铸造缺陷名称分类(中英文)

弯曲在壳与结晶器之间形成一个多余的间隙使熔融金属进入端部从而发生端部余漏. 即使一个很小的余漏也可能使大量的铝水流到引锭头上或引锭头底座甚至进入铸井，从而引发灾难性的情景，应立即解除原因.2. Collapsed Butt头部裂纹头部裂纹或其导至的裂纹可以通过裂纹两侧的下垂部分与其它裂纹加以区分3. 角部滴漏Corner Dribble角部滴漏在外观上与锭尾余漏非常相象，防止的方法也很相似通常也要求角部附近的水眼要插上，特别是结晶器带有小半径转角时.4. 表面转变裂纹Surface Transition Crack这种裂纹通常在转变过渡期发生在渗出的表面，铣皮的时候被铣掉5. Edge Lift 边部鼓泡边部鼓泡会会形成一个热点从而引起裂纹甚至锭坯壳的撕裂，导致跑铝，应采取有效手段杜绝此类灾害的发后6. Flashing余漏余漏可能集中在结晶器和引锭头之间，由于阻挡了朝锭坯一端形成的大部分弯曲，从而引起锭坯歪曲或发生裂纹.7. Corner Lift角部鼓泡角部鼓泡会会形成一个热点从而引起裂纹甚至锭坯壳的撕裂，导致跑铝8.End Rebleed尾部再次跑铝当铝水从锭坯渗出过多使得与结晶器内壁接触就会发生再次跑铝，通常会在结晶器内壁上留下印迹9.水平角部撕裂Horizontal Corner Tears水平角部撕裂是周期性氧化的结果，表现为与铸造方向垂直的细小裂纹，可以或不被视为废品10. Post-Solidification Crack固化后裂纹这类裂纹通常在金属已完全固化后才发生，一般发生于2系及7系合金，且肉眼可见。

11. 底部的热裂Hot Crack on Butt该种裂纹常见于滴漏包，冷隔，凸起或污斑，从而在薄而且热的外壳形成应力，必须降低吸入的热量或在开始增加冷却量12. 底部的热裂Hot Crack on Butt该种裂纹常见于滴漏包，冷隔，凸起或污斑，从而在薄而且热的外壳形成应力，必须降13. Nuisance Crack多余裂纹这种裂纹在LHC铸造中很常见，如果长度小于37 mm (1.5 in) 则可以保留14. 氧化皮裂纹这种裂纹是由于表面的不连续性引起的针头状裂纹或出现在厘米见方的区域，在该区域有应力集中，大的氧化皮甚至会在某个特定的区域降低冷却效果15. Oxide Skim Patch Crack氧化浮渣形成的裂纹氧化皮是指含有金属铝及氧化物的混合物，它飘浮在锭坯的头部直到由于氧化层的移动使得半月形凝固被拉开，氧化物隔开了铸锭及偏射的水流，导致出现热点，壳部的应力增加从而引发裂纹16. Hot Crack at Transition转换时热裂这种裂纹通常出现在阀的开口处于变化梯度上，会导致废品的产生17. 水印Water stains水印是发生扁锭裂纹的前兆，应立即解决18. 水平撕裂Horizontal Tear这种裂纹通过其方向可以很容易地识别，通常与浇铸方向垂直19. 余漏Flashing当结晶器与引锭头之间的间隙大于金属开始浇铸时的半月形的半径时就会出现这种缺陷20. 扁锭悬挂Ingot Hang-up扁锭附着在结晶器膛腔表面上无法从结晶器中脱出，通常可以通过锭坯端部或中央部分发生的弯曲来加以识别21. 表面过油over oiled surface表面纹路粗糙没有形成均匀的氧化膜分布，这是由于油过多而导致了燃烧>产生油分解 > 润滑减少->形面细微的拖痕22. 角部裂纹Corner Crack(凝固后Post-Solidification凝固后裂纹通常发生在转化过程中锭坯的角部，这种现象非常普遍，是由于锭坯内的应力由压缩应力转变为拉伸应力而导致的，一般不会给轧制带来难度.23. 过多的头部废料或切头Excessive Butt Crop or Shears由于尺寸，金相结构及杂质缺陷等因素，从头部将锭坯切除一部分A butt crop or shear removes ingot material from the start of the cast for dimensional, microstructural, and impurity defects.24. 分流袋凝结Frozen Bag分流袋凝固在引锭头上或者在铸造的过程中发后从而导致产生废料25. 角部压出corner exudate开始铸造时锭坯角部发生轻微的重熔，一般出现在较热的条件下26. 角部撕裂Corner Tears在新月形下扁锭的角部撕裂27. Corner Lapping角部折皱（Cold Folds冷隔）在扁锭 角部凝固和跑铝重复出现，该处一方面从结晶器内墙形成新月形的凝固，同时新鲜的熔融状的金属又不断填充到铸锭及结晶器之间的间隙中，然后足够高的金属液位又将其压入角部 28. 波浪状扁锭Wavy Ingot扁锭轧制面呈现横向的重复的纹路变化，具有显著的波浪幅度及间隔。

