, and South Korea. This trend is also reflected in the world foreign direct investment picture. As depicted in Figure 1.2 in the textbook, the share of world output (or the stock of foreign direct investment) generated by developing countries has been on a steady increase since the 1960s, while the share of world outputgenerated by rich industrial countries has been on a steady decline. Shifts in the world economy can also be seen through the shifting power of multinational enterprises. Since the 1960s, there have been two notable trends in the demographics of the multinational enterprise. The first has been the rise of non-U.S. multinationals, particularly Japanese multinationals. The second has been the emergence of a growing number of small and medium-sized multinationals, called mini-multinationals. The fall of Communism in Eastern Europe and the republics of the former Soviet Union have brought about the final shift in the world economy. Many of the former Communist nations of Europe and Asia seem to share a commitment to democratic politics and free market economies. Similar developments are being observed in Latin America. If these trends continue, the opportunities for international business may be enormous. The implications of these shifts are similar for North America and Britain. The United States and Britain once had the luxury of being the dominant players in the world arena, with little substantive competition from the developing nations of the world. That has changed. Today, U.S. and British manufacturers must compete with competitors from across the world to win orders. The changing demographics of the world economy favor a city like Hong Kong. Hong Kong (which is now under Chinese rule) is well located with easy access to markets in Japan, South Korea, Indonesia, and other Asian markets. Hong Kong has a vibrant labor force that can compete on par with the industrialized nations of the world. The declinein the influence of the U.S. and Britain on the global economy provides opportunities for companies in Hong Kong to aggressively pursue export markets.2. "The study of international business is fine if you are going to work in a large multinational enterprise, but it has no relevance for individuals who are going to work in smaller firms." Evaluate this statement.Answer: People who believe in this view, and the firms that they work for, may find that they do not achieve their full potential (at best) and may ultimately fail because of their myopia. As barriers to trade decrease and state of the art technological developments take place throughout the world, new opportunities and threats exist on a worldwide basis. The rise of the mini-multinationals suggests there are global opportunities even for small firms. But staying attuned to international markets is not only important from the perspective of seeking profitable opportunities for small firms; it can also be critical for long-term competitive survival. Firms from other countries may be developing products that, if sold internationally, may wipe out small domestic competitors. Scanning international markets for the best suppliers is also important for small firms, for if a domestic competitor is able to tap into a superior supplier from a foreign country, it may be able to seriously erode a small firm's competitive position before the small firm understands the source of its competitor's competitive advantage and can take appropriate counter actions.3. How have changes in technology contributed to the globalization of markets and of production? Would the globalization of production and markets have been possible without these technological changes?Answer: Changes in technology have contributed to the globalization of markets and of production in a very substantive manner. For instance, improvements in transportation technology have paved the way for companies like Coca-Cola, Levi Strauss, Sony and McDonalds to make their products available worldwide. Similarly, improvements in communications technology have had a major impact. The ability to negotiate across continents has been facilitated by improved communications technology, and the rapidly decreasing cost of communications has lowered the expense of coordinating and controlling a global corporation. Finally, the impact of information technology has been far reaching. Companies can now gain worldwide exposure simply by setting up a homepage on the Internet. This technology was not available just a few short years ago. The globalization of production and markets may have been possible without improvements in technology, but the pace of globalization would have been much slower. The falling cost of technology has made it affordable for many developing nations, which has been instrumental in helping these nations improve their share of world output and world exports. The inclusion of these nations, such as China, India, Thailand, and South Korea, has been instrumental in the globalization of markets and production. In addition, improvements in global transportationand communication have made it relatively easy for business executives from different countries to converse with one another. If these forms of technology, including air-travel, fax capability, e-mail, and overnight delivery of packages were not available, it would be much more difficult for businesses to conduct international trade.4. "Ultimately, the study of international business is no different from the study of domestic business. Thus, there is no point in having a separate course on international business." Evaluate this statement.Answer: This statement reflects a poor understanding of the unique challenges involved in international business. Managing an international business is different from managing a purely domestic business for at least four reasons. These are: (1) countries are different; (2) the range of problems confronted by a manager in an international business is wider and the problems themselves more complex than those confronted by a manager in a domestic business; (3) an international business must find ways to work within the limits imposed by government intervention in the international trade and investment system; and (4) international transactions involve converting money into different currencies. As a result of these differences, there are ample reasons for studying international business as a specific field of study or discipline.5. How might the Internet and the associated World Wide Web impactinternational business activity and the globalization of the world economy? Answer: According to the text, the Internet and World Wide Web (WWW) promise to develop into the information background of tomorrow's global economy. This improved technology will not only make it easier for individuals and companies in different countries to conduct business with one another, but will also further decrease the cost of communications. These improvements will undoubtedly hasten the already rapid pace of globalization. Another distinct attribute of the Internet and the WWW is that they act as an equalizer between large (resource rich) and small (resource poor) firms. For instance, it does not cost any more for a small software firm to gain visibility via the WWW than it does for a large software company like Microsoft. As a result, the WWW helps small companies reach the size of audience that was previously only within the reach of large, resource rich firms.6. If current trends continue, China may emerge as the world's largest economy by 2020. Discuss the possible implications of such a development for(1) The world trading system.(2)The world monetary system.(3)The business strategy of today's European and U.S. based global corporations.(4)Global commodity prices.Answer: The world trading system would clearly be affected by such a development. Currently China enjoys a somewhat privileged status within theWorld Trade Organization as a “developing” country. Such a rise to eminence, however, would clearly force it to become a full and equal member, with all the rights and responsibilities. China would also be in a position to actively affect the terms of trade between many countries. On the monetary front, one would expect that China would have to have fully convertible and trading currency, and it could become one of the “benchmark” currencies of the world. From the perspective of Western global firms, China would represent both a huge market, and potentially the home base of some very capable competitors. Finally, commodity prices would probably fall.7. Read the Country Focus in this chapter on the Ecuadorian rose industry, the answer the following questions:a) How has participation in the international rose trade helped Ecuador’s economy and its people? How has the rise of Ecuador as a center for rose growing benefited consumers in developed nations who purchase the roses? What do the answers to these questions tell you about the benefits of international trade?b) Why do you think that Ecuador’s rose ind ustry only began to take of 20 years ago? Why do you think it has grown so rapidly?c) To what extent can the alleged health problems among workers in Ecuador’s rose industry be laid at the feet of consumers in the developed world and their desire for perfect Valentine’s Day roses?d) Do you think governments in the developed world should place trade sanctions on Ecuador roses if reports of health issues among Ecuadorian rose workers are verified? What else might they do to improve the situation in Ecuador?a) Ecuador is the world’s fourth largest producer of roses. In fact, roses represent the country’s fifth largest export. The industry is vital to Ecuador’s economy, creating tens of thousands of jobs, jobs that pay significantly above the country’s minimum wage. Taxes and revenues from the rose growers have also helped to pave roads, build schools, and construct sophisticated irrigation systems. For Ecuador’s consumers, the success of the industry means bigger, more vibrant flowers than were previously available. Most students will recognize that the conditions in Ecuador give the country a distinct advantage in rose growing, and that by focusing on the industry, Ecuador has been able to benefit from international trade. Consumers in other countr ies also benefit from Ecuador’s flower exports with better products.b) Ecuador’s rose industry began some 20 years ago, and has been expanding rapidly ever since then. Most students will probably focus advances in technology as a key to the industry’s s uccess. Roses are a very fragile, perishable product. Modern technology enables growers to used refrigerated air transport to get the product to markets around the globe. Without that ability, the growers would be limited to the market immediately surroundingthe country.c) Students will probably be divided on this issue with some students arguing that consumers are to blame for the problems, and others placing the blame on the growers. Students taking the first perspective will probably suggest that most consumers purchase their roses with little consideration for how they are grown. Rather, most consumers simply focus on their beauty and price. Students blaming the growers might argue that growers, because they feel the effect of less-than-perfect roses in the form of smaller profits, will be motivated to find ways to produce ever more perfect flowers. Certainly, the use of pesticides and other products can produce a better crop. In the end, there is probably blame on both sides. If more consumers were aware of the health problems resulting from the improper use of pesticides, they would probably demand some changes. Similarly, if pressure were put on the growers to use pesticides safely, health problems could be reduced.d) Trade sanctions are a tool that is often employed by governments that are making a statement against a specific action or actions. In the case of Ecuador, trade sanctions certainly would be an option, as would publicizing the situation so that more consumers were aware of the conditions. In the end though, it is important to consider the effect of the sanctions or other measures on people like Maria who might lose their livelihood as a result. Chapter 2: National Differences1. Free market economies stimulate greater economic growth, whereas state-directed economies stifle growth! Discuss.Answer: In a market economy, private individuals and corporations are allowed to own property and other assets. This right of ownership provides a powerful incentive for people to work hard, introduce new products, develop better advertising campaigns, invent new products, etc., all in the hopes of accumulating additional personal capital and wealth. In turn, the constant search on the part of individuals and corporation to accumulate wealth enriches the entire economy and creates economic growth. In contrast, in a command economy, private individuals and corporations are not allowed to own substantial quantities of property and other assets. The objective of a command economy is for e veryone to work for “the good of the society.” Although this sounds like a noble ideal, a system that asks individuals to work for the good of society rather than allowing individuals to build personal wealth does not provide a great incentive for people to invent new products, develop better advertising campaigns, find ways to be more efficient, etc. As a result, command economies typically generate less innovation and are less efficient than market economies.2. A democratic political system is an essential condition for sustained economic progress. Discuss.Answer: This question has no clear-cut answer. In the West, we tend to arguethat democracy is good for economic progress. This argument is largely predicted upon the idea that innovation is the engine of economic growth, and a democratic political system encourages rather than stifles innovation. However, there are examples of totalitarian regimes that have fostered a market economy and strong property rights protection and experienced rapid economic growth. The examples include four of the fastest growing economies of the past 30 years – South Korea, Taiwan, Singapore, and Hong Kong – all of which have grown faster than Western economies. However, while it is possible to argue that democracy is not a necessary precondition for the establishment of a free market economy, it seems evident that subsequent economic growth leads to establishment of democratic regimes. Several of the fastest-growing Asian economies have recently adopted more democratic governments.3. What is the relationship between corruption (i.e., bribe taking by government officials) in a country and economic growth? Is corruption always bad?Answer: Economic evidence suggests that high levels of corruption significantly reduce the economic growth rate in a country. By siphoning off profits, corrupt politicians and bureaucrats reduce the returns to business investment, and hence, reduce the incentive that both domestic and foreign businesses have to invest in that country. The lower level of investment that results has a negative impact on economic growth. However, while most studentswill probably agree that corruption is bad, some may point out that the U.S., despite its Foreign Corrupt Practices Act, does allow “grease payments” to expedite or secure the performance of a routine governmental action. According to Congress, “grease payments” while technically bribes are not being used to obtain or maintain business, but rather are simply made to facilitate performance of duties that the recipients are already obligated to perform. 4. The Nobel prize-winning economist Amartya Sen argues that the concept of development should be broadened to include more than just economic development. What other factors does Sen think should be included in an assessment of development? How might adop tion of Sen’s views influence government policy? Do you think Sen is correct that development is about more than just economic development? Explain.Answer: Sen has argued that development be assessed less by material output measures such as GNP per capita, and more by the capabilities and opportunities that people enjoy. Sen suggests that development be seen as a process of expanding real freedoms that people experience, and as such, that development requires the removal of major impediments to freedom. Governments influenced by Sen might ensure that basic health care and education programs are available especially for women. Many students will agree with Sen and the notion that development is not just an economic process, but a political one too, and that to succeed citizens must be given a voice in the important decisions made for the country.5. You are the CEO of a company that has to choose between making a $100 million investment in either Russia or the Czech Republic. Both investments promise the same long-run return, so your choice of which investment to make is driven by considerations of risk. Assess the various risks of doing business in each of these nations. Which investment would you favor and why? Answer: When assessing the risks of investment, one should consider the political, economic, and legal risks of doing business in either Russia or the Czech Republic. At this time (Fall 2002), the risk in Russia would probably be considered higher than the risk in the Czech Republic. The Czech Republic has just been accepted as a future member of the EU, and as such gains the benefits and stability offered by the EU. Russia, by contrast, is still many years away from even being in a position to be considered by the EU for membership. Depending upon when you are using the book, this situation could be different. (You also may want to substitute other countries into this question depending on current events and the countries with which you feel your students will be most familiar.)6. Read the Country Focus on India in this chapter and answer the following questions:a. What kind of economic system did India operate during 1947-1990? What kind of system is it moving towards today? What are the impediments to completing this transformation?b. How might widespread public ownership of businesses and extensive government regulations have impacted (i) the efficiency of state and private businesses, and (ii) the rate of new business formation in India during the 1947-1990 time frame? How do you think these factors affected the rate of economic growth in India during this time frame?c. How would privatization, deregulation, and the removal of barriers to foreign direct investment affect the efficiency of business, new business formation, and the rate of economic growth in India during the post-1990 time period?d. India now has pockets of strengths in key high technology industries such as software and pharmaceuticals. Why do you think India is developing strength in these areas? How might success in these industries help to generate growth in other sectors of the Indian economy?e. Given what is now occurring in the Indian economy, do you think that the country represents an attractive target for inward investment by foreign multinationals selling consumer products? Why?Answer:a. The economic system that developed in India after 1947 was a mixed economy characterized by a large number of state-owned enterprises, centralized planning, and subsidies. In 1991, India’s government embarked on anambitious economic reform program. Much of the industrial licensing system was dismantled, and several areas once closed to the private sector were opened. In addition, investment by foreign companies was welcomed, and plans to start privatizing state-owned businesses were announced. India has posted impressive gains since 1991, however there are still impediments to further transformation. Attempts to reduce import tariffs have been stalled by political opposition from employers, employees, and politicians. Moreover, the privatization program has been slowed thanks to actions taken by the Supreme Court. Finally, extreme poverty continues to plague the country.b. The mixed economy that developed in India after 1947 was characterized by a large number of state-owned enterprises, centralized planning, and subsidies. This system not only constrained the growth of the private sector, but it also consequently limited the effects of competition that typically promote efficiency and productivity in a free market system. The system even limited the actions of private companies, requiring them to get government approval for routine business activities. Production quotas and high import tariffs also stunted the development of a healthy private sector, as did restrictive labor laws that made it difficult to fire employees. Foreign exchange restrictions, limitations on foreign investment, controls on land use, and managed prices further exacerbated the situation. It would appear that India’s rate of economic growth was negatively affected during this time frame. By 1994, India’s economy was still smaller than Belgium’sdespite having a large population. Both GDP and literacy rates were very low, and some 40 percent of the population lived in poverty.c. In 1991, India’s government embarked on an ambitious economic reform program. So far, the response to the program has been impressive. The economy expanded at an annual rate of about 6.3 percent from 1994 to 2004. Foreign investment is up from $150 million in 1990 to $6 billion in 2005. Certain sectors of the economy including information technology and pharmaceuticals have done particularly well. Still, problems persist. Actions taken by the government continue to limit efficiency gains for private companies and the country’s high rate of poverty is still a major problem.d. India’s gains in information technology and pharmaceuticals are impressive. The country has emerged as a vibrant global center for software development, and India’s pharmaceutical companies have taken a strong global position by selling low cost generic versions of drugs that have come of patent in the developed world. As these industries continue to prosper, other sectors of the economy should also see the benefit of spillover effects.e. Foreign investment is up in India. In fact, foreign investment rose from $150 million in 1990 to $6 billion in 2005. However, whether India is an attractive destination for foreign multinationals selling consumer products remains to be seen. Certainly, the large population will serve to attractsome companies, but the fact that some 40 percent of the population is living in abject poverty will scare other companies away. Moreover, it is still not easy to run a company in India thanks to laws limiting everything from who can be fired to who can which products.Chapter 3: Differences in Culture1. Outline why the culture of a country influences the costs of doing business in that country. Illustrate your answer with examples.Answer: Since in a sense the entire chapter is about this question, there can be numerous reasons and examples of how culture influences the costs of doing business. Several are highlighted in the following sentences, but there could be numerous others. When there are simply different norms between how individuals from different countries interact, the costs of doing business rise as people grapple with unfamiliar ways of doing business. For example, while in the US we may get down to business first, and then get to know each other socially later, in many South American countries it is important develop a good social relationship before trying to discuss business issues. Different class structures and social mobility also raise the costs of doing business, for if there are inhibitions against working with people from different classes, then the efficiency with which information can flow may be limited and the cost of running a business increased. A country's religion can also affect the costs of business, as religious values can affectattitudes towards work, entrepreneurship, honesty, fairness, and social responsibility. In Hindu societies where the pursuit of material well-being can be viewed as making spiritual well being less likely, worker productivity may be lower than in nations with other religious beliefs. Finally, a country's education system can have important implications for the costs of business. In countries where workers receive excellent training and are highly literate, the need for specific worker training programs are decreased and the hiring of additional employees is facilitated.2. Do you think business practices in an Islamic country are likely to differ from business practices in the United States? If so, how?Answer: A number of aspects of the cultural differences between an Islamic country and the USA will cause business practices to differ. The role women can take, appropriate etiquette (including simple things like not passing papers with the left hand), holidays, and wining and dining all differ from in the USA. But beyond these, the underlying philosophy and role of business differs from in the USA. Since Muslims are stewards of property for God, rather than owners, they are more likely to use their resources carefully and may be less likely to give up or sell something to a person who may not practice the same stewardship. The importance of fairness to all parties in relations means that over-aggressiveness in self-interest may not be well received, and breaking an agreement, even if technically/legally permissible may be viewed as very inappropriate. Finally, the prohibitions on interestpayments in some Islamic countries means that the wording of the terms of an agreement must be done carefully so that "fair profits" are not construed as being "interest payments."3. What are the implications for international business of differences in the dominant religion of a country?Answer: Differences in the dominant religion of a country affect relationships, attitudes toward business, and overall economic development. Firstly, differences in religion require inter-cultural sensitivity. This sensitivity requires things like simply knowing the religious holidays, accepting that some unexpected things may happen "because of Allah's will," or understanding how interpersonal relationships may be different between "believers" and "non-believers." (Hence non-believers may be treated differently.) Secondly, religious beliefs can significantly affect a countries attitude toward business, work, and entrepreneurship. In one country successfully beating a competitor may be considered a great achievement while in another it may be thought of as showing a lack of compassion and disruptive to the society and persons involved, both attitudes that may be derived from underlying religious beliefs. Likewise, hard work may be either rewarded positively or viewed as something of secondary importance to spiritual peace and harmony. Thirdly, different dominant religions may affect the overall competitiveness and potential for economic growth of a nation, and hence attractiveness of a country for international business.。

