【VIP专享】《雾都孤儿》中的浪漫主义与现实主义

狄更斯小说《雾都孤儿》中的浪漫主义文学情怀研究《雾都孤儿》是19世纪英国浪漫主义文学的经典之作，小说中表现了狂热的爱、生死离别、复仇、英雄主义等情感和价值观念，故事情节紧张刺激，让读者深受感动。

一、浪漫主义文学的定义随着欧洲大陆上升的花园式情调的声势，浪漫主义文学开始传遍英国。

19世纪初期，盛行的文学流派是启蒙主义文化，而浪漫主义文学在反掉简明目录的基础上重新建立了基础，并将文学推向一个更为崇高和感性的方向。

它是一种具有艺术感性和自然感觉以及对于人性的根源意识的文学流派。

浪漫主义文学的主体是个人的情感生活，它反对理性思维的单一主导地位，倡导个人情感的自由表达和真实表现。

二、小说情节《雾都孤儿》叙述了一个叫欧文·特威斯特的孤儿的故事。

欧文在伦敦的雾都当了一名学徒，每天忙于工作，不得有一点自由。

不久他认识了纯洁的安吉尔，两人相爱并订婚。

欧文突然被绑架到法国，途中得知了一个阴谋，有关他父亲遇害的真相，只有欧文才可以揭开谜底。

欧文旅途劳累，到了最后也快要无法动弹，危急时刻他激发出内心深处那股英雄主义精神，在无人知道的时刻完成了自己的复仇心愿。

小说最后，欧文与安吉尔重逢，两人凭借着对爱的热望，奋勇向前进。

这一情节展现了浪漫主义文学的核心价值观，包括个人英雄主义、真诚的爱、追求自由和开放的想象力。

它反映了浪漫主义文化中的情感激情，以及对逆境中坚韧不拔和勇气的崇敬。

三、浪漫主义情感表现狄更斯小说中浪漫主义情感通过多种形式进行体现。

1.爱情的表达。

欧文与安吉尔的爱情，正是狄更斯对浪漫主义文学的强调之一。

小说中，欧文很爱安吉尔，他所做的一切就是为了与安吉尔重新相见，实现维系亲情之的生命愿望。

谈到爱，安吉尔说，“我曾经以为我会迷茫地在黑暗中彷四处走，现在我却拥有了宝藏。

”这样美好的爱情表达，彰显了狄更斯对爱情至高无尚的崇拜和追求。

2.孤儿生活的苦痛。

欧文是一个孤儿，他每天不得有一点自由，只能听从他人的命令去开展工作。

雾都孤儿查尔斯狄更斯的社会写实主义小说《雾都孤儿》——狄更斯笔下的社会写实主义巨著狄更斯是19世纪英国文学的巨擘，他的作品不仅在情节上扣人心弦，更在思想上富有深度。