CASTING DEFECTS铸件缺陷Casting defects may deter form the visual quality of the components causing rejections, More serious types of defect are those which increase local stresses or reduce the effective cross sectional area of the casting and thereby lower the mechanical properties. Internal defects of various types will cause reductions in fatigue properties and shock reistance.铸件缺陷可能会阻止零组件的视觉质量并造成报废。

较严重的缺陷类型是指那些使局部应力增加或使铸件有效横断面面积减少的缺陷，从而降低了机械性能。

各种类型的内部缺陷将会导致疲劳性能和抗冲击性能的下降。

Accurate identifions of defect type is necessary for rectification to be made to either the process or the input material quality.在对工艺抑或输入材料的质量进行纠正的过程中，需要准确地指明这些缺陷的类型。

DROSS AND INCLUSIONS浮渣(熔渣)及杂质Aluminium oxide or dross is formed at the molten metal/air interface. Dross may be removed by skimming the molten metal surface prior to dipping, tapping or decanting the metal. A flux may be used to recover molten metal form the dross, chlorin injection will reduce suspended non-metallic par-ticles.氧化铝或浮渣(熔渣)形成于熔融金属/空中接口。

A .尺寸，形状缺陷铸造缺陷casting defects尺寸超差impropershrinkage allowance尺寸不合格wrong size模样错误excess rappingof pattern, deformed pattern, pattern error 壁厚不均differentthickness铸型下垂mold sag错型mold shift,shift, miss-match, cross-joint舂移ram off, ramaway塌型mold drop,drop off, drop out, drop sticker上型下沉，沉芯sag( 上型和型芯下垂导致壁厚减小）飞翅fins, joint flash翘曲warp age,buckling, warping, camber铸件变形warped casting挤箱push up,cramp-off型裂broken mold,cracked掉砂crush ofmold, crush变形deformation,casting distortion, warped castingB.缩孔（由凝固收缩引起)缩孔shrinkage,shrinkaged cavity内部缩孔internalshrinkage, dispersed shrinkage, blind shrinkage敞露缩孔open shrinkage,external shrinkages, sink marks, depression缩松porosity, shrinkage porosity,leakers, micro shrinkage, disperded shrinkage缩陷sink marks,draw, suck-in芯面缩孔core shrinkage内角缩孔cornershrinkage, fillet shrinkage出汗孔extruded bead,exudation线状缩孔fissure likeshrinkageC.气体缺陷（由气体引起的孔）气孔blowholes,gas hole, blow针孔pinholes裂纹状缺陷，线状缺陷fissure defectsD.裂纹裂纹crack缩裂shrinkage crack季裂seasoncracking, season crack应力热裂hot cracking,hot tearing, hot tear淬火裂纹quench crack,quenching crack应力冷裂cold cracking,breakage, cold tearing, cold tear 龟裂crack激冷层裂纹，白裂chill crackE.夹杂物夹渣slaginclusion, slag blowholes砂眼sandinclusion, raised sand, sand hole其他夹杂物the other inclusion胀砂push up,cramp-off, sand hole掉砂crush, crushof mold硬点hard spot浮渣dross ( 浇注后在铸型内形成的缺陷，尤其是石墨、氧化物和硫化物的线状缺陷的总称，另外，浇注过程中被卷进去的缺陷成为夹渣和砂眼，两者的区别是形成原因不同）石墨浮渣graphite dross,carbon dross氧化皮夹渣oxide dross, oxideinclusion, skins, seams硫化物熔渣sulfide dross沉淀物sludge夹渣物sand inclusion,oxide inclusion, skins, seams黑点，黑渣black spots,lustrous carbon涂料夹渣blacking,refractory coating inclusions光亮碳膜lustrous carbonfilms, kish tracksF.