A MODEL FOR PERSON-TO-PERSON ELECTRONIC PAYMENT

电子商务英语的英汉与汉英翻译Lead-in:电子商务是互联网的产物。

互联网的本质是一个巨大的且不断发展的全球计算机网络。

据估计，目前连接到互联网上的用户已超过5亿，在世界范围内有超过9千万台的互联网主机，从而使在线交易和有效信息量显著增长。

在世界贸易组织关于电子商务的工作组中，电子商务被理解为：采用电子化的方式进行生产、分销、营销、销售或交付货物以及服务。

广义上讲，电子商务包含了电子化媒介或网络，实质上是通过互联网完成的各种商业交易。

电子商务是进行商业交易的一种新途径。

从商业观点来看，电子商务不仅仅局限于商品的购买。

除电子邮件和其他交流平台外，它还包括一个公司可以通过网络提供给顾客的所有信息或服务，从售前信息到售后服务和支持。

电子商务能通过时间和程序方面的效率提高来降低交易费用，从而降低总成本。

（改编自《电子商务英语》，北京大学出版社) Electronic Commerce is the product of the Internet. The Internet is basically a vast and ever increasing network of computers across the globe. It is estimated that the number of persons connected to the Internet today has surpassed 500 million, and there are over 90 million Internet hosts world-wide, facilitating a dramatic increase in the volume of trade and information available online.In the World Trade Organization (WTO) Work Group on Electronic Commerce, it is understood to mean: the production, distribution, marketing, sale or delivery of goods and services by electronic means. Broadly defined, electronic commerce includes an electronic medium or network. It essentially refers to all kinds of commercial transactions that are concluded over the Internet. Electronic Commerce is a new way of doing business.From a business point of view, e-commerce is not limited to the purchase of commodities. Besides e-mail and other communication platforms, it includes all information or services that a company may offer to its customers over the Net, from pre-purchase information to after-sale service and support. E-commerce can reduce transaction costs by increasing efficiency in the use of time and procedures, and thus lowering total costs.Model Essay:W eb BusinessIn the first year or so of Web business, most of the action has revolved around efforts to tap the consumer market. (1) More recently, as the Web proved to be more than a fashion, companies have started to buy and sell products and services with one another. Such business to business sales make sense because business people typically know what product they’re looking for.Nonetheless, many companies still hesitate to use the Web because of doubts about its reliability. (2) “Businesses need to feel they can trust the pathway between them and the supplier,”(3) says senior analyst Blane Erwin of Forrester Research. Some companies are limiting the risk by conducting online transaction s only with established business partners who are given access to the company’s private intranet.(4)Another major shift in the model for Internet commerce concerns the technology available for marketing. (5) Until recently, Internet marketing activities have focused on strategies to “pull”customers into sites. In the past year, however, software companies have developed tools that allow companies to “push”information directly out to consumers, transmit ting marketing messages directly to target ed customers. (6) Most notably, the Pointcast Network uses a screen saver to deliver a continually updated stream of news and advertisements to subscriber s’computer monitor s. Subscribers can customize the information they want to receive and proceed directly to company’s Web site. Companies such as Virtual Vineyards are already starting to use similar technologies to push messages to customers about special sales, product offering s, or other events. But push technology has earned the contempt of many Web users. (7) Online culture thinks highly of the notion that the information flowing onto the screen comes there by specific request. (8) Once commercial promotion begins to fill the screen uninvited, the distinction between the Web and television fade s. (9) That’s a prospect that horrifies Net purist s.But it is hardly inevitable that companies on the Web will need to resort to push strategies to make money. The examples of Virtual Vineyards, , and other pioneers show that a Web site selling the right kind of products with the right mix of interactivity, hospitality, and security will attract online customers. And the cost of computing power continues to free fall, which is a good sign for any enterprise setting up shop in silicon. People looking back5 or 10 years from now may well wonder why so few companies took the online plunge.（摘自《商务英语翻译教程（笔译）》，中国水利水电出版社）Notes:1.web business 网上交易补充：web-surfing 网上冲浪web page 网页website 网站2．revolve around 围绕着例：Their troubles revolve around money management. 他们的麻烦围绕着金钱管理。

