博士考试大纲

2024年博士研究生入学考试英语考试大纲2024 Doctoral Graduate Entrance Examination English Exam OutlineI. Listening ComprehensionThis section of the exam will test the candidates' ability to understand spoken English in academic and professional settings. Candidates will listen to a series of recordings, including lectures, conversations, and presentations, and answer multiple-choice questions based on the content. The topics will cover a wide range of subjects relevant to doctoral studies, such as research methods, literature reviews, and academic discussions.II. Reading ComprehensionIn this section, candidates will read academic texts, including scholarly articles, research papers, and book excerpts, and answer questions to demonstrate their understanding of the content. The passages will be of varying lengths and complexity, requiring candidates to identify main ideas, supporting details, and logical relationships within the text.III. Writing SkillsCandidates will be required to demonstrate their ability to write coherent and well-structured essays on a variety of topics related to their field of study. This section will test candidates' proficiency in academic writing, including the ability to formulate clear arguments, provide evidence to support their claims, and organize their ideas in a logical manner. Candidates may be asked to analyze a case study, evaluate a research question, or propose a research methodology.IV. Vocabulary and GrammarThis section will assess candidates' knowledge of vocabulary and grammar in academic English. Candidates will be tested on their ability to use complex vocabulary and grammar structures accurately and appropriately in written and spoken English. This section may include exercises on word meaning, word usage, sentence structure, and grammatical rules.V. Speaking SkillsCandidates will be required to engage in conversations and discussions on academic topics with examiners. This section will test candidates' ability to express ideas clearly and coherently, respond to questions, and engage in academic discourse. Candidates will be evaluated on their fluency, pronunciation, vocabulary usage, and grammar accuracy.Overall, the 2024 Doctoral Graduate Entrance Examination English Exam is designed to assess candidates' readiness for doctoral studies by evaluating their listening, reading, writing, speaking, vocabulary, and grammar skills in academic English. Candidates are encouraged to prepare thoroughly for the exam by practicing listening and reading comprehension, academic writing, vocabulary building, and speaking skills in English. Good luck to all the candidates!。

2023年博士生入学考试初试科目考试大纲
科目名称：电网络理论
一、考试总体要求
《电网络理论》是介绍现代电路分析中一些较为成熟和先进的内容,是了解现代电路理论的“窗口”。

牢记基本概念,掌握基本方法,与大学电路原理的内容有机地联系在一起。

掌握与电气工程及电子工程相关的电路理论的一些新思想、新方法、新元件和新进展。

综合利用所学知识解决复杂电路分析计算问题。

二、考试内容
1．网络理论基础：网络元件的新体系，网络的互联规律性以及网络及元件的基本性质，如（1）线性与非线性、（2）无源性和有源性、（3）时变性与时不变性、（4）互易性与非互易性等。

2.简单非线性电路：非线性电阻电路的基本概念和常用分析方法以及一、二阶非
线性动态电路的分析方法。

重点掌握低阶自治电路的定性分析。

3．多口网络：含源及无源多口网络的常见矩阵表示法，重点掌握不定导纳矩阵的计算方法及其应用。

4．电路的代数方程：电路代数方程的矩阵形式，混合分析法，稀疏表格法和改进节点法，重点掌握混合分析法和改进节点法。

5．动态电路的时域方程：网络分析的状态变量法，状态方程的列写，线性状态方程的解析解法，重点掌握含有高阶元件、非线性元件或非常态电路的状态方程的列写。

6．网络的灵敏度分析：灵敏度分析的意义和在本专业分析计算中的主要应用，重点掌握伴随网络法。

三、考试题型
证明题、计算题、论述题
四、参考书目
1．梁贵书．高等电网络．讲义．．2.．高等电力网络分析． 2007。

博士考试大纲
一、材料力学部分
1、 弯曲变形
2、 扭转变形
3、 组合变形
4、 应力状态
5、 能量法
6、 动载荷
二、弹性力学部分
1、 应力函数
2、 梁的平面问题弹性解
3、 弹性力学空间问题的基本方程
4、 弹性力学接触问题
三、高等动力学部分
1、 刚体定点运动运动学
2、 刚体定点运动动力学
3、 分析力学基础：相关概念；完整系统动力学（以拉格朗日动力学为主），非完整系统的劳思方程
参考教材:
1、 材料力学（上、下册） 刘鸿文 高等教育出版社
2、 弹性力学（上册） 徐其纶 高等教育出版社
3、 高等动力学（上、下册）张延教 南理工内部教材。