外观缺陷浇不足misrun, shortrun, cold lap, cold shut冷隔cold shut,cold laps轻度冷隔seam两重皮plate皱皮surface fold,gas run, elephant skin, seams, scare, flow marks 漏箱run-out,runout, break-out, bleeder漏芯mold drop,stiker未浇满short pours,short run, poured short气孔blowholes, blow飞翅fins，joint flash胀砂，气疱swell, blister芯撑未融合chaplet shut,insert cold shut, unfused chaplet热粘砂burn in热痕flow marks内渗豆，冷豆，冷隔internal sweating, coldshot, shot iron外渗物sweating磷化物渗豆phosphide sweat铅渗豆lead sweat锡渗豆tin sweat掉砂rat, sticker （型砂的一部分附着在模样上而形成的表面缺陷）G.型芯缺陷砂芯断裂crushed core,broken core砂芯压碎broken core芯面缩孔core blow砂芯缩孔core blow砂芯下垂sag core,deformed core砂芯弯曲deformed core漂芯shiftedcore, core raise, raised core, mold element cutout 偏芯core shiftH.表面缺陷沾砂burn on,sand burning, burn in , penetration粘型（金属型）fusion两重皮laminations ,plat机械粘砂penetration ,metal penetration夹渣结疤scabs ,expansion scabs , corner scab表面粗糙rough casting ,rough surface鼠尾buckle , rattail涂料结疤blacking scab ,wash scabs烘干不足sever surface ,wash scabs熟痕surfacedefect casting by combination of gas and shrinkage ( 在靠近厚断面处形成下陷的蛇状伤痕）涂料剥落wash erosion气疱blister ,surface or subsurface blow hole表面粗糙rough surface ,seems , scars起皮stripping剥落结疤pull down ,spalling scab伤痕crow’s feet麻面pittingsurface , orange peel , alligator skin热裂痕surface folds, gas runs泡疤表面surface folds ,gas runs象皮状皱皮surface fold , gasrun , elephant skin皱皮surface fold, gas run , seams , scare , flow marks 波纹wave冲砂wash冲蚀erosionI.组织缺陷（铸铁)球化不良poor nodularity, degenerated graphite蠕墨化不良degeneratedgraphite异常石墨abnormalgraphite开花状石墨exploded graphite过冷石墨under cooledgraphite , D-type graphite石墨细小颗粒chunky graphite石墨粗大kish graphite ,kish整列石墨aligned graphite石墨漂浮floated graphite石墨魏氏组织Widmannstattengraphite麻口mottled cast iron , mottle灰点mottle反麻口inverse mottle ( 与麻口相反，在薄断面处和尖角处形成的麻口）白口chill反白口reverse chill , inverse chill冷豆extruded bead , exudation ,internal sweating退火不足miss annealing , incomplete annealing粗大枝晶组织coarsened dendritic反偏析inverse segregation比重偏析gravity segregation溶质偏析solute segregation宏观偏析macroscopic segregation微观偏析microscopic segregationJ.断口缺陷表面铁素体ferrite rim表面珠光体pearlite rim白缘，脱碳pearlitic rim , picture frame , pearlitelayer不均匀断口heterogeneous fractured surface破碎激冷层scattered chill structure , cold flakes晶粒粗大rough grain尖钉状断口spiky fractured surface冰糖状断口rock candy fracture surfaceK.力学性能缺陷硬点hard spot ( 对铸件，硬点是硬区、白口或冷豆等力学性能缺陷的总称；对铝合金，硬点是铸件内各种高硬度相，如初晶Si相、金属间化合物、氧化物，偏析等总称）硬度不良poor hardness , too high or lowhardnessL.使用性能缺陷腐蚀性不良poor corrosion resistance切削性不良poor machinability麻点torn surface锌晶间腐蚀zinc intergranular corrosion电导率不良poor electrical conductivityM.其他缺陷残留飞翅residual fin残留黑皮residualblack skin浇道冒口断口缺肉broken casting at gate , riser or vent端部缺肉inside cut切口缺肉（压铸件）inside cut翘曲( 喷丸引起）camber, excessive cleaning铸件弯曲( 铸件变形）warped casting , casting distortion , deformed mold , mold creep打磨缺肉crow’s feet铸造管理缺陷裂纹crack压痕impression残留物型砂残留sand inclusions喷丸粒残留residual shot锌蒸汽向炉壁渗透zinc infiltration into refractory。