Bitcoin: A Peer-to-Peer Electronic Cash SystemSatoshi Nakamotosatoshin@Abstract. A purely peer-to-peer version of electronic cash would allow onlinepayments to be sent directly from one party to another without going through afinancial institution. Digital signatures provide part of the solution, but the mainbenefits are lost if a trusted third party is still required to prevent double-spending.We propose a solution to the double-spending problem using a peer-to-peer network.The network timestamps transactions by hashing them into an ongoing chain ofhash-based proof-of-work, forming a record that cannot be changed without redoingthe proof-of-work. The longest chain not only serves as proof of the sequence ofevents witnessed, but proof that it came from the largest pool of CPU power. Aslong as a majority of CPU power is controlled by nodes that are not cooperating toattack the network, they'll generate the longest chain and outpace attackers. Thenetwork itself requires minimal structure. Messages are broadcast on a best effortbasis, and nodes can leave and rejoin the network at will, accepting the longestproof-of-work chain as proof of what happened while they were gone.1.IntroductionCommerce on the Internet has come to rely almost exclusively on financial institutions serving as trusted third parties to process electronic payments. While the system works well enough for most transactions,it still suffers from the inherent weaknesses of the trust based model. Completely non-reversible transactions are not really possible, since financial institutions cannot avoid mediating disputes.The cost of mediation increases transaction costs,limiting the minimum practical transaction size and cutting off the possibility for small casual transactions, and there is a broader cost in the loss of ability to make non-reversible payments for non-reversible services. With the possibility of reversal, the need for trust spreads. Merchants must be wary of their customers, hassling them for more information than they would otherwise need.A certain percentage of fraud is accepted as unavoidable. These costs and payment uncertainties can be avoided in person by using physical currency, but no mechanism exists to make payments over a communications channel without a trusted party.What is needed is an electronic payment system based on cryptographic proof instead of trust, allowing any two willing parties to transact directly with each other without the need for a trusted third party. Transactions that are computationally impractical to reverse would protect sellers from fraud, and routine escrow mechanisms could easily be implemented to protect buyers. In this paper, we propose a solution to the double-spending problem using a peer-to-peer distributed timestamp server to generate computational proof of the chronological order of transactions. The system is secure as long as honest nodes collectively control more CPU power than any cooperating group of attacker nodes.12.TransactionsWe define an electronic coin as a chain of digital signatures. Each owner transfers the coin to the next by digitally signing a hash of the previous transaction and the public key of the next owner and adding these to the end of the coin. A payee can verify the signatures to verify the chain of ownership.The problem of course is the payee can't verify that one of the owners did not double-spend the coin. A common solution is to introduce a trusted central authority, or mint, that checks every transaction for double spending. After each transaction, the coin must be returned to the mint to issue a new coin, and only coins issued directly from the mint are trusted not to be double-spent. The problem with this solution is that the fate of the entire money system depends on the company running the mint, with every transaction having to go through them, just like a bank.We need a way for the payee to know that the previous owners did not sign any earlier transactions. For our purposes, the earliest transaction is the one that counts, so we don't care about later attempts to double-spend. The only way to confirm the absence of a transaction is to be aware of all transactions. In the mint based model, the mint was aware of all transactions and decided which arrived first. To accomplish this without a trusted party, transactions must be publicly announced [1], and we need a system for participants to agree on a single history of the order in which they were received. The payee needs proof that at the time of each transaction, the majority of nodes agreed it was the first received.3.Timestamp ServerThe solution we propose begins with a timestamp server. A timestamp server works by taking a hash of a block of items to be timestamped and widely publishing the hash,such as in a newspaper or Usenet post [2-5]. The timestamp proves that the data must have existed at the time, obviously, in order to get into the hash. Each timestamp includes the previous timestamp in its hash, forming a chain, with each additional timestamp reinforcing the ones before it.24.Proof-of-WorkTo implement a distributed timestamp server on a peer-to-peer basis, we will need to use a proof-of-work system similar to Adam Back's Hashcash [6], rather than newspaper or Usenet posts. The proof-of-work involves scanning for a value that when hashed, such as with SHA-256, the hash begins with a number of zero bits. The average work required is exponential in the number of zero bits required and can be verified by executing a single hash.For our timestamp network, we implement the proof-of-work by incrementing a nonce in the block until a value is found that gives the block's hash the required zero bits. Once the CPU effort has been expended to make it satisfy the proof-of-work, the block cannot be changed without redoing the work. As later blocks are chained after it, the work to change the block would include redoing all the blocks after it.The proof-of-work also solves the problem of determining representation in majority decision making. If the majority were based on one-IP-address-one-vote, it could be subverted by anyone able to allocate many IPs.Proof-of-work is essentially one-CPU-one-vote.The majority decision is represented by the longest chain, which has the greatest proof-of-work effort invested in it. If a majority of CPU power is controlled by honest nodes, the honest chain will grow the fastest and outpace any competing chains. To modify a past block, an attacker would have to redo the proof-of-work of the block and all blocks after it and then catch up with and surpass the work of the honest nodes. We will show later that the probability of a slower attacker catching up diminishes exponentially as subsequent blocks are added.To compensate for increasing hardware speed and varying interest in running nodes over time, the proof-of-work difficulty is determined by a moving average targeting an average number of blocks per hour. If they're generated too fast, the difficulty increases.workThe steps to run the network are as follows:1)New transactions are broadcast to all nodes.2)Each node collects new transactions into a block.3)Each node works on finding a difficult proof-of-work for its block.4)When a node finds a proof-of-work, it broadcasts the block to all nodes.5)Nodes accept the block only if all transactions in it are valid and not already spent.6)Nodes express their acceptance of the block by working on creating the next block in thechain, using the hash of the accepted block as the previous hash.Nodes always consider the longest chain to be the correct one and will keep working on extending it. If two nodes broadcast different versions of the next block simultaneously, some nodes may receive one or the other first. In that case, they work on the first one they received, but save the other branch in case it becomes longer. The tie will be broken when the next proof-of-work is found and one branch becomes longer; the nodes that were working on the other branch will then switch to the longer one.3New transaction broadcasts do not necessarily need to reach all nodes. As long as they reach many nodes, they will get into a block before long. Block broadcasts are also tolerant of dropped messages. If a node does not receive a block, it will request it when it receives the next block and realizes it missed one.6.IncentiveBy convention, the first transaction in a block is a special transaction that starts a new coin owned by the creator of the block. This adds an incentive for nodes to support the network, and provides a way to initially distribute coins into circulation, since there is no central authority to issue them. The steady addition of a constant of amount of new coins is analogous to gold miners expending resources to add gold to circulation. In our case, it is CPU time and electricity that is expended.The incentive can also be funded with transaction fees. If the output value of a transaction is less than its input value, the difference is a transaction fee that is added to the incentive value of the block containing the transaction. Once a predetermined number of coins have entered circulation, the incentive can transition entirely to transaction fees and be completely inflation free.The incentive may help encourage nodes to stay honest. If a greedy attacker is able to assemble more CPU power than all the honest nodes, he would have to choose between using it to defraud people by stealing back his payments, or using it to generate new coins. He ought to find it more profitable to play by the rules, such rules that favour him with more new coins than everyone else combined, than to undermine the system and the validity of his own wealth.7.Reclaiming Disk SpaceOnce the latest transaction in a coin is buried under enough blocks, the spent transactions before it can be discarded to save disk space. To facilitate this without breaking the block's hash, transactions are hashed in a Merkle Tree [7][2][5], with only the root included in the block's hash. Old blocks can then be compacted by stubbing off branches of the tree. The interior hashes do not need to be stored.A block header with no transactions would be about 80 bytes. If we suppose blocks are generated every 10 minutes, 80 bytes * 6 * 24 * 365 = 4.2MB per year. With computer systems typically selling with 2GB of RAM as of 2008, and Moore's Law predicting current growth of1.2GB per year, storage should not be a problem even if the block headers must be kept in memory.4Transactions Hashed in a Merkle TreeAfter Pruning Tx0-2 from the Block8.Simplified Payment VerificationIt is possible to verify payments without running a full network node. A user only needs to keep a copy of the block headers of the longest proof-of-work chain, which he can get by querying network nodes until he's convinced he has the longest chain, and obtain the Merkle branch linking the transaction to the block it's timestamped in. He can't check the transaction for himself, but by linking it to a place in the chain, he can see that a network node has accepted it, and blocks added after it further confirm the network has accepted it.Longest Proof-of-Work ChainAs such, the verification is reliable as long as honest nodes control the network, but is more vulnerable if the network is overpowered by an attacker. While network nodes can verify transactions for themselves, the simplified method can be fooled by an attacker's fabricated transactions for as long as the attacker can continue to overpower the network. One strategy to protect against this would be to accept alerts from network nodes when they detect an invalid block, prompting the user's software to download the full block and alerted transactions to confirm the inconsistency. Businesses that receive frequent payments will probably still want to run their own nodes for more independent security and quicker verification.bining and Splitting ValueAlthough it would be possible to handle coins individually, it would be unwieldy to make a separate transaction for every cent in a transfer. To allow value to be split and combined, transactions contain multiple inputs and outputs. Normally there will be either a single input from a larger previous transaction or multiple inputs combining smaller amounts, and at most two outputs: one for the payment, and one returning the change, if any, back to the sender.It should be noted that fan-out, where a transaction depends on several transactions, and those transactions depend on many more, is not a problem here. There is never the need to extract a complete standalone copy of a transaction's history.510.PrivacyThe traditional banking model achieves a level of privacy by limiting access to information to the parties involved and the trusted third party. The necessity to announce all transactions publicly precludes this method, but privacy can still be maintained by breaking the flow of information in another place: by keeping public keys anonymous. The public can see that someone is sending an amount to someone else, but without information linking the transaction to anyone. This is similar to the level of information released by stock exchanges, where the time and size of individual trades, the "tape", is made public, but without telling who the parties were.As an additional firewall, a new key pair should be used for each transaction to keep them from being linked to a common owner. Some linking is still unavoidable with multi-input transactions, which necessarily reveal that their inputs were owned by the same owner. The risk is that if the owner of a key is revealed, linking could reveal other transactions that belonged to the same owner.11.CalculationsWe consider the scenario of an attacker trying to generate an alternate chain faster than the honest chain. Even if this is accomplished, it does not throw the system open to arbitrary changes, such as creating value out of thin air or taking money that never belonged to the attacker. Nodes are not going to accept an invalid transaction as payment, and honest nodes will never accept a block containing them. An attacker can only try to change one of his own transactions to take back money he recently spent.The race between the honest chain and an attacker chain can be characterized as a Binomial Random Walk. The success event is the honest chain being extended by one block, increasing its lead by +1, and the failure event is the attacker's chain being extended by one block, reducing the gap by -1.The probability of an attacker catching up from a given deficit is analogous to a Gambler's Ruin problem. Suppose a gambler with unlimited credit starts at a deficit and plays potentially an infinite number of trials to try to reach breakeven. We can calculate the probability he ever reaches breakeven, or that an attacker ever catches up with the honest chain, as follows [8]: p = probability an honest node finds the next blockq = probability the attacker finds the next blockq z = probability the attacker will ever catch up from z blocks behindq z ={1if p≤qq/p z if p q}6New Privacy ModelTraditional Privacy ModelGiven our assumption that p > q , the probability drops exponentially as the number of blocks the attacker has to catch up with increases. With the odds against him, if he doesn't make a lucky lunge forward early on, his chances become vanishingly small as he falls further behind.We now consider how long the recipient of a new transaction needs to wait before being sufficiently certain the sender can't change the transaction. We assume the sender is an attacker who wants to make the recipient believe he paid him for a while, then switch it to pay back to himself after some time has passed. The receiver will be alerted when that happens, but the sender hopes it will be too late.The receiver generates a new key pair and gives the public key to the sender shortly before signing. This prevents the sender from preparing a chain of blocks ahead of time by working on it continuously until he is lucky enough to get far enough ahead, then executing the transaction at that moment. Once the transaction is sent, the dishonest sender starts working in secret on a parallel chain containing an alternate version of his transaction.The recipient waits until the transaction has been added to a block and z blocks have been linked after it. He doesn't know the exact amount of progress the attacker has made, but assuming the honest blocks took the average expected time per block, the attacker's potential progress will be a Poisson distribution with expected value:=z qTo get the probability the attacker could still catch up now, we multiply the Poisson density for each amount of progress he could have made by the probability he could catch up from that point:∑k =0∞ k e − k !⋅{ q /p z −k if k ≤z 1if k z }Rearranging to avoid summing the infinite tail of the distribution...1−∑k =0zk e − k !1− q /p z −k Converting to C code...#include <math.h>double AttackerSuccessProbability(double q, int z){double p = 1.0 - q; double lambda = z * (q / p);double sum = 1.0; int i, k;for (k = 0; k <= z; k++) {double poisson = exp(-lambda); for (i = 1; i <= k; i++)poisson *= lambda / i; sum -= poisson * (1 - pow(q / p, z - k));} return sum;}7Running some results, we can see the probability drop off exponentially with z.q=0.1z=0 P=1.0000000z=1 P=0.2045873z=2 P=0.0509779z=3 P=0.0131722z=4 P=0.0034552z=5 P=0.0009137z=6 P=0.0002428z=7 P=0.0000647z=8 P=0.0000173z=9 P=0.0000046z=10 P=0.0000012q=0.3z=0 P=1.0000000z=5 P=0.1773523z=10 P=0.0416605z=15 P=0.0101008z=20 P=0.0024804z=25 P=0.0006132z=30 P=0.0001522z=35 P=0.0000379z=40 P=0.0000095z=45 P=0.0000024z=50 P=0.0000006Solving for P less than 0.1%...P < 0.001q=0.10 z=5q=0.15 z=8q=0.20 z=11q=0.25 z=15q=0.30 z=24q=0.35 z=41q=0.40 z=89q=0.45 z=34012.ConclusionWe have proposed a system for electronic transactions without relying on trust. We started with the usual framework of coins made from digital signatures, which provides strong control of ownership, but is incomplete without a way to prevent double-spending. To solve this, we proposed a peer-to-peer network using proof-of-work to record a public history of transactions that quickly becomes computationally impractical for an attacker to change if honest nodes control a majority of CPU power. The network is robust in its unstructured simplicity. Nodes work all at once with little coordination. They do not need to be identified, since messages are not routed to any particular place and only need to be delivered on a best effort basis. Nodes can leave and rejoin the network at will,accepting the proof-of-work chain as proof of what happened while they were gone. They vote with their CPU power, expressing their acceptance of valid blocks by working on extending them and rejecting invalid blocks by refusing to work on them. Any needed rules and incentives can be enforced with this consensus mechanism.8References[1]W. Dai, "b-money," /bmoney.txt, 1998.[2]H. Massias, X.S. Avila, and J.-J. Quisquater, "Design of a secure timestamping service with minimaltrust requirements," In 20th Symposium on Information Theory in the Benelux, May 1999.[3]S. Haber, W.S. Stornetta, "How to time-stamp a digital document," In Journal of Cryptology, vol 3, no2, pages 99-111, 1991.[4] D. Bayer, S. Haber, W.S. Stornetta, "Improving the efficiency and reliability of digital time-stamping,"In Sequences II: Methods in Communication, Security and Computer Science, pages 329-334, 1993. [5]S. Haber, W.S. Stornetta, "Secure names for bit-strings," In Proceedings of the 4th ACM Conferenceon Computer and Communications Security, pages 28-35, April 1997.[6] A. Back, "Hashcash - a denial of service counter-measure,"/papers/hashcash.pdf, 2002.[7]R.C. Merkle, "Protocols for public key cryptosystems," In Proc. 1980 Symposium on Security andPrivacy, IEEE Computer Society, pages 122-133, April 1980.[8]W. Feller, "An introduction to probability theory and its applications," 1957.9。

ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION DEPARTMENTGuidance NotesApplication for Motor Vehicle Exhaust Emission and Noise Emission Type Approval (For motor vehicle with design weight of not more than 3.5 tonnes)1.Application formThe application form consists of two parts, PART I and PART II. PART I is the applicant’s information and PART II is information of the vehicle model for which type approval is sought. Please note that no exhaust emission type approval is required for pure electric vehicles, in which case you should complete Section A of PART I and Section C of PART II for noise emission type approval only. You should complete relevant items and provide all necessary information in supporting your application. TWO copies of PART I are required if you apply for both vehicle exhaust and noise emission type approval.2. Authorized signatureThe application form and the CD-ROMs must have authorized signatures of the vehicle / engine manufacturer to certify that the information of the vehicle / engine model under application is correct and complete.3.ChecklistThe information in the checklist is essential for your application. You may provide other information to support your application.4. Submission of ApplicationThe completed application form together with all supporting documents can be sent by post or in person toEnvironmental Protection DepartmentMobile Source Policy Section (1)Room 4518, 45/F., Revenue Tower,5 Gloucester Road, Wan Chai, Hong Kong.Enquiry:E-mailaddress:********************.hkTelephone : (852) 2594 6332 Fax : (852) 2824 9361 on exhaust emission(852) 2411 9665 Fax : (852) 2413 3358 on noise emissionENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION DEPARTMENTAPPLICATION FOR MOTOR VEHICLE EXHAUST AND NOISE EMISSION TYPE APPROVAL (For motor vehicle with design weight of not more than 3.5 tonnes) For pure electric vehicles, please complete Section A of PART I and Section C of PART II onlyVehicle Make & Model :Class of Vehicle: (e.g. Private Car)PART IA.Appl icant’s informationCompany :Address :Business Registration No. :Telephone No. :Fax No. :Name and Telephone No. of Contact Person (if applicable):Signature (Applicant) :Name: Position :E-mail Address : Date :ChecklistPlease tick the relevant boxes□T wo copies of PART I –Applicant’s information□One copy of PART II – Information of the Vehicle Model for Type Approval□*One CD-Rom containing third party certificates for exhaust emission / *One hard copy of third party certificate for exhaust emission□*One CD-Rom containing third party certificates for noise emission / *One hard copy of third party certificate for noise emission□*Certification issued by the Ministry of Land, Infrastructure and Transport□* Other supporting documents, please specifySubmission of ApplicationThe completed application form together with all supporting documents can be sent by post or in person toEnvironmental Protection DepartmentMobile Source Policy Section (1)Room 4518, 45/F., Revenue Tower,5 Gloucester Road, Wan Chai, Hong Kong.Note : * delete as appropriateB.1) Declaration by Vehicle ManufacturerI certify that(a)the information in PART II – Information of the Vehicle Model for Type Approval is the correctdescription of the vehicle or engine model under application.(b)the vehicle / engine type described in Part A, Part B and Part C complies with the vehicle exhaustemission standards and the noise emission standards as laid down in the Air Pollution Control (Vehicle Design Standards)(Emission) Regulation and Noise Control (Motor Vehicles) Regulation respectively.(c)adequate arrangements and prepared documented quality control plans with certification tointernational standard such as EN ISO 9002 – 1994, or EN ISO 9001 – 2000 or an equivalent standard acceptable by the Environmental Protection Department has been set up to ensure all vehicles and engines produced and offered for sale in Hong Kong comply with the exhaust emission standards as laid down in the Air Pollution Control (Vehicle Design Standards)(Emission) Regulations.(d)at least 1% (or % as agreed with the Environmental Protection Department) of the total sales ofthe vehicles or engines of the model for which emission type approval is sought, and destined for Hong Kong will be sampled randomly for exhaust emission test to confirm the vehicle model complies with the emission requirements in the Air Pollution Control (Vehicle Design Standards)(Emission) Regulations.(e)an annual report will be submitted to the Environmental Protection Department for the approvedvehicle model or engine model substantiating the fulfillment of the conformity of production requirements in the approved conformity production plan.Authorised Homologation Staff (Signature) :Name and Position :Company :Date :PART II INFORMATION OF THE VEHICLE MODEL FOR TYPE APPROVALThis vehicle model can meet the qualifying standards of Environment-friendly vehicle. YES/ NOA.Details of the Motor Vehicle, Engine, Air–Intake and Exhaust Control Systems A.1) Description of Motor VehicleMake :Model (Sales Designation) :Registration Class :Manufacturer’s Name and Address:Manufacturer’s Representative’s Name :and AddressDesign Weight (kg) (1):Unladen Mass of Vehicle (kg) :Reference Mass of Vehicle (kg) (2):Maximum Technically Permissible Mass of Vehicle (kg) (3): (Laden) Seating Capacity (Excluding Driver) :Gearbox - Type : Manual /Automatic /CVT*- Model No. :Number of Gears :Gear Ratios - First : Second :- Third : Fourth :- Fifth : Sixth :For CVT - Minimum Ratio :- Maximum Ratio :Final Drive Ratio :Driving Wheels : Front /Rear /All*Tyre Specifications - Front :- Rear :Note : * delete as appropriateCVT means Continuously Variable Transmission(1) Maximum design loaded vehicle weight as recommended by the manufacturer of a motor vehicle(2) Mass of vehicle in running order less the uniform mass of the driver of 75kg and increased by a uniformmass of 100kg(3) The maximum mass of the vehicle based on its construction and performance, stated by the manufacturer.A.2) Description of EngineMake :Type :Fuel used :Vehicle Fuel Type : Mono Fuel / Bi Fuel / Flex Fuel*Maximum Amount of Biofuel Acceptable in Fuel (% by Volume) :Cycle : Four Stroke / Two Stroke / Others* (please specify) :Ignition System : Positive Ignition / Compression Ignition* Number and Arrangement of Cylinders :Bore (mm) :Stroke (mm) :Firing Order of Cylinders :Engine Capacity (litre) :Volumetric Compression Ratio :Cooling System :Fuel Supply System : Direct Injection / Indirect Injection*Rated Maximum Power Output : kW at rev/minRated Maximum Torque Output : Nm at rev/minIdle Engine Speed (rpm) :Maximum Designed No Load Engine Speed (Diesel Only) (rpm) :Method of Aspiration : Natural / Turbocharger & Intercooler / Other* (please specifiy) : Hybrid Electric Vehicle : yes / no*Category of Hybrid Electric Vehicle : Off Vehicle Charging / Not off Vehicle Charging* Operating Mode Switch : With / Without*Start-Stop System : yes / no*Note : * Delete as appropriateA.3) Description and Drawings of the Air-intake and Exhaust Control System1. Air-Intake SystemDescription and drawings (showing in a plan view and a lateral view) of the air-intake system indicating the location of the intake silencer(s) and the air filter(s) :(i) Air Filter, drawings number :Model/Type :Identification Marks :Manufacturer/Authorized Agent :(ii) Air Intake Silencer, drawings number :Model/Type :Identification Marks :Manufacturer/Authorized Agent :2. Exhaust Control SystemDescription and drawings (showing in a plan view and a lateral view) of the exhaust systemindicating the location of the muffler(s), the catalytic converter(s) and the oxygen sensor(s) : (i)Exhaust Silencer, drawings number:Model/Type :Identification Marks :Manufacturer/Authorized Agent :(ii) Catalytic Converter, drawings number:Model/Type :Identification Marks :Manufacturer/Authorized Agent :(iii)Oxygen Sensor, drawings number:Design range of Lambda value at high idle speed is 1 0.03 : yes / no*if no, please specify :Model/Type :Identification Marks :Manufacturer/Authorized Agent :(iv) Device for Recycle Crankcase GasesDescription and drawing number :(v) Exhaust Gas Recirculation : yes / no*Description and drawing number :(vi) Evaporative Emission Control System : yes / no*Description and drawing (showing in schematic diagram) :Drawing number of Carbon Canister :(vii)NOx Sensor : yes / no*Description and drawing number :(viii) Secondary Air Injection : yes / no*Description and drawing number :(ix) Particulate Trap : yes / no*Description and drawing number :(x) Other Anti-Pollution Devices : yes / no*Description and drawing number :A.4) Description and Diagram of Motor Vehicle with Overall Dimensions(including Fuel Tank Filling Pipe Neck Inside Diameter for petrol vehicles only).Note : Attach separate sheet(s) showing a plan view, a front view and a lateral (side) view A.5) Maintenance and Service Schedule under Normal and Severe UseNote : Attach separate sheet(s) if necessaryNote : * Delete as appropriateA.6) Details of On-Board Diagnostic (OBD) System1.The OBD system complies with the requirements as specified in Regulation (EC) No. 715/2007 ofthe European Parliament and of the Council and Commission Regulation (EC) No. 692/2008 as amended by its subsequent amendments up to and including amendments made by Commission Regulations (EU) No. 566/2011 or other equivalent*.