音标学习

美式英语音标分类说明phonetics the sounds of american english发音: 美国英语语音consonants 辅音vowels 元音--------------------------------------------第一按发音方法分类(辅音)：manner(发音)方式1.stop爆破音--是指发音器官在口腔中形成阻碍,然后气流冲破阻碍而发出的音。

2.fricative摩擦音--由发音器官造成的缝隙使气流产生摩擦而发出的声音。

3.affricate塞擦音--有塞音和擦音紧密结合所构成的音，发音时注意最初形成阻碍部位要完全闭塞，然后渐渐打开。

4.nasal鼻音--口腔气流通路阻塞,软腭下垂,鼻腔通气发出的声音。

5.liquid流音--舌端齿龈测流音 ,舌端紧贴上齿龈,舌前部向硬腭抬起,气流从舌的一侧或两侧滑出。

6.glide滑音--指发音器官移向或移离某一发音动作的过度音。

--------------------------------------------------第二按发音位置分类(辅音)：place (发音)位置1.bilabial双唇音--由上唇和下唇接触，使语流受阻而构成的一种辅音。

biodental唇齿音--由唇与牙齿的咬合而发出的辅音。

3.lingua-dental舌齿音--牙齿咬着舌头发出的音。

4.palatal上腭音--舌头贴着上腭发出的音。

5.lingua-velar软颚音--舌头贴着软颚发出的音。

6.glottal声门(声带)音--自声门发出的音。

--------------------------------------------------------------第三按嗓音分类(辅音)：voice 嗓音1.voiced浊音--振动声带所发出的辅音，除气流受到阻碍外，同时振动声带发出乐音。

2.voiceless清音--发音时不振动声带所发出的辅音，即清音纯粹由气流受阻所构成的且不带乐音。

----------------------------------------第四元音的分类：1.monophthongs 单元音2.front 前元音3.central 中元音4.back 后元音5.diphthongs 双元音, 复合元音单元音发音的共性： 1. 舌位不移动； 2. 在发音过程中，没有摩擦； 3. 不受发音器官的任何阻碍。

单元音发音的特点： 1. 前元音发音时，舌端靠近下齿，舌前部抬高； 2. 中元音发音时，舌端离开下齿，舌中部抬高； 3. 后元音发音时，舌端离开下齿，舌后部抬高。

48个国际音标表48个国际音标表[i:] [E:] [E] [O:] [O] [u:] [A:] [V] [Q] [e] [ai] [ei] [Oi] [iE] [CE] [uE] [Eu] [au] [p] [t] [d] [k] [g] [f] [v] [s] [z] [T] [D] [S] [Z] [tS] [dZ] [tr] [dr] [ts] [dz] [m] [n] [N] [h] [r] [l] [w] [j]一、音标：英语国际音标共48个，其中20个元音，20个辅音，3个鼻音，2个半元音，3个似拼音。

1)、元音12个单元音长元音 [i:] [E:] [O:] [u:] [A:]短元音 [E] [O] [V] [Q] [e]8个双元音: [ai] [ei] [Oi] [iE] [CE] [uE] [Eu] [au]2)、辅音10对清辅音 [p] [t] [k] [f] [s] [T] [S] [tS] [tr] [ts]浊辅音 [d] [g] [v] [z] [D] [Z] [dZ] [dr] [dz]3)、3个鼻音 [m] [n] [N]4)、3个似拼音 [h] [r] [l]5)、2个半元音 [w] [j]二、巧记48个国际音标单元音共十二，四二六前中后。

双元音也好背，合口集中八个整。

辅音共计二十八，八对一清又七浊，四个连对也包括。

有气无声清辅音，有声无气浊辅音，发音特点应掌握。

三、关于语音的几个概念:1)、AHD表示美语发音,The American Heritage Dictionary of the EnglishLanguage（简称AHD）。

2)、KK音标是一套用于标注美式发音的符号系统, 这是一套最常用的也是最权威的注音法，从此人们把美语标准发音惯称为KK音标。

3)、DJ是根据英国学者Daniel Jones编的英语发音字典 (English PronouncingDictionary, 1963)中的标音而来。

英式读音根据的是English Pronouncing Dictionary 《英语正音辞典》。

它们代表了被称为“Received Pronuciation”（RP）（标准读音）的读音，这在受过教育的英国人尤其是南部英格兰人中通用。

4)、1888年国际语音协会 (International Phonetic Association) 的语言学家便制定出一套可国际通用的语音符号叫国际音标符号(IPA─International Phonetic Alphabet)，希望以一个符号代表一音，并避免各人使用一套自己的符号所产生的不便。