1. 欠铸主要原因：在填充型腔前金属液凝或金属液浇注不足。

2. 冷隔主要原因：两股金属液交接时金属液凝固。

3. 起皮主要原因：由于增压不良和/或浇口、浇道设计不好，产生金属氧化皮。

4.气泡主要原因：开模时铸件还没完全凝固，残留在铸件中压缩气体膨胀而导致气泡。

主要原因：在行腔最后填充时，铸件投影面区域金属液压力太高，一股压力穿过分型线，锁模力不够，模具涨开，金属液逃逸。

6. 铸点主要原因：金属液在压室过分冷却，金属固体微粒被压入型腔，铸点在铸件表面用肉眼可以清楚看见。

7. 压射润滑油油污主要原因：压射润滑油使用过多。

8. 气孔主要原因：铸件中残留来自各种原因的气体，压铸参数不好，排气、溢流系统或浇口、浇道设计不好。

主要原因：拔模斜度不够或表面凹陷，在顶出时产品表面被破坏，可通过改变铸件顶出时温度来改善。

模具表面粗糙度不好是另一个原因。

10.热裂/裂纹主要原因：凝固过程中，在应力状态下收缩时产生，最后在表面有可见的裂纹（不是热脆）。

11.热脆主要原因：合金成分引起在高温时金属太脆（凝固后），铸件冷却（收缩）过程中，导致铸件表面裂纹出现在高应力区。

注意：该缺陷伴随热裂出现。

12. 凹陷主要原因：凹陷是铸件表面附近的收缩坑导致，出现凝固时铸件表面凹向收缩坑。

凹陷同样由模具热学控制不好的缩孔导致，因为凹陷的形成需要热点。

13. 金属爆破主要原因：铸件在完全凝固前顶出和孔洞的伴随物，铸件中被受限制的气体冲破未凝固铸件表面。

14.热变形主要原因：铸件顶出后，在冷却至室温过程中产生变形。

根本原因有时是铸件几何结构或合金规范，热变形在较低温度下顶出可减缓，不平衡模具温度是产生该类缺陷主要原因。

15.粘模主要原因：化学侵蚀和合金与模具钢粘合，在顶出时铸件被拉破。

可改变合金和/或降低模具或合金液温度来改善。

16. 缩孔主要原因：在凝固过程中金属缩小体积，在凝固前而不能提供更多的金属液。

热点也导致在特定区域产生缩孔。

17. 龟裂纹主要原因：模具在使用过程中，连续膨胀收缩，模具表面产生裂纹，导致铸件产生该缺陷。

A 。

尺寸，形状缺陷铸造缺陷casting defects尺寸超差impropershrinkage allowance尺寸不合格wrong size模样错误excess rappingof pattern，deformed pattern, pattern error 壁厚不均differentthickness铸型下垂mold sag错型mold shift,shift，miss—match，cross—joint舂移ram off，ramaway塌型mold drop，drop off, drop out，drop sticker上型下沉，沉芯sag（上型和型芯下垂导致壁厚减小）飞翅fins，joint flash翘曲warp age，buckling, warping，camber铸件变形warped casting挤箱push up,cramp-off型裂broken mold,cracked掉砂crush ofmold，crush变形deformation，casting distortion, warped castingB.缩孔（由凝固收缩引起)缩孔shrinkage，shrinkaged cavity内部缩孔internalshrinkage，dispersed shrinkage，blind shrinkage敞露缩孔open shrinkage，external shrinkages，sink marks, depression缩松porosity, shrinkage porosity，leakers, micro shrinkage, disperded shrinkage缩陷sink marks,draw，suck-in芯面缩孔core shrinkage内角缩孔cornershrinkage，fillet shrinkage出汗孔extruded bead,exudation线状缩孔fissure likeshrinkageC.气体缺陷（由气体引起的孔)气孔blowholes,gas hole, blow针孔pinholes裂纹状缺陷,线状缺陷fissure defectsD.裂纹裂纹crack缩裂shrinkage crack季裂seasoncracking, season crack应力热裂hot cracking，hot tearing，hot tear淬火裂纹quench crack,quenching crack应力冷裂cold cracking，breakage, cold tearing, cold tear龟裂crack激冷层裂纹,白裂chill crackE.夹杂物夹渣slaginclusion, slag blowholes砂眼sandinclusion, raised sand, sand hole其他夹杂物the other inclusion胀砂push up,cramp-off，sand hole掉砂crush, crushof mold硬点hard spot浮渣dross ( 浇注后在铸型内形成的缺陷，尤其是石墨、氧化物和硫化物的线状缺陷的总称，另外，浇注过程中被卷进去的缺陷成为夹渣和砂眼，两者的区别是形成原因不同)石墨浮渣graphite dross,carbon dross氧化皮夹渣oxide dross，oxideinclusion，skins，seams硫化物熔渣sulfide dross沉淀物sludge夹渣物sand inclusion,oxide inclusion, skins，seams黑点，黑渣black spots,lustrous carbon涂料夹渣blacking，refractory coating inclusions光亮碳膜lustrous carbonfilms, kish tracksF。

