偏微分方程数值解习题

第6章附录6.1 对流方程例题6.1.2计算程序!ADVECT.F!!!! advect - Program to solve the advection equation! using the various hyperbolic PDE schemesprogram advectinteger*4 MAXN, MAXnplotsparameter( MAXN = 500, MAXnplots = 500 )integer*4 method, N, nStep, i, j, ip(MAXN), im(MAXN)integer*4 iplot, nplots, iStepreal*8 L, h, c, tau, coeff, coefflw, pi, sigma, k_wavereal*8 x(MAXN), a(MAXN), a_new(MAXN), plotStepreal*8 aplot(MAXN,MAXnplots+1), tplot(MAXnplots+1)!* Select numerical parameters (time step, grid spacing, etc.).write(*,*) 'Choose a numerical method: 'write(*,*) ' 1) FTCS, 2) Lax, 3) Lax-Wendroff : 'read(*,*) methodwrite(*,*) 'Enter number of grid points: 100'read(*,*) NL = 1. ! System sizeh = L/N ! Grid spacingc = 1 ! Wave speedwrite(*,*) 'Time for wave to move one grid spacing is ', h/cwrite(*,*) 'Enter time step: 0.001'read(*,*) taucoeff = -c*tau/(2.*h) ! Coefficient used by all schemescoefflw = 2*coeff*coeff ! Coefficient used by L-W schemewrite(*,*) 'Wave circles system in ', L/(c*tau), ' steps'write(*,*) 'Enter number of steps: 300'read(*,*) nStep!* Set initial and boundary conditions.pi = 3.141592654sigma = 0.1 ! Width of the Gaussian pulsek_wave = pi/sigma ! Wave number of the cosinedo i=1,Nx(i) = (i-0.5)*h - L/2 ! Coordinates of grid pointsa(i) = cos(k_wave*x(i)) * exp(-x(i)**2/(2*sigma**2))enddo! Use periodic boundary conditionsdo i=2,(N-1)ip(i) = i+1 ! ip(i) = i+1 with periodic b.c.im(i) = i-1 ! im(i) = i-1 with periodic b.c.enddoip(1) = 2ip(N) = 1im(1) = Nim(N) = N-1!* Initialize plotting variables.iplot = 1 ! Plot counternplots = 50 ! Desired number of plotsplotStep = float(nStep)/nplotstplot(1) = 0 ! Record the initial time (t=0)do i=1,Naplot(i,1) = a(i) ! Record the initial stateenddo!* Loop over desired number of steps.do iStep=1,nStep!* Compute new values of wave amplitude using FTCS,! Lax or Lax-Wendroff method.if( method .eq. 1 ) then !!! FTCS method !!!do i=1,Na_new(i) = a(i) + coeff*( a(ip(i))-a(im(i)) )enddoelse if( method .eq. 2 ) then !!! Lax method !!!do i=1,Na_new(i) = 0.5*( a(ip(i))+a(im(i)) ) +& coeff*( a(ip(i))-a(im(i)) )enddoelse !!! Lax-Wendroff method !!!do i=1,Na_new(i) = a(i) + coeff*( a(ip(i))-a(im(i)) ) +& coefflw*( a(ip(i))+a(im(i))-2*a(i) ) enddoendifa(i) = a_new(i) ! Reset with new amplitude valuesenddo!* Periodically record a(t) for plotting.if( (iStep-int(iStep/plotStep)*plotStep) .lt. 1 ) theniplot = iplot+1tplot(iplot) = tau*iStepdo i=1,Naplot(i,iplot) = a(i) ! Record a(i) for plotingenddowrite(*,*) iStep, ' out of ', nStep, ' steps completed'endifenddonplots = iplot ! Actual number of plots recorded!* Print out the plotting variables: x, a, tplot, aplotopen(11,file='x.txt',status='unknown')open(12,file='a.txt',status='unknown')open(13,file='tplot.txt',status='unknown')open(14,file='aplot.txt',status='unknown')do i=1,Nwrite(11,*) x(i)write(12,*) a(i)do j=1,(nplots-1)write(14,1001) aplot(i,j)enddowrite(14,*) aplot(i,nplots)enddodo i=1,nplotswrite(13,*) tplot(i)enddo1001 format(e12.6,', ',$) ! The $ suppresses the carriage return stopend!***** To plot in MATLAB; use the script below ******************** !load x.txt; load a.txt; load tplot.txt; load aplot.txt;!%* Plot the initial and final states.!figure(1); clf; % Clear figure 1 window and bring forward!plot(x,aplot(:,1),'-',x,a,'--');!legend('Initial','Final');!pause(1); % Pause 1 second between plots!%* Plot the wave amplitude versus position and time!figure(2); clf; % Clear figure 2 window and bring forward!mesh(tplot,x,aplot);!ylabel('Position'); xlabel('Time'); zlabel('Amplitude');!view([-70 50]); % Better view from this angle!****************************************************************** ================================================6.2 抛物形方程例题6.2.2计算程序!!!!dftcs.f!!!!!!!!!!! dftcs - Program to solve the diffusion equation! using the Forward Time Centered Space (FTCS) scheme.program dftcsinteger*4 MAXN, MAXnplotsparameter( MAXN = 300, MAXnplots = 500 )integer*4 N, i, j, iplot, nStep, plot_step, nplots, iStepreal*8 tau, L, h, kappa, coeff, tt(MAXN), tt_new(MAXN)real*8 xplot(MAXN), tplot(MAXnplots), ttplot(MAXN,MAXnplots)!* Initialize parameters (time step, grid spacing, etc.).write(*,*) 'Enter time step: 0.0001'read(*,*) tauwrite(*,*) 'Enter the number of grid points: 50 'read(*,*) NL = 1. ! The system extends from x=-L/2 to x=L/2h = L/(N-1) ! Grid sizekappa = 1. ! Diffusion coefficientcoeff = kappa*tau/h**2if( coeff .lt. 0.5 ) thenwrite(*,*) 'Solution is expected to be stable'elsewrite(*,*) 'WARNING: Solution is expected to be unstable'endif!* Set initial and boundary conditions.do i=1,Ntt(i) = 0.0 ! Initialize temperature to zero at all pointstt_new(i) = 0.0enddo!! The boundary conditions are tt(1) = tt(N) = 0!! End points are unchanged during iteration!* Set up loop and plot variables.iplot = 1 ! Counter used to count plotsnStep = 300 ! Maximum number of iterationsplot_step = 6 ! Number of time steps between plots nplots = nStep/plot_step + 1 ! Number of snapshots (plots)do i=1,Nxplot(i) = (i-1)*h - L/2 ! Record the x scale for plotsenddo!* Loop over the desired number of time steps.do iStep=1,nStep!* Compute new temperature using FTCS scheme.do i=2,(N-1)tt_new(i) = tt(i) + coeff*(tt(i+1) + tt(i-1) - 2*tt(i))enddodo i=2,(N-1)tt(i) = tt_new(i) ! Reset temperature to new valuesenddo!* Periodically record temperature for plotting.if( mod(iStep,plot_step) .lt. 1 ) then ! Every plot_step stepsdo i=1,N ! record tt(i) for plottingttplot(i,iplot) = tt(i)enddotplot(iplot) = iStep*tau ! Record time for plotsiplot = iplot+1endifenddonplots = iplot-1 ! Number of plots actually recorded!* Print out the plotting variables: tplot, xplot, ttplotopen(11,file='tplot.txt',status='unknown')open(12,file='xplot.txt',status='unknown')open(13,file='ttplot.txt',status='unknown')do i=1,nplotswrite(11,*) tplot(i)enddowrite(12,*) xplot(i)do j=1,(nplots-1)write(13,1001) ttplot(i,j)enddowrite(13,*) ttplot(i,nplots)enddo1001 format(e12.6,', ',$) ! The $ suppresses the carriage returnstopend!