其中，以《雾都孤儿》为代表的社会写实主义小说，以其细腻入微的描写和铺垫激发着我对于社会问题的深思。

本文旨在探讨狄更斯在《雾都孤儿》中展现社会写实主义的手法和对现实社会的犀利批判。

1. 揭示社会底层的真实面目狄更斯在《雾都孤儿》中通过主人公奥利弗的视角，展现了维多利亚时代伦敦社会底层的贫困、艰辛和残酷。

小说中虽然人物众多，但每个角色都栩栩如生，同时也都承载着一定的社会代表性。

通过奥利弗的亲身经历，狄更斯向读者展示了贫民窟中食不果腹的孩童、孤儿院的酷刑、盗贼集团的黑暗等一系列社会问题，让读者对当时社会的现状有了更加深刻的了解。

2. 对社会不平等现象的深刻剖析《雾都孤儿》中的人物形象各异，狄更斯通过这些形象揭示了当时社会的不平等现象。

例如，小说中的富翁博思先生和布朗罗先生与贫穷的孤儿奥利弗命运的对比，表现了社会阶层的固化以及富人对穷人的奴役。

同时，通过对亚谢尔夫人和南希这两个角色的刻画，狄更斯揭示了妇女在当时社会中所受到的束缚和压迫。

这些角色的鲜明形象使得小说中的人物更具代表性，让读者深刻地感受到当时社会的不公和不平等。

3. 强调个体力量对抗社会黑暗虽然《雾都孤儿》中描绘的是一个充满黑暗和不公正的世界，但狄更斯却并非完全绝望。

小说中的主人公奥利弗作为一个孤儿，身世可怜，却保持着纯洁和善良之心，他一直坚信自己能够打破命运的桎梏。

通过奥利弗的努力和奋斗，狄更斯表达了对人性的乐观和对改变社会现状的希望。

小说中不少人物也通过自己的努力脱离了贫穷的困境，这种个体力量的强调为社会的进步提供了一线希望。

《雾都孤儿》中狄更斯细腻入微的描写、人物形象的塑造以及对社会问题的深刻剖析，都彰显了他作为社会写实主义作家的才华。

作品中的社会写实主义元素让读者对贫困、不平等等社会问题有了更加直观和深刻的认识，同时也让读者对于社会的公正和人性的伟大有了更多的思考。

从《雾都孤儿》解读狄更斯浪漫主义文学情怀摘要：查尔斯・狄更斯一直被公认为英国十九世纪最伟大的批判现实主义作家，很少有人去认真解读他作品中的浪漫主义成分。

本文试图通过狄更斯在《雾都孤儿》所使用的个性化的语言、色彩对比、故事情节的安排以及其丰富的想象力四个方面来窥探早期狄更斯的乐观浪漫主义情怀。

关键词：个性化乐观心理浪漫情怀巧合想象力一、对《雾都孤儿》传统意义上的解读《雾都孤儿》是狄更斯的第二部著名长篇小说。

这位年仅二十五岁的小说家以自己儿时的经历勇敢地直面人生，真实地表现当时伦敦贫民窟的悲惨生活。

他抱着一个崇高的道德意图：抗议社会的不公，并唤起社会舆论，推行改革，使处于水深火热中的贫民得到救助。

正因为如此，狄更斯被定为“英国文学上批判现实主义的创始人和最伟大的代表”。

也因为小说对当时英国社会的种种黑暗和下层人民生活的疾苦的描写和对资本主义的虎狼本质的揭露，人们将《雾都孤儿》定义为反映社会现实的现实主义小说。

这当然是无可厚非的。

但任何事物不能只看其片面或将其绝对化，文学艺术亦如此，不能将作者的客观文字任意地主观化，将其“现实主义”的外延无限扩大，而忽视作者自身经历和想用文字或故事为自己缔造一个世界的真正意图。

事实上，作家运用的创作方法多种多样，因人而异，这和作家的特殊气质和性格特点密切相关。

狄更斯的创作，想象力极为丰富，充满诗的激情，他着意渲染自己的道德理想，处处突破自然的忠实临摹，借用一句歌德的话：它比自然高了一层。

这和萨克雷、特洛罗普等坚持的客观、冷静、严格写实的方法有显著的区别。

而在《雾都孤儿》里他处处向世人表露了他早期的乐观主义文风。

二、《雾都孤儿》中透露的乐观浪漫主义色彩（一）个性化的语言个性化的语言是狄更斯在人物塑造上运用得十分出色的一种手段。

书中的流氓、盗贼、妓女的语言都切合其身份，甚至还用了行业的黑话。

然而，狄更斯决不作自然主义的再现，而是进行加工、提炼和选择，避免使用污秽、下流的话语。

外国文学以《雾都孤儿》为例探讨狄更斯的浪漫主义文学情怀赵娟娟淮南师范学院摘要：本文将对《雾都孤儿》传统解读进行阐述，并详细探究狄更斯在《雾都孤儿》中体现出的浪漫主义文学情怀，希望可以为相关学者的研究提供一些帮助。

关键词：《雾都孤儿》；狄更斯；浪漫主义狄更斯被人们称作现实主义小说家代表，其作品主要描述了贫苦人们悲惨生活，是对腐败社会的揭示，但其作品中还潜藏着浪漫主义文学情怀，这在《雾都孤儿》中有着鲜明体现。

因此，应该从人物塑造、故事情节、写作手法等方面入手，对狄更斯浪漫现实主义文风进行有效体会。

一、《雾都孤儿》传统解读《雾都孤儿》是狄更斯在1838年出版的长篇小说，其结合自身实际经历，对当前伦敦贫民窟实际生活进行了阐述，这部作品的主要意图就是抗议社会不公，救助处于悲惨生活中的贫民[1]。

由于小说详细描写了英国社会各种黑暗与下层人民悲惨生活，并揭露了资本主义本质，因此，人们认为《雾都孤儿》属于现实主义小说。

这一观点是无可非议的，但任何事物都不能绝对化，文学艺术也是一样，不能任意主观化作者客观文字，从而忽视作者真正写作意图。

实际上，作家创作方法是多样化的，这与其性格特点、特殊气质等存在紧密联系。

狄更斯的创作并不属于严格写实，具有丰富的想象力，《雾都孤儿》中更是体现出了其浪漫主义文学情怀。

二、《雾都孤儿》中体现出的浪漫主义文学情怀(一)人物塑造狄更斯在《雾都孤儿》中塑造了众多人物形象，从整体上可以分为正面人物与反面人物两种，而小说内容就是围绕着善恶交锋开展的。

1.正面人物奥利弗是《雾都孤儿》的主人公，其也是善良阵营的代表人物。

狄更斯通过对浪漫笔触的运用，把奥利弗描绘成立具有聪明、高尚道德品质以及纯真的极端善良人物，在出生后其面临的就是贫苦、饥饿，没有人告诉他何为仁爱、何为善良。

但就是在这样恶劣的环境下，奥利弗依然拥有金子般心灵。

例如，在赛克斯要求其当入室抢劫帮手时，奥利弗决定冒着生命危险将消息告诉这一家人。

雾都孤儿狄更斯的代表作之一《雾都孤儿》：狄更斯批判社会现实的代表作查尔斯·狄更斯是19世纪英国文学史上最重要的小说家之一，他的《雾都孤儿》被认为是他的代表作之一。