目　录第Ⅰ篇　引言和概论第1章　全球化第Ⅱ篇　国家差异第2章　政治、经济和法律体系中的国家差异第3章　经济发展中的国家差异第4章　文化差异第5章　伦理、企业社会责任和可持续发展第Ⅲ篇　全球贸易与投资环境第6章　国际贸易理论第7章　政府政策与国际贸易第8章　国际直接投资第9章　区域经济一体化第Ⅳ篇　全球货币制度第10章　外汇市场第11章　国际货币体系第12章　全球资本市场第Ⅴ篇　国际企业的战略与组织结构第13章　国际企业的战略第14章　国际企业的组织第15章　进入战略和战略联盟第Ⅵ篇　国际商务运营第16章　出口、进口和对等贸易第17章　全球生产与供应链管理第18章　全球营销与研发第19章　全球人力资源管理第20章　国际企业的会计和财务第Ⅰ篇　引言和概论第1章　全球化1描述在过去30年中世界经济所发生的转变。

这些转变对总部设在英国、北美、中国香港的国际企业各意味着什么？答：（1）过去30年中世界经济所发生的转变在过去30年中，全球经济发生了巨大变化。

20世纪60年代，世界经济的格局可用四个事实来描述：第一是美国在世界经济和世界贸易中起主导作用；第二是美国支配了当时的世界对外直接投资；第三是在国际商务舞台上，美国的大型多国企业占统治地位；第四是地球上大约一半的计划经济国家对西方国际企业的排斥。

在过去30年中，这四个事实都已发生了变化或正在迅速地发生变化：①美国虽仍是世界上最强大的工业国，但在相对规模上较20世纪60年代下降了许多。

日本、泰国、马来西亚、中国台湾和韩国，它们的世界产出份额显著增加。

②各国在对外直接投资总存量中所占的份额的趋势是：发展中国家的份额在稳步增长，而发达国家的份额在逐渐下降。

③多国企业的性质也在变化。

多国企业的统计构成中出现了两个值得注意的趋势：一是非美国的多国公司的增加，尤其是日本的多国企业；二是小型多国公司的增长。

④许多东欧国家和拉美国家进行民主政治改革，实行自由市场经济，为国际企业提供了巨大的出口与投资机会。

国际商务导论（一）1（B）是最后加入“金砖国家”称号的国家。

A、中国B、南非C、巴西D、印度2下列哪一选项是跨国公司的战略导向？（D）A、国内市场B、国家形象C、利润最大化D、国际市场3下列哪一个公司为全球排名第三的飞机制造公司？（A）A、巴西航东工业公司B、加拿大庞巴迪公司C、中国商飞D、美国麦道4跨国公司这一称谓是从哪年开始被运用的？（D）A、1984年B、1994年C、1964年D、1974年5截至2012年，LDC国家占据了全球手机90%以上的新增用户份额。

（错误）。

6当前世界500强公司包括华为公司。

（正确）国际商务导论（二）1下列几种贸易形式中，哪种在北美洲的美国增长最快？（A）A、分包B、代理C、许可证贸易D、特许经营2外国公众认为，中国产品的（C）好评度最差。

A、质量B、价格C、品牌和环保D、实用3中国公司的（D）被国外公众紧盯。

A、产品质量B、售后服务C、环保和人工权益D、以上都有4企业之所以要进行国际化经营，其根本原因是要解决（B）的问题。

A、寻找新的顾客B、打造核心竞争力C、寻找低成本资源D、开发海外市场5（D）是产品对东道国当地市场需求适应能力较差的经营战略。

A、一国中心战略B、全球中心战略C、多国中心战略D、本国中心战略6自2008年起，中国对外直接投资存量连续9年保持连续增长势头。

（错误）7对跨国公司来说，公司越大发展就越好。

（错误）国际商务导论（三）1曾经被中断过历史的文化体系是（B）。

A、以罗马、希腊为始的西欧文化体系B、希伯来文化体系C、印度文化体系D、中国文化体系2有一类公司，它需要较多的跨国界价值链协调，但需要较少的新兴市场，这种公司是（B）。

A、新兴进出口商B、区域集中型公司C、全球型公司D、跨国界贸易3下列选项中，五力关系模型中竞争关系的构成要素不包括（D）。

A、竞争者B、潜在竞争者C、替代品D、供应商4下列选项中，国际企业的市场环境是（D）。

A、国际金融市场B、区域经济一体化C、国际经济组织D、以上都对5有些外币不是外汇。

国际商务英语课后答案问：在架设三角架时，借助于三角架上的气泡将三角架。

答：调平问：碧石的颜色通常为<p>答：不一定问：进入职场的注意事项有哪些？答：注意职场礼仪尽快了解公司文化，快速度过试用期工作不满一年辞职需谨慎注意财务部分的管理问：《荀子 . 劝学》中有“木受绳则直，金就砺则利”之说，这里的“木”是指木料。

答：对问：原文:华氏40度以上译文:above forty degrees Fahrenheit答：√问：商界男士所穿皮鞋的款式应是（）答：A问：不矛盾律的适用范围是（）。

答：具有矛盾关系的判断具有反对关系的判断具有可同假不可同真关系的判断问：碧石的主要矿物成分是<p>答：石英问：对《易经》八卦图无论是站在从内向外看的视角，还是站在从外从外向内看的视角，其由阴爻和阳爻所组成的八种卦形中，永远不变、永远保持一致的四种卦形的名称分别是乾、坤、坎、离，分别代表天、地、水、火。