***** To plot in MATLAB; use the script below ********************!load tplot.txt; load xplot.txt; load ttplot.txt;!%* Plot temperature versus x and t as wire-mesh and contour plots.!figure(1); clf;!mesh(tplot,xplot,ttplot); % Wire-mesh surface plot!xlabel('Time'); ylabel('x'); zlabel('T(x,t)');!title('Diffusion of a delta spike');!pause(1);!figure(2); clf;!contourLevels = 0:0.5:10; contourLabels = 0:5;!cs = contour(tplot,xplot,ttplot,contourLevels); % Contour plot!clabel(cs,contourLabels); % Add labels to selected contour levels!xlabel('Time'); ylabel('x');!title('Temperature contour plot');!******************************************************************! program diffu_explicit.for! explicit methods for finite diffrencedimension T(51,51)real dx,dt,lamda,kp,Tmax,Tminopen(2,file='diffu_1.dat')dx=0.5dt=0.1kp=0.835lamda=kp*dt/dx/dxTmax=100.Tmin=0.imax=21write(*,*) 'lamda=',lamdado i=1,50do j=1,50T(i,j)=0.0do j=1,40T(1,j)=TmaxT(imax,j)=Tminend dodo j=1,40do i=2,20T(i,j+1)=T(i,j)+lamda*(T(i+1,j)-2.*T(i,j)+T(i-1,j)) end dowrite(2,222) (T(i,j),i=1,21)end do222 format(1x,21(2x,f18.10))end% diffu_explicit.mclc; clear all;nl = 20.; nt = 40;dx = 0.5; dt = 0.1; kp = 0.835;lamda = kp*dt/dx/dx;Tl = 0.; Tr = 100.;T = zeros(nl,nt);T(1,:) = Tl; T(nl,:)=Tr;for j=1:nt-1for i =2:nl-1T(i,j+1)=T(i,j)+lamda*(T(i+1,j)-2.*T(i,j)+T(i-1,j));endendsurf(T');xlabel('x');ylabel('time');zlabel('Temperature');title('explicit scheme');! diffu_implicit.for! implicit methods for finite diffrenceexternal tridparameter (imax=21,kmax=50)dimension t(imax),a(imax),b(imax),c(imax),r(imax),u(imax) real dx,dt,lamda,kp,tmax,tminopen(2,file='diffu_2.dat')dx=0.5lamda=kp*dt/dx/dxtmax=100.tmin=0.write(*,*) 'lamda=',lamdado i=2,imax-1! t(i)=tmax-(tmax-tmin)/(imax-1.)*(i-1.) t(i)=0.0end dot(1)=tmaxt(imax)=tmin! write(*,*) a(i),b(i),c(i)b(1)=1.c(1)=0.r(1)=t(1)a(imax)=0.b(imax)=1.r(imax)=t(imax)do i=2,imax-1a(i)=-lamdab(i)=1.+2.*lamdac(i)=-lamdar(i)=t(i)end dok=01 k=k+1call trid(a,b,c,r,u,imax)do i=1,imaxt(i)=u(i)r(i)=u(i)end dowrite(2,222) (t(i),i=1,imax)! write(*,222) (t(i),i=1,imax)if(k.lt.kmax) goto 1222 format(1x,21(2x,f18.12))endsubroutine trid(a,b,c,r,u,n)parameter (nmax=100)real gam(nmax),a(n),b(n),c(n),u(n),r(n)if (b(1)==0.) pause 'b(1)=0 in trid'bet=b(1)u(1)=r(1)/betdo j=2,ngam(j)=c(j-1)/betbet=b(j)-a(j)*gam(j)if (bet==0.) pause 'bet=0 in trid'u(j)=(r(j)-a(j)*u(j-1))/betend dodo j=n-1,1,-1u(j)=u(j)-gam(j+1)*u(j+1)end doend subroutine trid================================================== 6.3椭圆方程例题6.3.1计算程序! program overrelaxation.for! overrelaxation_iteration_methods for finite diffrence! of the 2d_Laplacian difference equationparameter(imax=25,jmax=25,pi=3.1415926)dimension T(imax,jmax),a(imax,jmax),& qx(imax,jmax),qy(imax,jmax),q(imax,jmax),an(imax,jmax) real lamda,Tu,Td,Tl,Tr,kpx,kpy,dx,dyopen(2,file='overrelaxation.dat')open(3,file='q.dat')lamda=1.5;Tu=100.;Tl=75.;Tr=50.;Td=0.;dx=1.;dy=1.;kmax=9 kpx=-0.49/2./dx;kpy=-0.49/2./dydo i=1,imaxdo j=1,jmaxT(i,j)=0.0end doend doT(1,1)=0.5*(Td+Tl) ;T(1,jmax)=0.5*(Tl+Tu)T(imax,jmax)=0.5*(Tu+Tr);T(imax,1)=0.5*(Tr+Td)do j=2,jmax-1T(1,j)=Tl; T(imax,j)=Trend dodo i=2, imax-1T(i,1)=Td; T(i,jmax)=Tuend dok=0do i=2,imax-1do j=2,jmax-1a(i,j)=T(i,j)T(i,j)=0.25*(T(i+1,j)+T(i-1,j)+T(i,j+1)+T(i,j-1))T(i,j)=lamda*T(i,j)+(1.-lamda)*a(i,j)end doend doep=abs((T(2,2)-a(2,2))/T(2,2))if(k.lt.kmax) goto 5write(*,*) 'ep=',epdo j=1,jmaxwrite(2,222) (T(i,j),i=1,imax)end do222 format(1x,25(2x,f14.10))do i=2,imax-1do j=2,jmax-1qx(i,j)=kpx*(T(i+1,j)-T(i-1,j))qy(i,j)=kpy*(T(i,j+1)-T(i,j-1))q(i,j)=sqrt(qx(i,j)*qx(i,j)+qy(i,j)*qy(i,j))if(qx(i,j).gt.0.) thenan(i,j)=atan(qy(i,j)/qx(i,j))elsean(i,j)=atan(qy(i,j)/qx(i,j))+piend ifend doend dodo j=2,jmax-1do i=2,imax-1! write(3,333) dx*(i-1),dy*(j-1),an(i,j),q(i,j)write(3,333) dx*(i-1),dy*(j-1),qx(i,j),qy(i,j)end doend do333 format(1x,4(2x,f18.12))End================================================= 例题6.3.2计算程序!!!!xadi.f90!!!!!program xadiuse AVDefuse DFLibparameter(n=19)real aj(n),bj(n),cj(n)integer statusreal T(0:n,0:n),TT(0:n,0:n)real lamda,Tu,Td,Tl,Tr,dx,dy,dt,kaopen(2,file='T3.dat')Tu=100.;Tl=75.;Tr=50.;Td=0.;dx=1.;dy=1.;kmax=10;dt=1.ka=0.835; lamda=ka*dt/(dx*dx)write(*,*) 'lamda=',lamdaT = 0.T(0,:) = Tl; T(n,:) =TrT(:,0) = Td; T(:,n) =TuT(0,0)=0.5*(Td+Tl);T(0,n)=0.5*(Tl+Tu)T(n,n)=0.5*(Tu+Tr);T(n,0)=0.5*(Tr+Td)! 系数矩阵赋值aj(:)=-lamda; ai(:)=lamdabj(:)= 2.*(1.+lamda); bi(:)=2.*(1-lamda)cj(:)=-lamda; ci(:)=lamdacall faglStartWatch(T, status)! 相当于随时间演化do k=1,kmaxdo i=1,n-1do j=1,n-1r(j)=ai(i)*T(i-1,j)+bi(i)*T(i,j)+ci(i)*T(i+1,j)end dor(1)=r(1)-aj(1)*T(i,0)r(n-1)=r(n-1)-cj(n-1)*T(i,n)call tridag(aj,bj,cj,r,u,n-1)do j=1,n-1T(i,j)=u(j)end doend do! 将矩阵T转置计算x方向call reverse(n,T,TT)do i=1,n-1do j=1,n-1r(j)=ai(i)*TT(i-1,j)+bi(i)*TT(i,j)+ci(i)*TT(i+1,j) end dor(1)=r(1)-aj(1)*TT(i,0)r(n-1)=r(n-1)-cj(n-1)*TT(i,n)call tridag(aj,bj,cj,r,u,n-1)do j=1,n-1TT(i,j)=u(j)end doend docall reverse(n,TT,T)call faglUpdate(T, status)call faglShow(T, status)end dopausecall faglClose(T, status)call faglEndWatch(T, status)do j=0,nwrite(2,222) (T(i,j),i=0,n)end do222 format(1x,20(2x,f14.10))endSUBROUTINE tridag(a,b,c,r,u,n)INTEGER n,NMAXREAL a(n),b(n),c(n),r(n),u(n)PARAMETER (NMAX=500)INTEGER jREAL bet,gam(NMAX)if(b(1).eq.0.)pause 'tridag: rewrite equations'bet=b(1)u(1)=r(1)/betdo 11 j=2,ngam(j)=c(j-1)/betbet=b(j)-a(j)*gam(j)if(bet.eq.0.)pause 'tridag failed'u(j)=(r(j)-a(j)*u(j-1))/bet11 continuedo 12 j=n-1,1,-1u(j)=u(j)-gam(j+1)*u(j+1)12 continuereturnENDSUBROUTINE REVERSE(n,T,TT) integer n,i,jreal T(0:n,0:n),TT(0:n,0:n)do i=0,ndo j=0,nTT(i,j)=T(j,i)end doend doreturnend================================================6.4 非线性偏微分方程% gasdynamincs_lw_1.mclc; clear all;xmin=-1.; xmax=1.; nx=101; h=(xmax-xmin)/(nx-1);r=0.9; cad=0.; time=0.; gamma=1.4; bcl=1.; bcr=1.;fprintf(' Space step - %f \n',h); fprintf(' \n');dd(1:nx)=zeros(1,nx); ud(1:nx)=zeros(1,nx); pd(1:nx)=zeros(1,nx);x(1:nx)=xmin+((1:nx)-1)*h;% Test 1te=' ( Test 1 )';rol=1.; ul=0.; pl=1.;ror=0.125; ur=0.; pr=0.1;tp=5.5;% Test 3%te=' ( Test 3 )';%rol=0.1; ul=0.; pl=1.;%ror=1.; ur=0.; pr=100.;%tp=0.05;% Initial conditionsdd(1:(nx-1)/2+1)=rol; ud(1:(nx-1)/2+1)=ul; pd(1:(nx-1)/2+1)=pl;dd((nx-1)/2+2:nx)=ror;ud((nx-1)/2+2:nx)=ur; pd((nx-1)/2+2:nx)=pr;[d,u,p,e,time]=lw_gasdynamics(dd,ud,pd,h,nx,r,cad,tp,gamma,bcl,bcr);% Exact solutionfor n=1:nx[density, velocity, pressure]=riemann(x(n),time,rol,ul,pl,ror,ur,pr,gamma);de(n)=density; ue(n)=velocity; pe(n)=pressure;ee(n)=pressure/((gamma-1.)