法学专业英语试题

法学专业介绍英语作文模板Law Major Introduction。

As one of the most prestigious and respected fields of study, law has always been a popular choice for students seeking a challenging and rewarding career. The study oflaw encompasses a wide range of subjects, includingcriminal law, civil law, international law, and many others. In this article, we will provide an in-depth introductionto the field of law, including its history, key concepts, and potential career paths.History of Law。

The study of law has a long and rich history, dating back to ancient civilizations such as Mesopotamia, Egypt, and Greece. The earliest known legal code is the Code ofUr-Nammu, which was written in Sumeria around 2100 BC. This code established a set of laws and punishments for various crimes, and is considered one of the earliest examples ofwritten law.In ancient Greece, the concept of democracy and therule of law began to take shape, with philosophers such as Plato and Aristotle discussing the importance of justice and the role of law in society. The Roman Empire also made significant contributions to the development of law, with the creation of the Twelve Tables, a set of laws that formed the basis of Roman legal system.In the Middle Ages, the study of law became more formalized, with the establishment of universities and the development of legal codes such as the Magna Carta in England. The Renaissance period saw the emergence of legal scholars such as Hugo Grotius and Sir Edward Coke, who made significant contributions to the field of law.Key Concepts in Law。

法学专业《法律专业英语》课程试题（A 卷）2011～2012学年第二学期（2009级）合分人： 复查人：I ．（每题 1 分，共 10 分） 1．贸易术语 2 当事人3．私法4．社会保险5．监事会6．即期汇票7．不动产8．无效婚姻9．提单10．担保交易法column A and column B （每题1分，共 5分） Column Asuperior court 世界贸易组织 customs formalities 上级法院CIF 国际货币基金组织 WTO海关手续IMF 成本保险费加运费III. Translate the following sentences into Chinese ：（每题6分，共 30 分） 1．designed to facilitate or frustrate the international flow of goods , service, labor and capital.2．The fundamental division in all civil law systems is that between public law and private law. Generally speaking ，public law includes at least constitutional law ，administrative law and criminal law ，while private law at least includes civil law andcommercial law.3．A copyright is the exclusive right given by the law to the creator of a literary or artistic work to use reproduce or display the work. A copy right does not prevent the copying of an idea, as long as a work is not made public, it has the same protection as though it had been copyright.4. The contract of employment is a contract that can be enforced by legal action. And there are six requirements of a valid contract, which are as follows: intention, agreement, consideration, reality of consent, the proposed contract must be legal both in its object and in the manner in which it is performed, and you must have contractual capacity.5. In civil law countries, the main form of corporations are the limited liability company and the stock corporation. But in England, the two basic categories of corporation are the private company and public company. In the U.S.A, the close corporations and public corporations are divided into limited liability companies and stock companies.题3分，共15 分）1．汇票或支票有三个原始当事人：出票人、付款人和受款人。