(state if any) .2.Attach comprehensive fault code list and descriptions of the malfunction indicator (MI) used by theOBD system to signal the presence of faults.3.Attach list of all relevant parts of the vehicle’s emission control system that are monitored by theOBD system such as catalyst & oxygen sensor monitoring, misfire detection, electronic evaporative purge control device (if equipped), etc., for positive ignition engine and catalyst/electronic fuelling system/particulate trap monitoring, etc., for compression ignition engines. Details of monitoring method, monitoring flow chart (if any), monitoring condition and malfunction criteria for each relevant part monitored by the OBD system.4.Full OBD system test reportAttach a full OBD system test report. The OBD system test has been carried out in accordance with the requirements as specified in Regulation (EC) No. 715/2007 of the European Parliament and of the Council and Commission Regulation (EC) No. 692/2008 as amended by its subsequent amendments up to and including amendments made by Commission Regulations (EU) No.566/2011 or other equivalent* (state if any) .Certified true copy by the Homologation Department is acceptable.A.7) Access to Vehicle OBD and Vehicle Repair and Maintenance InformationProvide proof of compliance for Access to Vehicle OBD and Vehicle Repair and Maintenance Information.Note : * Delete as appropriateB. Exhaust Emission ResultsImportant Notes :(1)For emission tests conforming to EC Directive, please complete Parts B.1 and B.2 and providenecessary EC Type Approval Certificates for Exhaust Emission, Carbon Dioxide Emissions and Fuel Consumption or third party supporting information such as emission test report, etc. for verifying the emission test results in Part B.2.(2)For emission tests conforming to Japan Standard, please complete Parts B.1 and B.2 and completethe following information:□This model is approved under type designation of device approval system in Japan.□This model is approved under whole vehicle type approval system in Japan,□ A copy of the test report from NTSEL is attached.(3)For emission tests conforming to US Standard, please complete Parts B.1 and B.2 and providenecessary supporting information such as emission test reports for verifying emission test results in Part B.2.B.1) Certificate of Compliance for Gaseous, Particulate & Smoke EmissionVehicle Make :Engine Make :Vehicle Type (Model Code) :Variant :Version :Vehicle Model :Engine Model :Manufacturer’s name and address:Specify EC Certificate Number / Conforming Standard forWhole Vehicle Type Approval :Exhaust Emission :Fuel Consumption :Test Report Number forWhole Vehicle Type Approval :Exhaust Emission :Fuel Consumption :OBD System :Test Fuel Specifications : Values of RON / MON / Lead Content / Sulphur ContentB.2) Motor Vehicle Exhaust Emission Test Report1. Identification of Vehicle TestedEngine No. (1):Chassis No. (1):Odometer Reading (km) :2. Emission Test Results2.1 Type I Test (Verifying the Average Tailpipe Emissions after a Cold Start)Date of Testing :Emitted Mass Unit Deterioration Factor Result Limit HC (in g/km)HC+NO x(in g/km)NMHC (in g/km)CO (in g/km)NO x(in g/km)NMOG (in g/km)HCHO (in mg/km)PM (in g/km)PN (in #/km)2.2 Type II Test (Carbon Monoxide Emission at Idling Speed)Date of Testing :At Idling Engine Speed (min-1) :Corrected CO Value (% Vol.) :Limit (% Vol.) :2.3Type III Test (Crankcase Emission Test)Date of Testing :Test Result :2.4Type IV Test (Evaporative Emission Test)Date of Testing :Test Method :Test Result (g/test) :Limit (g/test) :Note : (1) Details of the engine/chassis code to support the vehicle/engine tested are applicable to the applied vehicle.2.5Type V Test (Durability of Anti-Pollution Control Devices)Date of Testing :Durability type : 160,000 km(a) / 80 000 km(b) / 50,000 and 120,000 miles(c) * Deterioration Factors : Fixed / Calculated and Additive / Calculated and Multiple*2.6Roadworthiness TestDate of Testing :CO Value (% Vol.) LambdaEngine Speed(min-1)Engine Oil Temperature(o C)Low Idle TestHigh Idle Test2.7 Results of the CO2-Emission / Fuel Consumption TestsDate of Testing :Urban Conditions Extra-urban Conditions Combined ConditionsCO2 Emission (g/km)Fuel Consumption (l/100km)Name and Address of the Approved Test Laboratory Laboratory Approved by (Name and Address ofNational or Recognised Authority) : :Note : * Delete as appropriate(a) Durability type for emission tests conforming to EC Directive(b) Durability type for emission tests conforming to Japan Standard(c) Durability type for emission tests conforming to USA Standard2.8 Smoke Test (For diesel engine only)Free Acceleration Smoke Test Result according to 72/306/EC test procedure and its subsequent amendments up to and including amendments made by 2005/21/EC.Identification of Vehicle TestedEngine No. (1):Chassis No. (1):Odometer Reading (km) :Date of Testing :Opacimeter Used :Measured LimitLight Absorption Coefficient (m-1)Name and Address of theApproved Test Laboratory Laboratory Approved by (Name and Address ofNational or Recognised Authority) : :Note : (1) Details of the engine/chassis code to support the vehicle/engine tested are applicable to the applied vehicle.C. Details of the Motor Vehicle, Engine / Electric Motor* and Noise Emission Test ResultsC.1) Declaration by Vehicle Manufacturer (applicable to pure electric vehicles only)I certify that(a) the information in this Section C is the correct description of the vehicle type under application.(b) the vehicle type described in this Section C complies with the noise emission standards as laid down in the Noise Control (Motor Vehicles) Regulation.(c) the vehicle selected for the noise test is representative of the above vehicle type and the noise test results are given in Appendix I below.Authorised Homologation Staff (Signature) : Name and Position : Company : Date :C.2) Details of the Motor Vehicle and Engine / Electric Motor*Vehicle Make: Vehicle Model & Sales Designation: Vehicle Registration Class :Engine / Electric Motor* Make : Engine / Electric Motor* Type : Engine Capacity (litre) : Fuel used :Rated Maximum Power Output of Engine /Maximum Hourly Output of Electric Motor*: : __________ kW at ________ rev/min __________ kW Manufacturer’s name and address: Name and Address of Manufacturer’s Representative : Design Weight (kg) (1) : Unladen Mass of Vehicle (kg) :Maximum Technically Permissible Mass of Vehicle (kg) (2) (Laden) : Seating capacity (excluding driver) :Gear Box Type : Manual / Automatic / CVT*Number of Gears :Conforming noise standards :The noise emission test results for the test motor vehicle are summarised in Part C.3 as follows.Name and address of Manufacturer’s te sting site (if different from above) or Acoustic Testing Laboratory : Note : * delete as appropriateCVT means Continuously Variable Transmission(1)Maximum design loaded vehicle weight as recommended by the manufacturer of a motor vehicle(2) The maximum mass of the vehicle based on its construction and performance, stated by the manufacturerC.3) Motor Vehicle Noise Emission Level Test Results :The description of the motor vehicle and engine/ electric motor** is in Part C.2.Identification of Vehicle TestedEngine / Electric Motor No.* :Chassis No.* :Test Date :Test Site :Name and address of the Acoustic Testing Laboratory :The tests have been carried out in accordance with the testing procedures of the noise standards (EEC or Japan **) in the Noise Control (Motor Vehicles) Regulations. The specific testing procedure adopted is # (select whichever is appropriate).# Accelerated Running Noise Level Test (EEC and Japan noise standard)# Stationary Noise Level Test (EEC standard only)# Compressed Air Noise Test (where applicable, EEC standard only)# Steady Running Noise Level Test (Japan standard only)# Proximity Stationary Noise Level Test (Japan standard only)Note : You should also provide the appropriate test results which comply with the noise standards indicated above. A model test results format as shown in Appendix I, for reference, shouldfacilitate the interpretation of test results.Note : * Details of the engine/chassis code to support the vehicle/engine tested are applicable to the applied vehicle ** delete as appropriateAppendix I Model format for the presentation of the motor vehicle noise results1) Accelerated Running Noise Level Test (for EEC and Japan noise standard)Note : *denotes EEC test procedure requires noise levels be recorded on both the left and the right handed side of the test vehicle.2) Stationary Noise Level Test (for EEC Standard only)3) Compressed Air Noise Test (where applicable, for EEC Standard only)4) Steady Running Noise Level Test (for Japan noise standard only)5) Proximity Stationary Noise Level Test (for Japan noise standard only)Environmental Protection DepartmentMarch 2013。