这部小说以细腻入微的描写和沉重的情节，深入批判了当时英国法律、政治、社会上的问题。

下面我们来一窥这部小说的精彩之处。

1. 批判收容所制度《雾都孤儿》以孤儿奥利弗的童年生活为主线，其中描写了工作收容所这一恶劣的制度。

这种制度整日把孩子们关在狭窄的房间里，所得报酬缺乏透明度，而他们的生活条件却极其恶劣。

是这种制度导致了孩子的灵魂和身体受到了极大的摧残。

2. 揭示欺诈银行的实质小说中的富豪菲金先生是以一家虚构的银行为名，欺诈民众而抢夺他们的钱财。

作为英国大清洗的一部分，这种冒险行为在当时并不鲜见。

小说通过揭示菲金先生的骗局，反映了当时英国银行界的欺诈和危险，掀起了一场反对这种做法的批判。

3. 批判黑暗的监狱制度小说中的监狱系统是严酷而残酷的代表，囚犯们的人权被剥夺，而保安和看守都是残忍的人。

小说中描述的最令人恶心的场景之一就是当时的理发工人雇佣囚犯进行活体解剖。

小说通过对这种悲惨现实的刻画，直接呼吁社会对监狱制度进行改革。

4. 思考剥削阶级描写了奥利弗的富豪亲戚们，他们心中充满了暴力与欺凌。

在小说中，独立自由的人是极少的，而那些生活贫困的人则被压迫和剥削。

这种阶级分化引导着读者思考贫富差距的问题，以及社会道德伦理与政策的问题。

5. 令人难忘的人物形象整个小说中充满了各种各样的人物形象，奥利弗勇敢而天真，富豪象桶一样一钱不值，主要反面人物形象中最令人印象深刻的是旺彬。

这个角色深受小说读者的厌恶和嫉恨，他的行为手段令人咬牙切齿！所有的角色在小说中扮演各自的角色，为人物和情节贡献各自的因素。

《雾都孤儿》是一部以批判社会现实为主线的小说，它突出地表现了一个现实的社会与天真无邪的孤儿之间悲惨的矛盾。

狄更斯通过这部小说，呼吁现实社会中具备衔接的节奏与悲剧性元素，让读者对社会问题产生共鸣和思考。

《雾都孤儿》中的浪漫主义与现实主义最新英语专业全英原创毕业论文，都是近期写作1 从《蝴蝶夫人》到《蝴蝶君》的蜕变2 从概念整合视角解析《小王子》3 对外交语言准确性与模糊性的语言特点的研究4 从理解文化角度翻译英语习语5 The Application of Computer Assisted Instruction in Senior English Listening T eaching6 应用学习动机理论优化高中英语学困生7 《追风筝的人》中阿米尔的性格分析8 从传统消费观念看中美文化差异9 论格列佛人物形象在《格列佛游记》中所起的讽刺效果10 现代伦理和俄狄浦斯情结的冲突－－浅析劳伦斯作品《儿子与情人》11 威廉·戈尔丁《蝇王》中的写作艺术12 英语阅读有效教学活动设计研究13 Cultural Differences on West-Eastern Business Negotiations14 游戏在初中英语教学中的作用15 Cultural Differences and Idiomatic Expressions in Translation16 以女性主义看《傲慢与偏见》中的女性形象17 高中英语任务型语法教学初探18 美式英语与英式英语的比较19 论中西婚姻观的差异20 论希斯克利夫出走的必然性21 分析《绯闻女孩》中的美国社会文化特征22 《麦田里的守望者》主人公的性格分析23 文本特征与高中英语阅读24 顺应论视野下茶文化负载词的英译策略25 解读《纯真年代》中的爱伦的悲剧原因26 商务英语翻译中的隐喻研究27 研究交替传译中的笔记特征以及它对翻译准确度的影响28 经贸英语中的缩略语现象及其应用29 中英文法律谚语比较及互译技巧30 An Analysis of the Gothic Horrors in A Rose for Emily31 论象征主义在《喜福会》中的体现32 从隐喻视角解析《黄墙纸》的疯癫意象33 论爱伦?坡小说《莫格街谋杀案》中悬疑的设置34 旅游资料翻译中文化因素的处理35 从跨文化的角度研究中英幽默36 从模因论角度研究中文新闻标题中的流行语37 马斯洛需求理论视角下《嘉莉妹妹》主人公命运评析38 The Tragedy of Emma In Madame Bovary39 A Survey on Western 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《周六夜现场》的幽默剖析74 从哲学角度看中西餐具文化的差异75 从理解文化角度翻译英语习语76 The Pervasive Agitation of Humbert in Lolita77 探析《越狱》中Michael的性格特征及成因78 如何培养大学生英语阅读理解技能79 论广告与文化80 A Feminist Reading of Virginia Woolf and A Room of One’s Own81 《红字》中女权主义意识探析82 中餐菜谱翻译的错误分析83 中英社交礼仪差异的比较与分析84 浅析莱辛在《屋顶丽人》中的女权主义思想85 《沉默的羔羊》三部曲中汉尼拔博士性格探析86 从《绝望主妇》析字幕翻译的目的和归化策略87 Metaphors in the Themes of Of Mice and Men88 量词“片”与“piece”的语法化对比研究89 On Cultural Differences in English & Chinese Advertisement Translation90 从生态女性主义视角分析《卡斯特桥市长》91 黑人性的遗失与保存从黑人文化传统看《日用家当》92 浅析爱尔兰诗人叶芝作品中的象征主义93 广告英语翻译中的归化和异化策略94 从《牧师的黑面纱》中看霍桑对清教主义的认可与反对95 论《最危险的游戏》中的生态伦理混乱96 英语前缀和后缀在初中单词教学中的应用97 英语指示词This和That的功能研究98 从基因学的角度看多义词的词义关系99 Translation Strategies about Vacant Words in Dreams of the Red Mansion100 跨文化营销策略研究－－以宝洁为例101 盖茨比美国梦的幻灭——透视现实生活中的爱情102 冲破人生的枷锁——试析毛姆《人生的枷锁》中的七个枷锁103 The Determining Influence of Environment on theDevelopment of Heathcliff’s Character 104 塞林格《麦田里的守望者》的逃离与守望105 浅析《献给艾米莉的玫瑰》中渐渐消失的玫瑰106 小议非语言交际中的身体语言107 高中英语课堂师生互动研究108 商务合同的语篇特征及其汉英翻译策略109 On the Tragic Death of Martin Eden110 论《麦田里的守望者》中的象征体系及霍尔顿的精神世界111 《纯真年代》中社会与个人的碰撞112 浅谈在华跨国公司的本土化策略113 汉英颜色词的文化内涵及翻译114 欧?