汉英法律专业词汇（法理、法制史）Jurisprudence, History of Legal Systems按照法律规定：according to law按照确定的份额分享权力：be entitled to rights in proportion to his proper share of the credit按照确定的份额分担义务：assume obligations in proportion to his proper share of the debt案例教学法：case system案例汇编：case book; case report; law report被视为：be deemed as被宣布为非法：be outlawed; be declared illegal比较法：comparative law比较法学：comparative jurisprudence比较法学派：school of comparative jurisprudence比较法制史：comparative legal history比较分析法：method of comparative analysis比较刑法：comparative penal law比较刑法学：comparative penal jurisprudence必然因果关系：positive causal relationship边缘法学：borderline jurisprudence变通办法：adaptation; accommodation补充规定：supplementary provision补救办法：remedial measures不成文法：unwritten law不动产所在地法律：law of the place where the real property is situated; lex loci rei immobilisci不可分割的权利：impartible right不可抗力：force majuere不可侵犯性：inviolability不可让与性：inalienability不履行法律义务：non-performance of obligation不要式行为：informal act不要因的法律行为：non-causal juristic act不因实效而丧失的权利：imprescriptible right不作为：abstain from an act; act of omission部门法：department law部门规章：regulation参照：consult参照具体情况：in the light of actual conditions参照原文：consult the original亚里士多德：Aristotle柏拉图：Plato德拉古：Draco盖尤斯：Gaius西塞罗：Marcus Tullius Cicero乌尔比安Ulpianus罗马皇帝优士丁尼一世：Justinian I乌尔比安：Ulpianus西塞罗：Marcus Tullius Cicero优士丁尼皇帝：Justinian《罗马法律汇编》：Roman Digest《民法大全》：Corpus Juris Civilis优士丁尼法典：the Codex Justinianus《优士丁尼民法大全》（《国法大全》）：Corpus Juris Civilis《十二表法》：Twelve Tables拿破仑法典：The Code Napolean《日耳曼法》：Germanic law《教会法大全》Corpus Juris Canonici《汉穆拉比法典》：Code of Hammurabi《保护人权与基本自由公约》(1950) ：Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms, 1950 （罗）查士丁尼法典：Code Justinian; Codex Justinianus查士丁尼法规汇编：Authenticum《德国民法典》：German Civil code《大宪章》(1215) ：Great Charter, 1215(英)欧洲大陆法：continental law南京条约：(1843) Treaty of Nanking, 1843罗马－日耳曼法系：Roman-Germanic family罗马私法：Jus Privatum罗马法学派：school of Romanists家庭法：family law教会法：canon law罗马法理学：jurisprudential教会法学家decretalists罗马法：Roman Law; Jus Romanum罗马法系：Roman-Law System（古罗马的）元老院：the Senate超出法律范围的：outside of law超出法律权限的：extralegal超过权限：exceed authority; beyond jurisdiction成文法：written law冲突法：conflict of laws; rules of conflict冲突规则：conflict rule; rule of conflict除（本法）另有规定外：except for otherwise stipulated (by this law)除外条款：provisory clause除外责任条款：exclusion clause触犯公共利益：encroach on the public interests触犯国际利益：go against the state’s interests触犯人民利益：encroach on the interests of the people; go ag ainst the people’s interests传统法律观念：traditional ideas of law纯粹法学：pure theory of law次要法规：by law次要规则：secondary rule从宽解释原则：doctrine of liberal construction从权利：accessory right达到法定年龄：come of age大法：the fundamental law大法官：Lord High Chancellor大陪审团grand jury大法官法院：Court of Chancery大陆法系：Continental Legal System大律师：barrister《大明律》：Criminal Law of the Ming Dynasty （中）《大清律例》：the Criminal Laws of the Qing Dynasty (中) 单行法规：specific regulations单一法律体系：unitary legal system单一制政府：unitary government但书：proviso当代法学动向：current trend of jurisprudence当然解释：natural interpretation党纪国法：party discipline and the law of the country道德规范：norm of morality道德义务：moral obligation第二读：second reading第三读：third reading二元论：the dualistic theory二元君主立宪制：dual constitutional monarchy system二元论：the dualistic theory二元论者：dualist二元制：bicameral system法的本质：the nature of law法的变化：changes of law法的定义：definition of law法的发展：development of law法的分类：divisions of law法律概念：legal concept法的概念：concepts of law法的规范作用：normalized usage of law法的继承：succession of law法律的理想：ideal of law法律的权威：authority of law法律的失效：lapse of law法律的实施：administration of law; law enforcement法律的适用：application of law法律的统一：unification of law法律的推定：presumption of law法律的推理：analogy of law法律的完整性：integrity of law法律的效力范围：force’s scale of law法律的效力形式：force’s form of law法律的修改：alteration of law法律的演进：evolutin of law法律的原理：principle of law法律地位平等：equal in legal status法律对人的效力：personal act of law编纂法律方法：legal methodology法律分类：classification of law法律赋予权力：authority conferred by law法律改革：law reform法律根据：legal basis法律工作者：legal professional法律关系：legal relation法律关系的运行：process of legal relation法律关系客体：object of legal relation法律关系主体：subject of legal relation法律规定：provisions of law法律规范：norm of law法律规范的逻辑结构：logical structure of legal rule 法律规则体系：system of legal rules法律含义：intendment of law法律另有规定：otherwise stipulated by law法律现象：legal phenomenon法律研究：legal research法律要件：legal requirement法律依据：legal basis法律意见：legal advice法律意见书：legal opinion法律意识：law-consciousness法律意义：legal sense法律用语：legal language法律与正义先验论：a prior theory of law and justice 法律渊源：source of law法律原本注释：gloss法律原理：legal doctrines法律原则：principle of legality法律援助：legal aid法律约束：legal binding; legal restraint法律责任：legal responsibility法律责任的道义基础：moral basic of legal obligation 法律责任的归结：imputaton of legal responsibility法律责任的认定：determination of legal responsibility法律责任的执行：enforcement of legal responsibility法律责任客体：object of legal responsibility法律责任主体：subject of legal responsibility法律哲学：philosophy of law; philosophie du droit （法）；philosophia juris 法律政策：policy of the law法律职业道德：legal ethics法律指导：legal counsel法律制裁：legal sanction法律制度：regime of law; legal system法律秩序：legal order法律主体资格：capacity as a subject of law法律主张：proposition of law法律属地原则：territoriality of laws法律着述：legal literature法律专家：legal expert法律专业：legal profession法律专着和教科书：legal treatise and textbook法律咨询：legal advice法律尊严：legal sanctity法盲：legal illiterates法权：right法社会学：sociology of law法系：legal system法协会：law society法学：jurisprudence法学士：bachelor of law法学博士：doctor of jurisprudence法学导论：leading principles of law法学的范畴体系：the system of categories of jurisprudence法学的范畴意识：the consciousness of category of jurisprudence法学的基石范畴：fundamental categories of jurisprudence法学方法：method of jurisprudence法学方法论：methodology of jurisprudence法学院：faculty of law; law school法学会：law society法学教科书：law textbooks法学理论：theory of law; legal theory法学权威：an academic authority in law法学体系：system of jurisprudence法学通论：first principles of law法医：forensic medicine法医学：forensic medicine法院：court法院调查：judicial investigation法院管辖权：competence of court法院管辖以外的：extrajudicial法院判决：court decision法院系统：court structure法院组织法：judicature act法则：articles法哲学：philosophy of law法制：legal institution法制传统：tradition of law system法制的精神：spirit of legality法制的尊严：dignity of the legal system法制观念：legal concept法制观念淡薄：very weak in the understanding of law法制教育：legal education; education of legal system法制史：legal history; history of legal system法治：rule of law法治的机制：the mechanism of rule of law法治的要素：the element of rule of law非实质的：immaterial非营利的：non-profit非约束性条款：permissive provision废止法律：annulment of law分别管辖权：separate jurisdiction分别财产制：separation of property regime分别规定：separate provision分担责任：share the responsibility分工负责，互相配合，互相制约：divide responsibility for their own work; coordinate their efforts and check each other分工负责制：division of labor responsibility system分级管理：different levels holding different responsibilities分配制度：distribution system分析法理学：analytical jurisprudence否决权：power veto; veto power否认事实：denial of facts服从法律：amenable to law; subject to the law服从判决：accept a judgment符合程序：be in order符合法律：be in conformity with law符合原则：be in conformity with the principle概括裁定：general verdict概括继承：general succession干扰司法公正：interference with course of justice刚性条款：entrenched clause岗位责任制：post responsibility system高度集中：highly centralize高度民主：high level of democracy高度自治权：high degree of autonomy搁置：set aside; abeyance格式条款：clause of style公认的行为准则：established standard of conduct规避法律：in fraud of law规避义务：evade obligations规范的法律规则：normative rule of law规范法学：normative jurisprudence规范性法律文件：normalizative document of law规范性法律文件的规范化：normalization of normative legal document 过错方：tort-feasor; wrongdoer过错推定原则：doctrine of presumption过错责任：liability for wrongs; tort liability合并条款：consolidation of provisions合法的个人财产：legal personal property合法地位：legal status合法权益：the lawful rights and interests合法行为：lawful acts; legality of purpose合宪性：constitutionality衡平法：equity衡平法规则：rule of equity衡平法学：equity jurisprudence衡平法院：Court of Chancery (美)；Court of Equity （英）后法取代前法：A later statute takes away the effect of a prior one.