2020届上海市高三英语一模试卷翻译题目和答案学生版和老师版目录2020宝山一模 (1)2020崇明一模 (1)2020奉贤一模 (2)2020虹口一模 (3)2020黄浦一模 (3)2020嘉定一模 (4)2020静安一模 (5)2020 闵行一模 (6)2020浦东一模 (6)2020普陀一模 (7)2020青浦一模 (8)2020松江一模 (8)2020徐汇一模 (9)2020杨浦一模 (10)2020长宁一模......................................... 10 2020宝山一模翻译答案 . (12)2020崇明一模翻译答案 (12)2020奉贤一模翻译答案 (13)2020虹口一模翻译答案 (14)2020黄浦一模翻译答案 (15)2020嘉定一模翻译答案 (16)2020静安一模翻译答案 (16)2020闵行一模翻译答案 (17)2020浦东一模翻译答案 (18)2020普陀一模翻译答案 (19)2020青浦一模翻译答案 (20)2020松江一模翻译答案 (21)2020徐汇一模翻译答案 (22)2020杨浦一模翻译答案 (22)2020长宁一模翻译答案 (23)学生版- 翻译题目汇总2020宝山一模72. 无论时走路、骑车还是开车，遵守交通规则都很重要。

（follow) ————————————————————————————————————————73. 只有发展好、运用好、治理好互联网，才能使其更好地造福人类。