答：对问：对《易经》八卦图无论是站在从内向外看的视角，还是站在从外从外向内看的视角，其由阴爻和阳爻所组成的八种卦形中，永远不变、永远保持一致的四种卦形的名称分别是（），分别代表（）。

<p>答：1 乾兑坎艮 4乾坤坎离 8天地水火问：什么是柔性基础？答：用抗拉、抗压、抗弯、抗剪均较好的钢筋混凝土材料做基础；用于地基承载力较差、上部荷载较大且基础埋深较大的建筑。

问：1. Mark the letter that identifies the tone for each of the following sentences. _____ 1) Baseball was invented as an urban game in order for owners to make money, players to become arrogant, and spectators to drink overpriced beer. A. objective B. nostalgic C. humorous答：humorous问：欧珀的最重要产地是<p>答：澳大利亚问：“上善若水”启示人们要具备如水一样的“十一种”美好品德。

国际商务课本习题部分解答DDIM国际商务⽬录第⼀章国际商务导论第⼆章国际商务的基本理论第三章国际商务环境第四章外国经营环境第五章国际商务经营⽅式第六章国际经营战略第七章国际商务的营销战略第⼋章国际商务中的进出⼝实务第九章国际财务管理第⼗章国际⼈⼒资源管理第⼗⼀章国际商务组织与控制第⼗⼆章中国企业的国际经营第⼀章国际商务导论1．国际商务的含义和经济实质国际商务学是⼀门研究为满⾜个⼈及组织需求⽽进⾏的跨国界交易的科学。

该定义有两层含义：⼀是国际商务学研究的是跨国界的活动；⼆是国际商务学研究的是国家、企业或个⼈以经济利益为⽬的⽽进⾏的商业性经济活动，⽽不是⾮商业性的跨国经济活动（例如国家的对外经济援助）。

⾮商业性经济活动不在国际商务学的研究范围之内。

国际商务的本质是“跨国界”，最基本的国际商务活动是跨国界的经济交易活动。

国际商务学研究的主要对象是跨国公司。

跨国公司是在两个或两个以上国家设⽴分⽀机构或⼦公司进⾏跨国⽣产经营活动的企业。

2．经济全球化的含义和经济实质经济全球化(Economic Globalization) 是指世界经济活动超越国界，通过对外贸易、资本流动、技术转移、提供服务、相互依存、相互联系⽽形成的全球范围的有机经济整体。

（简单的说也就是世界经济⽇益成为紧密联系的⼀个整体）。

经济全球化是当代世界经济的重要特征之⼀，也是世界经济发展的重要趋势。

3．国内经营和国外经营的联系和区别经营环境的复杂化(⾯临不同的政治制度，法律制度和货币制度，经济环境不同，社会⽂化背景有差别)⾯临更多的机会和选择⾯临着更⼤的风险⾯临着特殊的冲突⾯临着经营决策的特殊性4，现代企业和国际商务之间的必然联系国际商务是现代企业功能的组成部分市场国际化导致了⽣产和资本越过了国界市场国际化导致了世界范围内的竞争更加激烈市场国际化导致了市场需求的趋同化和多样化趋势5．为了适应国际经营活动的需要，在经营观念上应该有哪些转变参与国际分⼯的意识按WTO原则和国际惯例办事的意识竞争的意识第⼆章国际商务的基本理论1．国际商务的基本理论是由哪些主要理论组成的？为什么选择这些理论作为国际商务的基本理论？主要有国际贸易理论，国际直接投资理论和国际⽣产理论国际贸易：古典贸易理论(重商主义，绝对优势理论，⽐较优势理论，资源配置理论)，现代贸易理论(规模经济理论，产品周期理论，需求贸易理论)重商主义：认为贵⾦属（货币）是衡量财富的唯⼀标准。

1金砖国家中，最后加入的国家是（）。

A、中国B、巴西C、印度D、南非我的答案：D2跨国公司这一名称产生于（）。

A、1964年B、1974年C、1984年D、1994年我的答案：B3全球排名第三的飞机制造公司是（）。

A、加拿大庞巴迪公司B、中国商飞C、美国麦道D、巴西航东工业公司我的答案：D4跨国公司的战略导向是（）。

A、国内市场B、国家形象C、国际市场D、利润最大化我的答案：c5到20XX年，全球手机新增用户的80%以上来自LDC国家。

（）我的答案：√6华为公司目前还不是世界500强公司。

（）我的答案：×1外国公众对中国商品的（）评价最低？A、质量B、价格C、实用D、品牌和环保我的答案：D2外国公众紧盯中国公司的方面有（）A、产品质量B、售后服务C、环保和人工权益D、以上都有我的答案：D3企业国际化经营的根本性原因是（）。

A、寻找新的顾客B、寻找低成本资源C、开发海外市场D、打造核心竞争力我的答案：D4下列企业国家化经营战略中，产品对东道国当地市场的需求适应能力较差的是（）。

A、本国中心战略B、一国中心战略C、全球中心战略D、多国中心战略我的答案：A5在美国，下列哪种贸易形式增长最快？（）A、许可证贸易B、特许经营C、分包D、代理我的答案：C6。

20XX年，中国对外直接投资存量实现连续9年增长。

（）我的答案：√7跨国公司越大发展越好。

（）我的答案：×1需要较少的新兴市场，但是需要较多的跨国界价值链协调的公司称为（）。

•A、新兴进出口商•B、跨国界贸易•C、区域集中型公司•D、全球型公司我的答案：C2下列不属于国际企业的市场环境的是（）。

•A、国际金融市场•B、区域经济一体化•C、国际经济组织•D、政治与法律我的答案：D3下列文化体系中，不属于没有中断过的文化体系的是（）。

•A、印度文化体系•B、中国文化体系•C、希伯来文化体系•D、以罗马、希腊为始的西欧文化体系我的答案：C4下列哪个要素中，不属于五力关系模型中竞争关系的构成要素？（）•A、供应商•B、竞争者•C、潜在竞争者•D、替代品我的答案：A5世界上最大的多变贸易组织是国际货币基金组织。

Key to the ExercisesUnit 1 Management and Managers管理和管理人员Part 1 ReadingText 1Pre-reading questions:1. M anagement is the organizational process that includes strategic planning, setting objectives, managingresources, deploying the human and financial assets needed to achieve objectives, and measuring results.Management also includes recording and storing facts and information for later use or for others within the organization.2. M anagement operates through various functions, often classifi ed as planning, organizing, staffi ng, directing andcontrolling.Text 2(1) D (2) F (3) B (4) A (5) CPart 2 ListeningI.Management1. Definition of management: Management is the process of working with and through others to achieve organizational objectives.2. Management skills: (1)Technical skills, (2)Human and communication skills, and Conceptual and(3)decision-making skills.3. Management functions: (4)Planning, (5)Organizing, (6)Leading, and (7)Controlling4. Management roles: (8)Interpersonal roles, (9)Information roles, and (10)Decisional roles.II.The Role of the Financial ManagerThe fi nancial manager acts as an intermediary between the fi rm’s operations and (1)capital markets, where the fi rm’s securities are traded. It was his job to trace the fl ow of cash from investors to the fi rm and back to investors again. First of all, he must understand how capital markets work. For example, suppose a fi rm chooses to fi nance a major expansion program by (2)issuing bonds. The fi nancial manager should have considered the term of the issue and concluded that it was fairly priced. And he should also have asked whether the fi rm’s stockholders would be made better or worse off by the extra debt standing between them and the fi rm’s (3)real assets. He should understand how corporate borrowing affects the value of the fi rm’s shares. The investment decision cannot be separated from capital markets either. A fi rm, which acts in its (4)stockholders’ interest, should accept those investments that increase the value of their stake in the fi rm. But that requires a theory of how (5)common stocks are valued.The fi nancial manager has to cope with (6)time and uncertainty. Firms often have the opportunity to invest inprojects which cannot pay their way in the short run and which expose therisk. The investment, if undertaken, may have to befi rm cannot walk away from such choices — someone has to decide whether the opportunity is worth more than it costs and whether the additionalMost of the time we assume that thethe fi rm. But thousands of people are involved in a large company. Each attends to his or her personal interests as wellPart 5 ExercisesI. Answer the following questions.略II. Tell whether the following statements are true or false.1. F2. F3. T4. T5. F6. TIII. Fill in the blanks with the appropriate form of the given words.1. rational2. empowering3. motivating4. Delegation5. micro-manage6. strategicIV. Fill in each blank with the most appropriate word given below in its right form.1. supervisor2. accountable3. diagnose4. administrator5. deploy6. rational7. empower8. delegation9. innovation 10. feasible11. in effect 12. hierarchy 13. discharge 14. fi nancial 15. executeV. Translate the following paragraph into Chinese.管理就像投资，它的目标是使资源得到最好的利用，增加最大的价值，取得最好的收益。

