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英美文学的历史渊源与发展英美文学无疑是世界上最为重要和影响最为深远的文学传统之一。
由于它的历史渊源和文化背景的不同，这两个文学传统有着各自独特的特色与风格。
本文将从英美文学的历史渊源、代表作品和特点等方面进行探讨和分析。
一、英美文学的历史渊源英美文学的历史可以追溯到古代，自由派思想和民主观念的形成和发展，是英美文学的历史渊源之一。
在近代，随着欧洲殖民者的移民到美洲大陆，英美文学的发展也经历了1800年代初的浪漫主义、19世纪的现实主义与自然主义以及20世纪的现代主义、后现代主义等不同的历史阶段。
二、英美文学的代表作品英美文学有许多代表性作品，如莎士比亚的《哈姆雷特》、艾米丽·狄金森的诗歌、温斯顿·丘吉尔的战争演讲、弗兰西斯·斯科特·菲茨杰拉德的《了不起的盖茨比》、厄内斯特·海明威的《老人与海》、托马斯·品钦的《人性污点》等，这些作品都是英美文学的珍品。
三、英美文学的特点英美文学的特点包括文学形式、文化背景和文学风格等方面。
英式文学注重个人经历的历史性和自传性，冷静、克制和理智是其特点。
相比之下，美式文学强调语言的直观性和可感性，注重感性体验和个体存在的维度。
从文化背景上而言，英国文学对传统和人文主义的遵循和尊重，与美国文学对实用主义和自由与平等价值的推崇有所不同。
由此，在文学风格上，英国文学的叙述比较客观而冒险，注重细节和语调的细致处理。
而美国文学则常常在叙事上采取一种跨越性的转换方式，将现实与想象、个人经验与公共事件相互链接起来，形成了独具特色的文学风格。
总之，英美文学对于现代文学发展做出了极为重要的贡献，不同的文学传统各自在应对社会变迁和文化差异方面产生了各自独特的表现方式。
英美文学是世界文学宝库中不可或缺的一部分，值得我们深入探寻与欣赏。
当代美国文学中的新现实主义_英美文学英美文学一、引言新现实主义是上个世纪以来的学术界热点话题之一。
新现实主义不只局限于文学领域,而且出现在国际政治、金融、音乐、影视制作等许多领域,是社会进入后工业化时代之后出现的一种文化现象。
在当代美国文学中,新现实主义视域下的创作最早可追溯到20世纪六、七十年代的欧美小说,经过三十多年的发展,它将现实主义的内容和后现代的手法合为一体,形成了所谓的“新现实主义”风格,引起了文学界越来越多的关注。
二、新现实主义产生的背景二战的正式结束,人类历史从此掀开了重要的一页,同时这也标志着20世纪美国文学发展史上一个时代的终结。
美国后现代主义文学的精英们,在二战之后崭露头角且逐渐形成趋势。
其创作流派有表现主义、荒诞派和黑色幽默等。
后现代小说充分反映出第二次世界大战后,美国广大人民心神不宁、精神紧张、空虚的状态。
残酷的战争和无情的杀戮,使得二战后的美国社会满目疮痍,历经战争涂炭的人们惊恐地发现他们生活在一个混乱不堪、荒唐可笑的世界里,人的存在、价值及尊严已然消失殆尽,这一切引发了美国小说家对传统价值观的质疑和对历史的反思。
进入20世纪70年代,在克服了诸多困难之后,当代美国小说迎来了新的转机。
随着社会的发展、人们生活水平的提高,广大美国民众逐渐走出二战所带来的悲痛记忆和心理阴影,开始用理智来思考问题,重新看待这段战争,整个美国社会也进入了相对的平稳时期。
文化的多样化使得各种思潮异彩纷呈,不断出现分化与融合。
随着科学技术的日新月异和大众传媒的革命性发展,当时的社会生活也一改虚无和沉闷,变得丰富而活跃。
这一切反映在文学上,便是人们对虚无的语言游戏的厌倦以及对现实的重新关注。
表现现实社会现状和人民生活境况的新现实主义小说应运而生。
可以说美国文学向现实主义的回归并非偶然,而是一种时代和历史的选择。
三、新现实主义文学的概念新现实主义文学是指自70年代晚期以来,特别是在80和90年代出现的大量的有别于现代主义、后现代主义文学的新的作品。
美国文学中的现实主义特点分析美国文学自从建立之后，一直以现实主义为主流思潮。
它把握当时美国经济、政治惨淡、社会流动的现实情况，特别强调了美国社会的真实性，并且要求写实，强调写作人员要真的关注现实。
那么，什么是现实主义呢？它是一种对于现实生活的写作方式，一种对于生活事物的关切和思考的哲学。
现实主义对小说的写作给出了严谨的结构和思考方式，艺术上力求真实性和叙事的合理性。
从构成元素上来分析，现实主义侧重于写作者应该努力表现现实，而不是想象出来什么耸人听闻的故事。
现实主义还要作家在小说的故事情节和构架、场景人物设定上力求求真，必须按照时代特点和社会环境予以描绘，不能貌似真实，实则假话连篇。
如果要说究竟哪一部小说是美国现实主义写作的典范，那一定要提到马克·吐温的《哈克贝里·费恩历险记》。
这部小说是美国文学的经典之作，其独特的写作手法创作了一个美国文学现实主义的标杆。
首先，《哈克贝里·费恩历险记》的主题是现实主义的经典题材——反对人性中的邪恶、探索人性善良的本性。
小说的故事情节是围绕一个孤儿哈克贝里的成长历程展开的。
在小说的道德和思想层面上，作者通过哈克贝里的生活体验，传达了他在人性善良中寻找真理的过程，揭示了人性中的贪婪、破坏和歪曲的现实。
其次，《哈克贝里·费恩历险记》以现实主义的方式描写了美国南部奴隶制度时期的真实生活场景，具体地展示了那个由奴隶主和黑人组成的社会环境。
作者巧妙地利用哈克贝里和他自由黑人朋友吉姆的旅程，让读者感受到了奴隶制度的残酷现实和黑人面临的非人的境遇。
此外，作者还从哈克贝里的角度出发，描述了许多家庭和教育学的细节问题。
在这些问题下，作者深刻分析了人类的天性，以及如何教育和运用其天性来构建一个更美好的社会。
总的来说，《哈克贝里·费恩历险记》极大地体现了现实主义的写作特征，主要体现在以下几个方面。
第一方面，其题材深入现实生活，写实大胆。
专业的英美文学史概览英美文学史是研究英国和美国文学发展的学科，通过对文学作品及其创作背景的研究，探索文学的发展脉络和影响力。
本文将概览英美文学史的主要阶段和代表作品，以及相关的文学运动和重要作家。
一、古典时期（古希腊罗马时期）古希腊和古罗马时期是英美文学发展的重要起点，为后世文学作品提供了丰富的灵感和创作元素。
古希腊的两大史诗《伊利亚特》和《奥德赛》，以及古罗马的《埃涅阿斯纪》等作品，描绘了英雄神话和动人的传奇故事，对后世文学产生了深远的影响。
二、中世纪文学中世纪文学主要包括英国的亚瑟王传说和民间传说，以及宗教文学等。
其中，亚瑟王传说的代表作品包括吉奥弗里·乔叟的《坎特伯雷故事集》和托马斯·马洛里的《亚瑟王与圆桌骑士》，描绘了勇士和骑士的传奇故事，反映了中世纪人们对理想和骑士精神的追求。
三、文艺复兴时期文艺复兴时期是英美文学发展的重要转折点，标志着人文主义思想的兴起和艺术创作的巅峰。
威廉·莎士比亚是这一时期最杰出的作家之一，他的戏剧作品如《哈姆雷特》、《罗密欧与朱丽叶》等，以其深刻的人物描写和丰富的情感表达，成为后世戏剧的经典代表。
四、启蒙时代启蒙时代是18世纪英美文学的重要时期，代表作家包括约翰·洛克、乔纳森·斯威夫特等。
他们通过文学作品，倡导理性、自由和人权等思想，对当时社会产生了深刻的影响。
其中，《格列佛游记》是斯威夫特最著名的作品之一，通过对格列佛的冒险旅程和对社会问题的讽刺，展现了作者对人性的思考和社会的批判。
五、浪漫主义运动19世纪初的浪漫主义运动在英美文学史上具有重要地位，代表作家包括威廉·华兹华斯、塞缪尔·泰勒·柯勒律治和华盛顿·欧文等。
浪漫主义文学追求个人内心的情感和感受，崇尚自然和幻想，批判工业化和现代社会的冷漠。
华兹华斯的《抒情诗集》和柯勒律治的《侏罗纪祭》等作品，表达了浪漫主义作家对自然和人性的深刻关怀。