亨利作品中的人生的价值探索115 浅析中西方饮食文化差异116 霍尔顿的人生之旅－－《麦田里的守望者》之存在主义解读117 浅论中文商标的翻译118 商标翻译中的文化差异119 论英文电影字幕翻译及其制约因素——以《别对我说谎》为例120 分析赫索格与玛德琳性格形成的影响因素－－-解读索尔贝娄的《赫索格》121 《红字》中海斯特性格分析122 威廉?华兹华斯诗歌中的自然观123 从任务型教学模式谈英语课堂沉默现象的预防策略124 V ocabulary Teaching Based on Pragmatic Approach125 《洛丽塔》主题与艺术技巧之探析126 浅析中英日常交际用语的语用差异127 霍桑在《红字》中对人的罪恶的探究128 浅析《喜福会》中的母亲形象129 从语用原则视角分析政治演讲中的语用策略130 The Religious Thoughts in The Pilgrim’s Progress131 《麦田里的守望者》中反叛精神分析132 中西酒文化比较133 建构主义理论下的教师课堂角色研究134 解析《老人与海》中的桑提亚哥形象135 文化全球化语境下中英婚姻习俗的对比研究136 爱米莉狄金森诗歌中的植物隐喻137 A Study on the Effects of Phonetics in JEFC Teaching138 从《丧钟为谁而鸣》看海明威死亡情节成因139 从许渊冲“三美论”评析《声声慢》三个译本140 An Analysis of Oscar Wilde’s Aesthetic Fairy Tale －The Happy Prince141 论小说《苔丝》中环境描写的作用142 The Theme of Absurdity in The Scarlet Letter143 比较研究王维与华兹华斯的自然观144 从《推手》看中美文化差异对家庭关系的影响145 影响中国高中英语课堂中任务型教学实践的因素146 Exploring Differences Between Chinese and English Compliments147 TPR教学法在中国儿童英语习得中的运用148 英式英语与美式英语的区别149150 《贵妇的画像》的过渡性特征的分析研究151 汤姆索亚历险记中汤姆的成长152 A Contrastive Study on the Cultural Differences between Chinese and Western Wedding Customs153 英语报刊新闻标题缩略语探究154 Study on Characteristics of American Black English from Social Perspectives155 《太阳照常升起》中科恩屡遭排斥的根源分析156 从精神分析学角度探究《呼啸山庄》中的希斯克里夫157 论中美文化差异对其商务谈判的影响及策略158 从会话含义分析鲍西娅人物形象159 《哈姆雷特》戏剧中的悲剧因素160 从原型批评理论角度分析威利?洛曼的悲剧161 《荆棘鸟》的女性主义解读162 埃兹拉庞德意象派诗歌解析：以《在地铁站里》为例163 目的论在英文电影片名翻译中的应用164 试析与地理环境有关的英语成语及其文化内涵165 论英语文学教学中的影视欣赏166 The Implication and Application of Body Languages in English and Chinese167 认知语境对文学文本翻译策略的影响168 两种文化中不同的生存希望——以电影《肖申克的救赎》和《活着》人物命运分析为例169 从华裔女性文学看东西方女性主义的发展与融合——以华裔女作家林湄及其作品《天望》为例170 论《瓦尔登湖》的生态伦理意蕴171 商务英语合同的词汇特征172 国际商务谈判技巧与策略初探173 幻灭的美国梦：《夜色温柔》的象征意义解读174 论莎士比亚戏剧作品中的父权意识175 英汉颜色词隐喻的认知比较与研究176 国际商务函电的礼貌原则研究177 数字的文化内涵及数字的翻译178 英汉习语文化差异浅析179 探析《红字》中齐灵渥斯的恶中之善180 论《呼啸山庄》中的叙述技巧181 《了不起的盖茨比》中女性人物性格分析182 社会语言学视角下女性语言的特点183 《无名的裘德》主人公人物形象浅析184 欧?亨利短篇小说中幽默的翻译185 《玉石雕像》中的非言语交流186187 从《道林?格雷的画像》看王尔德的唯美主义188 法律英语词汇的特点及其翻译189 Influence of Western Food Culture upon Chinese People 190 从自我认同角度再析《简爱》191 方位介词“over”的隐喻含义研究192 国际商务谈判中的文化差异分析193 特洛伊战争电影改编的语境探析194 从功能对等角度看信用证英语的翻译195 文化商务交际中的个人主义与集体主义196 论商务谈判中的文化因素197 从思维方式看中英科普文章的差异198 《雾都孤儿》中的浪漫主义与现实主义199 东西方恐怖电影的文化差异200 从跨文化交际看中西方时间观差异。

简论《雾都孤儿》现实性和浪漫性的融合查尔斯·狄更斯是英国批判现实主义作家的代表，其作品中常常将现实主义和浪漫主义完美融合在一起。

《雾都孤儿》是狄更斯的杰作之一，也是他的第一部社会批判小说。

本文通过对《雾都孤儿》中现实主义和浪漫主义融合性的分析，揭示了工业革命后英国伦敦黑暗的生活，再现当时英国资本主义制度下的社会矛盾，体会狄更斯在早期创作中写作特点和价值观，并且认识到维多利亚时代现实主义作品的特征。

标签：狄更斯；现实主义；浪漫主义；资本主义；英国维多利亚时代被认为英国工业革命和大英帝国的顶峰时期，经济的发展促进了文学作品的繁荣。

在这个时期涌现了大量的现实主义作家，这些作家作品或多或少体现了现实主义和浪漫主义的融合，尽管他们的创作角度与风格各不相同，但是他们共同特点是关心广大百姓的生活与命运，揭露资本主义社会的黑暗与罪恶。

