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Cingulate sulcusMedial frontal gyrusSulcus of corpus callosumFornixSeptum pellucidum Central sulcus (Rolando)Interventricular foramen (Monro)Interthalamic adhesionThalamus and 3rd ventricle Subcallosal (parolfactory)areaAnterior commissure Subcallosal gyrusHypothalamic sulcus Lamina terminalis Supra- optic recessParacentral lobuleCorpus callosumPrecuneusSuperior sagittal sinusChoroid plexus of 3rd ventricle Stria medullaris of thalamusGreat cerebral vein (Galen)Superior colliculus Inferior colliculusTectal (quadrigeminal) plate CerebellumSuperior medullary velum4th ventricle and choroid plexus Inferior medullary velum Medulla oblongataHypophysis (pituitary gland)Mammillary bodyCerebral pedunclePonsCerebral aqueduct (Sylvius)Genu Rostrum Trunk Spleniumofcorpus callosumIsthmus of cingulate gyrus Parietooccipital sulcus CuneusCalcarine sulcus Fimbria of hippocampus Dentate gyrus Parahippocampal gyrusLateral occipitotemporal gyrusOccipitotemporal sulcus Medial occipitotemporal gyrusRhinal sulcusUncusMammillary bodyMammillothalamic fasciculus Cingulate gyrus Medial surface of cerebralhemisphere: brainstem excisedTuber cinereumOptic chiasmMarginal sulcusOrbital sulciOrbital gyriTemporal poleLateral sulcus (Sylvius)Inferior temporal sulcusInferior temporal gyrusCollateral sulcusParahippocampal gyrusMedial occipitotemporal gyrusCalcarine sulcusIsthmus of cingulate gyrus Longitudinal cerebral fissureOccipital pole of cerebrumApex of cuneusSplenium of corpus callosumCerebral aqueductPulvinar of thalamusRed nucleusOptic tractOptic nerve (II) (Optic chiasmOlfactory tractHypophysis(pituitary gland)Anteriorperforated substanceSuperior colliculus (ofcorpora quadrigemina)Horizontal sections through cerebrumGenu of corpus callosum Lateral ventricle Septum pellucidum Column of fornixof lateral ventriclecorpus callosumHead of caudate nucleusAnterior limbGenuPosterior limbPutamenGlobus pallidus3rd ventricleTail of caudate nucleusHippocampus and fimbriaOccipital (posterior) hornof lateral ventricleHabenulaPineal bodyCleft for internal capsuleOrganization of basal nuclei (ganglia)Putamen GlobuspallidusLentiformnucleusBasal nuclei (ganglia)CaudatenucleusLevels ofsectionsaboveBodyHeadLentiform nucleus(globus pallidus medialLateral geniculate bodyTail of caudate nucleusAmygdaloid bodyAInterrelationship of thalamus, lentiform nucleus, caudatenucleus and amygdaloid body (schema): left lateral viewBA BA BInterventricular foramen (Monro)3rd ventricle Corpus callosum (Head of caudate nucleus Interthalamic adhesion Lamina affixa Stria medullaris Habenular trigone Pulvinar (Lateral geniculate body Medial geniculate body Brachium of superior colliculus cut edge )Calcarine sulcus CerebellumPulvinarReticular nucleusMedian nuclei3rd ventriclePulvinarLateral geniculate body Medial geniculate body3rd ventricle