美国文学第一阶段独立革命之前（十七世纪中期之前）（before the revolution of independence）第一节美国本土文学（美国印第安传统文学）印第安传统文学的主要内容和形式：在各种典仪上咏颂的祝词，在劳作中吟唱的歌曲，时代交口相传的部落神话故事和英雄故事，刻写在山河岩壁上的象形史诗。
第二节北美殖民时期文学（十六世纪末-----十七世纪中）（colonial settlement）这一时期的文学作品主要是一些英国的殖民地官员或者传道士、冒险家们以日记或游记等形式记录的新大陆的风土人情、自然景色和民间生活等。
John Smith 约翰·史密斯《关于弗吉尼亚的真实叙述》A True Relation of Virginia（被认为是美国文学史上的“第一部作品”）第三节请教思想的表述（Puritanism）他们的作品主要是以传布清教主义思想的布道文为主第二阶段独立革命时期（十七世纪中期-------十八世纪末）（around the revolution of independence）独立革命前后的美国文学，标志着北美文学产生后的第一次大转折该期文学特色：充满浓烈的政治性和思辨性。
主题多为爱国主义及对于独立民主自由的热切呼唤。
Benjamin Franklin 本杰明·富兰克林《穷查理历书》Poor Richard’s Almanac《自传》The AutobiographyThomas Paine 托马斯·潘恩《常识》Common Sense 《美国危机》The America Crisis《人的权利》Rights of Human《理性时代》The Age of ReasonPhilip Freneau 菲利普·弗伦诺（18世纪最杰出的美国诗人，被誉为“the poet of the American revolution）《英国囚船》The British Prison Ship 《美国的荣耀蒸蒸日上》The Rising Glory of America《印第安人殡葬地》（lyric）The Indian Burying Ground 《野金银花》The Wild Honey Suckle第三阶段浪漫主义时期（18世纪末---19世纪中后期）（American Romanticism）该时期主题多为传统文化与现代文明之间的冲突、“对久远与遥远故事的兴趣”以及对死亡、潜意识的剖析等。
西方现实主义是一种文学和艺术运动，强调描绘现实生活中的人物和事件，反对浪漫主义的夸张和想象。
下面是西方现实主义的发展历程：
1. 起源：现实主义起源于19世纪中期的法国，当时一些文学家和艺术家开始反对浪漫主义的夸张和想象，转而关注现实生活中的人物和事件。
最早的现实主义作家包括巴尔扎克、福楼拜和莫泊桑等。
2. 早期发展：19世纪60年代至70年代，现实主义在法国得到了进一步的发展，出现了许多现实主义小说和戏剧，如《人间喜剧》、《羊脂球》和《悲惨世界》等。
此外，现实主义画家也开始创作反映社会现实的作品，如库尔贝和米勒等。
3. 英国现实主义：19世纪80年代，现实主义开始在英国流行，出现了许多现实主义小说和戏剧，如狄更斯的《雾都孤儿》、《双城记》等。
此外，现实主义画家也开始创作反映社会现实的作品，如惠斯勒和波特等。
4. 德国现实主义：19世纪末，现实主义开始在德国流行，出现了许多现实主义小说和戏剧，如托尔斯泰的《战争与和平》等。
此外，现实主义画家也开始创作反映社会现实的作品，如门采尔和施特劳斯等。
5. 20世纪现实主义：20世纪初，现实主义开始逐渐式微，但仍然存在一些现实主义作家和艺术家，如海明威、福克纳和毕加索等。
总的来说，西方现实主义在其起源国法国得到了最为广泛的发展，同时也在英国、德国等国家得到了一定的影响。
现实主义的发展历程反映了文学和艺术领域中对现实主义理念的不断探索和实践。
美国文学
北美殖民地时期文学
一、科顿•马瑟（1663-1728）
二、乔纳森•爱德华兹（1703-1758）
三、安妮•布拉德斯特里特（1612-1672）
独立革命前后的文学
一、托马斯•潘恩（1737-1809）
二、本杰明•富兰克林（1706-7190）
三、菲力浦•弗瑞诺（1752-1832）
浪漫主义时期
一、华盛顿•欧文（1783-1859）
二、詹姆斯•费尼莫尔•库柏（1789-1851）
三、拉尔夫•华尔多•爱默生（1803-1882）超验主义Transcendentalism
四、纳森尼尔•霍桑（1804-1864）象征主义（Symbolism）
五、亨利•大卫•梭罗（1817-1862）超验主义Transcendentalism
六、埃德加•爱伦•坡（1808-1849）象征主义（Symbolism）
七、赫尔曼•梅尔维尔（1819-1891）象征主义（Symbolism）
八、华尔特•惠特曼（1819-1892）象征主义（Symbolism）
九、爱米莉•狄金森（1830-1886）
十、亨利•沃兹沃斯•朗费罗（1807-1882）
十一、约翰•格林利夫•惠蒂埃（1807-1896）十二、哈丽特•比彻•斯托（1811-1896）
十三、弗雷德里克•道格拉斯（1817-1895
现实主义时期
现代时期。
不同时期的英国现实主义文学与美国现实主义文学一、概述现实主义文学思潮是西欧资本主义制度确立和发展时期的产物，由于资本主义制度种种弊病的暴露，由于人们的浪漫热情和“理想王国”的幻想破灭了，于是形成了一种冷静务实的社会心理。
现实主义文学就是这种尖锐复杂的阶级矛盾和社会心理在文学上的反映。
在思想方面，辩证法、唯物主义哲学、空想社会主义学说以及自然科学的新成就，都对现实主义文学的兴起产生了不同的影响。
现实主义文学继承了古希腊以来的文学优良传统，而十八世纪的启蒙文学又为十九世纪现实主义的勃兴做了直接准备。
现实主义文学的基本特征是：①反映生活的真实性；②强烈的暴露性和批判性；③人道主义思想；④描写典型环境中的典型性格。
现实主义文学作品具有以下几个特点：细节真实，有真实的细节描写，用历史的、具体的人生图画来反映社会生活，现实主义作品是以形象的现实性和具体性来感染人的，因此能使读者如入其境，如见其人。
形象典型，通过典型的方法，对现实的生活素材进行选择、提炼、概括，从而深刻地揭示生活的某些本质特征。
方式客观，作者要通过对现实生活的客观，具体的描写，从作品的场面和情节中自然地体现出作者的思想倾向和爱憎感情，而不要作者自己或借人物之口特别地说出来。
去尽谎言，现实主义属于纯文学之一种。
而谎言去尽之谓纯，所以作为纯文学的最重要表现手段的现实主义，必须去尽政治谎言、道德谎言、商业谎言、维护权贵阶级谎言、愚民谎言等。
纯文学化，排除文学外的其他目的（包括政治、商业、道德及阶级维护）。
由于种种原因，美国的文学发展较晚，因而19 世纪以前我们只讨论英国现实主义文学。
二、十九世纪以前的英国现实主义文学在英国文学史上，乔叟当为现实主义的先驱。
在《坎特伯雷故事集》中，其现实主义的特点已相当突出。
在这部书中，乔叟一反过去骑士传奇、宗教传说或民间传说等浪漫的表现手法，将作品的重点从描述离奇的冒险、浪漫的爱情以及对来世的追求转到描述世俗世界的各个阶层的世俗生活上来，将现实主义引入文学创作中。
英美文学流派与作家知识点整理英美文学源远流长，在其发展历程中涌现出了众多的文学流派和杰出作家，这些流派和作家的作品不仅反映了当时的社会、文化和历史背景，也展现了人类思想和情感的丰富多样性。
以下是对一些重要的英美文学流派与作家的知识点整理。
一、浪漫主义文学浪漫主义文学兴起于 18 世纪末至 19 世纪初，强调个人情感、想象力和自然的重要性。
（一）英国浪漫主义作家1、威廉·华兹华斯（William Wordsworth）他是英国浪漫主义诗歌的先驱之一，其作品强调对自然的热爱和对普通人生活的关注。
代表作有《抒情歌谣集》（Lyrical Ballads）。
2、塞缪尔·泰勒·柯勒律治（Samuel Taylor Coleridge）他的诗作充满奇幻的想象和神秘的元素，《古舟子咏》（The Rime of the Ancient Mariner）是其经典之作。