音素: 音的最小单位,英语中有48个音素.音节: 由元音和辅音构成的发音单位.元音: 发音响亮,是乐音,口腔中气流不受阻碍,是音节的主要组成部分.英语中有20个元音.辅音: 发音不响亮,是噪音,口腔中气流受到阻碍,不是音节的重要组成部分,英语中有28个辅音.开音节:1)辅音+元音+辅音+不发音e 如:kite cake name bike make take home plane shine2)辅音+元音如:he hi go no do be tree three hello闭音节:1)辅音+元音+辅音 :sit bed bad bag hot hop let mad map head2)元音+辅音如: it is of in on up out antA chicken is in the kitchen. / A horse is in the house.A mouse is in the cat’s mouth.A sheep eats some beef and drinks some green tea五、元音:1) [i:] 字母组合:ee ea e iethree tree green sheep meet beef see seekeat tea meat leave lead teacher team mean speak cleanpiece receive ceiling2) [i]发音字母 i y esit picture it is list six mix fix fit pig big build missmyth many twenty happy dictionarydefect decide delicious3) [æ] 发音字母 abag hand and ant happy hat map mad bad black back glad flag shall man 584) [e] 字母组合 ea e ahead bread pleasureelephant electric remember sell shell lesson better bed desk hotel yes many any5) [ε:] 字母组合ir ur ear er orgirl shirt skirt thirty thirteen third birdturn burn murder nurse turtle Thursday burgerlearn earn earth heardterm her nerd servework worm work world6) [ε] 字母组合 er or ou ar o a e uteacher leader remember player speaker farmer powderdoctor actor mayor author tractordelicious gracious pleasurefamiliar collar dollartogether tomorrow today shallop lesson Washington controlaround account ago elephant manta banana Canada Japan chinamen listenfamulus Saturday7) [a:] 字母组合 ar acar farm card arm gardenfast class last glass plant aunt calm8) [:] 发音字母 u o ou ooup supper lunch fun gun hunt cup buscome mother dose brother love abovetrouble rough flourishblood flood9) [O:]字母组合 al or au our arsmall wall talk tall hall ball call walkshort more lord horse for forty sport door floor storeauthor caught autumnfour mourn court boughtwarm quarrel quarter10) [O] 发音字母 o ahot lost lot fox box mop hop loss collar notwant wash watch11) [u:] 字母组合 oo o ufood moon room gloom broom doom goose toothshoe do twotrue truth blue full prude12) 字母组合 oo ou u olook good foot book woodshould couldput full bull pull pushwoman wolf13) [ei] 发音字母 a ay ea ai eyname cake late gate plane Aprilplay say may waygreat breakrain paint plainthey grey14) [ai] 发音字母 i ybike fine find die nine light night highmy try fly eye15) [au] 字母组合 ou owhouse out flour ground account count sound loud around mouse flower down now cow how town16) [εu] 发音字母 o ow oahome cold go no phone host ghostknow low below grow blow show flowboat coat goal17) [] 字母组合oy oiboy toy joyoil soil voice choice18) [iε] 字母组合 eer earbeer deerear nearhere fierce idea19) [] 字母组合ear air erepear bearchair air fairthere where care20) [uε] 字母组合our owerhour tourflower shower六、容易混淆的元音[A] [e]bad bed hand head man men land lend pan pen sad said[i：] [ei]real rail greet great mean main read raid[e] [ai]bet bite red write said side head hide[aU] [R：]house horse loud lord south sauce cloud clause now nor count corn [aU] [Q]found fond down done gown gone town ton[A][Q]fan fun tan tun san son tank tun七、辅音1) pen pear play pig pour pull push2) book big boot bike bread break3) [t] tree two ten ton town twenty city4) [d] door dull desk dose do dog dictionary5) [k] king kite key look cook book kitchen sky (发音字母k)card cat cream correct climb come account accept (发音字母c)fox box oxygen x-ray (发音字母x)school schedule schema (字母组合ch)6) [g] girl good goal goat grade long language7) [m] man make moon morning move come comb8) [n] pen ten nine fine night noon moon clean9) [N] uncle bank English think thank junk 58英语sing king morning evening10) [l] long land lend lord fly flag blackworld cold could goal soul11) [r] read red right run room write12) [f] five fly fine flag frog fog roof knife life wifecough