狄更斯就是其中的代表。

查尔斯·狄更斯是十九世纪英国最杰出的小说家之一。

在狄更斯的一生中，他塑造了大量生动丰富的儿童形象，这在世界文学上是史无前例的。

狄更斯的儿童作品，大多是和他所处的社会背景有密切的关系，同时也和他的个人经历相关。

例如《雾都孤儿》发生在当时早期的维多利亚女王时代，表现出了当时资本主义社会的黑暗和虚伪以及狄更斯对资产阶级丑陋面孔的厌恶。

同样，小说也表达了狄更斯对童年生活的不堪回首的记忆。

狄更斯作为早期的现实主义作家，其作品也受到了浪漫主义的影响。

作为其早期作品，《雾都孤儿》既体现出了现实主义手法，同样也表达出了浪漫主义色彩，现实性和浪漫性在这里有机地结合起来。

一、浪漫性中的现实性《雾都孤儿》全书共53章，以资本主义社会为背景，小说的主人公是一位出生在济贫院的孤儿，描述其悲惨的身世和坎坷的一生，历经心酸，最终在善良人们的帮助下获得幸福。

小说深刻地反映了资本主义制度下一系列的社会问题，真实地描写了英国最底层社会人们的悲惨生活，从而揭露了当时资本主义社会的黑暗和虚伪。

《雾都孤儿》中的批判现实主义摘要：查尔斯·狄更斯是十九世纪维多利亚时期英国最伟大的批判现实主义作家，《雾都孤儿》是查尔斯·狄更斯的一部批判现实主义的杰作。

在《雾都孤儿》中狄更斯以奥利弗·退斯特的经历为线索，向人们展示当时穷人们的悲惨生活并揭露和批判济贫法的虚伪和童工制度的残酷，并向穷人表达深切的同情，这些值得我们现代人仔细品读和反思。