简答国际商务管理的特殊性？(1)从事国际商务活动要比从事国内商务活动困难得多。

(语言、法律、风俗、贸易政策、市场调查、交易接洽、纠纷处理等)(2)国际商务活动要比从事国内商务活动复杂得多。

(货币、度量衡、商业习惯、海关、汇兑、运输、保险、支付等)(3)国际商务活动风险大。

(信用问题、商业风险、汇兑、运输、价格、政治)当代国际商务的特征？·生产活动国际化。

·国际贸易对企业经营的重要性空前增长。

·国际商务活动所需要的需求环境逐渐形成。

·无形商品和无形贸易在国际商务活动中越显重要。

·生产经营跨国公司化。

·世界经济区域经济集团。

·贸易和投资壁垒逐步拆除。

经济发展水平的差异？(1)国家或地区市场容量的差异。

(2)国家或地区经济的特征。

(3)国家经济联盟组织的发展。

WTO 的基本原则？(1)非歧视原则，是关贸总协议最重要的原则，包括最惠国待遇原则和国民待遇原则。

(2)减让与关税保护原则。

(3)禁止数量限制原则。

(4)透明度原则。

(5)公平贸易原则。

(6)磋商调节原则。

(7)实施例外和保障措施原则。

(8)发展中国家优惠待遇原则。

标准化认证的作用？·强化品质管理，提高企业效益；增强客户信心，扩大市场份额·获得国际贸易“通行证”，消除国际贸易壁垒·节省第三审核的精力和费用·在产品品质竞争中永远立于不败之地·有效地避免产品责任·有利于国际间的经济合作和技术交流分析不同文化中行为差异的尺度？权力距离；回避不确定性；个人主义；男性化程度商业文化的构成因素(商业文化也就是职业文化) 。

(1)工作态度，这是商业文化的核心因素。

(2)激励动机。

(3)时间观念。

(4)同僚文化。

(5) 空间文化。

(6)着装文化。

10、国际贸易政策的目标？·保护国内就业和产业的发展·改善国际收支·保护公平竞争·保障国家安全·保护消费者健康·推动对外政策目标11 、科技发展对商务活动的影响主要表现在以下六个方面：(1)科学技术的发展直接影响企业的商务活动。

国际商务管理第六版答案一、单项选择题(本大题共20小题，每小题1分，共20分)在每小题列出的四个备选项中只有一个是符合题目要求的，请将其代码填写在题后的括号内。

错选、多选或未选均无分。

1．国际商务谈判与通常贸易谈判的共性彰显在（）a．较强的政策性 b．以价格为核心c．谈判内容广为 d．影响因素繁杂2．商务谈判人员的最佳年龄一般在（）a．20～45岁 b．25～55岁c．30～55岁 d．40～60岁3．在任何欧洲国家都只用作万圣节和葬礼，而不必送来人的花是（）a．荷花 b．菊花c．玫瑰花 d．茉莉花4．套期保值者根据现货交易情况，先在期货市场上建立空头交易地位，然后再以多头进行平仓的做法叫（）a．卖期保值 b．买期保值c．掉期交易 d．期权交易5．双方谈判人员适度互相交换礼品的作法就是（）a．求助 b．贿赂c．为了认知 d．杀菌策略6．在谈判的交锋过程中，成功的谈判者花在听上的时间占到总谈判时间的（）a．30%以下 b．30%～40%c．40%～50% d．50%以上7．无论穿什么，都不能把头放在口袋里，因为这样搞可以被指出就是轻蔑的。

具备这种行为习惯的就是（）a．德国人 b．美国人c．韩国人 d．日本人8．在国际商务谈判中，认为手帕象征亲人离别，是不祥之物，不能送人的国家是（）a．美国 b．英国c．法国 d．意大利9．商务谈判成为必要就是由于交易中存有（）a．冲突 b．攻击c．合作 d．辩论10．从法律学角度来讲，其结果是终局性的是（）a．协商 b．协商c．仲裁 d．诉讼11．在一支谈判队伍中，负责管理对交易标的物的品质进行谈判的就是（）a．技术人员 b．法律人员c．商务人员 d．谈判领导人12．若我方在谈判中实力较强，可采取的外汇风险防范方法是（）a．软货币计价法 b．对等易货贸易法c．约定货币保值条款 d．汇率风险分摊条款13．“对这个问题，我虽没调查过，但曾经听闻过。

”这种回复谈判劲敌的技巧就是（）a．避正答偏 b．答非所问c．以问代请问 d．推卸责任14．在国际商务谈判中，往往会不断地点头，但并非表示“同意”。

国际商务管理学习通课后章节答案期末考试题库2023年1.在融合，同化，隔离，边缘化这四种文化适应方式中，最痛苦糟糕的适应方式（）。

参考答案:边缘化2.因为（），所以地球不会因成为“地球村”而拥有完全一致的价值观。

参考答案:各民族都有自己的文化个性和特点3.联合利华是一家美国跨国公司。

（）参考答案:错4.GDP的范围要大于GNI。

（）参考答案:错5.一般情况下，本国货币对外贬值有利于（）。

参考答案:出口6.（）是中国当前产品出口的主要障碍。

参考答案:技术性贸易壁垒7.（）指资源利用和市场焦点都放在国内的企业。

参考答案:本地市场经营者8.对于规模经济型行业中的优胜企业可以采用领导地位战略。

（）参考答案:错9.下列选项中，（）属于多国行业竞争。

参考答案:软饮料市场10.下列选项中，（）对市场内部化的影响最重要。

参考答案:行业特定因素11.特殊保障措施是针对特定产品或特定国家的产品而采取实施的条件相对宽松的保障措施。

（）参考答案:对12.下列选项中，公司重构的主要内容不包括（）。

参考答案:工商重构13.（）是指政府尽可能减少各种贸易障碍的贸易类型。

参考答案:自由贸易14.（）是指在现有的市场中发展新的产品。

参考答案:新产品发展策略15.（）是简单整合最普遍的形式。

参考答案:外包16.全局性是企业战略管理最根本的特性。

（）参考答案:对17.下列选项中，执行多样化战略的原因不包括（）。

参考答案:提高某个业务单元的不佳经营状况18.美国的公司更倾向于社会化，欧洲的公司倾向于集权。

（）参考答案:错19.（）最早提出全球本土化的概念。

参考答案:20世纪80年代20.下列选项中，“拉丁美洲自由贸易协会”属于（）。

参考答案:自由贸易区21.战略贸易理论认为，一个国家的优势并不是在所有行业中，而是体现在某些行业中。

（）参考答案:错22.（）公司较多采用国际事业部结构。

参考答案:美国23.下列选项中，不属于企业进入市场的类型的是（）。

国际商务管理学选择题与答案第一篇：国际商务管理学选择题与答案《国际商务管理学》补充习题 2专题三单选题：货物生产国与货物消费国通过第三国进行贸易，对第三国而言是（B）。