A .尺寸，形状缺陷铸造缺陷casting defects尺寸超差impropershrinkage allowance尺寸不合格wrong size模样错误excess rappingof pattern, deformed pattern, pattern error 壁厚不均differentthickness铸型下垂mold sag错型mold shift,shift, miss-match, cross-joint舂移ram off, ramaway塌型mold drop,drop off, drop out, drop sticker上型下沉，沉芯sag( 上型和型芯下垂导致壁厚减小）飞翅fins, joint flash翘曲warp age,buckling, warping, camber铸件变形warped casting挤箱push up,cramp-off型裂broken mold,cracked掉砂crush ofmold, crush变形deformation,casting distortion, warped castingB.缩孔（由凝固收缩引起)缩孔shrinkage,shrinkaged cavity内部缩孔internalshrinkage, dispersed shrinkage, blind shrinkage敞露缩孔open shrinkage,external shrinkages, sink marks, depression缩松porosity, shrinkage porosity,leakers, micro shrinkage, disperded shrinkage缩陷sink marks,draw, suck-in芯面缩孔core shrinkage内角缩孔cornershrinkage, fillet shrinkage出汗孔extruded bead,exudation线状缩孔fissure likeshrinkageC.气体缺陷（由气体引起的孔）气孔blowholes,gas hole, blow针孔pinholes裂纹状缺陷，线状缺陷fissure defectsD.裂纹裂纹crack缩裂shrinkage crack季裂seasoncracking, season crack应力热裂hot cracking,hot tearing, hot tear淬火裂纹quench crack,quenching crack应力冷裂cold cracking,breakage, cold tearing, cold tear 龟裂crack激冷层裂纹，白裂chill crackE.夹杂物夹渣slaginclusion, slag blowholes砂眼sandinclusion, raised sand, sand hole其他夹杂物the other inclusion胀砂push up,cramp-off, sand hole掉砂crush, crushof mold硬点hard spot浮渣dross ( 浇注后在铸型内形成的缺陷，尤其是石墨、氧化物和硫化物的线状缺陷的总称，另外，浇注过程中被卷进去的缺陷成为夹渣和砂眼，两者的区别是形成原因不同）石墨浮渣graphite dross,carbon dross氧化皮夹渣oxide dross, oxideinclusion, skins, seams硫化物熔渣sulfide dross沉淀物sludge夹渣物sand inclusion,oxide inclusion, skins, seams黑点，黑渣black spots,lustrous carbon涂料夹渣blacking,refractory coating inclusions光亮碳膜lustrous carbonfilms, kish tracksF.外观缺陷浇不足misrun, shortrun, cold lap, cold shut冷隔cold shut,cold laps轻度冷隔seam两重皮plate皱皮surface fold,gas run, elephant skin, seams, scare, flow marks 漏箱run-out,runout, break-out, bleeder漏芯mold drop,stiker未浇满short pours,short run, poured short气孔blowholes, blow飞翅fins，joint flash胀砂，气疱swell, blister芯撑未融合chaplet shut,insert cold shut, unfused chaplet热粘砂burn in热痕flow marks内渗豆，冷豆，冷隔internal sweating, coldshot, shot iron外渗物sweating磷化物渗豆phosphide sweat铅渗豆lead sweat锡渗豆tin sweat掉砂rat, sticker （型砂的一部分附着在模样上而形成的表面缺陷）G.型芯缺陷砂芯断裂crushed core,broken core砂芯压碎broken core芯面缩孔core blow砂芯缩孔core blow砂芯下垂sag core,deformed core砂芯弯曲deformed core漂芯shiftedcore, core raise, raised core, mold element cutout 偏芯core shiftH.