本文从《雾都孤儿》创作的历史背景及作家的生平出发，分析了维多利亚时期批判现实主义的特征及其在《雾都孤儿》中的具体体现。

关键字：查尔斯·狄更斯《雾都孤儿》维多利亚时期批判现实主义Critical Realism in Oliver TwistAbstract: Charles Dickens is one of the greatest representatives of English critical realism writers in the 19th century. Oliver Twist is a masterpiece of critical realism of Charles Dickens. In this novel Char les Dickens took Oliver’s experience as a clue showing the miserable life of the poor, exposing and criticizing the hypocritical Poor Law and the cruel child labor institution, as well as showing sympathy to the poor and appealing the upper to help the poor. This novel is worth to be read and researched，the phenomenon that was criticized by Charles Dickens are worth to be reflected upon by modern people. This paper will analyze the historical background, the life of the author and the features of critical realism in Victorian age as well as how did those features showed in Oliver Twist by Charles Dickens.Key Words: Charles Dickens Oliver Twist Victorian age Critical RealismContentsIntroduction (1)1 Critical realism in the age of Victoria (1)1.1 The historical background (1)1.2 Introduction of critical realism (2)2 Charles Dickens and Oliver Twist (3)2.1 Introduction of Charles Dickens (3)2.2 Introduction of Oliver Twist (3)3 Critical realism in Oliver Twist (4)3.1 Criticism on the hypercritical Poor Law (5)3.2 Criticism on the child labor institution. (6)3.3 Criticism on the crime (7)3.4 Sympathy to the poor (8)Conclusion (9)Bibliography (10)Critical Realism in Oliver TwistIntroductionCharles Dickens, the greatest representative of English critical realism, was born in 1812.At that time, a great many of corruptive institutions and a lot of injustices appeared. Charles Dickens was not satisfied with the society and attacked the social reality with his pen. Oliver Twist is the production of this period and reflects the time. Oliver Twist is the second novel of Charles Dickens, and also his masterpiece of critical realism. In this novel Charles Dickens used the way of critical realism to reveal a dark corruptive society which caused a lot of poor and crimes and took Oliver’s experience s as a clue showing the miserable life of the poor, exposing and criticizing the hypocritical Poor Law and the cruel child labor institution. At the same time, Charles Dickens showed his sympathy to the poor and appealed the upper to help the poor. It is worth to be read and researched，the phenomenon that was criticized by Charles Dickens are worth to be reflected upon by modern people. This paper will analyze the historical background, the life of the author and the features of critical realism in Victorian age as well as how did those features were showed in Oliver Twist by Charles Dickens.1 Critical realism in the age of VictoriaMarxism believes in that works always exists in time and space, the history and the society, and it must have social dimension and the mark of the historical period in which the work was created. So firstly this paper should tell the history background, then, the features of the critical realism will be understood better.1.1 The historical backgroundThe intensifying of Market competition caused a large number of the poor, the inequality and poverty phenomena appeared in the society of England. In the heyday of laissez-faire capitalism bourgeois despised human rights and treated the employees and poor people inhuman. They believed in that poverty was caused by personallaziness, so the responsibility should be taken personally. With such ideas as a guide, in the year of 1834, driven by the industrial bourgeoisie, the government established a Poor Law. According to this law the government built workhouses everywhere in the country and people, whoever without source of income, and needed social relief, were forced to enter into the workhouse.H owever, the helped were forced to do numerous hard physical labors. Furthermore, the living conditions inside was extremely harsh. Bourgeois believed that if the living condition of relieved people was equivalent to the people who earn one's own living, then, the relief system would fundamentally make all the people lose motivation to work hard and diligently. If this system was really carried out and established as the supplement, an organized labor system to force those without the portrait of independence to work like a dog was needed. It was visible, that these methods actually bring “relief for the poor”into “means punishing the poor”.The ultimate goal was to get rid of burden of poor rate and provide sufficient labor source for the capitalism production. Capitalists, in order to seek the maximum profit, always increased the labor hours, improved labor intensity, and reduce wage, and e ven hired women and children by giving lower wages. Various savage scenes in coal mines: women and children worked under the cruel condition of long hours with no safety facilities and under bad health conditions that was extremely sickening.Critical realism was just the production of the social background.1.2 Introduction of critical realismWith changing of relations and the intensifying of the Social conflicts between the labor and the capital, reality is so far removed from the belief of utopia of Enlightment age. A lot of insight writers popped up using their pens to re-examine the relations between class and the social institution, and mercilessly exposed and criticized corruptive system and overflowed egoistic moral values and sins. From a humanitarian standpoint expected deep sympathy to the unfortunate people. Under the circumstance critical realism was raised up and became the main stream of Victorian age in the field of literature. Generally speaking, the features of the critical realism are: 1) exposing and criticizing the social darkness and corruption, 2) showing sympathytowards the poor, and appealing the society to help the poor, and 3) coming up with some improvement measures to solve the contradictions, which often can not solve the problem thoroughly. Those features are the reflection of the social background of Victorian age. So, how those features showed in Oliver Twist by Charles Dickens?2 Charles Dickens and Oliver TwistBefore analyze that how the critical realism showed in Oliver Twist, this paper will tell the life of the writer’s that makes him witness the true life of the poor and the whole society and put them in the story of the Oliver Twist. Then we can easily understand the reason of the forming of critical realism writing style of Charles Dickens.2.1 Introduction of Charles DickensCharles Dickens born Feb. 7, 1812, Portsmouth, Hampshire, Eng.-died June 9, 1870, Gad's Hill, near Chatham, Kent is considered the greatest of the Victorian period and an outstanding writer of critical realism in the history of English literature. He is regarded by Marks as the top one in the list of ‘the splendid novelists in modern Engl and’. The defining moment of Dickens's life occurred when he was 12 years old. With his father in debtors' prison, he was withdrawn from school and forced to work in a shoes-polish factory in London. He was forced to work 10 hours a day.This experience in his childhood let him witness the misery life of the low. In Oliver Twist Dickens told the story following the step of and from the view of Oliver Twist’s to reflect and criticize the contemporary society and show Dickens’ sympathy to the poor.2.2 Introduction of Oliver TwistOliver Twist was born Orphaned for his mother’s death in child-birth and his father’s conspicuous absence, and he is brought up in workhouse by little food, where Oliver breeched regulations by requesting more gruel, and was sold to an undertaker after an abuse as a punishment. While in the service of the undertaker, Oliver was abused by Noah Claypole, and ill-treated by the undertaker’s for attacking Noah whoinsulted the orphan’s late mother. The orphan decided to flee from the un dertaker. And he arrived in London, finally.Oliver encountered Jack Dawkins, therefore, unwittingly stumbled into the thieves association leaded by a Jewish criminal named Fagin. When, Oliver goes out for a pick-pocketing with two of Fagin’s underlings wi thout knowing of what they would do. Oliver was accused of stealing by misunderstanding. He was eventually freed from accusation and put under the nurturing custody of an old gentleman named Mr. Brownlow (an old friend of Oliver's father), who he was previously thought to have stolen, after falling ill in court. Oliver resided with Mr. Brownlow in great happiness. His bliss, however, was interrupted when Nancy kidnapped him according to the order of Fagin and Oliver was employed in an illegal operation which was carried by Bill Sikes, a violent thief uses the boy to break into a house via a small window. Oliver intentionally went wrong to inform the host of the house where Sikes wanted to rob, however, Oliver is shot. After being abandoned by Sikes, wounded Oliver ended up under the care of the people he had attempted to rob: Rose Maylie and the elderly Mrs. Maylie.Meanwhile, a mysterious man named Monks (half brother of Oliver) had found Fagin and was plotting with him to destroy Oliver's reputation for the grabbing the heritage which was belonged to Oliver Twist. Nancy, fearing their intentions, went to Rose Maylie and Mr. Brownlow to reveal their plot. Angry at the notion of his plot being foiled, and believing that she has betrayed him, Sikes murdered Nancy in a fit of rage, and then he accidentally hanged himself. Monks was forgiven by Oliver and be given half of the heritage, however, he died finally by his bed nature. Fagin is arrested and hanged for his misdeeds. Rose Maylie turned out to be the long-lost sister of Oliver's mother.Rose is therefore Oliver's aunt. She marries her long-time sweetheart Harry, and Oliver lives happily with his saviors.3 Critical realism in Oliver TwistOliver Twist is one of the most important social novels in Dickens’ early works. It was the first time that Dickens led readers into a very sad world. This novel whichhad deep effected on the society of that time in England was very popular and admitted by people. The novel mainly talked about little Oliver who suffered a lot in his childhood, and exposed the hypocrisy and cruelty of