3、乔治·戈登·拜伦（George Gordon Byron）拜伦以其奔放的激情和叛逆的精神著称，作品有《唐璜》（Don Juan）等。
4、珀西·比希·雪莱（Percy Bysshe Shelley）雪莱的诗歌富有理想主义和革命精神，《西风颂》（Ode to theWest Wind）广为流传。
（二）美国浪漫主义作家1、华盛顿·欧文（Washington Irving）他的作品具有浓厚的地方色彩和幽默风格，《瑞普·凡·温克尔》（Rip Van Winkle）是其代表作。
2、詹姆斯·费尼莫·库珀（James Fenimore Cooper）以描写边疆生活和印第安人而闻名，《皮袜子故事集》（The Leatherstocking Tales）是其重要作品。
二、现实主义文学现实主义文学在 19 世纪中叶兴起，注重真实地反映社会现实和生活。
（一）英国现实主义作家1、查尔斯·狄更斯（Charles Dickens）狄更斯的作品生动描绘了英国社会底层人民的生活，如《雾都孤儿》（Oliver Twist）、《大卫·科波菲尔》（David Copperfield）。
论十九世纪英国文学现实主义的发展
十九世纪是英国文学现实主义发展的重要时期，这一文学流派始
于1830年代，继承了启蒙运动的思想，并注重社会现实与人性复杂性
的描绘。
在十九世纪，现实主义小说得到了广泛发展。
19世纪30年代中期，查尔斯·狄更斯以描写社会真实生活著称，以“大卫·科波菲尔”和“雾都孤儿”为代表作品，展现人性的复杂性和苦难的命运，反映
了当时工业化和城市化带来的社会现实。
伊丽莎白·盖斯凭借写实作品“北与南”和“玛丽·巴顿的故事”，表现商业利益与劳动阶级的斗争，展现当时的社会阶层问题。
与狄更斯和盖茨不同，托马斯·哈代的浪漫主义气息更浓，但也
表现了现实主义小说的特点。
他的“远离繁嚣的人们”和“真爱至上”等小说，揭示了更深入的人性内涵和灰色地带。
除小说外，英国现实主义文学还体现在诗歌和戏剧中。
罗伯
特·布朗宁、鲁道夫·基泰和托马斯·哈代等现实主义诗人用直观的
形象、真实的感受和抒情的表达方式，描绘社会现实和人性景观。
而
乔治·伯纳德·肖、奥斯卡·王尔德和本杰明·肖的戏剧以现实主义
的精神为蓝本，展现人性世俗与矛盾冲突的反思。
总之，在十九世纪，英国现实主义文学提高了小说、诗歌和戏剧
的文学地位，成为当时文学创作的重要趋势。
他们展现了暴力和精神
生活的较量，为人性赋予更加复杂的视野，震撼了读者的心灵，让他
们对社会和人性有了更深刻的感受和思考。
1. The early development of American literatureA. The early development of American literature is slow, as then America was at the period of development withlow living standard.B. The first problem immigrants had to solve was food. It was really hard for them to care for the spiritualenjoyment.C. In 1704, first newspaper got published in America.In 1731, first library was established.In 1752, first professional troupe （剧团）was set up.What was put on the stage were English plays.It was not until 1767 that the first play by American writer was put on the stage.It was after the war of Independence that novels appeared.2. Main literary writers and writings of this periodA.The writings of this period were diaries, travel notes and works of religion.B. Though they could’t be regarded as the birth of American literature, to some extent, they reflected the livingsituation and social customs of the early colonized place, which had played an important role in the cultural life of American people, thus influenced the following American literature.3. Literature of Reason and RevolutionWriters of the periodBenjamin Franklin: The Autobiography; Poor Richard’s Almanac（历书,年鉴）Thomas Paine: Common Sense;Thomas Jefferson: The Declaration of IndependenceThomas Paine（1737-1809）and Common Sense1. Published anonymously by Thomas Paine in January of 1776, Common Sense was an instant best-seller, both in the colonies and in Europe. It went through several editions in Philadelphia, and was republished in all parts of United America. Because of it, Paine became internationally famous.2. Paine's political pamphlet brought the rising revolutionary sentiment into sharp focus by placing blame for the suffering of the colonies directly on the reigning British monarch, George III.3. First and foremost, Common Sense advocated an immediate declaration of independence, postulating a special moral obligation of America to the rest of the world.4. Not long after publication, the spirit of Paine's argument found resonance in the American Declaration of Independence.1. What were Benjamin Franklin’s achievements?2. How could he be so successful?野金银花菲利普·弗瑞诺美丽的金银花，造化令你素裹银妆，你粲然绽放于幽静一角。
你得以远离庸人的目光。