后法优于前法：lex posterior derogat priori户籍所在地：the place where his residence is registered互为因果：reciprocal causation基本法：fundamental law基本法律规范：basic norm of law基本方针：basic policies基本权利和义务：basic rights and duties基本司法概念和假设：basic legal conception and assumption技术性法规：technical legal rule建立法律关系：create legal relations解释法律的技术规则：technical rule of interpretation解释权：power of interpretation近因：immediate cause禁治产人：imbecile; interdicted person经常居住地：habitual residence经法律确认的：ascertained by law经法律许可：authorized by law经验法学：scholastic theories of law纠问式审判：trial by inspection or examination具有法律约束力的文件：legally binding instrument具有同等效力的：with equal authenticity具有约束力的判例：binding precedent绝对衡平法：absolute equity君主立宪制度：constitutional monarchy开罗会议：Cairo Conference凯恩斯主义：keynesianism可撤销的法律行为：revocable juristic act可让与性：alienability可用法律强制执行的：enforceable at law可预见的：foreseeable可直接适用的法律：directly applicable law可追溯的：retrospective客观条件：objective condition客观因素：objective factor客体：object扩充解释：amplified interpretation理论法理学派：theoretical jurisprudence school理性决定说：theory of rational decision理性认识：conceptual knowledge历史法学：historical jurisprudence历史法学派：historical school of law历史解释：historical interpretation立法机构：legislative body立法权：law-making power; legislative power立法委任权：legislation mandate立法效力：legislative effect立法议案bills立法者：law-maker; legislator立宪：constitutionalism利益冲突：conflict of interests利害关系人：interested person连带法律关系：joint legal relations连带责任：joint and several obligation论理解释：logical interpretation逻辑解释：logical interpretation马克思主义法律理论：Marxism-leninism马克思主义法学：Marxist jurisprudence马克思主义法学家：Marxist jurist没有事实根据的：unsubstantial美国国际法协会：American Institute of International Law 美国海事法庭：Admiralty Courts of the美国联邦地区法院：United States district courts美国联邦法官：federal judge没有法律依据的：lawless没有判决先例的案件：case of first impression民法典：civil code民法法系：Civil-Law System民法通则：General Principles of the Civil Law民法学：science of civil law民事案件中“占有优势证据”的原则：“by a preponderance of evidence” in civil cases 民事权利能力：the capacity for civil rights民事权益：civil rights and interests民事诉讼法学：Civil Procedure Law民事制裁：civil punishment; civil sanction民政部门：the civil affairs department明代法规：laws and regulations of Ming Dynasty明示或默示的：express or implied默示表达：communication by implication内部规章：internal regulations纳妾制：concubinage拟制理论：fiction theory拟制买卖：mancipatio偶然权利：contingent right偶然因果关系：fortuitous causal relationship偶然因素：accidentalia偶因：accidental cause排他的权利：right to exclude all others派生的权利：derived right派生取得：derivative acquisition判例法系：Case Law System普通法法系：Common-Law System判例法系：Case Law System判例汇编：reports; reports of judgments普通法：common law普通法法系：Common-Law System普通法上的补偿：common-law remedy普通法上的过失：common-law negligence普通法上的留置权：common-law lien普通法学：general jurisprudence强制办法：coercive method强制规定：mandatory provisions强制性法规：mandatory rule of law强制性条款：mandatory term侵犯财产权：property torts侵权行为法：tort law侵权责任：tortious liability清理法规：check up laws and regulations区域性法律体系：regional system of laws取证：obtain evidence确权之诉：affirmative petitory action; cause for ownership affirmation 确认之诉：action for confirmation; actio confessoria权威解释：authentic interpretation人法：human law, statute personalia人格减等：capitis deminutio人身不可侵犯：inviolability of the person人身非财产关系：personal non-property relations人身关系：personal relation任意解释：arbitrary interpretation柔性宪法：flexible constitution三权分立：separation of powers善意推定：presumption of good faith商法：commercial law商法典：code of commerce社会法学：sociological jurisprudence社会关系：social relations社会规范：social regulation社会连带主义法学：social solidarism jurisprudence社会契约论：theory of social contract社会团体：social organization社会主义法学：socialist jurisprudence社会主义法制：socialist legal system; socialist rule of law神法：divine law神权说：theory of divine right审查制度：censorship; inspection system审计监督：supervise through auditing审计监督权：power to supervise through auditing生效条款：operative clause失效法律：expired laws失效日：expiry date施行细则：implementary provisions实证主义法学派：the positivist school实体法：material law; substantial law实体法上的抗辩：substantial defense实体权利：substantive right实用主义法学：judicial pragmaticism实在法：positive law实在法学：positive jurisprudence实在法学派：positivist实在主义法学：positivist jurisprudence实证法学：positive jurisprudence实质条款：material stipulation实质性的瑕疵：defect of substance实质性解释：material interpretation事实的推定：presumption of fact事业单位：institution适用法律：reference to the law; applicable law适用范围：area of application; sphere of application适用中国法律：be governed by the law of PRC (The law of PRC shall apply to) 溯及既往原则：doctrine of retroactivity溯及力：retrospect; retrospective effect损害赔偿：damages梭伦：Solon弹性宪法：elastic constitution特别程序：special procedure特别但书：special proviso特别法：special law特殊主体：special subject提案：motion; overture; proposal提出抗辩：raise a plea; raise a plead条约法：law of treaties同态复仇：retaliation推定合法：presumption of legality停止生效：cease to have effect外国法：foreign law外国法制史：foreign legal history外国人待遇：foreigner treatment完全民事权利能力：full capacity for civil conduct完全丧失行为能力的人：person entirely incapable of legal transaction完全无行为能力：absolute disability万民法：jus gentium违法构成要件：essential condition of delict违宪：violation of constitution无国籍人：stateless persons无条件解释：unconditional interpretation无效的法律：void law无效法律行为：void act; act without legal effect物权：property习惯法：custom law细则：detailed rules and regulations; details by-laws狭义解释：narrow definition下文另有规定者除外：except as hereinafter provided先决条件：precedent condition; prerequisite现实主义法学：realism jurisprudence现行法律：current law; existing law限制解释：restrictive interpretation无国籍人：stateless persons无条件解释：unconditional interpretation无效的法律：void law无效法律行为：void act; act without legal effect物权：property习惯法：custom law细则：detailed rules and regulations; details by-laws狭义解释：narrow definition下文另有规定者除外：except as hereinafter provided先决条件：precedent condition; prerequisite现实主义法学：realism jurisprudence现行法律：current law; existing law限制解释：restrictive interpretation相对主义法学：relativist jurisprudence新分析法学：new analytical jurisprudence新律：New Law , Novellae行为规范：code of conduct学说编纂：the Pandekta形式主义法学：formalist jurisprudence严格解释：strict interpretation严重不法行为：aggravated misconduct; gross misbehavior严重违法：break the law on a serious scale要件：important condition; essential condition一般客体：general object一般权利能力：general legal capacity一般主体：general subject一事不再理的保证：guarantee against double jeorpardy依法办案：handle cases according to law依法独立行使职权：independent exercise of powers within the framework of the law 依照法律的规定：as prescribed by law以法律为准绳：take law as the criterion依法治国：genuine rule of law; running the country according to law义务性规范：obligatory rule义务主体：subject of duty英美法系：Anglo-American Legal System永恒法：eternal law有法必依：ensure that laws are observed有法律约束力：legally binding有条件解释：conditional interpretation有效期间：time of effect; term of validity与法律规定不符：against the forms of the statute与法律相抵触的行为：act going against the law域外效力：extraterritorial effect援引法律条文：invoke a legal provision约束力：binding; binding effect在法律的范围内：within the law暂行条例：interim regulations; provisional regulation整体法学：integrative jurisprudence正当权益：justified rights; legitimate interests正式解释：official interpretation正式渊源：formal source政法学院：institute of political science and law知法犯法：deliberately break the law执法必严：ensure that law’s enforcement be strict执法人员：law enforcement officials执行权：enforcement power直接故意actual intent; direct intent直接后果：immediate consequence直接客体：direct object直接主体：direct subject制定法：statute治外法权：extraterritoriality; extraterritorial jurisdiction中端时效：interrupt the running of the statute of limitation中国大陆的法律：law of China’s mainland中国法制：Chinese legal system中国法制史：Chinese legal history中国特色的社会主义法制：socialist legal system with Chinese character中华法系：Chinese legal system《中华人民共和国香港特别行政区基本法》：the Basic law of Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of the People’s Republic of China主要法律体系：principal legal system自然法：natural law自然法学派：natural law school组成合议庭开庭审理：form a collegial panel to conduct the trial最高国家权力机关：highest organ of state power最高人民法院的解释：interpretation of supreme people’s court遵循先例原则：The Doctrine of Stare作为或不作为：act or omission宪法学行政法学Constitution and Administrative Laws制宪权：constituent power宪法的解释：interpretation of constitution宪法修正案：constitution amendment宪法学：constitutional jurisprudence成文宪法written constitution不成文宪法unwritten constitution符合宪法：constitutionality符合宪法的法律constitutional law刚性宪法：rigid constitution马伯里诉麦迪逊案：Marbury vs. Madison抽象行政行为：abstract administrative act非法活动：unlawful activities非法利益：unlawful interests非法手段：illegal means非强制性行政行为：non-coercive form of administrative action非正式的：informal; irregular非政府机关：non-governmental organization非主要条件：non-essential stipulation非专业的：non-professional国家赔偿案件：case of state compensation国家赔偿的归责原则：principle of culpability for state compensation国家赔偿的双重过错原则：principle of dual faults for state compensation国家赔偿法：state compensation law国家赔偿主体：subject of state compensation行政法：administrative law; executive law行政法规：administrative laws and regulations行政法学：administrative jurisprudence行政解释：administrative interpretation行政救济：administrative remedy治安管理：security administration治安条例：security regulations高级人民检察院：Higher People’s Procuratortate国家权力机关：state authority国际审判机关：state judicial organs国家行政机关：state administrative organs国家意志：state’s will国家职能：function of the state国民待遇：national treatment公安部：Ministry of Public Security公安分局：public security sub-bureau公安厅：public