A,过境贸易B,转口贸易C,直接贸易D,多边贸易2，世界贸易组织对任何多边贸易协议的解释和决议，须经部长会议和总理事会成员（C）。

A,2/3以上的多数通过B,1/2以上的多数通过C,3/4以上的多数通过D,4/5以上的多数通过3，价格条款中（A）组成。

A,单价和总值B,单位价格和计量单位C,计价货币和总值D,单位价格金额和价格术语 4，CIF条件下交货，（C）。

A,装运时间先于交货时间B,装运时间迟于交货时间C,装运时间与交货时间一致D,其先后次序视运输方式而定5，进口关税是一种间接税，其税负最终由（C）承担。

A,进口商B,出口商C,消费者D，生产商6，单独海损仅涉及受损货物的所有者单方面的利益，由受损方承担损失，这种损失（A）。

A,属部分损失B,属全部损失C,属推定损失D,有时是全部损失，有时是部分损失 7，通过寄售协议，获得某地区商品专营权的是（A）。

A,代理商B,包销商C,寄售商D,拍卖商8，买方信贷是指（B）。

A,出口方银行向本国出口商提供的贷款B,出口方银行向外国进口商提供的贷款C,进口方银行向外国出口商提供的贷款D,进口方银行向本国出口商提供的贷款9，（B）是出票人签发的，承诺自己在见票时无条件支付确定金额给收款人或者持票人的依据。