parish workhouse through the description of the little Oliver’s childhood in it. Dickens drew a realistic picture of the horrible existence in workhouse. One of the important characteristics of the novel is the real and specific description of people who lived at the bottom of society. Their miserable lives are just the vivid reflection of the dark sides of British society. This made a lot of readers at that time get interested in social reform. People started to think about social reasons for all of those criminal phenomena.3.1 Criticism on the hypercritical Poor LawAfter Oliver’s mother’s death in child-birth, Oliver was brought up in a branch of the workhouse, for the children under nine.”the female to whose protecting care Oliver Twist was delivered over, at the very moment when the child had contrived to exist upon the smallest possible portion of the weakest possible food, it did perversely happen in eight and a half cases out of ten, either that it sickened from want and cold, or fell into the fire from neglect, or got half-smothered by accident; in any one of which cases, the miserable little being was usually summoned into another world. No one really care whether the life of those children, what the society care was only to save money to feather her nest on the cost of the health and even life of those orphans.Oliver was taken to the workhouse after he was nine, where also ladled the gruel at mealtimes. Of this festive composition each boy had one porringer, and no more--except on occasions of great public rejoicing, when he had two ounces and a quarter of bread besides. The bowls never wanted washing. The boys polished them with their spoons till they shone again; and when they had performed this operation (which never took very long, the spoons being nearly as large as the bowls), they would sit staring at the copper, with such eager eyes, as if they could have devoured the very bricks of which it was composed; employing themselves, meanwhile, in sucking their fingers most assiduously, with the view of catching up any stray splashes of gruel that might have been cast thereon. Lots fell to Oliver Twist, askedfor more gruel for a new comer, a stronger one, who threatened to eat boy, if he could n’t get more.“'Please, sir, I want some more.'The master was a fat, healthy man; but he turned very pale. He gazed in stupefied astonishment on the small rebel for some seconds, and then clung for support to the copper. The assistants were paralyzed with wonder; the boys with fear.'What!' said the master at length, in a faint voice.'Please, sir,' replied Oliver, 'I want some more.'The master aimed a blow at Oliver's head with the ladle; pinioned him in his arm; and shrieked aloud for the beadle.”(Wu Weiren: History and anthology of English literature, 2007.)A hungry boy just wanted more gruel, was treated as he committed an impious and profane offence. Oliver remained a close prisoner in the dark and solitary room. As for exercise, it was nice cold weather, and he was allowed to perform his ablutions every morning under the pump, in a stone yard, in the presence of Mr. Bumble, who prevented his catching cold, and caused a tingling sensation to pervade his frame, by repeated applications of the cane.They by any excuse ill-treating these orphans both physically and psychologically while announced that they were doing those for the benefit of those orphans, hypocritically. The experience in the workhouse of Olive Twist, for anyone in this world, even those with stony heart would drop sympathetic tears and the most dignity one will swear the parish beadle. By telling the miserable life of those orphans in the workhouse, Dickens criticized the Poor Law.3.2 Criticism on the chi ld labor institution.After the impious and profane offence for asking more, the workhouse wanted to send him out by cost 5 ponds.At the beginning, Oliver was narrowed to be chimney-sweeping boy. The conversation between the head Mr. Limbkins and Gamfield, chimney-sweep “'Young boys have been smothered in chimneys before now,' said anothergentleman.'That's accuse they damped the straw afore they lit it in the chimney to make 'em come down again,' said Garfield; 'that's all smoke, and no blaze; whereas smoke aren’t no use at all in making a boy come down, for it only sends him to sleep, and that's volt he likes. Boys is very obstinate, and very lazy, Gentlemen, and there's nothing like a good hot blaze to make 'em come down with a run. It's humane too, gentlemen, accuse, even if they've stuck in the chimney, roasting their feet makes 'em struggle to extricate their selves. '’’ (Wu Weiren: History and anthology of English literature, 2007.) This plan failed, then, the workhouse wanted to send him to sea without delay, because the skipper would flog him to death, in a playful mood, some day after dinner, or would knock his brains out with an iron bar; both pastimes being, as was pretty generally known, very favorite and common recreations among gentleman of that class. Young man of great families had such a fate.Finally, Oliver was sent to the undertaker. At there not mention the living place, even the food that nobody will have a notice even dog.These showed that the society ignored the child labor and took them inhuman. For money or for fun the child labors were dead, by accidence or murder, nobody will care and ask. The capitalist took these child labors just as the tool which could make money, but not a living. Dickens showed the reality of the living condition of the child labor to his cotemporary, to appeal to the society to care and help the poor child and criticized the constitution of the child labor.3.3 Criticism on the crime.Fagin, the master mind among the criminals, is as ugly in appearance as he is disgusting in feature. He is not a figure of unmixed simplicity. In Fagin, Dickens has attempted to describe a character displaying some of the complexities of normal human nature. When he is angry, the old man may conform to savage rage, but on ordinary occasions he is satisfied in a critical humor, which earns him the nickname of "the merry old gentleman” Fagi n is outstanding among the thieves. For money, he made lot of younger people steal or rob. It was Fagin who taught the waifs to steal,and brought Oliver Twist back to the thieves den again from Bronlow’s. It was also he who was doing evil things in collusion with Monks, wanted to maintain Oliver among the thieves or hoped Oliver was hanged some day. And it was still he who made the Sikes killed kind Nancy, the girl whose childhood was also ruined by him by being abetted theft. Finally this evil man failed and fell into the jail and sentence to be hanged. In the ending Fagin was dead that wretched painful sadly. Fagin was not only himself, but also the synonym for the crimeBy giving him such an ending, Dickens showed us the attitude to the crime that was the crime would always ended with pain and punishment, people should pursue kind and hate crime.3.4 Sympathy to the poorWhen Oliver worked in the workhouse, they offered service for a poor family. A woman tottered towards the undertaker and said “'She was my daughter,' said the old woman, nodding her head in the direction of the corpse; and speaking with an idiotic leer, more ghastly than even the presence of death in such a place. 'Lord, Lord! Well, it _is_ strange that I who gave birth to her, and was a woman then, should be alive and merry now, and she lying there: so cold and stiff! Lord, Lord!--to think of it; it's as good as a play--as good as a play!’ As the wretched cre ature mumbled and chuckled in her hideous merriment, the undertaker turned to go away. 'Stop, stop!' said the old woman in a loud whisper. 'Will she be buried to-morrow, or next day, or to-night? I laid her out; and I must walk, you know. Send me a large cloak: a good warm one: for it is bitter cold. We should have cake and wine, too, before we go! Never mind; send some bread--only a loaf of bread and a cup of water. Shall we have some bread, dear?' she said eagerly: catching at the undertaker's coat, as he once more moved towards the door.” (Wu Weiren: History and anthology of English literature, 2007.) Death is no longer a desperately pain for the poor, but a normal and a thing that could get bread and a temporarily worm given by cloak from the parish, which would get back after the funeral. What a terrible and terrified reality when death had become common and inevitable to the poor and people care food more than the life of theirclose kin. It was a Human tragedy. It was a profound sympathy to the poor.ConclusionDickens is the greatest representative of English critical realism. The historical background and the experiences in his childhood were all influence his literature creation. His masterpiece Oliver Twist is just the production and reflection of that time. He told a story of the miserable life of Oliver Twist, the orphans who was ill-treated in the workhouse, as child labor or in London slums and even to be taught as thief. It was the reflection of the real social reality witnessed by Charles himself. It aimed at exposing and criticizing the black and the hypocritical society and the institution, and showing his sympathy to the poor and appealing to the upper to help the low. It is a masterpiece of critical realism. It is worth to be read and researched，the phenomena that were criticized by Charles Dickens were worth to be reflected upon by modern people.Bibliography[1]Grebanier Bernard D. N. The Essentials of English Literature. [M] StanfordCA: Stanford UP, Volume 271, 1980.[2]Johnson E. D. H. Charles Dickens: An Introduction to His Novels. RandomHouse Study in Language and Literature Series [M].New York: Random House, 1969.[3] Kaplan, Fred. Dickens: A Biography [M]. New York: Morrow, 1988.[4]Slater, Michael. Dickens and Women [M]. Stanford: Stanford University Press,1983.[5]Smith, Grahame Charles Dickens: A Literary Life[M]. New York: St.Martin's, 1996.[6]Wu Weiren: History and anthology of English literature [M] Beijing: Foreignlanguage and research press, 2007.[7]安德烈·莫洛亚，朱延生译.《狄更斯评传》[M].太原:山西人民出版社,1984.[8]陈嘉.《英国文学史》( 第三卷 ) [M].北京:商务印书馆 1986.[9]刘炳善.《英国文学简史》[M].郑州：河南人民出版社，1993.[10]王治国.《狄更斯评传》 [M].上海:上海文艺出版社 1991.[11] 赵炎秋.《狄更斯长篇小说研究》[M].北京:社会科学文献出版社 1996.。