security bureau at the levels of provinces, autonomous regions and cities under direct jurisdiction of central government地方各级人民代表大会：local people’s congresses at different levels地方各级人民法院：local people’s courts at different levels地方各级人民检察院：local people’s procuratorates at different levels地方各级人民政府：local people’s governments at different levels罚款：impose a fine刑法学Criminal Laws犯罪预防：crime prevention预防犯罪：anti-crime帮助当事人毁灭、伪造证据罪：crime of aiding a client to destroy or forge evidence绑架妇女儿童罪：crime of kidnapping women and children包庇、纵容黑社会性质组织罪：crime of harboring a mafia-style syndicate包庇毒品犯罪分子罪：crime of harboring drug criminals报复陷害罪：case of retaliation and frame-ups必要共同犯罪：indispensable joint crime并科原则：doctrine of cumulating punishments剥夺权利：deprival of rights不能犯：impossibility; unrealized offense参加恐怖活动组织罪：crime of taking part in an organization engaged in terrorist activities超越管辖权：excess of jurisdiction超越职权范围：overstep one’s authority惩办和宽大相结合：combine punishment with leniency惩办少数、改造多数的原则：principle of punishing the few and reforming the many惩罚措施：punitive measure惩罚性制裁：punitive sanction惩罚与教育相结合：combination of punishment and education处以刑罚：inflict punishment处以有期徒刑：sentence to fixed-term imprisonment触犯法律：break the law; violate the law抽逃出资罪：crime of flight of capital contribution出口骗税犯罪活动：criminal activities of cheating out of tax rebates in export出售伪造发票罪：crime of selling counterfeit currency出于对法律的无知：from ignorance of law出于恶意：from malevolence从轻处罚：gie a lesser punishment从重处罚：give a severer punishment单位受贿罪：crime of bribe taken by a unit单一犯罪构成：single constitution of crime盗伐林木罪：crime of illegally chopping down trees; crime of illegally felling trees盗窃、抢夺枪支、弹药、爆炸物罪：crime of stealing or seizing guns, ammunition or explosives 盗窃犯：theft act; larcenist渎职犯罪案件：case of dereliction of duty对象不能犯：object impossibility多次作案：repeatedly commit crimes罚不当罪：punishment does not fit the crime犯意：criminal intent; mens real犯罪低龄化：lowering ages of criminal offenders犯罪动机：criminal motive犯罪构成：constitution of a crime; constitutive elements of a crime犯罪构成要件：special constitutive elements of crime犯罪故意：criminal intent; guilty intent; meas rea犯罪集团：criminal gang; criminal group犯罪客观要件：objective circumstances of a crime犯罪客体：criminal object; object of a crime犯罪实行终了：completion of a criminal act犯罪学：criminology犯罪中止：discontinuance of crime; desistance of crime犯罪主观方面要素：subjective elements of crime犯罪主体：subject of crime犯罪着手：initiate a crime犯罪组织：criminal organization贩卖毒品罪：drug offense; crime of drug trafficking防卫过当：unjustifiable self-defense防卫挑拨：instigation of defense; provocation of defense防卫限度：limit of defense防止类似事件重演：prevent the recurrence of similar incidents妨碍公务罪：crime of disrupting public service妨害公共安全罪：crime of impairing public security放弃权利：withdraw a claim; waive a right非法持、私藏枪支、弹药罪：crime of illegally holding or hiding a firearm or ammunition 非法持有毒品罪：crime of illegally holding drugs非法干涉：illegal intervention非法干预：unlawful interference非法出售增值税专用发票罪：crime of illegal selling invoice for exclusive use of VAT诽谤罪：crime of defamation隔地犯：offense of segregation by location隔时犯：offense of segregation by time工具不能犯：impossibility of instruments故意犯罪：calculated crime; intentional crime故意杀人罪：crime of intentional homicide故意伤害罪：crime of willful and malicious injury管辖：jurisdiction惯犯：habitual criminal惯例：custom and usage过失犯罪：criminal negligence; involuntary crime; negligent crime黑社会性质的犯罪集团：gangland criminal syndicate; mafia-style criminal gang缓期二年执行：with a two-year reprieve缓刑：probate cessat executio集合犯：aggregate offense; collective offense既遂犯：accomplished crime继续犯：continuous crime加重处罚：give an aggravated punishment beyond the maximum prescribed假冒他人注册商标罪：crime of counterfeiting the registered trademark of another假释：parole假想防卫：imaginative defense假想数罪：imaginatively several crimes简单共同犯罪：simple joint crime间接故意：indirect intent; indirect iintentino教唆未遂：attempt of solicitation劫持船只、汽车罪：crime of hijacking a ship or an automobile劫持航空器罪：crime of skyjacking结果犯：consequential offen结果加重犯：aggregated consequential offense结合犯：combinative crime; integrated offense se拒不执行人民法院判决、裁定罪：crime of refusing o execute judgments or orders of the People’s Court具结悔过：make a statement of repentence具体行政行为：specific administrative act具体罪名：concrete accusation绝对不确定法定刑：absolutely indeterminate statutory punishment军人违反职责罪：crimes of soldiers violating military dutie抗税罪：offense of resisting taxes客体不能犯：object impossibility空白罪状：blank facts about a crime滥伐林木罪：crime of illegal denudation累犯：recidivist; repeat offender; cumulative offense连续犯罪：continuing crime量刑：criterion for sentencing; sentencing criterion量刑不当：criterion for sentence量刑幅度：extent for discretionary action of sentencing虐待罪：crime of abusing member of one’s family挪用公款案：case of misappropriation of public funds偶犯：casual offender; casual offense情节加重犯：aggravated offense by circumstances情节特别严重：when the circumstances are particularly wicked情节严重、构成犯罪的：when the circumstances are so serious as to constitute a crime取保候审：post a bail and await trial with restricted liberty of moving扰乱公共场所秩序罪：crime of disturbing order at public places刑法：criminal law刑罚：penalty; punishment刑事责任能力：criminal capacity民商法学与经济法学（Civil Laws, Commercial Laws and Economic Laws）按照出资比例：in proportion to one’s respective contributions to the investment办理注销登记：cancel the registration被代理人：the principal被侵权人the infringed本人名义：in one’s name标的：subject matter补偿制度：compensation system不动产登记制：Lot and Block System财产法：property law财产的添附：accretion of property; property accession财产抵押权：property mortgage财产继承权：the right of inheritance财产关系和人身关系：property relationships and personal relationships财产管理人：property administrator; custodian of property财产混同：confusion; hotchpot财产留置权：encumbrance采用书面形式：in writing仓单：warehouse voucher草签合同：initial a contract; sign a referendum contract; ad referendum contract长期合同：long-term contract偿付能力：solvency capability of reimbursement超越代理权：beyond the scope of one’s power of agency撤消合同：cancellation of contract撤销合同：cancel a contract; rescind a contract; avoid a contract撤销权：right of rescission; right of revocation撤销要约：revocation of offer; revoke an offer撤销遗赠：cancellation o will; revocationi of will承运人：actual fault of the carrier承运人的留置权：carrier’s lien诚信原则：principle of good faith诚实信用原则：principle honesty and credibility; principle of honestry and good faith; good faith principle ; bona fide principle船舶承租人：charterer船舶抵押权：right of mortgage with respect to a ship; mortage of the ship; ship mortgage船舶抵押权的设定：establishment of mortgage of the ship船舶抵押的消灭：extinguishments of the mortgage of the ship船舶抵押权登记：registration of ship mortgage船舶留置权：possessory lien; lien of ship村民委员会：the village committee惩罚性的损害赔偿：punitive damages乘人之危：tak e advantage of one’s unfavorable position处分财产：dispose of properties处分权：act of disposition处分原则：principle of disposition代理民事活动：be represented in civil activities by代理权终止：the expiration of one’s power of agency单独承担的责任：undivided responsibility单方法律行为：unilateral obligation单方行政行为：unilateral administrative act等价有偿：making compensation for equal value对等原则：principle of reciprocity对价：consideration对抗措施：counter measure对人权：right in personam; personal right对世权：real right; right in rem恶意串通：conspire maliciously恶意行为：ill will mala fides法人：judicial person; legal body法人的权利能力：legal capacity of juristic person法人的责任能力：capacity for responsibility of juristic person法人权限：corporate power法人人格：corporate personality法人身份：status of a legal person法人团体：corporation法人资格：corporate capacity法人组织章程：the articles of association of the legal person负共同连带责任：liable jointly and severally负全部责任：bear all responsibilities; in all charge负有解释的义务：accountable负有连带义务的每个债务人：each of the joint debtors附带的条件：incident附带要求：contingent claim附带原因：contributory cause; inherent cause附条件的民事法律行为：conditional civil juristic acts附条件的权利：conditional right赋予权力：entitle个体工商户：individual businesses个人合伙：individual partnership各尽所能，按劳分配：from each according to his ability, to each according to his needs给付定金：leave a deposit with the other party工商行政管理机关：the administrative agency for industry and commerce公民基本义务：fundamental duties of citizens合同：contract合同法：contract law合同副本：copies of the contract合同规定：contract provisions/stipulations合同履行地法：lex loci contractus合同期限：contract period (or contract term)合同条款：contract terms (or contract clause)合同有效期：contract life合同正本：originals of the contract合伙人：partners合议制：collegial system核准登记的经营范围：within the range approved and registered恢复原状：recovery of original state; restitution; restoration of he original conditions; retitutio in integrum集体所有制企业：an enterprise under collective ownership技术合同纠纷案件：controversy over a technology contract监护人：guardian。