博士入学数学（高等数学、数值分析）课考试大纲
高等数学部分（50分）
1. 极限与连续
数列的极限，函数及函数的极限，极限的性质及运算法则，无穷小的比较，函数的连续性。

2. 导数与微分
导数的概念，导数的基本公式，导数的四则运算及求导法则，高阶导数，微分，函数的极值。

3. 微分中值定理
微分中值定理，洛必达法则，泰勒公式。

4. 积分
原函数与不定积分，定积分的概念与性质，换元积分法，分部积分法，微积分学基本定理，定积分的应用。

5. 微分方程
微分方程的基本概念，一阶微分方程，几种可积的高阶微分方程，线性微分方程及其通解的结构，常系数齐次（非齐次）线性微分方程。

6. 多元函数微积分
多元函数，偏导数与高阶偏导数，全微分，复合函数及隐函数的求导法，多元函数的极值，二重积分。

7. 无穷级数
无穷级数的敛散性，正项级数敛散性的判别，任意项级数，绝对收敛，幂级数及幂级数的收敛半径和收敛域，函数的幂级数展开。

数值分析部分（50分）
1．非线性方程求根
简单迭代法、牛顿法、割线法及其计算效率。

2．线性代数方程组的数值解法
向量与矩阵范数，高斯列主元消去法，误差分析；雅可比迭代法、高斯—赛德尔迭代法、超松弛迭代法及其收敛性讨论。

3．插值与拟合逼近
函数的拉格朗日插值、牛顿插值、埃尔米特插值、样条插值；曲线拟合的最小二乘逼近方法；误差分析。

4．数值积分
代数精度，低阶牛顿—柯特斯求积公式及其复化，龙贝格算法；高斯积分公式；数值积分公式的稳定性。

5．常微分方程初值问题的数值解法
常用单步法和多步法及其稳定性讨论；预测—校正格式。

博士研究生入学考试《数值分析（机电院）》考试大纲第一部分考试形式和试卷结构一、考试方式：考试采用闭卷笔试方式，试卷满分为100分。

二、考试时间：180分钟。

三、试卷内容结构：约占 60%，主观题约占 40%。

四、试卷题型结构：试卷由三部分组成：选择/判断、填空、分析/计算。

其中：1、选择/判断题，约占20%。

测试考生对本课程基本概念、基本知识和数值计算常用算法设计与分析方法的掌握程度。

2、填空题，约占40%。

测试考生运用数值计算相关基础知识和基本方法，开展计算、简要分析以及求解实际问题的能力。

3、分析、计算题，约占40%。

测试考生综合运用数值计算理论、典型方法解决综合问题，并开展相关计算方法收敛性以及误差分析等能力。

第二部分考察的知识及范围1.误差度量与数值算法设计误差基本概念：误差来源与分类，截断误差、舍入误差、绝对误差、相对误差，有效数字以及数值稳定性。

函数计算误差分析：一元函数误差估计，四则运算误差估计。

数值算法设计原则：简化计算步骤以节省计算量（秦九韶算法）、减少有效数字损失，选择数值稳定的算法。