芳菲满枝，无人垂顾，她赐予你一片绿阴葱葱，迎风起舞，无人注目。
她带给你一泓流水淙淙。
游子从不践踏你的玉体，恬静的夏日倏然流淌，过客从不催落你的泪滴。
你终于红衰翠减，玉陨香消.妩媚动人，你却无法盛颜久长，朝霞暮露，落红满地，你令我黯然神伤。
孕育了你娇小的身躯。
纵然在伊甸乐园，人间天堂，你从尘土来，又归尘土去，也难免一日凋零，满目凄凉。
来时一无所有，去时化作尘土，萧瑟秋风，凄白秋霜，可叹生命苦短，你终于消失得无影无踪。
你终究红消香断。
Analysis of the poemIt is a deistic celebration of nature, romantic use of simple nature imagery, inspired by themes of death andtransience. Much of the beauty of the poem lies in the sounds of the words and the effects created through changes in rhythm.Flower vs Human Being, Duration vs LifeShow us how to live an useful life.In a revolution, one should not do nothing for his country for fear of being hurt, harmed and destroyed.1. What is Puritanism?1). A religious and political movement. Through it, one sees emerging the right of the individual to political and religious independence.2). Their religious doctrines: original sin, total depravity, predestination, limited atonement.3). Their attitudes toward entertainment: joy and laughter are symptoms of sin.4). Their attitudes toward work: work itself is a good in addition to what it achieves, that time saved by efficiency or good fortune should be spent in doing further work.2. What is Puritanism’s influence on American literature?1). Purpose: pragmatic2). Contents: practical matter-of-fact accounts of life in the new world; highly theoretical discussions of religious questions.3). Form: diary, autobiography, sermon, letter4). Style: tight and logic structure, precise and compact expression, avoidance of rhetorical decoration, adoption of homely imagery, simplicity of diction.Historical Introduction of Reason and Revolution Period1. Industrial Revolution: spurred the economy in American colonies.2. Independence War: the industrial growth led to intense strain with Britain.The British government tried to suppress their growth economically, and ruled them from abroad politically and levied heavy tax on them.These aroused bitter resentment in colonies. Constant conflicts resulted in American revolutionary war3. Spiritual life of the colonies—Enlightenment.4. Philosophical and intellectual movement.5. Advocated reason or rationality, the scientific method, equality and human beings’ability to perfectthemselves and their society.6. Agreed on faith in human rationality and existence of discoverable and universally valid principlesgoverning human beings, nature and society.7. Opposed intolerance, restraint, spiritual authority and revealed religionBenjamin FranklinThe only good writer of the colonial period.Printer, enlightener, inventor, scientist, statesman, diplomatAid Jefferson in writing The Declaration of Independence.Seeking help from France in American Independent War.Main Works: Poor Richard’s Almanac年鉴，历书It contains many proverbsAutobiography: With it he set the form for autobiography as a genre/风格，流派/.Style: he developed an utilitarian 功利主义and didactic style.His style is characterized by simplicity, frankness, wit, clarity, logic and order.Autobiography: inspiring account of a poor boy’s rise to a high position. It is a how-to-do-it book, one on the art of self-improvement.Contents: It covered Franklin’s life only until 1757 when he was 51 years old. It described his life as a shrewd and industrious businessman and narrates how he owned the constant felicity 幸福，精彩of his life, his long-continued