国开(中央电大)本科《人文英语3》形考任务(单元自测1至8)试题及答案模板适用专业：法学、汉语言文学、护理、社会工作、小学教育、学前教育和园艺。

单元自测1 试题及答案题目为随机，用查找功能（Ctrl+F）搜索题目[题目]—Do you have much experience with caring for babies？—________. [答案]Yes, I do. I often take care of kids in my free time. [题目]Lily is a good student except________ she is a little bit careless. [答案]that [题目]—How do you feel about your family life？—________. [答案]Not bad.I think it is a good choice to be a full-time mother. [题目]—It＇s raining so heavily outside. I＇m terribly anxious about my son＇s safety. —________. [答案]Don＇t worry about him. He will come back safe and sound. [题目]—Ken did badly in his math test. I＇m terribly worried about the result. —________. [答案]Come on. It isn＇t the end of the world. [题目]—Our son has picked up some bad habits recently, and I am really worried about it. —________. [答案]Cheer up. I believe he will overcome it. [题目]He asked me ___________ Zhang Hua came to school or not. [答案]whether [题目]I want toknow________ . [答案]what his name is [题目]It is said that______ 2000 factories were closed down during the economiccrisis. [答案]approximately [题目]The birth rate of the country decreases ______ with years. [答案]progressively [题目]This movie is ________ that one. [答案]as interesting as [题目]Tom won the first prize of oral English contest, which is beyond his ______. [答案]expectation [题目]We consider it necessary______ Tom should improve his behavior. [答案]that [题目]We often compare children ______ flowers. [答案]to [题目]Young people ______ 62% of University teaching staff. [答案]comprise 二、阅读理解：选择题Most couples who get married or decide to live together generally plan to have children. Several years ago, people thought that having big families was common and this was seen as an advantage. That was mainly because children began working at an early age to help provide for the family. But with the changing times and with the cost of living getting higher every single year, having a big family is no longer considered to be a practical option. In fact, more couples consider that they have only one child and some do not have any desire to become parents at all. According to the Australian Institute of Family Studies, by 1986, women aged 40 to 44 years, were considerably more likely to have given birth to two children than three children (36% vs. 27%) or four or more children (19%). However, takentogether, women were still more likely to have had three or more children than to have had two children (46% vs. 36%). In recent years, women were more likely to have had two children than three or more children – a trend that was most marked in the most recent period (38% vs. 25% in 1996; 38% vs. 22% in 2006). These days, most families in Australia have two children. But the number of women who had GIVEN BIRTH TO a single child INCREASED PROGRESSIVELY from only 8% in 1981 to 13% in 2006. The U.S. Census Bureau states that there are approximately 14 million only children in America today. This COMPRISES 20% OF the children＇s population COMPARED TO only 10% around fifty years ago. 操作提示：通过题干后的下拉框选择题目的正确答案。