2.函数的插值方法以及误差估计插值问题的基本概念：插值问题的描述，插值多项式的存在和唯一性，差商、差分的概念以及性质。

拉格朗日插值：线性插值与抛物插值，n次拉格朗日插值，插值余项公式。

牛顿插值：均差的概念与性质，牛顿插值公式及其余项，差分的概念与性质。

埃尔米特插值：两点三次埃尔米特插值及其余项，n点埃尔米特插值，非标准埃尔米特插值及其余项。

分段低次插值：分段线性插值，分段三次埃尔米特插值。

三次样条插值：三次样条函数建立，三次样条插值方法。

3.函数逼近与曲线拟合正交多项式：函数内积、欧几里德范数，正交函数序列，正交多项式，勒德让多项式，切比雪夫多项式。

最佳平方逼近：最佳平方逼近问题及解法，基于正交函数、勒德让多项式、切比雪夫多项式的最佳平方逼近。

最小二乘法：最小二乘曲线拟合问题的提出和解法，最小二乘计算，最小二乘法的应用（算术平均、超定方程组）。

武汉理工大学管理类专业博士研究生入学考试《运筹学与管理经济学》考试大纲一、考试内容1、运筹学部分（1）模型论：经济管理数学模型的建立，包括线性规划模型及其他形式的数学模型（2）线性规划：单纯型法及其计算步骤（3）线性规划的扩展运用：数据包络分析（DEA模型）（4）线性规划的对偶理论与灵敏度分析：对偶问题及其本质、影子价格、对偶单纯型法、灵敏度分析（5）目标规划：目标规划的数学模型、目标规划的单纯型法与灵敏度分析（7）动态规划：动态规划基本原理与模型、动态规划模型求解（8）存储论：确定性存储模型（9）决策论：风险型决策方法、效用函数方法、层次分析法（AHP模型）2、管理经济学部分（1）企业的目标与环境：企业的目标、企业价值及NPV、企业的内部环境与外部环境、利益相关者理论、机会成本理论（2）管理经济学的分析方法：最优化方法、边际分析法（3）需求、供给与均衡：需求及影响需求的因素、供给及影响供给的因素、市场均衡（4）弹性理论：弹性的通用公式、点弹性与弧弹性、需求的价格弹性、需求的收入弹性、交叉弹性、弹性与决策（5）生产与成本理论：生产函数、技术进步、规模报酬、短期成本函数、长期成本函数、规模经济、范围经济（6）市场结构与决策：四种市场结构、完全竞争市场中企业的产量决策、完全垄断市场中企业的价格与产量决策、垄断竞争市场中企业的价格与产量决策、信息不对称与企业决策、寡头垄断企业的价格与产量决策、博弈论应用、古诺模型与斯塔科尔伯格模型二、参考书目1、胡运权主编，《运筹学教程（第三版）》，清华大学出版社，2007年2、运筹学教材编写组，《运筹学（第三版）》，清华大学出版社，2005年3、（美）克里斯托弗R. 托马斯，S. 查尔斯.莫瑞斯著，陈章武，葛凤玲译，《管理经济学（第8版）》，机械工业出版社，2005年4、王春香，《管理经济学》，中国人民大学出版社，2008年。