（Only) ————————————————————————————————————————74. 鼓励你，给你建议，并提出有建设性的问题的人被称作人生教.（helpful) ————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————75. 生命充满了挑战，但是只要你有学习新事物的意愿，就能得到克服障碍的正确态度。

Unit 8 Computer NetworkingText 1 Data CommunicationsThe end equipment can be computers, printers, keyboards, CRTs, and so on.They are either generates the digital information for transmission or uses the received digital data. This equipment generally operates digital information internally in word units.DTE is data terminal equipment. A station controller STACO is the corresponding unit at the secondaries. At one time, the DTE was the last piece of equipment that belonged to the subscriber in a data link system. Between the DTEs, first is the modem, and then is the communications equipment. The communication equipment is owned and maintained by Telco. Data communications equipment DCE accepts the serial data stream from the DTE. And DCE converts it to some form of analog signal suitable for transmission on voice-grade lines. At the receive end, the DCE performs the reverse function. It converts the received analog signal to a serial digital data stream. The simplest form of DCE is a modem modulator/demodulator or data set. At the transmit end, the modem can be considered a form of digital-to-analog converter.While at the receive end, it can be considered a form of analog-to-digital converter.参考译文数据通信终端设备可以是计算机、打印机、键盘、CRT等;它们可以生成要发送的数字信息,也可以使用所接收的数字数据;这种设备通常在内部以字为单位处理数字信息;DTE一般称为数据终端设备;辅助设备一方的相应设备是工作站控制器STACO;同时,DTE也是数据链路系统中属于用户端的最后一个设备;在两个DTE之间,先是调制解调器,接着是属于Telco电话公司维护的通信设备;数据通信设备DCE从DTE接收串行数据流,并将其转换成适合于在语音线路上发送的某种模拟信号形式;在接收端,DCE完成相反的功能,把接收到的模拟信号转换成串行数字数据流;最简单的DCE是调制解调器或数据传送机;在发送端,调制解调器可以视为一种数/模转换器,而在接收端则可视为一种模／数转换器;Text 2 Architecture of Computer NetworksComputer network is a complex unit, it consists of two or more connected computing units. It is used for the purpose of data communication and resource sharing. Design of a network and its logical structure should comply with a set of design principles. They include: the organization of functions, the description of data formats and procedure.In the following two sections we will discuss two important network architectures, the OSI reference model and the TCP/IP reference model.(1)the OSI reference modelThe OSI open systems interconnection model was created by the ISO. This model is a foundation for comparing protocols; However, more protocols deviate from the rules set up by the OSI model.The OSI model has seven layers. Note that the OSI model itself is not a network architecture.It just tells what each layer should do. However, ISO has also produced standards for all the layers. Each one has been published as a separate international standard.(2)the TCP/IP reference modelTCP/IP is a communication protocol; it provides many different networking services.The TCP/IP Internet protocol suite is formed from two standards: the TCP Transmission Control Protocol and the IP Internet Protocol. TCP means it is on the transport layer. IP means it is on the network layer. On top of the transport layer is the application layer. It contains all the higher-level protocols. The early ones included virtual terminal TELNET, file transfer FTP, electronic mail SMTP and domain name service DNS.As we know, TCP/IP is the foundation of the Internet.These protocols are continually changing and evolving to support the needs of the user community.参考译文计算机网络结构计算机网络是由两个或多个计算机设备互连而成的一种复合系统,它用于数据通信和资源共享;网络设计及其逻辑结构应该遵循一套设计原则,其中包括：功能的组织以及数据格式和过程的说明;在下面的两小节里,我们将讨论两个重要的网络体系结构,即OSI参考模型和TCP/IP参考模型;(1)OSI参考模型OSI模型开放系统互联参考模型是由国际标准化组织ISO开发的一个建议;相对于其他协议来说,此种模式为基础模式;然而,更多的协议是背离OSI模型的;OSI模型有7层;应该注意的是,OSI模型本身并不是一种网络体系结构,它只是说明每一层应该做什么;然而,ISO还是对各层制定了标准,每一层都是作为一个单独的国际标准来颁布的;(2)TCP/IP参考模型TCP/IP参考模型是一种传输协议,提供了许多不同的网络服务;TCP/IP协议组由TCP传输控制协议和IP网际协议两部分组成;TCP表明是处于传输层,IP意为是在网络层;在传输层上面是应用层;应用层包括所有高层协议;早期的协议包括虚拟终端TELNET、文件传送协议FTP、电子邮件SMTP和域名服务DNS;现在我们知道,TCP/IP协议是因特网的基础;这些协议在用户们的支持下不断地改变和进化着;Text 3 Local Area NetworkA LAN Local area data network is a group of computers. The work devices connected together usually within the same building. By definition, the connections must be high-speed and relatively inexpensive . token ring or Ethernet. For example, a LAN may be used to interconnect workstations distributed around offices within a single building or a group of buildings such as a university campus.LANs consist of carefully selected groups of components hardware and software. They are configured for the specific requirements of the organization. A LAN is generally limited to the size of a department or an organization. And a LAN often consists of 2 to 100 devices. LANs usually contain resources such as servers, printers, and connections to other networks through internetworking devices. The internetworking devices include switches and routers.In the next section we will discuss the structure of the different types of LAN.(1)TopologyMost wide area networks, such as the PSTN, use a mesh sometimes referred to as a network topology. With LANs, however, the limited physical separation of the subscriber DTEs allows simpler topologies to be used. The four topologies in common use are star, bus, ring and hub.The most widespread topology for LANs designed to function as data communication subnetworks for the interconnection of local computer-based equipment is the hub topology. It is a variation of the bus andring.(2)Transmission mediaTwisted pair, coaxial cable and optical fibre are the three main types of transmission medium used for LANs.(3)Medium access control methodsTwo techniques have been adopted for use of the medium access control in the LANs. One is carrier-sense-multiple-access with collision detection, and the other is control token.参考译文局域网局域数据网局域网由若干计算机组成;通常是一幢楼内的工作设备被连接在一起;通过定义可知,这种连接一定是高速并且相对廉价的如：令牌网和以太网;例如,一个局域网可以把一幢楼里或像大学校园内楼群里的各个办公室的工作站连在一起;局域网是由精心挑选的各组设备硬件和软件构成的;它们根据组织的各种特殊需要来配置;局域网的大小一般限制在一个部门或者一个组织,由2～100台电脑组成;局域网经常包含一些资源,如一些服务器和打印机,而且可以通过网络设备与其他的网络连接;这些网络设备包括交换机和路由器等;接下来,我们将讨论不同类型局域网的结构;(1)拓扑结构大多数广域网,如公共电话交换网PSTN,使用网状有时称为网络拓扑结构；而局域网由于用户数据终端设备相距很近,可采用简单的拓扑结构;常用的有星形、总线、环形和集线器等4种拓扑结构;应用最广的、用于互连本部门计算机设备以进行数据通信的局域网拓扑结构是集线器拓扑结构;这种拓扑结构是总线和环形拓扑结构的变种;(2)传输媒体双绞线、同轴电缆和光纤是局域网采用的3种主要传输媒体;(3)媒体访问控制方法局域网中采用了两种媒体访问控制技术,一种是载波侦听多路访问／冲突检测技术CSMA/CD,另一种是令牌控制技术;Text 4 InternetThe Internet is used by millions of people across the world to communicate business and personal information. The Internet is huge. Then we will talk about the difference of “an internet”and “ the Internet”.An internet note the lower case "i" is a computer network. It allows computers with distinctive software and hardware to communicate. Many kinds of computers can be connected to an internet. Each computer can serve a specialized role. It offers a wide variety of services to its users.The Internet is specific kind of internet. In The Internet Passport, the Internet will be defined as the network of networks. It follows a set of rules known as the "Internet Protocol IP suite".But what does this mean to you It means that any computer that is connected to the Internet can communicate with any other Internet computer. From the user's perspective, this works much like the telephone system works. You can dial from your phone to any other phone on the system, no matter what kind of telephone you have; you only need to know the phone number of the person you want to reach.With an Internet connection you can get some of the basic services available are:•E-mail. It’s a fast, easy, and inexpensive way to communicate with other Internet users around the world.•Telnet. It allows a user to log into a remote computer as though it were a local system.•FTP. It allows a user to transfer virtually every kind of file that can be stored on a computer from one Internet-connected computer to another.•Usenet news. It’s a distributed bulletin board which offers a combination news and discussion service on thousands of topics.•World Wide Web . It’s a hypertext interface to Internet information resources. Also, through an Internet connection, you can:•access online library catalogs.•copy computer files or software from archives.•access databases for teaching or research.•obtain free electronic books.•use educational and information services.•use directory services to find Internet users.•access supercomputer sites.It was estimated that at this rapid growth everyone in the world would have an e-mail address in the near future.参考译文互联网因特网是世界上很多人用来进行商业贸易和个人信息交流的网络,它非常巨大;接下来,我们将讨论互联网及因特网;互联网internet注意小写字母i是一种计算机网络,该网络上的计算机在通信时可以使用不同的软件和硬件;多种计算机都可以连入互联网,每台计算机都可以有一独特作用;一个互联网可以向它的用户提供各式各样的业务;因特网Internet是一种专用互联网;因特网在它的证书中定义为网络的网络,该网络使用了一组叫做互联网协议IP组的规则;但对你来说,这意味着什么呢这表明连接到因特网上的计算机可以与因特网上任何其他计算机通信;从用户的角度来看,其工作方式很像电话系统的工作方式;在电话系统内,可以从你的电话机拨打任何其他电话,而不管你使用什么样的电话机,你只需知道对方的电话号码即可;你可以通过因特网得到的基本服务如下：•电子邮件;它是与世界范围内的因特网用户进行联系的一种快速、方便、廉价的交流方式;•远程登录;允许用户连接到远程计算机上,就像这台远程计算机是本地机一样;•文件传输协议;该协议可以将存储在计算机上的各种文件,从因特网上的一台计算机传送给另一台计算机;•新闻组网络系统;一种分布式的电子公告牌,它能提供有关上千种话题的新闻和讨论服务;•万维网;一种因特网信息资源的超文本界面;•访问在线图书馆目录;•从计算机档案库存储器中拷贝文件或软件;•访问教学或科研数据库;•获取免费电子图书;•使用教育和信息服务;•使用目录服务以查找因特网用户;•访问超级计算机站点;估计以这样的高速发展,在不久的将来世界上每个人都将拥有至少一个电子邮件地址;Text 5 The World Wide WebThe World Wide Web also known as or Web is one of the fastest-growing Internet software applications. It is an architectural framework. It linked documents spread out over thousands of machines for accessing all over the Internet.The World Wide Web ties the computers together into a vast collection of interactive multimedia resources. The is a way of exchange information between computers on the Internet.The Web is built around hypertext and hypermedia. A hypertext document has certain keywords or phrases linked to other online documents. A person reading a hypertext document about mobile phone, for example, might be able to select the highlighted word “Nokia 3310”, and he call up another document giving more information about that particular type. With documents intertwined by links into a web of information, you can select paths to browse online resources, a process often referred to as surfing.Hypermedia extends the concept of hypertext to other forms of information. They include: images, sounds, and even video clips. If a person read a hypermedia document about mobile phones, then he might select a video show of a phone and hear the ring of it.The World Wide Web also subsumes previous Internet information systems such as Gopher and FTP. These resources can still be accessed through the Web. But the Web offered by these more restricted connection methods. Now the Web provides a wealth of additional capabilities.Thousands of computers around the world are now connected to the Web. They offer a huge variety of information and services to visitors. These online documents are generally referred to as pages. They are composed and supported by various people and organizations. Web pages are available for an amazing variety of tasks ranging from the playful to the serious. You can get many services access Web pages. For example, you can search database of mailing lists, you can see pictures of your favorite band and their concert schedule, or you can take a “tour” through a foreign country. Thousands of links to new services are added to the Web each day, and its growth has been explosive.参考译文万维网万维网又称或Web是因特网上发展最快的应用软件之一;它是一种结构化框架,用于访问遍布在因特网上的成千上万台机器中的链接文档;万维网把这些计算机连接成了一个巨大的交互式多媒体资源库,它是因特网上的计算机之间进行信息交流的一种方式;Web是用超文本和超媒体设计的;超文本文档中的一些关键词或短语被链接到了其他的在线文档中;例如,某人在阅读一篇有关移动电话的超文本文档时,如果他选择高亮显示的词“诺基亚3310”,就能链接到另一篇有关这一类型移动电话的文章,从而可以获取更多的信息;网络文章通过链接形成了一个网络信息资源库,用户可以选择路径来浏览这些在线资源,这种行为通常被称为“网上冲浪”;超媒体将超文本的概念扩展到了其他的信息形式,其中包括图片、声音,甚至是录像剪辑;在超媒体文档中阅读有关移动电话的文章时,读者可以选择关于该电话的视频演示,还能听见铃声;万维网也包括了以前的因特网信息系统,如Gopher 和FTP;这些资源仍然可以通过网络访问,但是以前那些连接方式的局限性很大,现在的网络提供了许多先辈们没能提供的功能;现在世界上成千上万的计算机都连接到了网络上,而且为访问者提供了相当多的信息和服务;这些由不同的人和组织编写和支持的在线文档被称为网页;Web网页可以跨越从诙谐到严肃的各种风格;通过访问网页,用户可以查看邮件数据库,查阅自己喜爱的乐队的图片和他们的演出时间表,或去国外周游一圈;现在每天都会增加上千种新的服务链接,万维网已经飞速发展起来了;。