*density);endfigure(1);plot(x,de,'k-',x,d,'k--');xlabel(' x ');ylabel(' density ');title([' Example 6.1 ',te]);figure(2);plot(x,ue,'k-',x,u,'k--');xlabel(' x ');ylabel(' velocity ');title([' Example 6.1 ',te]);figure(3);plot(x,pe,'k-',x,p,'k--');xlabel(' x ');ylabel(' pressure ');title([' Example 6.1 ',te]);figure(4);plot(x,ee,'k-',x,e,'k--');xlabel(' x ');ylabel(' internal energy ');title([' Example 6.1 ',te]);clear all;% Lax-Wendroff scheme (gasdynamics)function [d,u,p,e,time]=lw_gasdynamics(dd,ud,pd,h,nx,r,cad,tp,gamma,bcl,bcr)sd(1,1:nx)=dd(1:nx);sd(2,1:nx)=dd(1:nx).*ud(1:nx);sd(3,1:nx)=pd(1:nx)/(gamma-1.)+0.5*(dd(1:nx).*ud(1:nx)).*ud(1:nx);si(1:3,1:nx+1)=zeros(3,nx+1); av(1:3,1:nx)=zeros(3,nx);time=0.;while time <= tpsta=max(abs(sd(2,:)./sd(1,:))+...sqrt(gamma*(gamma-1)*(sd(3,:)./sd(1,:)-0.5*(sd(2,:).*sd(2,:))./(sd(1,:).*sd(1,:)))));tau=r*h*sqrt(1.-2.*cad)/sta;time=time+tau; %fprintf(' time - %f \n',time);% first stepif bcl == 0sl1=sd(1,2); sl2=-sd(2,2); sl3=sd(3,2);elsesl1=sd(1,2); sl2=sd(2,2); sl3=sd(3,2);endgl(1)=sl2;gl(2)=(gamma-1.)*sl3+0.5*(3.-gamma)*sl2^2/sl1;gl(3)=sl2*(gamma*sl3-0.5*(gamma-1.)*sl2^2/sl1)/sl1;for n=1:nxif (n == 1)|(n == nx)av(:,n)=[ 0.; 0.; 0.;];elseav(:,n)=cad*(sd(:,n+1)-2.*sd(:,n)+sd(:,n-1));endsr1=sd(1,n); sr2=sd(2,n); sr3=sd(3,n);gr(1)=sr2;gr(2)=(gamma-1.)*sr3+0.5*(3.-gamma)*sr2^2/sr1;gr(3)=sr2*(gamma*sr3-0.5*(gamma-1.)*sr2^2/sr1)/sr1;si(1,n)=0.5*(sl1+sr1)-(gr(1)-gl(1))*tau*0.5/h;si(2,n)=0.5*(sl2+sr2)-(gr(2)-gl(2))*tau*0.5/h;si(3,n)=0.5*(sl3+sr3)-(gr(3)-gl(3))*tau*0.5/h;gl(:)=gr(:);sl1=sr1; sl2=sr2; sl3=sr3;endif bcr == 0sr1=sd(1,nx-1); sr2=-sd(2,nx-1); sr3=sd(3,nx-1);elsesr1=sd(1,nx-1); sr2=sd(2,nx-1); sr3=sd(3,nx-1);endgr(1)=sr2;gr(2)=(gamma-1.)*sr3+0.5*(3.-gamma)*sr2^2/sr1;gr(3)=sr2*(gamma*sr3-0.5*(gamma-1.)*sr2^2/sr1)/sr1;si(1,nx+1)=0.5*(sl1+sr1)-(gr(1)-gl(1))*tau*0.5/h;si(2,nx+1)=0.5*(sl2+sr2)-(gr(2)-gl(2))*tau*0.5/h;si(3,nx+1)=0.5*(sl3+sr3)-(gr(3)-gl(3))*tau*0.5/h;% second stepfl(1)=si(2,1);fl(2)=(gamma-1.)*si(3,1)+0.5*(3.-gamma)*si(2,1)^2/si(1,1);fl(3)=si(2,1)*(gamma*si(3,1)-0.5*(gamma-1.)*si(2,1)^2/si(1,1))/si(1,1);for n=2:nx+1fr(1)=si(2,n);fr(2)=(gamma-1.)*si(3,n)+0.5*(3.-gamma)*si(2,n)^2/si(1,n);fr(3)=si(2,n)*(gamma*si(3,n)-0.5*(gamma-1.)*si(2,n)^2/si(1,n))/si(1,n);su(:,n-1)=sd(:,n-1)-(fr(:)-fl(:))*tau/h+av(:,n-1);fl(:)=fr(:);endsd(:,1:nx)=su(:,1:nx);endd(1:nx)=su(1,1:nx); u(1:nx)=su(2,1:nx)./su(1,1:nx);p(1:nx)=(gamma-1.)*(su(3,1:nx)-0.5*(su(2,1:nx).*su(2,1:nx))./su(1,1:nx));e(1:nx)=(su(3,1:nx)-0.5*(su(2,1:nx).*su(2,1:nx))./su(1,1:nx))./su(1,1:nx);return;% Solves Riemann problem for ideal gas% r1, u1, p1 initial parameters for x<0% r2, u2, p2 initial parameters for x>0% rf, uf, pf solution at the point (x,t)% c1, c2 sound speeds for x<0 and for x>0% s1, sr velocties of the fronts of S(hock)W(ave)s% shl, shr velocties of the fronts of the heads of R(arefaction)Ws% stl, str velocties of the tails of RWsfunction [rf,uf,pf]=riemann(x,t,r1,u1,p1,r2,u2,p2,gamma)g(1)=0.5*(gamma-1.)/gamma; g(2)=0.5*(gamma+1.)/gamma; g(3)=2.*gamma/(gamma-1.); g(4)=2./(gamma-1.); g(5)=2./(gamma+1.); g(6)=(gamma-1.)/(gamma+1.);g(7)=0.5*(gamma-1.); g(8)=1./gamma; g(9)=gamma-1.;s=x/t;c1 = sqrt(p1/(r1*g(8)));c2 = sqrt(p2/(r2*g(8)));du=u2-u1;% Vacuum solutionuvac=g(4)*(c1+c2)-du;if uvac <= 0.disp(' Vacuum generated by given data');return;end% Apply Newton method% Initial guessespv=0.5*(p1+p2)-0.125*du*(r1+r2)*(c1+c2);pmin=min(p1,p2); pmax=max(p1,p2); qrat=pmax/pmin;if ( qrat <= 2. ) & ( pmin <= pv & pv <= pmax )p=max(1.0e-6,pv);elseif pv < pminpnu=c1+c2-g(7)*du;pde=c1/(p1^g(1))+c2/(p2^g(1));p=(pnu/pde)^g(3);elsegel=sqrt((g(5)/r1)/(g(6)*p1+max(1.0e-6,pv)));ger=sqrt((g(5)/r2)/(g(6)*p2+max(1.0e-6,pv)));p=(gel*p1+ger*p2-du)/(gel+ger); p=max(1.0e-6,p);endendp0=p; err=1.;while err > 1.0e-5if p <= p1prat=p/p1; fl=g(4)*c1*(prat^g(1)-1.); ffl=1./(r1*c1*prat^g(2));elsea=g(5)/r1; b=g(6)*p1; qrt=sqrt(a/(b+p));fl=(p-p1)*qrt; ffl=(1.-0.5*(p-p1)/(b+p))*qrt;endif p <= p2prat=p/p2; fr=g(4)*c2*(prat^g(1)-1.); ffr=1./(r2*c2*prat^g(2));elsea=g(5)/r2; b=g(6)*p2; qrt=sqrt(a/(b+p));fr=(p-p2)*qrt; ffr=(1.-0.5*(p-p2)/(b+p))*qrt;endp=p-(fl+fr+du)/(ffl+ffr);err=2.*abs(p-p0)/(p+p0); p0=p;endif p0 < 0.p0=1.0e-6;end% Velocity of CDu0=0.5*(u1+u2+fr-fl);if s <= u0if p0 <= p1shl=u1-c1;if s <= shlrf=r1; uf=u1; pf=p1; return;elsecml=c1*(p0/p1)^g(1); stl=u0-cml;if s > stlrf=r1*(p0/p1)^g(8); uf=u0; pf=p0; return;elseuf=g(5)*(c1+g(7)*u1+s); c=g(5)*(c1+g(7)*(u1-s));rf=r1*(c/c1)^g(4); pf=p1*(c/c1)^g(3);return;endendelsepml=p0/p1; sl=u1-c1*sqrt(g(2)*pml+g(1));if s <= slrf=r1; uf=u1; pf=p1; return;elserf=r1*(pml+g(6))/(pml*g(6)+1.); uf=u0; pf=p0; return;endendelseif p0 > p2pmr=p0/p2; sr=u2+c2*sqrt(g(2)*pmr+g(1));if s >= srrf=r2; uf=u2; pf=p2; return;elserf=r2*(pmr+g(6))/(pmr*g(6)+1.); uf=u0; pf=p0; return;endelseshr=u2+c2;if s >= shrrf=r2; uf=u2; pf=p2; return;elsecmr=c2*(p0/p2)^g(1); str=u0+cmr;if s <= strrf=r2*(p0/p2)^g(8); uf=u0; pf=p0; return;elseuf=g(5)*(-c2+g(7)*u2+s); c=g(5)*(c2-g(7)*(u2-s));rf=r2*(c/c2)^g(4); pf=p2*(c/c2)^g(3);return;endendendendreturn;%%%%%%%%% gasdynamics_Godunov.m%%%%%%%%%%%%%clc; clear all;xmin=-1.; xmax=1.; nx=101; h=(xmax-xmin)/(nx-1);r=0.9; gamma=1.4; bcl=1.; bcr=1.;fprintf('gasdynamics_godunov \n'); fprintf(' Space step - %f \n',h); fprintf(' \n'); dd(1:nx-1)=zeros(1,nx-1); ud(1:nx-1)=zeros(1,nx-1); pd(1:nx-1)=zeros(1,nx-1);x(1:nx)=xmin+((1:nx)-1)*h; xa=xmin+((1:nx-1)-0.5)*h;% Test 1te=' ( Test 1 )';rol=1.; ul=0.; pl=1.;ror=0.125; ur=0.; pr=0.1;tp=15.5;% Test 2%te=' ( Test 2 )';%rol=1.; ul=0.; pl=1000.;%ror=1.; ur=0.; pr=1.;%tp=0.024;% Test 3%te=' ( Test 3 )';%rol=0.1; ul=0.; pl=1.;%ror=1.; ur=0.; pr=100.;%tp=0.05;% Test 4%te=' ( Test 4 )';%rol=5.99924; ul=19.5975; pl=460.894;%ror=5.99242; ur=-6.19633; pr=46.0950;%tp=0.05;% Test 5%te=' ( Test 5 )';%rol=3.86; ul=-0.81; pl=10.33;%ror=1.; ur=-3.44; pr=1.;%tp=0.5;% Initial conditionsdd(1:(nx-1)/2)=rol; ud(1:(nx-1)/2)=ul; pd(1:(nx-1)/2)=pl;dd((nx-1)/2+1:nx-1)=ror;ud((nx-1)/2+1:nx-1)=ur; pd((nx-1)/2+1:nx-1)=pr;[d,u,p,e,time]=godunov_gasdynamics(dd,ud,pd,h,nx,r,tp,gamma,bcl,bcr);% Exact solutionfor n=1:nx[density, velocity, pressure]=riemann(x(n),time,rol,ul,pl,ror,ur,pr,gamma);de(n)=density; ue(n)=velocity; pe(n)=pressure;ee(n)=pressure/((gamma-1.)