health and acquisition of fortune.Significance: It presents a prototype 原型of American success which inspired generations of Americans. It is an embodiment of Puritanism and enlightening spirits.Why Franklin is admired and read widely?1. He is a typical American, model of the self-made man, a cultural hero whose life exemplified the American dream of the poor boy who made good.2. He stressed the importance of working hard to make money, happiness depending in the first place on economic success and optimistically believed that every American could do so.3. He was convinced that no man could be virtuous or happy unless he did his best to improve the life of his society and his own life.Why it is said that Franklin is the representative of American Enlightenment ?1.He believed in reason or rationality, the scientific method, equality and human beings’ability to perfect themselves and their society.2. He opposed intolerance, restraint, spiritual authority and revealed religion Deist/自然神论/3. He favored the education. Self-education, educating and disseminating knowledge among people by his newspaper and Autobiography, establishing learning club, college and library.4. He favored freedom of thoughts. He set up the ideas of democracy in the USA.Thomas PainePropagandist, pamphleteer, a master of persuasion who understands the power of language to move a man to action.Main works: The American Crisis, Common Sense, The rights of man, The Age of ReasonThomas Jefferson 1Enlightener, planter, aristocrat, lawyer, a symbol of American democracy.Man of many talents: scientist, inventor, musician, linguist, architect, diplomat and writer.Thomas Jefferson 2Political Career: He served his country as Minister to France(1784-1789), Secretary of State(1789-1793), Vice President(1791-1801) and third President(1801-1809).Thoughts: Jeffersonian Democracy, which includes faith in the individual and common man, dislike an overly strong government, and emphasis on the importance of education and on agrarianism and land ownership as they brought responsibility and true judgment. Politically, he is considered the father of the democratic spirit in his country. The society he thought of as ideal was one where landowning farmers could live under as little government as possible.Style: dignity, flexibility, clarity, command of generalizationThomas Jefferson 3The Declaration of Independence: The essay, adopted July 4, 1776, not only announced the birth of a new nation, but also set forth a philosophy of human freedom which served as unimportant force in the western world.It is a statement of American principles and a review of the Causes of the quarrel with Britain, presented the American view to the world with classic dignity.It instilled among the common people a sense of their own importance and inspired struggle for personal freedom, self government and a dignified place in society.Philip FreneauFather of American PoetryTeacher, political journalist, seaman, humanitarian, polemist, propagandist, satirist, loyal follower of JeffersonMain Works: The Rising Glory of America (1772), The British Prison Ship (1781)The Wild Honey Suckle (1786), The Indian Burying Ground (1788)American Romanticism(or the American Renaissance)（from early 1800 to the Civil War )Background of American Romanticism(or