汉英法律专业词汇（法理、法制史）Jurisprudence, History of Legal Systems按照法律规定：according to law按照确定的份额分享权力：be entitled to rights in proportion to his proper share of the credit按照确定的份额分担义务：assume obligations in proportion to his proper share of the debt案例教学法：case system案例汇编：case book; case report; law report被视为：be deemed as被宣布为非法：be outlawed; be declared illegal比较法：comparative law比较法学：comparative jurisprudence比较法学派：school of comparative jurisprudence比较法制史： comparative legal history比较分析法：method of comparative analysis比较刑法：comparative penal law比较刑法学：comparative penal jurisprudence必然因果关系：positive causal relationship边缘法学：borderline jurisprudence变通办法：adaptation; accommodation补充规定：supplementary provision补救办法：remedial measures不成文法：unwritten law不动产所在地法律：law of the place where the real property is situated; lex loci rei immobilisci不可分割的权利：impartible right不可抗力：force majuere不可侵犯性：inviolability不可让与性：inalienability不履行法律义务：non-performance of obligation不要式行为：informal act不要因的法律行为：non-causal juristic act不因实效而丧失的权利：imprescriptible right不作为：abstain from an act; act of omission部门法：department law部门规章：regulation参照：consult参照具体情况： in the light of actual conditions参照原文： consult the original亚里士多德： Aristotle柏拉图： Plato德拉古： Draco盖尤斯： Gaius西塞罗：Marcus Tullius Cicero乌尔比安 Ulpianus罗马皇帝优士丁尼一世：Justinian I乌尔比安： Ulpianus西塞罗：Marcus Tullius Cicero优士丁尼皇帝：Justinian《罗马法律汇编》：Roman Digest《民法大全》：Corpus Juris Civilis优士丁尼法典： the Codex Justinianus《优士丁尼民法大全》（《国法大全》）：Corpus Juris Civilis《十二表法》： Twelve Tables拿破仑法典： The Code Napolean《日耳曼法》：Germanic law《教会法大全》Corpus Juris Canonici《汉穆拉比法典》： Code of Hammurabi《保护人权与基本自由公约》(1950) ：Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms, 1950 （罗）查士丁尼法典：Code Justinian; Codex Justinianus查士丁尼法规汇编： Authenticum《德国民法典》：German Civil code《大宪章》(1215) ：Great Charter, 1215(英)欧洲大陆法： continental law南京条约： (1843) Treaty of Nanking, 1843罗马－日耳曼法系： Roman-Germanic family罗马私法： Jus Privatum罗马法学派： school of Romanists家庭法： family law教会法：canon law罗马法理学： jurisprudential教会法学家 decretalists罗马法：Roman Law; Jus Romanum罗马法系： Roman-Law System（古罗马的）元老院： the Senate超出法律范围的：outside of law超出法律权限的：extralegal超过权限： exceed authority; beyond jurisdiction成文法： written law冲突法： conflict of laws; rules of conflict冲突规则： conflict rule; rule of conflict除（本法）另有规定外： except for otherwise stipulated (by this law) 除外条款： provisory clause除外责任条款： exclusion clause触犯公共利益： encroach on the public interests触犯国际利益：go against the state’s interests触犯人民利益： encroach on the interests of the people; go against thepeople’s interests传统法律观念： traditional ideas of law纯粹法学： pure theory of law次要法规： by law次要规则： secondary rule从宽解释原则： doctrine of liberal construction从权利： accessory right达到法定年龄： come of age大法： the fundamental law大法官：Lord High Chancellor大陪审团 grand jury大法官法院：Court of Chancery大陆法系：Continental Legal System大律师：barrister《大明律》：Criminal Law of the Ming Dynasty （中）《大清律例》：the Criminal Laws of the Qing Dynasty (中) 单行法规：specific regulations单一法律体系：unitary legal system单一制政府：unitary government但书：proviso当代法学动向：current trend of jurisprudence当然解释： natural interpretation党纪国法：party discipline and the law of the country道德规范：norm of morality道德义务： moral obligation第二读：second reading第三读： third reading二元论：the dualistic theory二元君主立宪制： dual constitutional monarchy system二元论： the dualistic theory二元论者：dualist二元制： bicameral system法的本质： the nature of law法的变化：changes of law法的定义：definition of law法的发展：development of law法的分类： divisions of law法律概念： legal concept法的概念： concepts of law法的规范作用：normalized usage of law法的继承：succession of law法律的理想：ideal of law法律的权威： authority of law法律的失效：lapse of law法律的实施：administration of law; law enforcement 法律的适用：application of law法律的统一： unification of law法律的推定： presumption of law法律的推理： analogy of law法律的完整性： integrity of law法律的效力范围：force’s scale of law法律的效力形式：force’s form of law法律的修改：alteration of law法律的演进： evolutin of law法律的原理： principle of law法律地位平等：equal in legal status法律对人的效力：personal act of law编纂法律方法： legal methodology法律分类： classification of law法律赋予权力： authority conferred by law法律改革： law reform法律根据： legal basis法律工作者： legal professional法律关系：legal relation法律关系的运行： process of legal relation法律关系客体： object of legal relation法律关系主体： subject of legal relation法律规定：provisions of law法律规范： norm of law法律规范的逻辑结构： logical structure of legal rule 法律规则体系： system of legal rules法律含义： intendment of law法律另有规定：otherwise stipulated by law法律现象：legal phenomenon法律研究：legal research法律要件： legal requirement法律依据： legal basis法律意见： legal advice法律意见书：legal opinion法律意识： law-consciousness法律意义： legal sense法律用语： legal language法律与正义先验论： a prior theory of law and justice 法律渊源： source of law法律原本注释： gloss法律原理： legal doctrines法律原则： principle of legality法律援助：legal aid法律约束： legal binding; legal restraint法律责任： legal responsibility法律责任的道义基础： moral basic of legal obligation法律责任的归结： imputaton of legal responsibility法律责任的认定： determination of legal responsibility法律责任的执行： enforcement of legal responsibility法律责任客体： object of legal responsibility法律责任主体： subject of legal responsibility法律哲学：philosophy of law; philosophie du droit （法）；philosophia juris 法律政策： policy of the law法律职业道德： legal ethics法律指导： legal counsel法律制裁： legal sanction法律制度： regime of law; legal system法律秩序： legal order法律主体资格： capacity as a subject of law法律主张： proposition of law法律属地原则： territoriality of laws法律著述： legal literature法律专家： legal expert法律专业： legal profession法律专著和教科书： legal treatise and textbook法律咨询： legal advice法律尊严：legal sanctity法盲： legal illiterates法权： right法社会学： sociology of law法系： legal system法协会： law society法学： jurisprudence法学士： bachelor of law法学博士： doctor of jurisprudence法学导论： leading principles of law法学的范畴体系： the system of categories of jurisprudence法学的范畴意识： the consciousness of category of jurisprudence法学的基石范畴： fundamental categories of jurisprudence法学方法： method of jurisprudence法学方法论： methodology of jurisprudence法学院： faculty of law; law school法学会： law society法学教科书：law textbooks法学理论： theory of law; legal theory法学权威： an academic authority in law法学体系： system of jurisprudence法学通论： first principles of law法医： forensic medicine法医学： forensic medicine法院： court法院调查： judicial investigation法院管辖权： competence of court法院管辖以外的： extrajudicial法院判决： court decision法院系统： court structure法院组织法： judicature act法则： articles法哲学： philosophy of law法制：legal institution法制传统： tradition of law system法制的精神： spirit of legality法制的尊严： dignity of the legal system法制观念： legal concept法制观念淡薄： very weak in the understanding of law法制教育： legal education; education of legal system法制史： legal history; history of legal system法治： rule of law法治的机制： the mechanism of rule of law法治的要素： the element of rule of law非实质的： immaterial非营利的： non-profit非约束性条款： permissive provision废止法律： annulment of law分别管辖权： separate jurisdiction分别财产制： separation of property regime分别规定： separate provision分担责任： share the responsibility分工负责，互相配合，互相制约： divide responsibility for their own work; coordinate their efforts and check each other分工负责制： division of labor responsibility system分级管理： different levels holding different responsibilities分配制度： distribution system分析法理学： analytical jurisprudence否决权： power veto; veto power否认事实： denial of facts服从法律： amenable to law; subject to the law服从判决： accept a judgment符合程序： be in order符合法律： be in conformity with law符合原则： be in conformity with the principle概括裁定： general verdict概括继承： general succession干扰司法公正： interference with course of justice刚性条款： entrenched clause岗位责任制： post responsibility system高度集中： highly centralize高度民主： high level of democracy高度自治权： high degree of autonomy搁置： set aside; abeyance格式条款： clause of style公认的行为准则： established standard of conduct规避法律： in fraud of law规避义务： evade obligations规范的法律规则： normative rule of law规范法学： normative jurisprudence规范性法律文件： normalizative document of law规范性法律文件的规范化： normalization of normative legal document 过错方： tort-feasor; wrongdoer过错推定原则： doctrine of presumption过错责任： liability for wrongs; tort liability合并条款： consolidation of provisions合法的个人财产： legal personal property合法地位： legal status合法权益： the lawful rights and interests合法行为： lawful acts; legality of purpose合宪性： constitutionality衡平法： equity衡平法规则： rule of equity衡平法学： equity jurisprudence衡平法院： Court of Chancery (美)；Court of Equity （英）后法取代前法： A later statute takes away the effect of a prior one. 后法优于前法： lex posterior derogat priori户籍所在地：the place where his residence is registered互为因果： reciprocal causation基本法： fundamental law基本法律规范： basic norm of law基本方针： basic policies基本权利和义务： basic rights and duties基本司法概念和假设： basic legal conception and assumption技术性法规： technical legal rule建立法律关系：create legal relations解释法律的技术规则： technical rule of interpretation解释权： power of interpretation近因： immediate cause禁治产人： imbecile; interdicted person经常居住地：habitual residence经法律确认的： ascertained by law经法律许可： authorized by law经验法学： scholastic theories of law纠问式审判： trial by inspection or examination 具有法律约束力的文件： legally binding instrument 具有同等效力的： with equal authenticity具有约束力的判例： binding precedent绝对衡平法： absolute equity君主立宪制度： constitutional monarchy开罗会议： Cairo Conference凯恩斯主义： keynesianism可撤销的法律行为： revocable juristic act可让与性： alienability可用法律强制执行的： enforceable at law可预见的： foreseeable可直接适用的法律： directly applicable law可追溯的： retrospective客观条件： objective condition客观因素： objective factor客体： object扩充解释： amplified interpretation理论法理学派： theoretical jurisprudence school 理性决定说： theory of rational decision理性认识： conceptual knowledge历史法学： historical jurisprudence历史法学派： historical school of law历史解释： historical interpretation立法机构：legislative body立法权： law-making power; legislative power立法委任权： legislation mandate立法效力： legislative effect立法议案 bills立法者： law-maker; legislator立宪： constitutionalism利益冲突： conflict of interests利害关系人：interested person连带法律关系： joint legal relations连带责任： joint and several obligation论理解释： logical interpretation逻辑解释： logical interpretation马克思主义法律理论： Marxism-leninism马克思主义法学：Marxist jurisprudence马克思主义法学家： Marxist jurist没有事实根据的： unsubstantial美国国际法协会： American Institute of International Law美国海事法庭： Admiralty Courts of the U.S.A.美国联邦地区法院： United States district courts美国联邦法官： federal judge没有法律依据的： lawless没有判决先例的案件： case of first impression民法典： civil code民法法系：Civil-Law System民法通则： General Principles of the Civil Law民法学： science of civil law民事案件中“占有优势证据”的原则：“by a preponderance of evidence” in civil cases民事权利能力：the capacity for civil rights民事权益：civil rights and interests民事诉讼法学： Civil Procedure Law民事制裁： civil punishment; civil sanction民政部门：the civil affairs department明代法规： laws and regulations of Ming Dynasty明示或默示的： express or implied默示表达： communication by implication内部规章： internal regulations纳妾制： concubinage拟制理论： fiction theory拟制买卖： mancipatio偶然权利： contingent right偶然因果关系： fortuitous causal relationship偶然因素： accidentalia偶因： accidental cause排他的权利： right to exclude all others派生的权利： derived right派生取得： derivative acquisition判例法系： Case Law System普通法法系： Common-Law System判例法系： Case Law System判例汇编： reports; reports of judgments普通法： common law普通法法系： Common-Law System普通法上的补偿： common-law remedy普通法上的过失： common-law negligence普通法上的留置权： common-law lien普通法学： general jurisprudence强制办法： coercive method强制规定： mandatory provisions强制性法规： mandatory rule of law强制性条款： mandatory term侵犯财产权： property torts侵权行为法： tort law侵权责任： tortious liability清理法规： check up laws and regulations区域性法律体系： regional system of laws取证： obtain evidence确权之诉： affirmative petitory action; cause for ownership affirmation 确认之诉： action for confirmation; actio confessoria权威解释： authentic interpretation人法： human law, statute personalia人格减等： capitis deminutio人身不可侵犯： inviolability of the person人身非财产关系： personal non-property relations人身关系： personal relation任意解释： arbitrary interpretation柔性宪法： flexible constitution三权分立： separation of powers善意推定： presumption of good faith商法： commercial law商法典： code of commerce社会法学：sociological jurisprudence社会关系： social relations社会规范： social regulation社会连带主义法学： social solidarism jurisprudence社会契约论： theory of social contract社会团体：social organization社会主义法学： socialist jurisprudence社会主义法制： socialist legal system; socialist rule of law神法： divine law神权说： theory of divine right审查制度： censorship; inspection system审计监督： supervise through auditing审计监督权： power to supervise through auditing生效条款： operative clause失效法律： expired laws失效日： expiry date施行细则： implementary provisions实证主义法学派： the positivist school实体法： material law; substantial law实体法上的抗辩： substantial defense实体权利： substantive right实用主义法学： judicial pragmaticism实在法： positive law实在法学： positive jurisprudence实在法学派： positivist实在主义法学： positivist jurisprudence实证法学： positive jurisprudence实质条款： material stipulation实质性的瑕疵： defect of substance实质性解释： material interpretation事实的推定： presumption of fact事业单位：institution适用法律： reference to the law; applicable law适用范围： area of application; sphere of application适用中国法律：be governed by the law of