*density);endfigure(1);plot(x,de,'k-',xa,d,'ko');xlabel(' x ');ylabel(' density ');title([' Example 6.3 ',te]);figure(2);plot(x,ue,'k-',xa,u,'ko');xlabel(' x ');ylabel(' velocity ');figure(3);plot(x,pe,'k-',xa,p,'ko');xlabel(' x ');ylabel(' pressure ');figure(4);plot(x,ee,'k-',xa,e,'ko');xlabel(' x ');ylabel(' internal energy ');clear all;% Method of S. K. Godunovfunction [d,u,p,e,time]=godunov_gasdynamics(dd,ud,pd,h,nx,r,tp,gamma,bcl,bcr)g(1)=0.5*(gamma-1.)/gamma; g(2)=0.5*(gamma+1.)/gamma; g(3)=2.*gamma/(gamma-1.); g(4)=2./(gamma-1.); g(5)=2./(gamma+1.); g(6)=(gamma-1.)/(gamma+1.);g(7)=0.5*(gamma-1.); g(8)=1./gamma; g(9)=gamma-1.;sd(1,1:nx-1)=dd(1:nx-1);sd(2,1:nx-1)=dd(1:nx-1).*ud(1:nx-1);sd(3,1:nx-1)=pd(1:nx-1)/(gamma-1.)+0.5*(dd(1:nx-1).*ud(1:nx-1)).*ud(1:nx-1);time=0.;while time <= tpsta=max(abs(sd(2,:)./sd(1,:))+...sqrt(gamma*(gamma-1)*(sd(3,:)./sd(1,:)-0.5*(sd(2,:).*sd(2,:))./(sd(1,:).*sd(1,:)))));tau=r*h/sta;time=time+tau; %fprintf(' %f \n',time);if bcl == 0[f1,f2,f3]=flux_godunov(sd(1,1),-sd(2,1),sd(3,1),sd(1,1),sd(2,1),sd(3,1),g(:));else[f1,f2,f3]=flux_godunov(sd(1,1),sd(2,1),sd(3,1),sd(1,1),sd(2,1),sd(3,1),g(:));endfleft(1)=f1; fleft(2)=f2; fleft(3)=f3;for n=1:nx-2[f1,f2,f3]=flux_godunov(sd(1,n),sd(2,n),sd(3,n),sd(1,n+1),sd(2,n+1),sd(3,n+1),g(:));fright(1)=f1; fright(2)=f2; fright(3)=f3;su(:,n)=sd(:,n)-(fright(:)-fleft(:))*tau/h;fleft(:)=fright(:);endif bcr == 0[f1,f2,f3]=flux_godunov(sd(1,nx-1),sd(2,nx-1),sd(3,nx-1),sd(1,nx-1),-sd(2,nx-1),...sd(3,nx-1),g(:));else[f1,f2,f3]=flux_godunov(sd(1,nx-1),sd(2,nx-1),sd(3,nx-1),sd(1,nx-1),sd(2,nx-1),...sd(3,nx-1),g(:));endfright(1)=f1; fright(2)=f2; fright(3)=f3;su(:,nx-1)=sd(:,nx-1)-(fright(:)-fleft(:))*tau/h;sd(:,1:nx-1)=su(:,1:nx-1);endd(1:nx-1)=su(1,1:nx-1); u(1:nx-1)=su(2,1:nx-1)./su(1,1:nx-1);p(1:nx-1)=(gamma-1.)*(su(3,1:nx-1)-0.5*(su(2,1:nx-1).*su(2,1:nx-1))./su(1,1:nx-1));e(1:nx-1)=(su(3,1:nx-1)-0.5*(su(2,1:nx-1).*su(2,1:nx-1))./su(1,1:nx-1))./su(1,1:nx-1); return;% Solves Riemann problem for ideal gas% r1, u1, p1 initial parameters for x<0% r2, u2, p2 initial parameters for x>0% rf, uf, pf solution at the point (x,t)% c1, c2 sound speeds for x<0 and for x>0% s1, sr velocties of the fronts of S(hock)W(ave)s% shl, shr velocties of the fronts of the heads of R(arefaction)Ws% stl, str velocties of the tails of RWsfunction [rf,uf,pf]=riemann(x,t,r1,u1,p1,r2,u2,p2,gamma)g(1)=0.5*(gamma-1.)/gamma; g(2)=0.5*(gamma+1.)/gamma; g(3)=2.*gamma/(gamma-1.);g(7)=0.5*(gamma-1.); g(8)=1./gamma; g(9)=gamma-1.;s=x/t;c1 = sqrt(p1/(r1*g(8)));c2 = sqrt(p2/(r2*g(8)));du=u2-u1;% Vacuum solutionuvac=g(4)*(c1+c2)-du;if uvac <= 0.disp(' Vacuum generated by given data');return;end% Apply Newton method% Initial guessespv=0.5*(p1+p2)-0.125*du*(r1+r2)*(c1+c2);pmin=min(p1,p2); pmax=max(p1,p2); qrat=pmax/pmin;if ( qrat <= 2. ) & ( pmin <= pv & pv <= pmax )p=max(1.0e-6,pv);elseif pv < pminpnu=c1+c2-g(7)*du;pde=c1/(p1^g(1))+c2/(p2^g(1));p=(pnu/pde)^g(3);elsegel=sqrt((g(5)/r1)/(g(6)*p1+max(1.0e-6,pv)));ger=sqrt((g(5)/r2)/(g(6)*p2+max(1.0e-6,pv)));p=(gel*p1+ger*p2-du)/(gel+ger); p=max(1.0e-6,p);endendp0=p; err=1.;while err > 1.0e-5if p <= p1prat=p/p1; fl=g(4)*c1*(prat^g(1)-1.); ffl=1./(r1*c1*prat^g(2));elsea=g(5)/r1; b=g(6)*p1; qrt=sqrt(a/(b+p));fl=(p-p1)*qrt; ffl=(1.-0.5*(p-p1)/(b+p))*qrt;endif p <= p2prat=p/p2; fr=g(4)*c2*(prat^g(1)-1.); ffr=1./(r2*c2*prat^g(2));a=g(5)/r2; b=g(6)*p2; qrt=sqrt(a/(b+p));fr=(p-p2)*qrt; ffr=(1.-0.5*(p-p2)/(b+p))*qrt;endp=p-(fl+fr+du)/(ffl+ffr);err=2.*abs(p-p0)/(p+p0); p0=p;endif p0 < 0.p0=1.0e-6;end% Velocity of CDu0=0.5*(u1+u2+fr-fl);if s <= u0if p0 <= p1shl=u1-c1;if s <= shlrf=r1; uf=u1; pf=p1; return;elsecml=c1*(p0/p1)^g(1); stl=u0-cml;if s > stlrf=r1*(p0/p1)^g(8); uf=u0; pf=p0; return;elseuf=g(5)*(c1+g(7)*u1+s); c=g(5)*(c1+g(7)*(u1-s));rf=r1*(c/c1)^g(4); pf=p1*(c/c1)^g(3);return;endendelsepml=p0/p1; sl=u1-c1*sqrt(g(2)*pml+g(1));if s <= slrf=r1; uf=u1; pf=p1; return;elserf=r1*(pml+g(6))/(pml*g(6)+1.); uf=u0; pf=p0; return;endendelseif p0 > p2pmr=p0/p2; sr=u2+c2*sqrt(g(2)*pmr+g(1));if s >= srrf=r2; uf=u2; pf=p2; return;rf=r2*(pmr+g(6))/(pmr*g(6)+1.); uf=u0; pf=p0; return;endelseshr=u2+c2;if s >= shrrf=r2; uf=u2; pf=p2; return;elsecmr=c2*(p0/p2)^g(1); str=u0+cmr;if s <= strrf=r2*(p0/p2)^g(8); uf=u0; pf=p0; return;elseuf=g(5)*(-c2+g(7)*u2+s); c=g(5)*(c2-g(7)*(u2-s));rf=r2*(c/c2)^g(4); pf=p2*(c/c2)^g(3);return;endendendendreturn;% Solves Riemann problem and computes fluxes for method of S. K. Godunov% r1, u1, p1 parameters in left cell% r2, u2, p2 parameters in right cell% rf, uf, pf parameters on the interface% c1, c2 sound speeds in left and right cells% s1, sr velocties of the fronts of S(hock)W(ave)s% shl, shr velocties of the fronts of the heads of R(arefaction)Ws% stl, str velocties of the tails of RWsfunction [f1,f2,f3]=flux_godunov(sl1,sl2,sl3,sr1,sr2,sr3,g)r1=sl1; u1=sl2/r1; p1=(1./g(8)-1.)*(sl3-0.5*sl2*u1);r2=sr1; u2=sr2/r2; p2=(1./g(8)-1.)*(sr3-0.5*sr2*u2);% sound speeds in left and right cellsc1 = sqrt(p1/(r1*g(8)));c2 = sqrt(p2/(r2*g(8)));du=u2-u1;% Vacuum solution。