全国医学博士英语统一考试大纲The National Medical Doctoral English Unified Examination (NMDEUE) is a standardized test designed to evaluate the English language proficiency of medical doctoral candidates across China. This examination is a critical requirement in the process of obtaining a medical doctorate in China. The NMDEUE ensures that medical doctoral students have the linguistic skills necessary to understand and communicate with the global medical community.Section 1: Listening Comprehension (40 minutes)The Listening Comprehension section of the NMDEUE measures a candidate's ability to comprehend spoken English through a series of multiple-choice questions. The examination tests students' ability to identify specific information, extract the main ideas, and infer attitudinal and contextual meanings of audio clips, dialogues, and longer passages. This section tests listening proficiency in different contexts, including academic and everyday life situations, such as medical conferences, patient interviews, discussions with colleagues, and medical instructions.Section 2: Reading Comprehension (75 minutes)The Reading Comprehension section of the NMDEUE measures a candidate's ability to comprehend written English through a series of multiple-choice questions. This section of the exam tests the candidate's ability to identify specific information, extract the main ideas, and infer contextual meaning from articles and academic papers related to medical science. Candidates will be required to read and answer multiple-choice questions based on academic readings such as medical journal articles, pharmacology texts, andpatient histories.Section 3: Writing Skills (85 minutes)The Writing Skills section of the NMDEUE measures a candidate's ability to convey complex medical information in English. Candidates will be required to write a summary, a critique, and a response to a scientific article. This section of the exam tests students' ability to express medical language in a clear, concise, and accurate manner. This section evaluates the student's ability to use appropriate medical terminology, grammar, and syntax in written English. The writing tasks will be based on medical topics drawn from the core syllabus of the medical doctorate program. Section 4: Speaking Skills (20 minutes)The Speaking Skills section of the NMDEUE measures a candidate's ability to articulate complex medical concepts in spoken English. Candidates will be required to answer a series of open-ended questions related to medical science. This section of the exam will test the student's ability to use appropriate medical terminology, grammar, and syntax in spoken English while demonstrating appropriate pronunciation, intonation, and stress. The Speaking Skills section evaluates the student's ability to communicate effectively in academic and professional medical settings.ConclusionThe NMDEUE is an essential component of the medical doctoral program in China. It is a standardized test designed to evaluate a candidate's proficiency in English across the domains of listening comprehension, reading comprehension, writing skills, andspeaking skills. The examination ensures that medical doctoral students in China have the linguistic skills necessary to communicate effectively on a global level. By meeting the criteria set by the NMDEUE, medical doctoral candidates are equipped with the necessary tools to pursue a successful career in the highly competitive medical industry.The NMDEUE is a demanding examination that requires thorough preparation and a high degree of language proficiency. Candidates who intend to take this exam must have a strong foundation in English grammar, vocabulary, syntax, and pronunciation. They must also be familiar with the medical terminology that is used in English-speaking countries.The Listening Comprehension section of the NMDEUE requires candidates to have good listening skills and the ability to identify specific information in a variety of spoken contexts. To prepare for this section, candidates are advised to listen to English-language podcasts, watch English movies or TV shows, and practice taking notes while listening to lectures. It is also helpful to familiarize oneself with various accents and dialects used in English-speaking countries.The Reading Comprehension section of the NMDEUE demands extensive reading comprehension skills and the ability to extract main ideas and critical details from academic papers and articles. Candidates should practice reading medical journals and textbooks in English and learn to annotate and summarize what they have read. They should also study different types of texts, such as scientific articles, case studies, and patient histories.The Writing Skills section of the NMDEUE is a comprehensiveevaluation of a candidate's writing skills. Candidates must be able to write clear and concise sentences, use appropriate medical terminology and syntax, and structure their writing effectively. In preparation, candidates should study different types of writing, including summaries, critiques, and responses to scientific articles. They should also practice organizing their writing and using cohesive and coherent language.The Speaking Skills section of the NMDEUE requires candidates to express themselves clearly, confidently, and effectively in spoken English. To prepare, candidates should practice speaking in English in various contexts, such as medical conferences, patient interviews, and interactions with colleagues. They should also learn how to use appropriate intonation, stress, and pronunciation when communicating in English.In addition to language proficiency, the NMDEUE evaluates a candidate's ability to apply medical knowledge in English. Therefore, candidates must have a deep understanding of medical terminology and concepts. They must be familiar with the core syllabus of the medical doctoral program and have a good grasp of medical sciences, including anatomy, pharmacology, and pathology. They should also be familiar with current trends in medical research and be able to discuss key issues in medical ethics and practice.ConclusionThe NMDEUE is a rigorous examination that evaluates a candidate's language proficiency and knowledge of medicalsciences. It is an essential requirement in the medical doctoral program in China, and passing this examination is crucial for obtaining a medical doctoral degree and pursuing a successful career in the global medical industry.To achieve success in the NMDEUE, candidates must prepare thoroughly and systematically. They should study and practice all four sections of the exam, including listening comprehension, reading comprehension, writing skills, and speaking skills. They should also focus on improving their language proficiency by reading and listening to English-language materials, practicing writing and speaking in English, and building their medical knowledge through systematic study and research.Overall, the NMDEUE is a challenging but rewarding examination that tests a candidate's ability to communicate effectively in English and apply medical knowledge in a global context. By passing the NMDEUE, medical doctoral candidates in China can demonstrate their language proficiency and readiness to excel in the dynamic and competitive field of medicine.。