货代费用中英文对照及费用总结空运费-AIR FREIGHT海运费-OCEAN FREIGHT包干费-LOCAL CHARGE电放费-SURRENDED FEE并单费-COMBINED CHARGE改单费-AMEND FEE集卡费-TRUCKING FEE快递费-COURIER FEE熏蒸费-FUMIGATION CHARGE制单费-DOCUMENT FEE注销费-LOGOUT FEE改配费-RE-BOOKING FEE查验费-INSPECTION FEE订舱费-BOOKING FEE保险费-INSURANCE CHARGE外拼费-CO-LOAD FEE内装费-LOADING FEE报关费-CUSTOMS CLEARANCE FEE商检费-COMMODITY CHECKING FEE特殊操作费-SPECIAL HANDLING CHARGE码头操作费-TERMINAL HANDLING CHARGEadvertising cost广告费appraised估价basic price基价buying offer买方发价ceiling price最高价C.I.F. value赶岸价combined offer联合发价cost and freight (C.& F.)到岸价;运费在内价cost and insurance (C.& I.) 保险在内价cost, insurance and freight (C.I.F.) 运费及保险在内价counter offer还价：还发价current price现时价entertainment expenses交际费ex-dock (factory)码头(工厂)交货价ex-mine (plantation)矿区(农场)交货价wx-maker’s godown制造商仓库交货价ex-quay (wharf)码头交货价ex-ship输入港船上交货价first cost生产成本价floor price最低价franco全部费用在内价free alongside(on) ship船边(上)交货价free on rail火车上交货价free overside出入港船上交货价free out (F.O.)卸货费船方免责freight collect运货由提货人交付freight repaid运费预付freight terms岸上交货价landing (loading) charges起货(装载)费local (spot)当地付货价miscellaneous expenses杂项开支net price净价;实价offer on sale or return许可退货发价offer without engagement不受约束发价out-of-pocket expenses零星开支overhead日常开支;日常管理费packing charges包装费prime cost原价;主要成本rebate回折retail price零售价stevedorage码头工人搬运费storage charges仓租sundry chargesd(expenses)杂费surcharge附加费wharfage码头费wholesale price批发价（一）船代Shipping agent 船舶代理Handling Agent 操作代理Booking Agent 订舱代理Cargo Canvassing 揽货FFF： Freight Forwarding Fee 货代佣金Brokerage / Commission 佣金（二）订舱Booking 订舱Booking Note 订舱单Booking Number 订舱号Dock Receipt 场站收据M/F (Manifest ) ：a manifest that lists only cargo, without freight and charges 舱单Cable/Telex Release 电放A Circular Letter 通告信/通知书PIC： Person in Charge 具体负责操作人员The said party 所涉及的一方On Board B/L： On Board提单 A B/L in which a carrier acknowledges that goods have been placed on board a certain vessel。