一．填空（1553=⨯分）1．若步长趋于零时，差分方程的截断误差0→lmR ，则差分方程的解lm U 趋近于微分方程的解lm u . 此结论_______（错或对）； 2．一阶Sobolev 空间{})(,,),()(21Ω∈''=ΩL f f f y x f H y x关于内积=1),(g f _____________________是Hilbert 空间；3．对非线性（变系数）差分格式，常用 _______系数法讨论差分格式的_______稳定性； 4．写出3x y =在区间]2,1[上的两个一阶广义导数：_________________________________， ________________________________________；5．隐式差分格式关于初值是无条件稳定的. 此结论_______（错或对）。

二．（13分）设有椭圆型方程边值问题用1.0=h 作正方形网格剖分 。

（1）用五点菱形差分格式将微分方程在内点离散化； （2）用截断误差为)(2h O 的差分法将第三边界条件离散化； （3）整理后的差分方程组为 三．（12）给定初值问题xut u ∂∂=∂∂ ， ()10,+=x x u 取时间步长1.0=τ，空间步长2.0=h 。

试合理选用一阶偏心差分格式（最简显格式）, 并以此格式求出解函数),(t x u 在2.0,2.0=-=t x 处的近似值。

1．所选用的差分格式是： 2．计算所求近似值：四．（12分）试讨论差分方程()ha h a r u u r u u k l k l k l k l ττ+-=-+=++++11,1111逼近微分方程0=∂∂+∂∂xu a t u 的截断误差阶R 。

思路一：将r 带入到原式，展开后可得格式是在点（l+1/2,k+1/2）展开的。

思路二：差分格式的用到的四个点刚好是矩形区域的四个顶点，可由此构造中心点的差分格式。

偏微分方程数学考试试题
1. 求解以下偏微分方程：
a. $ \frac{\partial u}{\partial t} = 3 \frac{\partial u}{\partial x} $
b. $ \frac{\partial^2 u}{\partial t^2} = 5 \frac{\partial^2 u}{\partial x^2} $
c. $ \frac{\partial u}{\partial t} = \frac{\partial^2 u}{\partial x^2} $
2. 考虑以下边界条件问题：
$ u(0,t) = 0 $
$ u(1,t) = 2t $
$ u(x,0) = \sin(\pi x) $
求解该问题的解析解。

3. 对于给定的偏微分方程，尝试通过变量分离的方法求解。

证明解的唯一性。

4. 考虑一维热传导方程：$ \frac{\partial u}{\partial t} = \alpha
\frac{\partial^2 u}{\partial x^2} $
其中 $ \alpha $ 是热扩散系数。

解释在不同参数 $ \alpha $ 下方程的行为和性质。

5. 讨论偏微分方程的数值解法，比较有限差分法和有限元法的优缺点并举例说明。

6. 推导一维波动方程的解，并给出波动方程的初边值问题求解方法。

7. 请给出二阶常系数齐次线性偏微分方程的通解形式，并解释其中
每一个参数的物理意义。

8. 推导热传导方程的一维解，并讨论热源对温度分布的影响。

以上就是本次数学考试试题，请同学们认真作答，加油！。

第6章：偏微分方程数值解法6.1对流方程【6.1.1】考虑边值问题, 01,0(0,)0,(1,)1(,0)t x x u au x t u t u t u x x=<<>ìï==íï=î如果取：2/7x D =，(0.5),1,2,3j x j x j =-D =，8/49t D =，k t k t=D 求出111123,,u u u 【解】采用Crank-Nicolson 方法()11111111211222k k k k k k k k j j j j j j j j u u u u u u u u t x ++++-+-+éù-=-++-+ëûD D 11111113k k k k k kj j j j j j u u u u u u +++-+-+-+-=-+由边界条件：(0,)0x u t =，取100k ku u x-=D ，10,0,1,k ku u k ==L (1,)1u t =，41ku =-1 1 0 0 - (1+2s) -s 0 0 -s (1+2s) -s 0 -s (1+2s) -s 0 s L L L L 101210 0 0 0 (1-2s) s 0 0 s (1-2s) s 0 s ( 1 k n n u u s u u u +-éùéùêúêúêúêúêúêú=êúêúêúêúêúêúêúêúêúëûëûL L L L L 01211-2s) s 0 1 1kn u u u u -éùéùêúêúêúêúêúêúêúêúêúêúêúêúêúêúêúëûëûL 由初始条件：021(72j j u x j ==-，1,2,3j =，212()t s x D ==D -1 1 0 0 0-1 3 -1 0 0 0 -1 3 -1 0 -1 3 -1 0 1012340 0 0 0 01 -1 1 0 00 1 -1 1 0 1 -1 1 1 u u u u u éùéùêúêúêúêúêúêú=êúêúêúêúêúêúëûëû00123 0 1 1u u u u éùéùêúêúêúêúêúêúêúêúêúêúêúêúëûëû000117u u ==，0237u =，0357u =1112327u u -=，111000123123337u u u u u u -+-=-+=，11100234235317u u u u u -+-=-+=114591u =125191u =，136991u =6.2抛物形方程【6.2.1】分别用下面方法求定解问题22(,0)4(1)(0,)(1,)0u u t x u x x x u t u t 춶=ﶶïï=-íï==ïïî01,0x t <<>（1）取0.2x D =，1/6l =用显式格式计算1i u ；(2)取0.2,0.01x t D =D =用隐式格式计算两个时间步。

偏微分方程数值解一（10分）、设矩阵A 对称正定，定义)(),(),(21)(n R x x b x Ax x J ∈-=，证明下列两个问题等价：(1)求n R x ∈0使)(min )(0x J x J n Rx ∈=;(2)求下列方程组的解：b Ax = 解: 设n R x ∈0是)(x J 的最小值点,对于任意的n R x ∈,令),(2),()()()(2000x Ax x b Ax x J x x J λλλλϕ+-+=+=, (3分)因此0=λ是)(λϕ的极小值点,0)0('=ϕ,即对于任意的n R x ∈,0),(0=-x b Ax ,特别取b Ax x -=0,则有0||||),(2000=-=--b Ax b Ax b Ax ,得到b Ax =0. (3分) 反之,若nR x ∈0满足bAx =0,则对于任意的x ,)(),(21)0()1()(00x J x Ax x x J >+==+ϕϕ,因此0x 是)(x J 的最小值点. (4分)评分标准:)(λϕ的表示式3分, 每问3分,推理逻辑性1分二（10分）、对于两点边值问题：⎪⎩⎪⎨⎧==∈=+-=0)(,0)(),()(b u a u b a x f qu dxdu p dx d Lu 其中]),([,0]),,([,0)(min )(]),,([0min ],[1b a H f q b a C q p x p x p b a C p b a x ∈≥∈>=≥∈∈建立与上述两点边值问题等价的变分问题的两种形式：求泛函极小的Ritz 形式和Galerkin 形式的变分方程。