表面缺陷沾砂burn on,sand burning, burn in , penetration粘型（金属型）fusion两重皮laminations ,plat机械粘砂penetration ,metal penetration夹渣结疤scabs ,expansion scabs , corner scab表面粗糙rough casting ,rough surface鼠尾buckle , rattail涂料结疤blacking scab ,wash scabs烘干不足sever surface ,wash scabs熟痕surfacedefect casting by combination of gas and shrinkage ( 在靠近厚断面处形成下陷的蛇状伤痕）涂料剥落wash erosion气疱blister ,surface or subsurface blow hole表面粗糙rough surface ,seems , scars起皮stripping剥落结疤pull down ,spalling scab伤痕crow’s feet麻面pittingsurface , orange peel , alligator skin热裂痕surface folds, gas runs泡疤表面surface folds ,gas runs象皮状皱皮surface fold , gasrun , elephant skin皱皮surface fold, gas run , seams , scare , flow marks 波纹wave冲砂wash冲蚀erosionI.组织缺陷（铸铁)球化不良poor nodularity, degenerated graphite蠕墨化不良degeneratedgraphite异常石墨abnormalgraphite开花状石墨exploded graphite过冷石墨under cooledgraphite , D-type graphite石墨细小颗粒chunky graphite石墨粗大kish graphite ,kish整列石墨aligned graphite石墨漂浮floated graphite石墨魏氏组织Widmannstattengraphite麻口mottled cast iron , mottle灰点mottle反麻口inverse mottle ( 与麻口相反，在薄断面处和尖角处形成的麻口）白口chill反白口reverse chill , inverse chill冷豆extruded bead , exudation ,internal sweating退火不足miss annealing , incomplete annealing粗大枝晶组织coarsened dendritic反偏析inverse segregation比重偏析gravity segregation溶质偏析solute segregation宏观偏析macroscopic segregation微观偏析microscopic segregationJ.断口缺陷表面铁素体ferrite rim表面珠光体pearlite rim白缘，脱碳pearlitic rim , picture frame , pearlitelayer不均匀断口heterogeneous fractured surface破碎激冷层scattered chill structure , cold flakes晶粒粗大rough grain尖钉状断口spiky fractured surface冰糖状断口rock candy fracture surfaceK.力学性能缺陷硬点hard spot ( 对铸件，硬点是硬区、白口或冷豆等力学性能缺陷的总称；对铝合金，硬点是铸件内各种高硬度相，如初晶Si相、金属间化合物、氧化物，偏析等总称）硬度不良poor hardness , too high or lowhardnessL.使用性能缺陷腐蚀性不良poor corrosion resistance切削性不良poor machinability麻点torn surface锌晶间腐蚀zinc intergranular corrosion电导率不良poor electrical conductivityM.其他缺陷残留飞翅residual fin残留黑皮residualblack skin浇道冒口断口缺肉broken casting at gate , riser or vent端部缺肉inside cut切口缺肉（压铸件）inside cut翘曲( 喷丸引起）camber, excessive cleaning铸件弯曲( 铸件变形）warped casting , casting distortion , deformed mold , mold creep打磨缺肉crow’s feet铸造管理缺陷裂纹crack压痕impression残留物型砂残留sand inclusions喷丸粒残留residual shot锌蒸汽向炉壁渗透zinc infiltration into refractory。