A,汇票B,本票C,光票D,支票10，约束性贷款是指（A）。

A,买方信贷B,卖方信贷C,短期信贷D,进口信贷11，出口补贴作为一种鼓励出口的措施就是在出口某种商品时给予出口商（A）优惠待遇。

A,在现金补贴或财政上B,仅在现金补贴上C,仅在财政上D，仅在退还进口税上12，在出口业务中，采用托收的支付方式时，汇款的付款人应填写（C）。

A,本国进口人B,本国出口人C,外国进口人D,外国出口人13，下列哪一项不是国际技术转让的动机（C）。

国际商务课后习题参考答案集团标准化工作小组 [Q8QX9QT-X8QQB8Q8-NQ8QJ8-M8QMN]C h a p t e r1:G l o b a l i z a t i o n1. Describe the shifts in the world economy over the last 30 years. What are the implications of these shifts for international businesses based in Great Britain North America Hong KongAnswer: The world economy has shifted dramatically over the past 30 years. As late as the 1960s, four stylized facts described the demographics of the global economy. The first was . dominancein the world economy and world trade. The second was . dominance in the world foreign direct investment picture. Related to this, the third fact was the dominance of large, multinational . firms in the international business scene. The fourth was that roughly half of the globe - the centrally planned economies of the Communist world - was off-limits to Western international businesses. All of these demographic facts have changed. Although the . remains the world's dominant economic power, its share of world output and world exports have declined significantly since the 1960s. This trend does not reflect trouble in the . economy, but rather reflects the growing industrialization of developing countries such as China, India, Indonesia, and South Korea. This trend is also reflected in the world foreign direct investment picture. As depicted in Figure in the textbook, the share of world output (or the stock of foreign direct investment) generated by developing countries has been on a steady increase since the 1960s, while the share of world output generated by rich industrial countries has been on a steady decline. Shifts in the world economy can also be seen through the shifting power of multinational enterprises. Since the 1960s, there have been two notable trends in the demographics of the multinational enterprise. The first has been the rise of . multinationals, particularly Japanese multinationals. The second has been the emergence of a growing number of small and medium-sized multinationals, called mini-multinationals. The fall of Communism in Eastern Europe and the republics of the former Soviet Union have brought about the final shift in the world economy. Many of the former Communist nations of Europe and Asia seem to share a commitment to democratic politics and free market economies. Similar developments are being observed in Latin America. If these trends continue, the opportunities for international business may be enormous. The implications of these shifts are similar for North America and Britain. The United States and Britain once had the luxury of being the dominant players in the world arena, with little substantive competition from the developing nations of the world. That has changed. Today, . and British manufacturers must compete with competitors from across the world to win orders. The changing demographics of the world economy favor a city like Hong Kong. Hong Kong (which is now under Chinese rule) is well located with easy access to markets in Japan, South Korea, Indonesia, and other Asian markets. Hong Kong has a vibrant labor force that can compete on par with the industrialized nations of the world. The decline in the influence of the . and Britain on the global economy provides opportunities for companies in Hong Kong to aggressively pursue export markets.2. "The study of international business is fine if you are going to work in a large multinational enterprise, but it has no relevance for individuals who are going to work in smaller firms." Evaluate this statement.Answer: People who believe in this view, and the firms that they work for, may find that they do not achieve their full potential (at best) and may ultimately fail because of their myopia. As barriers to trade decrease and state of the art technological developments take place throughout the world, new opportunities and threats exist on a worldwide basis. The rise of the mini-multinationals suggests there are global opportunities even for small firms. But staying attunedto international markets is not only important from the perspective of seeking profitable opportunities for small firms; it can also be critical for long-term competitive survival. Firms from other countries may be developing products that, if sold internationally, may wipe out small domestic competitors. Scanning international markets for the best suppliers is also important for small firms, for if a domestic competitor is able to tap into a superior supplier from a foreign country, it may be able to seriously erode a small firm's competitive position before the small firm understands the source of its competitor's competitive advantage and can take appropriate counter actions.3. How have changes in technology contributed to the globalization of markets and of production Would the globalization of production and markets have been possible without these technological changesAnswer: Changes in technology have contributed to the globalization of markets and of productionin a very substantive manner. For instance, improvements in transportation technology have paved the way for companies like Coca-Cola, Levi Strauss, Sony and McDonalds to make their products available worldwide. Similarly, improvements in communications technology have had a major impact. The ability to negotiate across continents has been facilitated by improved communications technology, and the rapidly decreasing cost of communications has lowered the expense of coordinating and controlling a global corporation. Finally, the impact of information technology has been far reaching. Companies can now gain worldwide exposure simply by setting up a homepage on the Internet. This technology was not available just a few short years ago. The globalization of production and markets may have been possible without improvements in technology, but the pace of globalization would have been much slower. The falling cost of technology has made it affordable for many developing nations, which has been instrumental in helping these nations improve their share of world output and world exports. The inclusion of these nations, such as China, India, Thailand, and South Korea, has been instrumental in the globalization of markets and production. In addition, improvements in global transportation and communication have made it relatively easy for business executives from different countries to converse with one another. If these forms of technology, including air-travel, fax capability, e-mail, and overnight delivery of packages were not available, it would be much more difficult for businesses to conduct international trade.4. "Ultimately, the study of international business is no different from the study of domestic business. Thus, there is no point in having a separate course on international business." Evaluate this statement.Answer: This statement reflects a poor understanding of the unique challenges involved in international business. Managing an international business is different from managing a purely domestic business for at least four reasons. These are: (1) countries are different; (2) the range of problems confronted by a manager in an international business is wider and the problems themselves more complex than those confronted by a manager in a domestic business; (3) an international business must find ways to work within the limits imposed by government intervention in the international trade and investment system; and (4) international transactions involve converting money into different currencies. As a result of these differences, there are ample reasons for studying international business as a specific field of study or discipline.5. How might the Internet and the associated World Wide Web impact international business activity and the globalization of the world economyAnswer: According to the text, the Internet and World Wide Web (WWW) promise to develop into the information background of tomorrow's global economy. This improved technology will not only makeit easier for individuals and companies in different countries to conduct business with one another, but will also further decrease the cost of communications. These improvements will undoubtedly hasten the already rapid pace of globalization. Another distinct attribute of the Internet and the WWW is that they act as an equalizer between large (resource rich) and small (resource poor) firms. For instance, it does not cost any more for a small software firm to gain visibility via the WWW than it does for a large software company like Microsoft. As a result, the WWW helps small companies reach the size of audience that was previously only within the reach of large, resource rich firms.6. If current trends continue, China may emerge as the world's largest economy by 2020. Discuss the possible implications of such a development for(1) The world trading system.(2)The world monetary system.(3)The business strategy of today's European and . based global corporations.(4)Global commodity prices.Answer: The world trading system would clearly be affected by such a development. Currently China enjoys a somewhat privileged status within the World Trade Organization as a “developing” country. Such a rise to eminence, however, would clearly force it to become a full and equal member, with all the rights and responsibilities. China would also be in a position to actively affect the terms of trade between many countries. On the monetary front, one would expect that China would have to have fully conve rtible and trading currency, and it could become one of the “benchmark” currencies of the world. From the perspective of Western global firms, China would represent botha huge market, and potentially the home base of some very capable competitors. Finally, commodity prices would probably fall.7. Read the Country Focus in this chapter on the Ecuadorian rose industry, the answer the following questions:a) How has participation in the international rose trade helped Ecuador’s economy and its people How has the rise of Ecuador as a center for rose growing benefited consumers in developed nationswho purchase the roses What do the answers to these questions tell you about the benefits of international tradeb) Why do you think that Ecuador’s rose indust ry only began to take of 20 years ago Why do you think it has grown so rapidlyc) To what extent can the alleged health problems among workers in Ecuador’s rose industry be laid at the feet of consumers in the developed world and their desire for perfect Valentine’s Day rosesd) Do you think governments in the developed world should place trade sanctions on Ecuador roses if reports of health issues among Ecuadorian rose workers are verified What else might they do to improve the situation in Ecuadora) Ecuador is the world’s fourth largest producer of roses. In fact, roses represent the country’s fifth largest export. The industry is vital to Ecuador’s economy, creating tens of thousands of jobs, jobs that pay significantly above the country’s mi nimum wage. Taxes and revenues from the rose growers have also helped to pave roads, build schools, and construct sophisticated irrigation systems. For Ecuador’s consumers, the success of the industry means bigger, more vibrant flowers than were previously available. Most students will recognize that the conditions in Ecuador give the country a distinct advantage in rose growing, and that by focusing on the industry, Ecuador has been able to benefit from international trade. Consumers in other countries also benefit from Ecuador’s flower exports with better products.b) Ecuador’s rose industry began some 20 years ago, and has been expanding rapidly ever since then. Most students will probably focus advances in technology as a key to the industry’s success. Roses are a very fragile, perishable product. Modern technology enables growers to used refrigerated air transport to get the product to markets around the globe. Without that ability, the growers would be limited to the market immediately surrounding the country.c) Students will probably be divided on this issue with some students arguing that consumers are to blame for the problems, and others placing the blame on the growers. Students taking the first perspective will probably suggest that most consumers purchase their roses with little consideration for how they are grown. Rather, most consumers simply focus on their beauty and price. Students blaming the growers might argue that growers, because they feel the effect of less-than-perfect roses in the form of smaller profits, will be motivated to find ways to produce ever more perfect flowers. Certainly, the use of pesticides and other products can produce a better crop. In the end, there is probably blame on both sides. If more consumers were aware of the health problems resulting from the improper use of pesticides, they would probably demand some changes. Similarly, if pressure were put on the growers to use pesticides safely, health problems could be reduced.d) Trade sanctions are a tool that is often employed by governments that are making a statement against a specific action or actions. In the case of Ecuador, trade sanctions certainly would be an option, as would publicizing the situation so that more consumers were aware of the conditions. In the end though, it is important to consider the effect of the sanctions or other measures on people like Maria who might lose their livelihood as a result.Chapter 2: National Differences1. Free market economies stimulate greater economic growth, whereas state-directed economies stifle growth! Discuss.Answer: In a market economy, private individuals and corporations are allowed to own property and other assets. This right of ownership provides a powerful incentive for people to work hard, introduce new products, develop better advertising campaigns, invent new products, etc., all in the hopes of accumulating additional personal capital and wealth. In turn, the constant search on the part of individuals and corporation to accumulate wealth enriches the entire economy and creates economic growth. In contrast, in a command economy, private individuals and corporations are not allowed to own substantial quantities of property and other assets. The objective of a command economy is for ever yone to work for “the good of the society.” Although this sounds like a noble ideal, a system that asks individuals to work for the good of society rather than allowing individuals to build personal wealth does not provide a great incentive for people to invent new products, develop better advertising campaigns, find ways to be more efficient, etc. As a result, command economies typically generate less innovation and are less efficient than market economies.2. A democratic political system is an essential condition for sustained economic progress. Discuss.Answer: This question has no clear-cut answer. In the West, we tend to argue that democracy is good for economic progress. This argument is largely predicted upon the idea that innovation is the engine of economic growth, and a democratic political system encourages rather than stifles innovation. However, there are examples of totalitarian regimes that have fostered a market economy and strong property rights protection and experienced rapid economic growth. The examples include four of the fastest growing economies of the past 30 years –South Korea, Taiwan, Singapore, and Hong Kong – all of which have grown faster than Western economies. However, while it is possible to argue that democracy is not a necessary precondition for the establishment of a free market economy, it seems evident that subsequent economic growth leads to establishment of democratic regimes. Several of the fastest-growing Asian economies have recently adopted more democratic governments.3. What is the relationship between corruption ., bribe taking by government officials) in a country and economic growth Is corruption always badAnswer: Economic evidence suggests that high levels of corruption significantly reduce the economic growth rate in a country. By siphoning off profits, corrupt politicians and bureaucrats reduce the returns to business investment, and hence, reduce the incentive that both domestic and foreign businesses have to invest in that country. The lower level of investment that results has a negative impact on economic growth. However, while most students will probably agree that corruption is bad, some may point out that the ., despite its Foreign Corrupt Practices Act, does allow “grease payments” to exp edite or secure the performance of a routine governmental action. According to Congress, “grease payments” while technically bribes are not being used to obtain or maintain business, but rather are simply made to facilitate performance of duties that the recipients are already obligated to perform.4. The Nobel prize-winning economist Amartya Sen argues that the concept of development should be broadened to include more than just economic development. What other factors does Sen think should be included i n an assessment of development How might adoption of Sen’s views influence government policy Do you think Sen is correct that development is about more than just economic development Explain.Answer: Sen has argued that development be assessed less by material output measures such as GNP per capita, and more by the capabilities and opportunities that people enjoy. Sen suggests that development be seen as a process of expanding real freedoms that people experience, and as such, that development requires the removal of major impediments to freedom. Governments influenced by Sen might ensure that basic health care and education programs are available especially for women. Many students will agree with Sen and the notion that development is not just an economic process, but a political one too, and that to succeed citizens must be given a voice in the important decisions made for the country.5. You are the CEO of a company that has to choose between making a $100 million investment in either Russia or the Czech Republic. Both investments promise the same long-run return, so your choice of which investment to make is driven by considerations of risk. Assess the various risks of doing business in each of these nations. Which investment would you favor and whyAnswer: When assessing the risks of investment, one should consider the political, economic, and legal risks of doing business in either Russia or the Czech Republic. At this time (Fall 2002), the risk in Russia would probably be considered higher than the risk in the Czech Republic. The Czech Republic has just been accepted as a future member of the EU, and as such gains the benefits and stability offered by the EU. Russia, by contrast, is still many years away from even being in a position to be considered by the EU for membership. Depending upon when you are using the book, this situation could be different. (You also may want to substitute other countries into this question depending on current events and the countries with which you feel your students will be most familiar.)6. Read the Country Focus on India in this chapter and answer the following questions:a. What kind of economic system did India operate during 1947-1990 What kind of system is it moving towards today What are the impediments to completing this transformationb. How might widespread public ownership of businesses and extensive government regulations have impacted (i) the efficiency of state and private businesses, and (ii) the rate of new business formation in India during the 1947-1990 time frame How do you think these factors affected the rate of economic growth in India during this time framec. How would privatization, deregulation, and the removal of barriers to foreign direct investment affect the efficiency of business, new business formation, and the rate of economic growth in India during the post-1990 time periodd. India now has pockets of strengths in key high technology industries such as software and pharmaceuticals. Why do you think India is developing strength in these areas How might success in these industries help to generate growth in other sectors of the Indian economye. Given what is now occurring in the Indian economy, do you think that the country represents an attractive target for inward investment by foreign multinationals selling consumer products Why Answer:a. The economic system that developed in India after 1947 was a mixed economy characterized by a large number of state-owned enterprises, centralized planning, and subsidies. In 1991, India’s government embarked on an ambitious economic reform program. Much of the industrial licensing system was dismantled, and several areas once closed to the private sector were opened. In addition, investment by foreign companies was welcomed, and plans to start privatizing state-owned businesses were announced. India has posted impressive gains since 1991, however there are still impediments to further transformation. Attempts to reduce import tariffs have been stalled by political opposition from employers, employees, and politicians. Moreover, the privatization program has been slowed thanks to actions taken by the Supreme Court. Finally, extreme poverty continues to plague the country.b. The mixed economy that developed in India after 1947 was characterized by a large number of state-owned enterprises, centralized planning, and subsidies. This system not only constrained the growth of the private sector, but it also consequently limited the effects of competition that typically promote efficiency and productivity in a free market system. The system even limited the actions of private companies, requiring them to get government approval for routine business activities. Production quotas and high import tariffs also stunted the development of a healthy private sector, as did restrictive labor laws that made it difficult to fire employees. Foreign exchange restrictions, limitations on foreign investment, controls on land use, and managed prices further exacerbated the situation. It would appear that India’s rate of economic growth was negatively affected during this time frame. By 1994, India’s economy was still smaller than Belgium’s despite having a large population. Bot h GDP and literacy rates were very low, and some40 percent of the population lived in poverty.c. In 1991, India’s government embarked on an ambitious economic reform program. So far, the response to the program has been impressive. The economy expanded at an annual rate of about percent from 1994 to 2004. Foreign investment is up from $150 million in 1990 to $6 billion in 2005. Certain sectors of the economy including information technology and pharmaceuticals have done particularly well. Still, problems persist. Actions taken by the government continue to limit efficiency gains for private companies and the country’s high rate of poverty is still a major problem.d. India’s gains in information technology and pharmaceuticals are impressive. The co untry has emerged as a vibrant global center for software development, and India’s pharmaceutical companies have taken a strong global position by selling low cost generic versions of drugs that have come of patent in the developed world. As these industries continue to prosper, other sectors of the economy should also see the benefit of spillover effects.e. Foreign investment is up in India. In fact, foreign investment rose from $150 million in 1990 to $6 billion in 2005. However, whether India is an attractive destination for foreign multinationals selling consumer products remains to be seen. Certainly, the large population will serve to attract some companies, but the fact that some 40 percent of the population is living in abject poverty will scare other companies away. Moreover, it is still not easy to run a company in India thanks to laws limiting everything from who can be fired to who can which products. Chapter 3: Differences in Culture1. Outline why the culture of a country influences the costs of doing business in that country. Illustrate your answer with examples.Answer: Since in a sense the entire chapter is about this question, there can be numerous reasons and examples of how culture influences the costs of doing business. Several are highlighted in the following sentences, but there could be numerous others. When there are simply different norms between how individuals from different countries interact, the costs of doing business rise as people grapple with unfamiliar ways of doing business. For example, while in the US we may get down to business first, and then get to know each other socially later, in many South American countries it is important develop a good social relationship before trying to discuss business issues. Different class structures and social mobility also raise the costs of doing business, for if there are inhibitions against working with people from different classes, then the efficiencywith which information can flow may be limited and the cost of running a business increased. A country's religion can also affect the costs of business, as religious values can affect attitudes towards work, entrepreneurship, honesty, fairness, and social responsibility. In Hindu societies where the pursuit of material well-being can be viewed as making spiritual well being less likely, worker productivity may be lower than in nations with other religious beliefs. Finally, a country's education system can have important implications for the costs of business. In countries where workers receive excellent training and are highly literate, the need for specific worker training programs are decreased and the hiring of additional employees is facilitated.2. Do you think business practices in an Islamic country are likely to differ from business practices in the United States If so, howAnswer: A number of aspects of the cultural differences between an Islamic country and the USA will cause business practices to differ. The role women can take, appropriate etiquette (including simple things like not passing papers with the left hand), holidays, and wining and dining all differ from in the USA. But beyond these, the underlying philosophy and role of business differs from in the USA. Since Muslims are stewards of property for God, rather than owners, they are more likely to use their resources carefully and may be less likely to give up or sell something to a person who may not practice the same stewardship. The importance of fairness to all parties in relations means that over-aggressiveness in self-interest may not be well received, and breaking an agreement, even if technically/legally permissible may be viewed as very inappropriate. Finally, the prohibitions on interest payments in some Islamic countries means that the wording of the terms of an agreement must be done carefully so that "fair profits" are not construed as being "interest payments."3. What are the implications for international business of differences in the dominant religion ofa countryAnswer: Differences in the dominant religion of a country affect relationships, attitudes toward business, and overall economic development. Firstly, differences in religion require inter-cultural sensitivity. This sensitivity requires things like simply knowing the religious holidays, accepting that some unexpected things may happen "because of Allah's will," or understanding how interpersonal relationships may be different between "believers" and "non-believers." (Hence non-believers may be treated differently.) Secondly, religious beliefs can significantly affect a countries attitude toward business, work, and entrepreneurship. In one country successfully beating a competitor may be considered a great achievement while in another it may be thought of as showing a lack of compassion and disruptive to the society and persons involved, both attitudes that may be derived from underlying religious beliefs. Likewise, hard work may be either rewarded positively or viewed as something of secondary importance to spiritual peace and harmony. Thirdly, different dominant religions may affect the overall competitiveness and potential for economic growth of a nation, and hence attractiveness of a country for international business.4. Choose two countries that appear to be culturally diverse. Compare the culture of thosecountries and then indicate how cultural differences influence(1)the costs of doing business in each country(2)the likely future economic development of that country(3)business practices(4)business ethicsAnswer: Responses to this question will obviously vary based on the countries chosen by the students, and their knowledge of the countries. Hopefully the student can present some information on the dimensions of culture including values, norms, social structure, religion, language, and education of the countries and also describe the key differences and similarities of the countries along these dimensions. Relating the differences between the countries along these dimensions to differences in the costs of doing business, the potential for economic development, and business practices would fully answer the question. (While it may be more difficult for students to come up with really good examples relative to business practices, the costs and prospects for economic development should be quite feasible.)Chapter 4: Ethics in International Business1. Review the Management Focus on testing drugs in the developing world and discuss the following questions:(a) Did Pfizer behave unethically by rushing to take advantage of an epidemic in Nigeria in order to test an experimental drug on sick children Should the company have proceeded more carefully (b) Is it ethical to test an experimental drug on children in emergency settings in the developing。