解: 设}0)()(),,(|{11==∈=b u a u b a H u u H 为求解函数空间,检验函数空间.取),(10b a H v ∈,乘方程两端,积分应用分部积分得到 (3分))().(),(v f fvdx dx quv dxdv dx du p v u a b a ba ==+=⎰⎰,),(1b a H v ∈∀ 即变分问题的Galerkin 形式. (3分)令⎰-+=-=b a dx fu qu dxdup u f u u a u J ])([21),(),(21)(22,则变分问题的Ritz 形式为求),(1*b a H u ∈,使)(m in )(10*u J u J H u ∈= (4分) 评分标准:空间描述与积分步骤3分,变分方程3分,极小函数及其变分问题4分,三（20分）、对于边值问题⎪⎩⎪⎨⎧=⨯=∈-=∂∂+∂∂∂0|)1,0()1,0(),(,12222G u G y x yux u （1）建立该边值问题的五点差分格式（五点棱形格式又称正五点格式），推导截断误差的阶。

偏微分⽅程数值习题解答李微分⽅程数值解习题解答 1-1 如果0)0('=?，则称0x 是)(x J 的驻点（或稳定点）.矩阵A 对称（不必正定），求证0x 是)(x J 的驻点的充要条件是：0x 是⽅程组 b Ax =的解证明:由)(λ?的定义与内积的性线性性质,得),()),((21)()(0000x x b x x x x A x x J λλλλλ?+-++=+=),(2),()(200x Ax x b Ax x J λλ+-+=),(),()(0'x Ax x b Ax λλ?+-=必要性:由0)0('=?,得,对于任何n R x ∈,有0),(0=-x b Ax ,由线性代数结论知,b Ax b Ax ==-00,0充分性: 由b Ax =0,对于任何n R x ∈,0|),(),()0(00'=+-==λλ?x Ax x b Ax即0x 是)(x J 的驻点. §1-2补充: 证明)(x f 的不同的⼴义导数⼏乎处处相等.证明:设)(2I L f ∈,)(,221I L g g ∈为)(x f 的⼴义导数,由⼴义导数的定义可知,对于任意)()(0I C x ∞∈?,有-=ba ba dx x x f dx x x g )()()()('1?? ??-=ba ba dx x x f dx x x g )()()()('2?? 两式相减,得到)(0)()(021I C x g g ba ∞∈?=- 由变分基本引理,21g g -⼏乎处处为零,即21,g g ⼏乎处处相等.补充:证明),(v u a 的连续性条件(1.2.21) 证明: 设'|)(|,|)(|M x q M x p ≤≤,由Schwarz 不等式||||.||||||||.|||||)(||),(|'''''v u M v u M dx quv v pu v u a ba +≤+=?11*||||.||||2v u M ≤,其中},max{'*M M M =习题:1 设)('x f 为)(x f 的⼀阶⼴义导数,试⽤类似的⽅法定义)(x f 的k 阶导数,...2,1(=k ) 解:⼀阶⼴义导数的定义,主要是从经典导数经过分部积分得到的关系式来定义,因此可得到如下定义:对于)()(2I L x f ∈,若有)()(2I L x g ∈,使得对于任意的)(0I C ∞∈?,有 ?-=bak kba dx x x f dx x x g )()()1()()()(??则称)(x f 有k 阶⼴义导数,)(x g 称为)(x f 的k 阶⼴义导数,并记kk dxfd x g =)(注:⾼阶⼴义导数不是通过递推定义的,可能有⾼阶导数⽽没有低阶导数.2.利⽤)(2I L 的完全性证明))()((1I H I H m 是Hilbert 空间.证明:只证)(1I H 的完全性.设}{n f 为)(1I H 的基本列,即0||||||||||||0''01→-+-=-m n m n m n f f f f f f因此知}{},{'n n f f 都是)(2I L 中的基本列(按)(2I L 的范数).由)(2I L 的完全性,存在)(,2I L g f ∈,使0||||,0||||0'0→-→-g f f f n n ,以下证明0||||1→-f f n (关键证明dxdfg =)由Schwarz 不等式,有00||||.|||||)())()((|??f f x x f x f n ba n -≤-?00'''|||||||||)())()((|??f f dx x x g x f n ba n -≤-?对于任意的)()(0I C x ∞∈?,成⽴=∞a ba n n dx x x f dx x x f )()()()(lim ??=∞→ba b a nn dx x x g dx x x f )()()()(lim '??由?-=ba n ba ndx x x f dx x x f )()()()(''??取极限得到dx x x f dx x x g ba ba ??-=)()()()('??即')(f x g =,即)(1I H f ∈,且0||||||||||||0''01→-+-=-f f f f f f n n n故)(1I H 中的基本列是收敛的,)(1I H 是完全的. 3.证明⾮齐次两点边值问题证明:边界条件齐次化令)()(0a x x u -+=βα,则0u u w -=满⾜齐次边界条件.w 满⾜的⽅程为00Lu f Lu Lu Lw -=-=,即w 对应的边值问题为==-=0)(,0)('b w a w Lu f Lw (P) 由定理知,问题P 与下列变分问题等价求)(min )(,**12*1w J w J H C w Ew E ∈=∈其中),(),(21)(0*w Lu f w w a w J --=.⽽Cu u a u Lu u J u u Lu f u u u u a w J +-+=-----=),(),()(~),(),(21)(000000*⽽200)()(),(),(C b u b p u u a u Lu +-=-β从⽽**)()()(~)(C b u b p u Jw J +-=β则关于w 的变分问题P 等价于:求α=∈)(,12*a u H C u使得)(min )()(*1u J u J a u H u α=∈=其中)()(),(),(21)(b u b p u f u u a u J β--=4就边值问题（1.2.28）建⽴虚功原理解:令)(0a x u -+=βα,0u u w -=,则w 满⾜)(,0)('00==-=-=b w a w Lu f Lu Lu Lw等价于:1E H v ∈?0),(),(0=--v Lu f v Lw应⽤分部积分,+-=-=-b a b a b a dx dx dv dx dw p v dx dw p vdx dx du p dx d v dx dw p dx d |)()),((还原u ,)()(),(),(),(),(),(),(),(),(000b v b p v f v u a v u a v Lu v f v u a v Lu f v w a β--=-+-=--于是,边值问题等价于:求α=∈)(,1a u H u ,使得1E H v ∈?,成⽴0)()(),(),(=--b v b p v f v u a β注:形式上与⽤v 去乘⽅程两端,应⽤分部积分得到的相同. 5试建⽴与边值问题等价的变分问题.解:取解函数空间为)(20I H ,对于任意)(20I H v ∈⽤v 乘⽅程两端,应⽤分部积分,得到0),(),(44=-+=-v f u dx ud v f Lu⽽??-==b a b a b a dx dxdvdx u d v dx u d vdx dx u d v dx u d .|),(33334444 dx dxv d dx u d dx dx vd dx u d dx dv dx u d b a b a b a ??=+-=2222222222| 上式为),(][2222v f dx uv dx vd dx u d b a =+?定义dx uv dxvd dx u d v u a ba ][),(2222+=?,为双线性形式.变分问题为:求)(20I H u ∈,)(20I H v ∈?),(),(v f v u a =1-41.⽤Galerkin Ritz -⽅法求边值问题==<<=+-1)1(,0)0(102"u u x x u u 的第n 次近似)(x u n ,基函数n i x i x i ,...,2,1),sin()(==π?解:(1)边界条件齐次化:令x u =0,0u u w -=,则w 满⾜齐次边界条件,且)1(,0)0(20==-=-=w w x x Lu Lu Lw第n 次近似n w 取为∑==n i i i n c w 1,其中),...2,1(n i c i =满⾜的Galerkin Ritz -⽅程为n j x x c a j ni i j i ,...,2,1),(),(21=-=∑= ⼜xd jx ix ij dx x j x i dxx j x i ij dx a j i jij i ?-=+=+=ππππππππ)cos()cos(2)sin()sin()cos()cos()(),(1010210''-+πππjx ix sin sin 21由三⾓函数的正交性,得到≠=+=j i j i i a j i ,0,212),(22π??⽽]1)1[()(2)sin()1(),(3102--=-=-?jj j dx x j x x x x ππ? 于是得到+-=-=为偶数为奇数j j j j a x x c j j j j 0 )1()(8),(),(2232ππ最后得到∑+=-+---+=]21[1233])12(1[)12(])12sin[(8)(n k n k k x k x x u ππ 2.在题1中,⽤0)1(=u 代替右边值条件,)(x u n 是⽤Galerkin Ritz -⽅法求解相应问题的第n 次近似,证明)(x u n 按)1,0(2L 收敛到)(x u ,并估计误差.证明:n u 对应的级数绝对收敛,由}{sin x i π的完全性知极限就是解)(x u ,其误差估计为338nR n π≤3.就边值问题(1.2.28)和基函数),...,2,1()()(n i a x x i i =-=?,写出Galerkin Ritz -⽅程解:边界条件齐次化,取)(0a x u -+=βα,0u u w -=, w 对应的微分⽅程为)(,0)('00==-=-=b w a w Lu f Lu Lu Lw对应的变分⽅程为0),(),(0=--v Lu f v w a)]([)(000a x q dx dpqu dx du p dx d Lu -++-=+-=βαβ+-=-ba b a dx x pv b v b p v dxdp )()()(' 变分⽅程为dx v qu x pv b v b p v f v w a ba ?--+=])([)()(),(),(0'ββ取n i a x x i i ,...,2,1,)()(=-=?,则Galerkin -Ritz ⽅程为∑-++--+=-=ba i ba i i nj j jidxa x x q dx a x i x pb b p fc a )]()[()()()()(),(),(11βαβ?β??+=ba j i j i j i dx q p a ][),(''取1,0,1===f q p ,具体计算1=n , )(1),(11a b dx a ba -==221)(21)()()(21a b a b a b a b d -=---+-=ββ, )(211a b c -=,即解)(2101a x u u -+= 2=n :22111)()(2),(),(),(a b dx a x a a b a ba -=-=-=3222)(34)(4),(a b dx a x a ba -=-=3223222)(31)()()(31)(2)()(a b a b a b a b dxa x ab dx a x d ba b a -=---+-=---+-=??ββββ得到⽅程组为 --=----3221322)(31)(21c )(34)()(a b a b c a b a b a b a b特别取1,0==b a ,有= 31213411121c c求解得到1,21,6131122=-=-=c c c其解为202)(21)(a x a x u u ---+=C h2 椭圆与抛物型⽅程有限元法§1.1 ⽤线性元求下列边值问题的数值解: 10,2sin242"<<=+-x x y y ππ0)1(,0)0('==y y此题改为4/1,0)1()0(,1"====+-h y y y y解: 取2/1=h ,)2,1,0(==j jh x j ,21,y y 为未知数. Galerkin 形式的变分⽅程为),(),(v f v Lu =,其中+-=10210"4),(uvdx vdx u v Lu π,?=1)(2sin 2),(dx x xv v f π⼜dx v u dx v u v u vdx u =+-=-10''10''10'10"|因此dx uv v u v u a )4(),(12''?+=π在单元],[1i i i x x I -=中,应⽤仿射变换(局部坐标)hx x i 1--=ξ节点基函数为)3,2,1(,0,,,1)(111=≤≤-=≤≤-=-=--+i other x x x h x x x x x h x x x i i i i i i i ξξξξ?-+++=++=1022210222222'111)1(41]41[]4[),(1021ξξπξξπ?πd h d hh dxa x x x x取2/1=h ,则计算得124),(211π??+=a122)1(41[),(210221πξξξπ??+-=-+-=?d h h a-+++=10101)1)(2121(2sin )0(2sin [2),(ξξξπξξξπ?d d h h f ??-++=1010)1(4)1(sin 2sin ξξξπξξξπd d hξξξπ?d h f ?+=102)2121(2sin 2),(代数⽅程组为= ),(),(),(),(),(),(212122212111f f y y a a a a 代如求值.取4/1=h ,未知节点值为4321,,,u u u u ,⽅程为4,3,2,1),(),(41==∑=j f ua j i iji应⽤局部坐标ξ表⽰,-+++=10221022])1(41[)41(),(ξξπξξπ??d hh d h h a j j248]88[21022πξξπ+=+=?dξξξπ??d hh a j j ])1(41[),(1021?-+-=++964)1(164212πξξξπ+-=-+-=?d 964),(21π??+-=-j j a系数矩阵为}964,248,964{222πππ+-++-=diag A取1=f ,41)1(),(1010=-+=??ξξξξ?d h d h f j-+++=+10110)1)]((2sin[2)](2sin[2),(ξξξπξξξπd h x h d h x h f j j j -++++=1010)1)](4 41(2sin[21)]44(2sin[42ξξξπξξξπd j d j++?=+++++-+=100110|)]8)1([cos(821]8)1(sin[21]8)1(sin[]8)(sin[21ξππξξπξξξπξπj d j d j j+2.就⾮齐次第三边值条件22'11')()(,)()(βαβα=+=+b u b u a u a u导出有限元⽅程.解:设⽅程为f qu pu Lu =+-='')( 则由),()]()[()()]()[()(),(|),)((''1122'''''v pu a u a v a p b u b v b p v pu v pu v pu b a----=-=αβαβ变分形式为:),(1b a H v ∈?)()()()(),()()()()()()(),(),(1212''a v a p b v b p v f a v a u a p b v b u b p v qu v pu ββαα-+=-++)(),(0b u u a u u N ==记)()()()(),()()()()()()()(),(),(),(1212''a v a p b v b p v f v F a v a u a p b v b u b p v qu v pu v u A ββαα-+=-++=则上述变分形式可表⽰为)(),(v F v u A =设节点基函数为),...,2,1,0)((N j x j =? 则有限元⽅程为),...,1,0()(),(0N j F u A j Ni i j i ==∑=具体计算使⽤标准坐标ξ.。