the American Renaissance)Rapid development of the nation and changes of the society:1.economic changes2.political changes3. ideology4. culturebefore 1860:1. The Unite States had begun to change into an industrial and urban society, population, techology, etc.2. A renewed interest in reform and humanitarianism appeared, church reforms, feminist movements, establishment of anti-slavery societies, etc.3. The pursuit of simplicity, utility, and perfection remained an American characteristic.4 . The level of education and literacy had risen significantly, improvements of printing press and expansion of postal service made possible the rapid production and wide distribution of periodicalsElements of Romanticism1. Frontier: vast expanse, freedom, no geographic limitations.2. Optimism: greater than in Europe because of the presence of frontier.3. Experimentation: in science, in institutions (社会团体)4. Mingling of races: immigrants in large numbers arrive to the US.5. Growth of industrialization: polarization of north and south; north becomes industrialized, south remainsagricultural.Romantic Subject Matter1. The quest for beauty: non-did actic, "pure beauty.“2. The use of the far-away and non-normal- antique and fanciful:a. In historical perspective: antiquarianism （好古癖）; antiquing or artificially aging; interest in the past.b. Characterization and mood: grotesque（极丑陋）, gothicism （歌特式情趣）, sense of terror, fear; use ofthe odd and queer.3. Escapism - from American problems.4. Interest in external nature - for itself, for beauty:a. Nature as source for the knowledge of the primitive.b. Nature as refuge.c. Nature as revelation of God to the individual.Romantic Attitudes1. Appeals to imagination; use of the "willing suspension of disbelief."2. Stress on emotion rather than reason; optimism, geniality （和蔼,亲切）.3. Subjectivity: in form and meaning.The Flowering of American Literature1.The decade of 1850-59 is unique in the annals /记录/of literary production.2. For a variety of reasons American authors, both African and European, published remarkable works in such aconcentration of time.3. The feat, it is safe to say, has not been duplicated in this or any other literary tradition.Works by European American WritersYear Author Title1850 Ralph Waldo Emerson Representative Men代表性人物1850 Nathaniel Hawthorne The Scarlet Letter 红字1851 Herman Melville Moby-Dick 白鲸1852 Harriet Beecher Stowe Uncle Tom's Cabin 汤姆叔叔的小屋1854 Henry David Thoreau Walden瓦尔登湖1855 Walt Whitman Leaves of Grass 草叶集Washington Irving （1783-1859）（Father of American Literature）The Author’s Account of Himself 作者自述The Legend of Sleepy Hollow 睡谷的传说Rip Van Winkle 里普.凡.温克尔The Legend of Sleepy Hollow1. The story is set circa /about/ 1790 in the Dutch settlement of Tarry Town, New York, in a secluded glencalled Sleepy Hollow.2. It tells the story of Ichabod Crane, a lean, lanky, and extremely superstitious schoolmaster from Connecticut,who competes with Abraham "Brom Bones" Van Brunt, the town rowdy, for the hand of 18-year-old Katrina Van Tassel, the daughter and sole child of a wealthy farmer, Baltus Van Tassel.3. As Crane leaves a party he attended at the Van Tassel home on an autumn night, he is pursued by theHeadless Horseman, who is supposedly the ghost of a Hessian trooper who had his head shot off by a stray cannonball during "some nameless battle" of the American Revolutionary War, and who "rides forth to the scene of battle in nightly quest of his head".4. Ichabod mysteriously disappears from town, leaving Katrina to marry Brom Bones, who was "to lookexceedingly knowing whenever the story of Ichabod was related".RIP V AN WINKLERIP V AN WINKLE is a famous tale written by Washington Erving, telling about a story in which an old man named Rip drank some beverage and fell into asleep for 20 years.After that, he returned to the villege where he came from, and found everything changed.People talked about revolution and election, and he has no idea of what that meaned.There have been many comments on this tale saying that it shows Irving's attitude against the American revolution, and his approving of the past.James Fenimore Cooper (September 15, 1789 – September 14, 1851)1.James Fenimore Cooper was a prolific and popular American writer of the early 19th century.2.He is best remembered as a novelist who wrote numerous sea-stories and the historical novels known as the Leatherstocking Tales, featuring frontiersman Natty Bumppo.3. Among his most famous works is the Romantic novel The Last of the Mohicans, which many consider to be his masterpieceThe Spy 间谍The Leather-Stocking Tales: 皮袜子五部曲The Pioneers: (1823), 开拓者The Last of the Mohicans: (1826), 草原The Prairie: (1827), 探路者The Pathfinder: (1840), 杀鹿者The Deerslayer: (1841) 最后的莫希干人Part IV The Literature of Realism (现实主义时期) (1865 -1914)●I. Historical Introduction●II. Literary Characteristics●III. Two American PoetsPart IV The Literature of Realism (现实主义时期) (1865 -1914)●Time: The period ranging from 1865 to 1914 has been referred to as the Age of Realism in the literaryhistory of the United States, which is actually a movement or tendency that dominated the spirit of American literature, especially American fiction, from the 1850s onwards.●Definition: Realism was a reaction against Romanticism or a move away from the bias towards romance andself-creating fictions, and paved the way to Modernism. It stresses truthful treatment of material.●It focuses on commonness of the lives of the common people, and emphasizes objectivity and offers anobjective rather than an idealistic view of human nature and human experience.I. Historical Introduction●The civil war brought about two results:● 1. Further industrialization(工业化), mechanization(机械化), urbanization(都市化), development oftransportation (运输) and communication(通讯).● 2. Further Westward Expansion, the last of the first 48 states were settled.● 1. Feminist movement. Emily Dickinson(艾米莉·迪金森), Harriet Beecher Stowe(哈丽叶特·比契·斯陀),etc.● 2. Decline of American Romanticism, Walt Whitman(沃特·惠特曼) “Leaves of Grass”《草叶集》● 3. Appearance of American realism● 4. Appearance of American naturalismWalt Whitman (1819-1892) Emily Dickinson（1830－1886Walt Whitman (1819-1892) and his achievements✧Whitman was one of the great innovators in American literature.✧In the book of poems he called “Leaves of Grass”《草叶集》, he gave America its first genuine epic poem.✧The poetic style he devised is now called free verse.Whitman’s Achievements✧Whitman was the first to explore fully the possibilities of free verse.✧惠特曼是探索自由诗体可能性的第一个.