PRC (The law of PRC shall apply to)溯及既往原则： doctrine of retroactivity溯及力： retrospect; retrospective effect损害赔偿： damages梭伦： Solon弹性宪法： elastic constitution特别程序： special procedure特别但书： special proviso特别法： special law特殊主体： special subject提案：motion; overture; proposal提出抗辩： raise a plea; raise a plead条约法： law of treaties同态复仇： retaliation推定合法：presumption of legality停止生效：cease to have effect外国法： foreign law外国法制史： foreign legal history外国人待遇： foreigner treatment完全民事权利能力：full capacity for civil conduct完全丧失行为能力的人： person entirely incapable of legal transaction 完全无行为能力： absolute disability万民法： jus gentium违法构成要件： essential condition of delict违宪： violation of constitution无国籍人：stateless persons无条件解释： unconditional interpretation无效的法律： void law无效法律行为： void act; act without legal effect物权： property习惯法：custom law细则： detailed rules and regulations; details by-laws狭义解释： narrow definition下文另有规定者除外： except as hereinafter provided先决条件：precedent condition; prerequisite现实主义法学： realism jurisprudence现行法律： current law; existing law限制解释： restrictive interpretation无国籍人：stateless persons无条件解释： unconditional interpretation无效的法律： void law无效法律行为：void act; act without legal effect物权： property习惯法：custom law细则： detailed rules and regulations; details by-laws狭义解释： narrow definition下文另有规定者除外： except as hereinafter provided先决条件： precedent condition; prerequisite现实主义法学： realism jurisprudence现行法律： current law; existing law限制解释： restrictive interpretation相对主义法学： relativist jurisprudence新分析法学： new analytical jurisprudence新律： New Law , Novellae行为规范： code of conduct学说编纂：the Pandekta形式主义法学： formalist jurisprudence严格解释： strict interpretation严重不法行为： aggravated misconduct; gross misbehavior严重违法： break the law on a serious scale要件： important condition; essential condition一般客体： general object一般权利能力： general legal capacity一般主体： general subject一事不再理的保证： guarantee against double jeorpardy依法办案： handle cases according to law依法独立行使职权： independent exercise of powers within the framework of the law依照法律的规定： as prescribed by law以法律为准绳： take law as the criterion依法治国： genuine rule of law; running the country according to law义务性规范： obligatory rule义务主体： subject of duty英美法系： Anglo-American Legal System永恒法： eternal law有法必依： ensure that laws are observed有法律约束力： legally binding有条件解释： conditional interpretation有效期间： time of effect; term of validity与法律规定不符： against the forms of the statute与法律相抵触的行为：act going against the law域外效力： extraterritorial effect援引法律条文： invoke a legal provision约束力： binding; binding effect 在法律的范围内： within the law暂行条例：interim regulations; provisional regulation整体法学： integrative jurisprudence正当权益： justified rights; legitimate interests正式解释： official interpretation正式渊源： formal source政法学院： institute of political science and law知法犯法： deliberately break the law执法必严：ensure that law’s enforcement be strict执法人员： law enforcement officials执行权： enforcement power直接故意 actual intent; direct intent直接后果：immediate consequence直接客体： direct object直接主体： direct subject制定法： statute治外法权： extraterritoriality; extraterritorial jurisdiction中端时效： interrupt the running of the statute of limitation中国大陆的法律：law of China’s mainland中国法制： Chinese legal system中国法制史： Chinese legal history中国特色的社会主义法制： socialist legal system with Chinese character 中华法系： Chinese legal system《中华人民共和国香港特别行政区基本法》：the Basic law of Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of the People’s Republic of China主要法律体系：principal legal system自然法： natural law自然法学派： natural law school组成合议庭开庭审理：form a collegial panel to conduct the trial最高国家权力机关： highest organ of state power最高人民法院的解释：interpretation of supreme people’s court遵循先例原则：The Doctrine of Stare作为或不作为： act or omission宪法学行政法学Constitution and Administrative Laws制宪权：constituent power宪法的解释： interpretation of constitution宪法修正案： constitution amendment宪法学： constitutional jurisprudence成文宪法written constitution不成文宪法unwritten constitution符合宪法： constitutionality符合宪法的法律 constitutional law刚性宪法： rigid constitution马伯里诉麦迪逊案： Marbury vs. Madison抽象行政行为： abstract administrative act非法活动： unlawful activities非法利益： unlawful interests非法手段： illegal means非强制性行政行为： non-coercive form of administrative action非正式的：informal; irregular非政府机关： non-governmental organization非主要条件： non-essential stipulation非专业的： non-professional国家赔偿案件： case of state compensation 国家赔偿的归责原则： principle of culpability for state compensation 国家赔偿的双重过错原则： principle of dual faults for state compensation 国家赔偿法： state compensation law国家赔偿主体： subject of state compensation行政法： administrative law; executive law行政法规： administrative laws and regulations行政法学： administrative jurisprudence行政解释： administrative interpretation行政救济： administrative remedy治安管理： security administration治安条例： security regulations高级人民检察院：Higher People’s Procu ratortate国家权力机关： state authority国际审判机关： state judicial organs国家行政机关： state administrative organs国家意志：state’s will国家职能： function of the state国民待遇： national treatment公安部： Ministry of Public Security公安分局： public security sub-bureau公安厅： public security bureau at the levels of provinces, autonomousregions and cities under direct jurisdiction of central government地方各级人民代表大会：local people’s congresses at different levels 地方各级人民法院：local people’s courts at different levels地方各级人民检察院：local people’s procur atorates at different levels 地方各级人民政府：local people’s governments at different levels罚款： impose a fine刑法学Criminal Laws犯罪预防： crime prevention预防犯罪： anti-crime帮助当事人毁灭、伪造证据罪： crime of aiding a client to destroy or forge evidence绑架妇女儿童罪： crime of kidnapping women and children包庇、纵容黑社会性质组织罪： crime of harboring a mafia-style syndicate 包庇毒品犯罪分子罪： crime of harboring drug criminals报复陷害罪：case of retaliation and frame-ups必要共同犯罪： indispensable joint crime并科原则： doctrine of cumulating punishments剥夺权利：deprival of rights不能犯： impossibility; unrealized offense参加恐怖活动组织罪： crime of taking part in an organization engaged in terrorist activities超越管辖权： excess of jurisdiction超越职权范围：overstep one’s authority惩办和宽大相结合：combine punishment with leniency惩办少数、改造多数的原则： principle of punishing the few and reforming the many惩罚措施： punitive measure惩罚性制裁： punitive sanction惩罚与教育相结合： combination of punishment and education处以刑罚： inflict punishment处以有期徒刑： sentence to fixed-term imprisonment触犯法律： break the law; violate the law抽逃出资罪： crime of flight of capital contribution出口骗税犯罪活动： criminal activities of cheating out of tax rebates in export出售伪造发票罪： crime of selling counterfeit currency出于对法律的无知： from ignorance of law出于恶意： from malevolence从轻处罚： gie a lesser punishment从重处罚： give a severer punishment单位受贿罪： crime of bribe taken by a unit单一犯罪构成： single constitution of crime盗伐林木罪： crime of illegally chopping down trees; crime of illegally felling trees盗窃、抢夺枪支、弹药、爆炸物罪： crime of stealing or seizing guns, ammunition or explosives盗窃犯： theft act; larcenist渎职犯罪案件：case of dereliction of duty对象不能犯： object impossibility多次作案： repeatedly commit crimes罚不当罪： punishment does not fit the crime犯意： criminal intent; mens real犯罪低龄化： lowering ages of criminal offenders犯罪动机： criminal motive犯罪构成： constitution of a crime; constitutive elements of a crime 犯罪构成要件： special constitutive elements of crime犯罪故意： criminal intent; guilty intent; meas rea犯罪集团： criminal gang; criminal group犯罪客观要件： objective circumstances of a crime犯罪客体： criminal object; object of a crime犯罪实行终了： completion of a criminal act犯罪学： criminology犯罪中止： discontinuance of crime; desistance of crime犯罪主观方面要素： subjective elements of crime犯罪主体： subject of crime犯罪着手： initiate a crime犯罪组织： criminal organization贩卖毒品罪： drug offense; crime of drug trafficking防卫过当： unjustifiable self-defense防卫挑拨： instigation of defense; provocation of defense防卫限度： limit of defense防止类似事件重演： prevent the recurrence of similar incidents妨碍公务罪： crime of disrupting public service妨害公共安全罪： crime of impairing public security放弃权利： withdraw a claim; waive a right非法持、私藏枪支、弹药罪： crime of illegally holding or hiding a firearm or ammunition非法持有毒品罪： crime of illegally holding drugs非法干涉： illegal intervention非法干预： unlawful interference非法出售增值税专用发票罪： crime of illegal selling invoice for exclusive use of VAT诽谤罪： crime of defamation隔地犯： offense of segregation by location隔时犯： offense of segregation by time工具不能犯： impossibility of instruments故意犯罪： calculated crime; intentional crime故意杀人罪： crime of intentional homicide故意伤害罪： crime of willful and malicious injury管辖：jurisdiction惯犯： habitual criminal惯例： custom and usage过失犯罪： criminal negligence; involuntary crime; negligent crime黑社会性质的犯罪集团： gangland criminal syndicate; mafia-style criminal gang缓期二年执行： with a two-year reprieve缓刑： probate cessat executio集合犯： aggregate offense; collective offense既遂犯： accomplished crime继续犯： continuous crime加重处罚： give an aggravated punishment beyond the maximum prescribed 假冒他人注册商标罪： crime of counterfeiting the registered trademark of another假释： parole假想防卫： imaginative defense假想数罪： imaginatively several crimes简单共同犯罪： simple joint crime间接故意： indirect intent; indirect iintentino教唆未遂： attempt of solicitation劫持船只、汽车罪： crime of hijacking a ship or an automobile劫持航空器罪： crime of skyjacking结果犯： consequential offen结果加重犯： aggregated consequential offense结合犯： combinative crime; integrated offense se拒不执行人民法院判决、裁定罪： crime of refusing o execute judgments or orders of the People’s Court具结悔过： make a statement of repentence具体行政行为： specific administrative act具体罪名：concrete accusation绝对不确定法定刑： absolutely indeterminate statutory punishment军人违反职责罪： crimes of soldiers violating military dutie抗税罪： offense of resisting taxes客体不能犯： object impossibility空白罪状： blank facts about a crime滥伐林木罪： crime of illegal denudation累犯： recidivist; repeat offender; cumulative offense连续犯罪： continuing crime量刑： criterion for sentencing; sentencing criterion量刑不当： criterion for sentence量刑幅度： extent for discretionary action of sentencing虐待罪： cri me of abusing member of one’s family挪用公款案： case of misappropriation of public funds偶犯： casual offender; casual offense情节加重犯： aggravated offense by circumstances情节特别严重： when the circumstances are particularly wicked情节严重、构成犯罪的： when the circumstances are so serious as to constitute a crime取保候审： post a bail and await trial with restricted liberty of moving 扰乱公共场所秩序罪： crime of disturbing order at public places刑法： criminal law刑罚： penalty; punishment刑事责任能力： criminal capacity民商法学与经济法学（Civil Laws, Commercial Laws and Economic Laws）按照出资比例：in proportion to one’s respective contributions to the investment办理注销登记：cancel the registration被代理人：the principal被侵权人 the infringed本人名义：in one’s name标的：subject matter补偿制度：compensation system不动产登记制：Lot and Block System财产法： property law财产的添附： accretion of property; property accession财产抵押权： property mortgage财产继承权：the right of inheritance财产关系和人身关系：property relationships and personal relationships 财产管理人： property administrator; custodian of property财产混同： confusion; hotchpot财产留置权： encumbrance采用书面形式：in writing仓单： warehouse voucher草签合同： initial a contract; sign a referendum contract; ad referendum contract长期合同： long-term contract偿付能力： solvency capability of reimbursement超越代理权：beyond the scope of one’s power of agency撤消合同：cancellation of contract撤销合同： cancel a contract; rescind a contract; avoid a contract撤销权： right of rescission; right of revocation撤销要约： revocation of offer; revoke an offer撤销遗赠： cancellation o will; revocationi of will承运人： actual fault of the carrier承运人的留置权：carrier’s lien诚信原则： principle of good faith诚实信用原则：principle honesty and credibility; principle of honestry and good faith; good faith principle ; bona fide principle船舶承租人： charterer船舶抵押权： right of mortgage with respect to a ship; mortage of the ship; ship mortgage船舶抵押权的设定： establishment of mortgage of the ship船舶抵押的消灭： extinguishments of the mortgage of the ship船舶抵押权登记： registration of ship mortgage船舶留置权： possessory lien; lien of ship村民委员会：the village committee惩罚性的损害赔偿： punitive damages乘人之危：take advantage of one’s unfavorable position处分财产： dispose of properties处分权： act of disposition处分原则： principle of disposition代理民事活动：be represented in civil activities by代理权终止：the expiration of one’s power of agency单独承担的责任： undivided responsibility单方法律行为：unilateral obligation单方行政行为： unilateral administrative act等价有偿：making compensation for equal value对等原则：principle of reciprocity对价：consideration对抗措施：counter measure对人权：right in personam; personal right对世权： real right; right in rem恶意串通：conspire maliciously恶意行为：ill will mala fides法人： judicial person; legal body法人的权利能力： legal capacity of juristic person法人的责任能力： capacity for responsibility of juristic person法人权限： corporate power法人人格： corporate personality法人身份： status of a legal person法人团体： corporation法人资格： corporate capacity法人组织章程：the articles of association of the legal person负共同连带责任： liable jointly and severally负全部责任： bear all responsibilities; in all charge。