laugh rough physic photo phone13) [v] very evening even every voice vestof14) [s] six sit student same seat kiss miss case scarf (发音字母s) license city cease cedar ceiling celebrate (发音字母c)piece juice science lance space ace (字母组合ce)15) [z] zoo zebra zero zapclose nose hose suppose pause those whose16) [W] think thank three thirty tooth mouth17) [T] that this those these though18) [F] sheep shoulder ship shoe she brush washnation attention stationsocial specialsure19) [V] pleasure20) [h] hot hop home house horse how who21) [w] when what where window wind wood22) [j] yes year yell you your yolk yellow23) [tF] child chicken china chair lunch ouch catch teach 24) [dV] age language cabbage vegetable stage bridgejoy enjoy join July June junk25) [tr] tree country try treat track trunk26) [dr] dry dream drop drive drink27) [ts] students boots boats goats nuts28) [dz] goods woods moods hoods八、容易混淆的辅音[v] [w]vest west vet wet vine wine very wells] [W]sink think mass math miss myth sort sought[z] [T]close cloth breeze breathe[n] [N]thin thing sin sing ran rang ban bang win wing九、字母，组合音节发音规律1）a [ei] [æ] [[] [a:] [R]late private grade bake grape nation station pageactive hand bank fan parent family glad flagaccept about above formative machine cinemafast last glass class past fatherwash what watch want2）e [i:] [e] [[] 不发音appreciate extremely secret she me heletter left message generate pebbledecide pretty previous result restoreproblem prosperous student confidentactive table late wife store lecture3）i [ai]high price library ice cream wife size line fist pick chicken pian o fiancé city unit4）o [[J] [J:] [Q] [[] [R]lode host cold note okay old homelose do who whose provelove some other mother honey companytoday tomorrow together control collectlost hot mock office soft honest5）u [ju] [Q] [[]university refuse unique universe hugeput push pull full bullbut brush bucket duck bubble 58英语学习support suggest6）c [k] [s]country camp camera courage cablecity ceiling celebrate cell cease7）g [g] [dV] [N]girl grade glass glade bag flagvillage vegetable bridge gentleman gymlong song sing morning evening8) l [l] 读音不同listen learn language collect English gorilla world cold soil tall sell cool animal9) n [n] [N]moon night noodle numberuncle hungry angry young10) r [r] [[](美语发音)right read write grade progresscard board door floor form north11）y [j] [ai]yellow year yell young yolkuniversity country pretty happydyke dying fly buy by my12）ar [a:] [[] [R:]farm card garden markdollarwarm quarrel quarter13) ea [i:] [e] [ei] [i[]cease season breathe feature meat please bread breast breath meadow weathergreat breakidea realize14) ear [[:] [i[]learn earth earn heardhear near clear ear fear15) er [[:] [[] [i[]deserve serve her personteacher driver anger singerserious experience mysterious fierce16） ere [i[] [Z[]here mere fere serethere17) ir [[:] [ai]shirt girl skirtadmire desire18) oo [u:] [Q] [R:]room tool cool moon noon goof foodgood foot stood wood wool cook wood book blood flooddoor floor19) or [ R:] [[:] [[]short form corn born forwork world worm word worsttractor doctor actor sector senior senator 20) oor [ R:] [J[]door floormoor poor boor21) our [J[] [R:]hour tour flour bourn lourpour court four mourn22) ou [au] [Q] [[]house mouth mouse sound foundenough trouble touchdelicious gracious prosperous23) ow [[J] [au]window meadow know show lownow town how down cow24) se [z] [s]nose suppose gose lose pose rosemouse house25) th [W] [T]thank think thought cloth 58英语学习clothes that this then than26) sion [F[n] [V[n]propulsion tension progression passion protrusion provision conclusion television 27) tion [F[n] [ tF[n](不常见)station nation translation attention question。