✧Free verse: poetry without a fixed beat or regular rhyme schemeO Captain!My Captain!Come up from the Fields, Father Walt Whitman (1819-1892), Leaves of Grass, 1900.Emily Dickinson（1830－1886）●America’s best-known female lyrical poet●Nearly 1800 poemsLife Story：She was born in Amberst, Massachusetts, a very wealthy family. Her father was a lawyer and founder of Amberst College.She liked Poetry very much. She withdrew from social contact at the age of 23 and devoted herself in secret into writing.●She was single in her whole life.●She died in 1886 at the age of 57.●Sources: Dickinson enjoyed the Bible, English writers Shakespeare, Milton, Dickens,Browning, Keats, George Herbert, George Eliot, Thomas Carlyle.●Themes: wholly original, from her personal experiences, love, nature, friendship, death,immortality, war, god, religious belief, humor, literature, music, art.Artistic Features●Abundant use of dashes, irregular and special punctuation and capitalization. Clear-cut,delicately original imagery, precise and simple diction, fragmentary and enigmatic metrical pattern.●Short poetic lines, condensed by using intense metaphors and by extensive use of ellipsis.●Conventional meters, iambic tetrameter(四音步句), off-rhymes.●Visual and audible effects, great imagination, sincere emotionsHarriet Beecher Stowe(1811-1896)●哈丽叶特·比契·斯陀●“Uncle Tom’s Cabin”●《汤姆叔叔的小屋》(1851 ) O. Henry (1862-1910)●欧·亨利●The Cop and the Anthem●《警察与赞美诗》●The Gift of the Magi 《麦琪的礼物》American Realism● 1. Reasons: civil war, social development. People sought to describe the wide range ofAmerican experience and to present the subtleties of human personality, to portray characters who were less simply all good or all bad.● 2. Realism originated in France. A literary doctrine that called for “reality and truth”inthe depiction of ordinary life.● 3. American realism, different from European realism, is more varied and individualistic.● 4. Development of American realism: first appear in the literature of local color(乡土色彩), arbiter/权威人士, 泰斗/: William Dean Howells. He defined realism as “nothing more and nothing less than the truthful treatment of material”.5. Important writers:William Howells (威廉·迪恩·豪威尔斯),●Mark Twain(马克·吐温),●Henry James(亨利·詹姆士).William Dean Howells (1837-1920)●威廉·迪恩·豪威尔斯● A Modern Instance●《现代婚姻》(1882 )●The Rise of Silas Lapham●《塞拉斯•拉帕姆的发迹》(1885 )● A Hazard of New Fortunes●《时来运转》1890William Dean Howells (1837-1920)●威廉·迪恩·豪威尔斯● A Modern Instance●《现代婚姻》(1882 )●The Rise of Silas Lapham●《塞拉斯•拉帕姆的发迹》(1885 )● A Hazard of New Fortunes●《时来运转》1890Mark Twain(1835-1910)●马克·吐温●“The Adventures of Tom Sawyer”●《汤姆·索亚历险记》(1876 )●“The Adventures of HuckleberryFinn”《哈克贝利·芬历险记》(1884 )Henry James (1843-1916)●亨利·詹姆士●“Daisy Miller”●《黛西·米勒》(1871 )●“The Portrait of a Lady”●《贵妇人的画像》(1881 )●American Naturalism● 1. Naturalism came from France (pessimistic●realism).● 2. Reasons: It was shaped by civil war, social●upheavals, the teachings of Charles Darwin-●Darwinism. Darwinism seems to stress the●animality of man, to suggest that he was●dominated by the irresistible forces of evolution.● 3. American Naturalist writers: Stephen Crane, Frank●Norris, Jack London, Henry Adams, Theodore Dreiser.Jack London (1876 - 1916)●Call of the Wild《野性的呼唤》(1903)●The Sea Wolf《海狼》(1904)●Martin Eden●《马丁·伊登》(1909)●semi-autobiographical novelTheodore Dreiser (1871—1945)●西奥多·德莱塞●Sister Carrie《嘉莉妹妹》（1900）●An American Tragedy●《美国悲剧》(1925) greatest novel7。