Interthalamic adhesionIntralaminar nucleiExternal medullary laminaCM LD LP Schematic representation of thalamus(external medullary lamina and MDM CM VPL V PMLP L P L D V P V P L V P MV IV LV AM e di a n M e d i a ll a m in a m e dul l a r y I n t er na lA n t e r i o rL ami naAnterior cerebellar notchCentral lobule (II & III)Posterior cerebellar notchInferior surfaceCentral lobuleLingula (I)Superior medullary velumFlocculus (H X)Posterior cerebellar notch4th ventriclesuperior cerebellar pedunclesCerebral crusMedial longitudinal fasciculusHorizontal fissure Inferior semilunar(caudal) lobule (H VII B)Wing of central lobule Superior Middle InferiorAnterior lobeQuadrangular lobule (H IV-V)Primary fissure Inferior semilunar(caudal) lobule (H VII B)Posterolateral viewAnterior viewOptic chiasmOptic tractOlivePyramid Ventral roots of 1st spinal nerve (C1)Decussation of pyramidsAccessory nerve (XI)Trigeminal nerve (V)Middle cerebellar peduncleVestibulocochlear nerve (VIII)Facial nerve (VII)Inferior cerebellar peduncle Hypoglossal nerve (XII)Accessory nerve (XI)Superior medullary velum Lateral recess Superior fovea Sulcus limitans Inferior fovea Trigeminal tubercle Hypoglossal trigoneVagal trigoneObexGracile fasciculusInterthalamic adhesion Posterior commissureHabenular commissurePineal bodySplenium of corpus callosum Great cerebral vein (Galen)Cuneate fasciculusLateral funiculus Habenular trigone Geniculate bodiesDorsal median sulcus Superior cerebellar peduncle Locus ceruleus Medial eminence Facial colliculusVestibular areaSuperior Middle InferiorMedial LateralLingula (I)Central lobule (II-III)Culmen (IV-V)Declive (VI)Folium (VII A)Choroid plexus of 4th ventricle Tonsil of cerebellumCentral canal of spinal cordMedulla oblongataChoroid plexus of 4th ventricle4th ventricleMedial longitudinal fasciculusPonsInferior colliculusTectal (quadrigeminal) plateSuperior colliculus Cerebral aqueduct (Sylvius)Decussation of pyramidsMedian aperture (foramen of Magendie)Superior medullary velum Median sagittal section。
Ⅰ嗅神经：olfactory nerves1、性质：特殊内脏感觉纤维。
2、位置、行程、分布：由上鼻甲以上和鼻中隔上部粘膜内的嗅细胞中枢突聚集而成，包括20多条嗅丝，嗅神经穿过筛孔入颅前窝，进入嗅球传导嗅觉。
3、损伤后的表现：（1）颅前窝骨折累及筛板时，可撕脱嗅丝和脑膜，造成嗅觉障碍，同时脑脊液也可流入鼻腔。
（2）鼻炎时，炎症延至鼻上部粘膜，也可造成一时性嗅觉迟钝Ⅱ视神经：optic nerve1、性质：由特殊躯体感觉纤维组成，传导视觉冲动。
2、位置、行程、分布：由视网膜节细胞的轴突，在视神经盘处聚集后穿过巩膜筛板而构成。
在眶内行向后内，穿经视神经管入颅中窝，向后内走行于垂体前方连于视交叉，再经视束连于间脑。
3、临床联系：当ICP增高时，常出现视神经盘水肿。
由于视神经是胚胎发生时间脑向外突出形成视器过程中的一部分，故视神经外面包有由三层脑膜延续而来的三层被膜，脑蛛网膜下腔也随之延续到视神经周围。
所以颅内压增高时，常出现视神经盘水肿。
Ⅲ动眼神经：oculomotor nerve1、性质：运动性神经，含一般躯体运动和一般内脏运动纤维。
2、位置、行程：起于中脑动眼神经核和动眼神经副核，自中脑腹侧脚间窝出脑，紧贴小脑幕切迹缘和蝶鞍后床突侧方前行，穿行于海绵窦外侧壁上部继续前行，经眶上裂入眶，分为上、下两支。
3、分布：（1）动眼神经上支分布于上睑提肌、上直肌；（2）动眼神经下支分布于下直肌、内直肌、下斜肌；（3）睫状神经节短根经睫状神经节换元后，节后纤维分布于睫状肌和瞳孔括约肌。
4、损伤后的表现：（1）上睑提肌瘫痪，眼睑下垂；（2）动眼神经支配的上、下、内直肌及下斜肌瘫痪，产生外斜视；（3）瞳孔括约肌和睫状肌瘫痪，瞳孔扩大，丧失对光反射及调节能力；（4）眼外肌大多数瘫痪松弛，眼球稍向前突；（5）复视。
Ⅳ滑车神经：trochlear nerve1、性质：运动性脑神经。
2、位置、行程、分布：起于中脑下丘平面对侧的滑车神经核，自中脑背侧下丘下方出脑，是脑神经中最细者，绕过大脑脚外侧前行，也穿经海绵窦外侧壁向前，经眶上裂入眶，越过上直肌和上睑提肌向前内侧行，进入并支配上斜肌。