L试讨论逼近对蘇程詈+若。

的差分沁1)2)q1 二：行口匚1）解：设点为（X ? ，/曲）屮则町=讥心厶）=班勺厶+J + °（工心）（Y ）+0（F ）.ot所以截断误差为：3E=丄 ------ + ---- 「 T h 啰_喟+竺护一 o （F ）T= 0（T + 力”2）解：设点为：（X y ，/林1 ） 3则町=讥勺,_）=以E ，_+1）+ （Y ） +o （巧卩 ot “；：；=班心+1 厶+i ）=叽厶+i ）+滋（ h ）+ * 臥工心）（为 2）+o ox (X)d心;=班心亠心）=班心，/+1）+敕:;D （一力）+ 3 役;D（血 2）+0（亥2）«截断误差为：2舟A 1 ” E= ------------ + ------------ — （―+ _） T h dt dx叭：=班％厶+i ）+敗？心）（_勿+0 @2）〜dx-(史+空八dt dx 呼1_吋】+竺丛Q —O （X ）-(叱 3 +dtdx 22・试用积分插值法推导知铁。

逼近的差分裕式班勺厶叙）一班勺，乩i）+ ——-——£）dtTq2 “-” *\ | (— 4- —)dxdt = | (un t 4- un x)ds = 0* dt & \得-U] /J+U2 r+x^ A-u4 r = 0+JE (j-l? n)F (j,n)G (j^n+l)H (j-l,n+l)^% ~ 的=旳=竹“4 = W/-lMf MTh=h T-T-ll"h + LL r H + ll：4h —LL：N =Op第二章第三章第四章第五章第六章P781.如果①'（0）二0,则称工。

是』（0）的驻点（或稳定:点）-设矩阵A对称（不必正定），求证忑是』（工）的驻点.的充要条件是1心是方程加二&的解B 42・ 试用积分插值法推导知铁。

逼近的差分裕式证： 充分性：①⑻二J 缶)+ 乂(加° -b t ^+—(Ax r x)①'(Ji) = (Ax c - A, x) + A{Ax r x) aEff))S 宀沪若①0)二Q,即(山° 一氛对=0 心怎宀A X Q -h = ()目卩 Ax-b^则帀是方程Ax^b 的解卩 必要性*若心是芳程A^ = b^\解则 Ax a —h - 0 (J 4X 0 — Z?,x) = 0+^◎ (0)=(吐命-b t x) - 0+J所以町是』0)的驻点dpg%3：证明非齐次两点边值间题心現(&)二 e it (E)二 Qu与T 7面的变分间题等价：求血EH 】，认@) = G 使 J(w t ) = min J(y)其中心SiuHU (2)-d』(#) =壬仗站)-(7» —芒⑹戲(D) +而久込叭如(2.13)(提示；先把边值条件齐衩化)+d dxO 字)+梓二/ ax13页证明：令 = w(x) + v(x)其中 w(x) = Q + (x-a)0 w(a) = a yv @) = “v(a) = 0 v(^>) = 0®所以2S = 瞥+qu = j DX DX Pd r /w 血、《, 乂 、 f"丁〔P(T + ：F)]+Q(W + V )" ax dx ax* 丫 d z dv. 产 / d dw 、 豪 令 = - — O —) +(?v = /-(- —^> — +^w) = y;^ ax ax dx ax 所以(1)的等价的形式2厶” =一?0 字)= 卩ax axu(a) = a u\b) = 0a其中久=/-(-£■去字+0W )"ax ax 则由定理22知，讥是辺值间题（2）的解的充要条件是 且满定变分方程"ogf)-C/i 小 0 Vve^Pr (Zv> 一 /j )tdx + p @»： (b)f @) ① W = J(u) = J(u.+^)^— a （u^ + 兔，以.+ 无）一（/,功・ +加）［以・（E ）+加@）］ 2 □2=J(认)+ N[a@・,f)-(/,£)-+乙agd-Qfm 沁卜• Q dx dx 「（加•一/）加x +卩@加：（砂@）-卩@）戊@） Ja（3） => （4）所以可证得• 3必要性：若如 是边值间题（1）的解。

