默顿科学目标的反思及科研规范体系的重建

A Thesis Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements

for the Degree of Master of Philosophy

Reflection on Merton’s Scientific Goal and Reconstruct

the Scientific Norms

Candidate ：Dong Pan

Major ：Philosophy of Science and Technology

Supervisor：Associate Professor Cheng Liangbin

Huazhong University of Science and Technology

Wuhan, Hubei 430074, P.R.China

Oct., 2011

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华中科技大学硕士学位论文

I 摘 要

大科学时代，科学失范现象屡屡发生，建立在实在论基础上的默顿科学规范理论受

到了广泛的质疑。为了适应科学的新变化，默顿学派的研究者们在默顿研究的基础上

对规范进行了增补与修改，而与此同时规范的反对者也从各个角度对规范展开了尖锐

的批评，双方意见僵持不下，默顿科学规范论陷入了前所未有的困境之中。

作为一种社会建制，科学需要用规范来完善内部系统、指导和约束科学家的行为，

其合理性不需质疑。规范之所以面临种种挑战，与规范上层结构——科学的制度性目

标和相应的科学的价值观的不合理设置有关.通过反思默顿规范的结构可以更深入的

认识科学规范。第一个方面，隐性知识论极大的推动了认识论的进步，默顿规范理论

的实在论基础被解构，科学具有了新的认知目标；第二个方面，在大科学时代，科学

知识不仅具有认知价值，还具有应用价值，科学应用价值的实现也是科学家所追求的

目标,这是时代的要求。现代科学科学具有双重目标，因此可以从科学的认知目标和应

用目标两个方面来分析当代科学的价值观，并归纳出体现当代科学双重制目标的价值

观和规范所应包含的要素。

正文主要是对默顿规范结构进行分析，在此基础上指出规范面临困境的根本原因在

于默顿对科学目标和科学家价值观的认定上。因此，本文根据理论和现实的新发展提

出了新的科学规范，即普遍主义与特殊主义相结合的规范、创新与公开的规范、个人

利益与社会利益相结合的规范和道德与责任的规范，希望通过新的反思视角引起学术

界对科学规范理论更多的思考。

关键词：默顿 科学目标 隐性知识 价值观 规范

华中科技大学硕士学位论文

II Abstract

In big science age,the phenomenon of science anomie has occurred frequently,the Merton's scientific norm theory is based on the realism,and has been widely questioned.In order to adapt to the new change of Science,based on the merton's research,the merton school researchers supplemented and modified the norms,but at the same time the opponents' comments on the norm were quite trenchant.The two side be at a deadlock,Merton's norm theory is in unprecedented trouble.

As a social institution，Science needs norms to improve its internal systems、guide and

constrain the scientists' behavior, the rationality of the norms with no need for questioned. Norms are faced with many challenges,the reason is the upper structure of the norms----the irrational set to the scientific goal and the corresponding values.In order to understanding the scientific norms in-depth,we have to reflect the structure of the Merton theory.At the first hand,the theory of tacit knowledge has greatly promoted the progress of epistemology, and the foundation of merton's theory is deconstruction,the science has a new cognitive goal;At the second hand, in the big science age,Scientific knowledge not only has cognitive value, but also has application value, to realize the application value is also the goal of science,it is

the requirement of the times. The morden science has double goals，so we can analyze the

scientific value from the cognitive objectives and application objectives,and then conclude the values and norms which reflect the dual gaol of the morden science. The artivle is mainly on the analysis of the structure,and then point out that the root cause of the predicament is mertion's understand of scientific gaol and value. Therefore,based on the new development of the theoretical and practical,the article propose

new scientific norms:universalism and particularism norm、innovation and public norm、

individual and community interests norm、ethics and responsibility norm,hope that the new

perspective caused by more academic attention.

Key words：Merton; scientific goal; tacit knowledge; value;norm

华中科技大学硕士学位论文

III 目 录

摘 要 ······················································································ I

Abstract ·················································································· II

1 绪论 ···················································································· 1

1.1研究背景与意义 ··································································· 1

1.2文献综述 ············································································ 2

1.3论文的主要内容与研究重点 ···················································· 5

2 默顿规范的困境 ····································································· 6

2.1默顿科学规范理论产生的背景 ················································· 6

2.2默顿规范的内在结构 ····························································· 7

2.3默顿规范论的发展及面临的批判 ·············································· 8

3 科学的双重目标及其价值观 ····················································· 12

3.1以认知目标为导向的科学家价值观 ·········································· 13

3.2以应用目标为导向的科学家价值观 ·········································· 17

4 重建科研规范 ····································································· 225

4.1保证科学认知目标实现的相应规范 ·········································· 26

4.2保证科学应用目标实现的相应规范 ·········································· 29

5 结语 ··················································································· 32

5.1论文的创新之处 ·································································· 32

5.2不足与展望 ········································································ 32

致 谢 ··················································································· 34

参考文献 ················································································ 34