《奈特神经科学彩色图谱》读书札记目录一、基础概念篇 (2)1.1 神经系统的基本构成 (3)1.2 神经元与突触 (4)1.3 神经递质与受体 (6)1.4 内向电流与动作电位 (7)二、神经系统各部分详解 (8)三、神经科学研究方法篇 (10)3.1 实验方法 (11)3.2 观察方法 (12)3.3 计算机模拟方法 (13)3.4 神经成像技术 (14)四、临床应用篇 (16)4.1 神经系统疾病诊断 (17)4.2 神经系统疾病治疗 (18)4.3 神经系统康复 (19)五、发展前景篇 (20)5.1 神经科学的前沿技术 (22)5.2 神经科学在未来的发展趋势 (23)六、结语 (24)6.1 读书感悟 (25)6.2 对未来研究的展望 (27)一、基础概念篇我们将学习奈特神经科学彩色图谱的基础概念，包括神经元、突触、神经递质、神经回路等。
这些概念是理解神经系统工作原理的关键。
神经元是神经系统的基本功能单元，负责接收、处理和传递信息。
它们由细胞体、树突、轴突和突触组成。
细胞体包含神经元的核和内质网，负责合成蛋白质。
树突是神经元的输入端，接收来自其他神经元的信号。
轴突是神经元的输出端，释放神经递质到突触。
突触是神经元与其他神经元或肌肉细胞之间的连接点，负责传递信号。
突触是神经元之间传递信息的连接点，它们分为兴奋性突触和抑制性突触。
兴奋性突触负责传递兴奋性信号，而抑制性突触负责传递抑制性信号。
在兴奋性突触中，当一个神经元的轴突释放神经递质时，会引发下一个神经元的膜电位变化，从而产生兴奋。
在抑制性突触中，释放的神经递质会阻止下一个神经元的膜电位变化，从而产生抑制。
神经递质是化学物质，负责在神经元之间传递信息。
根据作用机制，神经递质可分为兴奋性递质、抑制性递质和中性递质三类。
兴奋性递质如谷氨酸、去甲肾上腺素和多巴胺等，可以增加膜电位，引发兴奋；抑制性递质如GABA、甘氨酸和牛磺酸等，可以降低膜电位，引发抑制；中性递质如乙酰胆碱、甘氨酸和牛磺酸等，对膜电位没有明显影响。
Cingulate sulcusMedial frontal gyrusSulcus of corpus callosumFornixSeptum pellucidum Central sulcus (Rolando)Interventricular foramen (Monro)Interthalamic adhesionThalamus and 3rd ventricle Subcallosal (parolfactory)areaAnterior commissure Subcallosal gyrusHypothalamic sulcus Lamina terminalis Supra- optic recessParacentral lobuleCorpus callosumPrecuneusSuperior sagittal sinusChoroid plexus of 3rd ventricle Stria medullaris of thalamusGreat cerebral vein (Galen)Superior colliculus Inferior colliculusTectal (quadrigeminal) plate CerebellumSuperior medullary velum4th ventricle and choroid plexus Inferior medullary velum Medulla oblongataHypophysis (pituitary gland)Mammillary bodyCerebral pedunclePonsCerebral aqueduct (Sylvius)Genu Rostrum Trunk Spleniumofcorpus callosumIsthmus of cingulate gyrus Parietooccipital sulcus CuneusCalcarine sulcus Fimbria of hippocampus Dentate gyrus Parahippocampal gyrusLateral occipitotemporal gyrusOccipitotemporal sulcus Medial occipitotemporal gyrusRhinal sulcusUncusMammillary bodyMammillothalamic fasciculus Cingulate gyrus Medial surface of cerebralhemisphere: brainstem excisedTuber cinereumOptic chiasmMarginal sulcusOrbital sulciOrbital gyriTemporal poleLateral sulcus (Sylvius)Inferior temporal sulcusInferior temporal gyrusCollateral sulcusParahippocampal gyrusMedial occipitotemporal gyrusCalcarine sulcusIsthmus of cingulate gyrus Longitudinal cerebral fissureOccipital pole of cerebrumApex of cuneusSplenium of corpus callosumCerebral aqueductPulvinar of thalamusRed nucleusOptic tractOptic nerve (II) (Optic chiasmOlfactory tractHypophysis(pituitary gland)Anteriorperforated substanceSuperior colliculus (ofcorpora quadrigemina)Horizontal sections through cerebrumGenu of corpus callosum Lateral ventricle Septum pellucidum Column of fornixof lateral ventriclecorpus callosumHead of caudate nucleusAnterior limbGenuPosterior limbPutamenGlobus pallidus3rd ventricleTail of caudate nucleusHippocampus and fimbriaOccipital (posterior) hornof lateral ventricleHabenulaPineal bodyCleft for internal capsuleOrganization of basal nuclei (ganglia)Putamen GlobuspallidusLentiformnucleusBasal nuclei (ganglia)CaudatenucleusLevels ofsectionsaboveBodyHeadLentiform nucleus(globus pallidus medialLateral geniculate bodyTail of caudate nucleusAmygdaloid bodyAInterrelationship of thalamus, lentiform nucleus, caudatenucleus and amygdaloid body (schema): left lateral viewBA BA BInterventricular foramen (Monro)3rd ventricle Corpus callosum (Head of caudate nucleus Interthalamic adhesion Lamina affixa Stria medullaris Habenular trigone Pulvinar (Lateral geniculate body Medial geniculate body Brachium of superior colliculus cut edge )Calcarine sulcus CerebellumPulvinarReticular nucleusMedian nuclei3rd ventriclePulvinarLateral geniculate body Medial geniculate body3rd ventricle Interthalamic adhesionIntralaminar nucleiExternal medullary laminaCM LD LP Schematic representation of thalamus(external medullary lamina and MDM CM VPL V PMLP L P L D V P V P L V P MV IV LV AM e di a n M e d i a ll a m in a m e dul l a r y I n t er na lA n t e r i o rL ami naAnterior cerebellar notchCentral lobule (II & III)Posterior cerebellar notchInferior surfaceCentral lobuleLingula (I)Superior medullary velumFlocculus (H X)Posterior cerebellar notch4th ventriclesuperior cerebellar pedunclesCerebral crusMedial longitudinal fasciculusHorizontal fissure Inferior semilunar(caudal) lobule (H VII B)Wing of central lobule Superior Middle InferiorAnterior lobeQuadrangular lobule (H IV-V)Primary fissure Inferior semilunar(caudal) lobule (H VII B)Posterolateral viewAnterior viewOptic chiasmOptic tractOlivePyramid Ventral roots of 1st spinal nerve (C1)Decussation of pyramidsAccessory nerve (XI)Trigeminal nerve (V)Middle cerebellar peduncleVestibulocochlear nerve (VIII)Facial nerve (VII)Inferior cerebellar peduncle Hypoglossal nerve (XII)Accessory nerve (XI)Superior medullary velum Lateral recess Superior fovea Sulcus limitans Inferior fovea Trigeminal tubercle Hypoglossal trigoneVagal trigoneObexGracile fasciculusInterthalamic adhesion Posterior commissureHabenular commissurePineal bodySplenium of corpus callosum Great cerebral vein (Galen)Cuneate fasciculusLateral funiculus Habenular trigone Geniculate bodiesDorsal median sulcus Superior cerebellar peduncle Locus ceruleus Medial eminence Facial colliculusVestibular areaSuperior Middle InferiorMedial LateralLingula (I)Central lobule (II-III)Culmen (IV-V)Declive (VI)Folium (VII A)Choroid plexus of 4th ventricle Tonsil of cerebellumCentral canal of spinal cordMedulla oblongataChoroid plexus of 4th ventricle4th ventricleMedial longitudinal fasciculusPonsInferior colliculusTectal (quadrigeminal) plateSuperior colliculus Cerebral aqueduct (Sylvius)Decussation of pyramidsMedian aperture (foramen of Magendie)Superior medullary velum Median sagittal section。