《偏微分方程数值解》试卷参考答案与评分标准专业班级信息与计算科学开课系室考试日期 2006.4.14命题教师王子亭偏微分方程数值解试题(06A)参考答案与评分标准信息与计算科学专业一（10分）、设矩阵A 对称正定，定义)(),(),(21)(n R x x b x Ax x J ∈-=，证明下列两个问题等价：(1)求n R x ∈0使 )(min )(0x J x J nRx ∈=;(2)求下列方程组的解：b Ax =解: 设n R x ∈0是)(x J 的最小值点,对于任意的n R x ∈,令),(2),()()()(2000x Ax x b Ax x J x x J λλλλϕ+-+=+=, (3分)因此0=λ是)(λϕ的极小值点,0)0('=ϕ,即对于任意的n R x ∈,0),(0=-x b Ax ,特别取b Ax x -=0,则有0||||),(2000=-=--b Ax b Ax b Ax ,得到b Ax =0. (3分) 反之,若nR x ∈0满足bAx =0,则对于任意的x ,)(),(21)0()1()(00x J x Ax x x J >+==+ϕϕ,因此0x 是)(x J 的最小值点. (4分)评分标准:)(λϕ的表示式3分, 每问3分,推理逻辑性1分二（10分）、 对于两点边值问题：⎪⎩⎪⎨⎧==∈=+-=0)(,0)(),()(b u a u b a x f qu dxdu p dx d Lu 其中]),([,0]),,([,0)(min )(]),,([0min ],[1b a H f q b a C q p x p x p b a C p b a x ∈≥∈>=≥∈∈建立与上述两点边值问题等价的变分问题的两种形式：求泛函极小的Ritz 形式和Galerkin 形式的变分方程。

解: 设}0)()(),,(|{110==∈=b u a u b a H u u H 为求解函数空间,检验函数空间.取),(10b a H v ∈,乘方程两端,积分应用分部积分得到 (3分))().(),(v f fvdx dx quv dxdv dx du pv u a b a ba ==+=⎰⎰,),(10b a H v ∈∀ 即变分问题的Galerkin 形式. (3分)令⎰-+=-=b a dx fu qu dxdup u f u u a u J ])([21),(),(21)(22,则变分问题的Ritz 形式为求),(10*b a H u ∈,使)(min )(1*u J u J H u ∈= (4分)评分标准:空间描述与积分步骤3分,变分方程3分,极小函数及其变分问题4分,三（20分）、对于边值问题⎪⎩⎪⎨⎧=⨯=∈-=∂∂+∂∂∂0|)1,0()1,0(),(,12222G u G y x yux u （1）建立该边值问题的五点差分格式（五点棱形格式又称正五点格式），推导截断误差的阶。

偏微分方程数值解法（带程序）例1 求解初边值问题22,(0,1),012,(0,]2(,0)12(1),[,1)2(0,)(1,)0,0u ux t t x x x u x x x u t u t t ⎧⎪⎪⎪⎧⎨⎪⎪⎪⎨⎪⎪⎪⎪⎩⎩∂∂=∈>∂∂∈=-∈==>要求采用树脂格式 111(2)n n n n nj j j j j u u u u u λ++-=+-+，2()tx λ∆=∆，完成下列计算： （1） 取0.1,0.1,x λ∆==分别计算0.01,0.02,0.1,t =时刻的数值解。

（2） 取0.1,0.5,x λ∆==分别计算0.01,0.02,0.1,t =时刻的数值解。

（3） 取0.1, 1.0,x λ∆==分别计算0.01,0.02,0.1,t =时刻的数值解。

并与解析解22()22181(,)sin()sin()2n t n u n x t n x e n ππππ∞-==∑进行比较。

解：程序function A=zhongxinchafen(x,y,la) U=zeros(length(x),length(y)); for i=1:size(x,2)if x(i)>0&x(i)<=0.5 U(i,1)=2*x(i); elseif x(i)>0.5&x(i)<1 U(i,1)=2*(1-x(i)); end endfor j=1:length(y)-1for i=1:length(x)-2U(i+1,j+1)=U(i+1,j)+la*(U(i+2,j)-2*U(i+1,j)+U(i,j)); end endA=U(:,size(U,2))function u=jiexijie1(x,t) for i=1:size(x,2) k=3;a1=(1/(1^2)*sin(1*pi/2)*sin(1*pi*x(i))*exp(-1^2*pi^2*t));a2=a1+(1/(2^2)*sin(2*pi/2)*sin(2*pi*x(i))*exp(-2^2*pi^2*t));while abs(a2-a1)>0.00001a1=a2;a2=a1+(1/(k^2)*sin(k*pi/2)*sin(k*pi*x(i))*exp(-k^2*pi^2*t));k=k+1;endu(i)=8/(pi^2)*a2;endclc; %第1题第1问clear;t1=0.01;t2=0.02;t3=0.1;x=[0:0.1:1];y1=[0:0.001:t1];y2=[0:0.001:t2];y3=[0:0.001:t3];la=0.1;subplot(131)A1=zhongxinchafen(x,y1,la);u1=jiexijie1(x,t1)line(x,A1,'color','r','linestyle',':','linewidth',1.5);hold online(x,u1,'color','b','linewidth',1);A2=zhongxinchafen(x,y2,la);u2=jiexijie1(x,t2)line(x,A2,'color','r','linestyle',':','linewidth',1.5);line(x,u2,'color','b','linewidth',1);A3=zhongxinchafen(x,y3,la);u3=jiexijie1(x,t3)line(x,A3,'color','r','linestyle',':','linewidth',1.5);line(x,u3,'color','b','linewidth',1); title('例1(1)');subplot(132);line(x,u1,'color','b','linewidth',1);line(x,u2,'color','b','linewidth',1);line(x,u3,'color','b','linewidth',1);title('解析解');subplot(133);line(x,A1,'color','r','linestyle',':','linewidth',1.5);line(x,A2,'color','r','linestyle',':','linewidth',1.5);line(x,A3,'color','r','linestyle',':','linewidth',1.5);title('数值解');clc; %第1题第2问clear;t1=0.01;t2=0.02;t3=0.1;x=[0:0.1:1];y1=[0:0.005:t1];y2=[0:0.005:t2];y3=[0:0.005:t3];la=0.5;subplot(131);A1=zhongxinchafen(x,y1,la);u1=jiexijie1(x,t1)line(x,A1,'color','r','linestyle',':','linewidth',1.5);hold online(x,u1,'color','b','linewidth',1);A2=zhongxinchafen(x,y2,la);u2=jiexijie1(x,t2)line(x,A2,'color','r','linestyle',':','linewidth',1.5);line(x,u2,'color','b','linewidth',1);A3=zhongxinchafen(x,y3,la);u3=jiexijie1(x,t3)line(x,A3,'color','r','linestyle',':','linewidth',1.5); line(x,u3,'color','b','linewidth',1);title('例1(2)'); subplot(132);line(x,u1,'color','b','linewidth',1); line(x,u2,'color','b','linewidth',1);line(x,u3,'color','b','linewidth',1);title('解析解'); subplot(133);line(x,A1,'color','r','linestyle',':','linewidth',1.5); line(x,A2,'color','r','linestyle',':','linewidth',1.5);line(x,A3,'color','r','linestyle',':','linewidth',1.5);title('数值解');clc; %第1题第3问 clear;t1=0.01;t2=0.02;t3=0.1;x=[0:0.1:1];y1=[0:0.01:t1];y2=[0:0.01:t2];y3=[0:0.01:t3];la=1.0; subplot(131);A1=zhongxinchafen(x,y1,la);u1=jiexijie1(x,t1)line(x,A1,'color','r','linestyle',':','linewidth',1.5);hold on line(x,u1,'color','b','linewidth',1);A2=zhongxinchafen(x,y2,la);u2=jiexijie1(x,t2) line(x,A2,'color','r','linestyle',':','linewidth',1.5); line(x,u2,'color','b','linewidth',1);A3=zhongxinchafen(x,y3,la);u3=jiexijie1(x,t3) line(x,A3,'color','r','linestyle',':','linewidth',1.5); line(x,u3,'color','b','linewidth',1);title('例1(3)'); subplot(132);line(x,u1,'color','b','linewidth',1); line(x,u2,'color','b','linewidth',1);line(x,u3,'color','b','linewidth',1);title('解析解'); subplot(133);line(x,A1,'color','r','linestyle',':','linewidth',1.5); line(x,A2,'color','r','linestyle',':','linewidth',1.5);line(x,A3,'color','r','linestyle',':','linewidth',1.5);title('数值解'); 运行结果：表1：取0.1,0.1,x λ∆==0.01,0.02,0.1,t =时刻的解析解与数值解表2：取0.1,0.5,x λ∆==0.01,0.02,0.1,t =时刻的解析解与数值解表3：取0.1, 1.0,x λ∆==0.01,0.02,0.1,t =时刻的解析解与数值解图1：取0.1,0.1,x λ∆==0.01,0.02,0.1,t =时刻的解析解与数值解图2：取0.1,0.5,x λ∆==0.01,0.02,0.1,t =时刻的解析解与数值解图3：取0.1, 1.0,x λ∆==0.01,0.02,0.1,t =时刻的解析解与数值解例2 用Crank-Nicolson 格式完成例1的所有任务。