国际商务管理试题及答案一、选择题1. 国际商务管理的定义是什么？A. 管理跨国商务活动的过程B. 管理国内商务活动的过程C. 管理企业内部商务活动的过程D. 管理国际贸易的过程答案：A2. 国际商务管理的目标是什么？A. 提高企业的竞争力B. 扩大市场份额C. 实现利润最大化D. 以上皆是答案：D3. 在国际商务管理中，SWOT分析用于评估什么？A. 企业的市场定位B. 企业的竞争优势C. 企业的风险与机遇D. 企业的财务状况答案：C4. 在跨国公司中，谁负责制定企业在不同国家的经营策略？A. 总经理B. 首席执行官C. 国际部门经理D. 公司董事会答案：C5. 国际商务管理中的国际市场划分主要根据什么因素？A. 国家B. 地理位置C. 消费习惯D. 所属行业答案：C二、问答题1. 请解释国际商务管理中的贸易保护主义政策。

贸易保护主义政策是指国家采取各种手段来限制或阻碍进口商品，以保护本国产业和就业。

这些手段包括提高进口关税、采取非关税壁垒、实施进口配额等。

贸易保护主义政策的目的是保护本国企业免受外国竞争的冲击，但可能会导致贸易战和经济发展的滞后。

2. 请列举国际商务管理中常用的国际支付方式。

常用的国际支付方式包括信用证、托收、电汇和本票。

信用证是一种保证付款的方式，买方向银行开立信用证，卖方按照信用证的要求交付商品后才能得到款项；托收是指卖方将出口商品的付款要求委托给银行，买方在支付货款后，银行才能将货物交付给买方；电汇是通过银行电信系统将款项从买方账户划入卖方账户；本票是卖方向买方开具的一种允许买方将支付款项延期的票据。

三、案例分析某跨国公司计划将产品扩展到中国市场，请根据国际商务管理的理论知识，给出以下问题的解决方案：1. 在进入中国市场前，如何评估中国市场的潜在需求？答：可以通过市场调研了解中国消费者的需求和购买习惯，分析竞争对手在中国市场的表现，收集相关数据进行市场分析，以及与中国的合作伙伴进行交流，获取他们对市场需求的观察和洞察。