湖北省孝感市安陆市第一中学2025届高考仿真卷英语试题注意事项1．考试结束后，请将本试卷和答题卡一并交回．2．答题前，请务必将自己的姓名、准考证号用0．5毫米黑色墨水的签字笔填写在试卷及答题卡的规定位置．3．请认真核对监考员在答题卡上所粘贴的条形码上的姓名、准考证号与本人是否相符．4．作答选择题，必须用2B铅笔将答题卡上对应选项的方框涂满、涂黑；如需改动，请用橡皮擦干净后，再选涂其他答案．作答非选择题，必须用05毫米黑色墨水的签字笔在答题卡上的指定位置作答，在其他位置作答一律无效．5．如需作图，须用2B铅笔绘、写清楚，线条、符号等须加黑、加粗．第一部分（共20小题，每小题1.5分，满分30分）1．____ up early in the morning to have a walk, I am sure, you are likely to feel active all day．A．Get B．Having got C．Getting D．To get2．Speaking a foreign language allows you to ________ time in a negotiation, for you can act like you have not understood to come up with your answer.A．save B．afford C．buy D．spend3．－What does the sign over there read?－“No person ________ smoke or carry a lighted cigarette, cigar or pipe in this area.”A．will B．shallC．may D．must4．______ such a problem before, we handled the situation very well this time.A．Deal with B．Dealing withC．To deal with D．Having dealt with5．—Shall we turn to the boss for a longer holiday?—He’ll probably say no, ________ it’s worth asking.A．so B．whileC．unless D．though6．Word came that 30 firefighters gave their lives to our country _______ national property security.A．in exchange for B．in response toC．in terms of D．in contrast with7．—Penny’s baby daughter narrowly escaped drinking the furniture polish on the coffee table.—Luckily for her. She ________ sick or even died.A．could have got B．should have gotC．must have got D．will have got8．Don't give up half way, and you will find the scenery is more beautiful when you reach the destination than when you _______.A．start off B．have started offC．started off D．will start off9．Mike is looking for another job because he feels that nothing he does his boss.A．serves B．satisfiesC．promises D．supports10．The purpose of her talking to me last night actually _______this: That I shall never trust him any more in future. A．comes round B．comes out C．comes on D．comes to11．If you see things in a negative light, you will find faults everywhere and problems where there are really ________．A．none B．someC．many D．nothing12．The argument remains extremely heated it is necessary to frequently update teaching material.A．that B．which C．if D．whether13．Nowadays, more and more Chinese homes have the technology and equipment ______ to do online shopping. A．needed B．needingC．need D．to need14．on one foot with your eyes closeD．and you will soon lose your balance.A．Standing B．StoodC．To stand D．Stand15．The police recognized the criminal from his typical facial ________.— a scar on the forehead.A．expression B．featureC．outline D．gesture16．When we have a chance to travel, we tend to ______ as many sights into the trip as we can--- seven countries in ten days, for example.A．squeeze B．sneeze C．subscribe D．substitute17．Jenny nearly missed the flight _________________doing too much shopping.A．as a result of B．on top ofC．in front of D．in need of18．—What do you think of Betty?— Lovely，though she ______ be naughty sometimes．A．should B．mustC．can D．need19．He has written two articles for the journal，one to be published in this issue，the other to___________ in the next. A．turn out B．come outC．bring out. D．leave out20．Lack of sleep _______ lead to weakened immunity and memory, and also slow physical growth.A．shall B．must C．should D．can第二部分阅读理解（满分40分）阅读下列短文，从每题所给的A、B、C、D四个选项中，选出最佳选项。

中考英语人工智能的伦理挑战单选题40题1. With the development of artificial intelligence, many jobs are at risk of being replaced. Which of the following jobs is most likely to be replaced by AI in the near future?A. A doctor who performs complex surgeriesB. A creative artist who paints unique paintingsC. A factory worker who does repetitive tasksD. A teacher who gives personalized education to students答案：C。

解析：本题考查对人工智能在就业方面影响的理解以及词汇语义。

选项A，进行复杂手术的医生需要专业知识、经验和判断力，难以被人工智能完全替代；选项B，创作独特画作的艺术家依赖创造力和情感表达，人工智能难以复制；选项C，从事重复性任务的工厂工人，这类工作规律性强，容易被人工智能替代，符合题意；选项D，给予学生个性化教育的教师需要与学生互动、理解学生的情感等，人工智能无法完全胜任。

从语法角度看，这里都是名词短语作后置定语修饰前面的名词，没有语法错误干扰。

2. AI is taking over some jobs. What should the government do to deal with the unemployment problem caused by AI?A. Ignore it and let the market adjust itselfB. Provide training programs for the unemployed to learn new skillsC. Stop the development of AI immediatelyD. Only support the development of traditional industries答案：B。

多功能系统英语语法以下是关于二十个常见单词的多功能系统相关内容（包括英语语法、英语释义、短语、用法和双语例句）：一、Function（功能；函数）1. 英语语法- 作名词时，可数。

可被形容词修饰，如important function（重要功能）。

- 作动词时，为不及物动词，常与as搭配，表示“起…作用”。

2. 英语释义- Noun: a special activity or purpose of a person or thing.- Verb: work or operate in a proper or particular way.3. 短语- function key（功能键）；function as（起…作用）4. 用法- 作为名词：The function of the heart is to pump blood.（心脏的功能是泵血。

）- 作为动词：This machine functions well.（这台机器运行良好。

） - The sofa functions as a bed at night.（这个沙发晚上当床用。

）二、System（系统；体系）1. 英语语法- 可数名词，复数形式为systems。

可以被不同的形容词修饰，plex system（复杂系统）。

- a set of connected things or devices that operate together.3. 短语- operating system（操作系统）；system of equations（方程组）4. 用法- The solar system consists of the sun and its planets.（太阳系由太阳及其行星组成。

）- Ourpany has a new management system.（我们公司有一个新的管理体系。

）三、Feature（特征；特色；特写）1. 英语语法- 作名词时，可数。