解读狄更斯《雾都孤儿》中浪漫现实主义思想王梦莹赤峰学院，内蒙古赤峰市024000[摘要]小说《雾都孤儿》是狄更斯早期创作的一部作品，作者以自己童年的经历为背景，真实地再现了伦敦贫民窟里的悲惨生活。

身为“英国中批判现实主义的第一人”“现实主义”代表作家，狄更斯呈现给人们的是一个充满腐败气息的社会。

然而他的作品中却又饱含着一种浓烈的浪漫主义气息，本文以小说《雾都孤儿》为出发点，分别从人物形象的刻画、小说情节安排和写作方式上探究狄更斯小说中的浪漫现实主义风格。

[关键词]狄更斯；浪漫现实主义；《雾都孤儿》[作者简介]王梦莹（1982-），女，内蒙古赤峰人，长春理工大学硕士研究生，赤峰学院讲师，主要研究方向：语言学及文学。

一、现实背景下浪漫主义人物的刻画1．现实背景的浪漫主义正面人物形象作者在小说《雾都孤儿》中塑造的人物数不胜数，作者巧妙地将这些人物划分为两大类即天使派与魔鬼派，毫无疑问天使象征着正义与善良而魔鬼则象征的邪恶与阴险。

主人公奥列弗是一个生活在民间的普通艺人，他从出生开始就在不断的面对苦难并与之作斗争，生活在这样一个污秽噪杂的环境下，奥列弗却成为了一个品行端正、心地善良、聪明淳朴的人。

奥列弗从小就生活在孤儿院中，从来没人教导他识善恶、辨是非、守教养，但这些品质却无一例外地在都他的身上得到了体现。

例如，在奥列弗明白贝茨与“逮不着”准备教他做偷窃之事时，他“不知进退，站在原地发呆”；当他知道赛克斯让他帮助自己入室抢劫时，他决定“想办法从前厅跑到楼上向物主发出警报，即使这个行为要使他付出生命，他仍旧在所不惜。

”狄更斯用生动形象的心理描写将人物的心理色彩与性格形象刻画得惟妙惟肖。

除此之外，小说在描述流氓、妓女以及偷盗者时都用了贴切的语言描写，有时候为了将人物形象刻画的足够细致，作者还使用了行业黑话进行描写。

然而主人公奥列弗自始至终都保持着文雅、规范的谈吐与举止，一个从小生活在孤儿院中，没有接受过任何正规教育并且周遭充满社会的黑暗面的人，是如何习得这种规范的行为举止与文雅的谈吐的呢？这就是狄更斯笔下道德浪漫情怀的体现。