08年法学专业英语参考答案案例一、LUCY et al v. ZEHMER et al1.请简述本案的事实(FACTS) 10分1952年12月20日，原告之一W.O. Lucy与被告A.H. Zehmer签署了一张字据，其上写明“兹协议向W.O.Lucy出售Ferguson农场,价格50，000美元，产权于出售时转移”。

据被告的证词，当时被告喝醉酒了，以为原告的要约只是开玩笑的，被告在字据上写明了“备忘录”字样，还要求他的妻子也在上面签字，他并没有将之交给原告，原告将字据捡起，以5美元约束该交易，被告一再声称他并没有出售农场的意向，一切都是开玩笑。

12月20日，原告向其兄J.C.Lucy（也是共同原告之一）转移一半土地权益，1953年1月13日被告在回信中再次申明他从来没有同意出售农场。

原告起诉，要求实际履行该售地合同。

2.本案的争议点(ISSUE)是什么？5分本案的争议点是双方达成的协议究竟是本着订立合同的意向还是仅仅是一个玩笑。

3.你是否认为，不管被告喝了多少酒，醉到什么程度，判决结果是否都会对他不利？5分否如果被告醉酒到了完全无法理解自己所签署字据的性质和后果，字据不具备合同的效力。

因为在一方没有认识能力的情况下，根本不存在双方当事人的合意。

4.被告为什么先后签了两份协议？5分第一份协议上的是以“我同意出售”开头的，而第二份协议的开头是“我们同意出售”。

被告撕毁第一份协议而写就第二份协议是为了让被告的妻子也签署这份字据，而不再是被告一个人签署。

5.法官在其判决意见的第二自然段列举了一系列事实的目的何在？5分法官列举了诸如被告的妻子还建议被告开车送原告回家等事实，是为了证明被告当天的言行和被告证词是完全不符合的，被告声称当时被告“喝高了，所做的交易只是两个醉鬼打赌吹牛而已”。

6.你认为本案被告“表达出来的意思”与“保留于内心的意思”是相同的还是不同的？5分根据合同的外表和一系列事实诸如双方讨论了40分钟才签署协议；被告重写协议以满足原告对签署人的要求；合同的完整性甚至对执行合同都有详尽的规定等；原告取得协议后并没有被对方要求追回等等。

英语专业语言学导论考试试题一、选择题1、以下哪个选项不属于语言学的范畴？A.语音学B.句法学C.语义学D.政治学2、下列哪一项不是语言学的研究对象？A.语言的发音机制B.语言的语法结构C.语言的社交功能D.语言的生物属性3、哪种语言学理论认为语言是自然现象？A.行为主义理论B.先天语言能力理论C.进化语言学理论D.交际语言学理论二、简答题1、请简述语言学中的索绪尔假设是什么？并解释其对语言学研究的影响。

2、请阐述结构主义语言学的基本观点及其主要贡献。

3、请说明语言学中的“能指”和“所指”概念，并举例说明。

三、论述题1、请结合实例论述语言学中的“语境”概念，以及它在语言使用中的作用。

2、请阐述语言学中的“言语行为理论”，并说明其对语言习得和语言交际的指导意义。

四、分析题请分析以下这段话，并说明其中涉及了哪些语言学概念？“在这个句子中，主语是‘我’，谓语是‘喜欢’，宾语是‘巧克力’，这是一个简单的陈述句。

”（提示：句子结构、主谓宾、句法等）以下哪个不是教育技术学的主要研究对象？（）教育技术学中的“技术”一词通常指的是（）。

以下哪一项不是教育技术学的发展历程？（）以下哪个理论是教育技术学中的基础理论？（）请从技术角度说明教育技术学对教育的推动作用。

请论述教育技术学对教育改革的影响。

专业英语八级考试是针对英语专业学生的高难度语言考试，旨在测试学生的英语综合能力，包括听力、阅读、写作和翻译等方面的技能。

以下是一份专业英语八级考试试题的样例，供大家参考。

听一段录音材料，根据问题选择答案。

录音材料涉及一些学术领域的讨论，包括社会科学、自然科学等。

问题类型包括选择题和填空题。

阅读一篇文章，回答问题。

文章可能涉及一些学术领域的内容，包括社会科学、自然科学等。

问题类型包括选择题和问答题。

根据给定的主题写一篇文章，字数要求在500字左右。

文章主题可能涉及一些学术领域的内容，例如文化、历史、经济等。

文章需要结构清晰，语法正确，表达准确。

法学人文英语3试题答案一、选择题1. 合同法中的“要约”是指（）。

A. 一方对另一方的承诺，一旦承诺被接受，合同即成立。

B. 一方对另一方的请求，请求被接受后合同成立。

C. 一方对另一方的承诺，承诺可以撤回直到被接受。

D. 一方对另一方的承诺，承诺不可撤回，一旦接受即合同成立。

答案：A2. 在侵权法中，以下哪项不是侵权行为的构成要件？A. 行为人的行为违反了法律规定。

B. 行为人的行为造成了损害。

C. 行为人的行为是出于善意的。

D. 行为人的行为与损害之间存在因果关系。

答案：C3. 根据《中华人民共和国民法典》，以下哪项不属于民事权利？A. 财产权。

B. 人格权。

C. 知识产权。

D. 刑事处罚权。

答案：D4. 在英美法系中，判例法的作用是（）。

A. 仅作为法官判决的参考。

B. 具有约束力，必须被下级法院遵循。

C. 仅适用于相同案件的判决。

D. 只适用于法律没有明确规定的情况。

答案：B5. 关于国际法，以下说法正确的是（）。

A. 国际法只适用于国家之间的交往。

B. 国际法主要由国内法律构成。

C. 国际条约是国际法的主要来源之一。

D. 国际法对非国家主体没有约束力。

答案：C二、填空题1. 在法律上，_________是指一个人或组织为了保护自己的合法权益，依照法定程序向人民法院提起诉讼的行为。

答案：起诉2. 根据《中华人民共和国宪法》，中华人民共和国的一切权力属于_______。

答案：人民3. 在刑法中，犯罪的主观方面通常指的是犯罪者的_______和_______。

答案：故意，过失4. 英语中，"due process of law"是指_______。

答案：法定程序5. 在国际关系中，"sovereign state"是指_______。

答案：主权国家三、简答题1. 请简述合同无效的情形有哪些？答：合同无效的情形主要包括：一方以欺诈、胁迫的手段订立合同，损害国家利益；恶意串通，损害国家利益、集体利益或第三人利益；以合法形式掩盖非法目的；损害社会公共利益；违反法律、行政法规的强制性规定。