博士生入学考试专业基础科目考试大纲科目代码: 2294 科目名称: 机电一体化系统设计内容模块考查点备注一、机电一体化导论1.机电一体化的含义2.机电一体化系统的功能构成3.机电一体化系统的结构要素4.机电一体化的关键技术5.机电一体化控制系统的常见类型及特点二、机电一体化系统的接口及常用电路1.基本放大电路的分类及电路图2.模拟运算电路的分类及电路图3.检波电路的分类及电路图4.模拟开关的作用及分类5.采样保持电路的基本概念及原理6.整流电路的类型及电路图7.滤波电路的类型及概念8.光电藕合器的作用及特点9.A/D转换器的选择要点10.影响A/D转换器技术指标的主要因素11.D/A转换器的主要参数12.功率接口电路常用的电力电子器件13.人机接口的类型及特点14.机电接口的类型及特点三、机电一体化技术1.传感器的概念及组成2.传感器的分类、性能指标、标定与校准3.常用的位移传感器分类、工作原理及相关计算4.机电一体化对伺服电机的要求5.伺服电机的分类6.步进电机的分类、特性、基本工作状态及驱动电路7.自动控制系统对交流伺服电机的基本要求8.交流伺服电机的分类、代号、工作原理、控制方式、性能特点和运行特性9. 自动控制系统对直流伺服电机的要求10.直流伺服电机的分类、代号、工作原理、主要特性和优缺点11.PWM功率放大器的工作原理12.自动控制技术的发展阶段13.控制系统的基本要求及分析方法14.计算机控制系统的分类15.PLC的发展历程、特点及工作方式16.简单PLC语句表的描写及梯形图的绘制四、机电一体化系统设计1.机电一体化机械系统设计的相关理论及知识2.机电一体化系统原理方案设计的步骤3.机电一体化系统结构方案设计的步骤4.机电一体化系统控制系统的设计步骤5.优化设计的一般步骤6.干扰的含义、分类、传播及抑制7.提高控制系统可靠性的方法与措施试卷满分：100试题结构：1.问答类题型：4道，每道5分；2.论述类题型（论述题、材料分析题、案例分析题等）：4道，每道20分。

2023年宁波大学普通招考博士研究生专业基础考核笔试科目考试大纲科目名称: 数学综合知识一、考试形式与试卷结构（一）试卷满分值及考试时间本试卷满分为100分，考试时间为120分钟。

（二）答题方式答题方式为闭卷、笔试。

试卷由试题和答题纸组成；答案必须写在答题纸相应的位置上。

（三）试卷内容结构考试内容主要包括泛函分析和抽象代数部分。

泛函分析部分包括线性泛函分析中的空间理论、线性算子、无穷维空间上的函数、谱理论、紧线性算子为主要内容，要求考生系统地掌握泛函分析的基本概念、理论和方法，并能应用这些理论和方法，具有较强的分析问题与解决问题的能力。

抽象代数部分包括基本代数结构如群、环、模和域的基本概念、基本理论，代数结构的一些基本思想和方法，要求考生具有抽象思维能力、逻辑推理能力、综合运用所学的知识分析问题和解决问题的能力。

（四）试卷题型结构1. 计算题2. 证明题二、考查目标主要考察学生对泛函分析和抽象代数部分的基本概念、基本原理和基本方法的掌握程度和利用其理论解决分析和代数等领域的问题，要求具有理论证明和计算能力。

三、考查范围或考试内容概要第一部分：泛函分析1．距离空间，内容包括：距离空间的概念，点列的收敛性，映射的连续性，内点，开集，领域等概念，距离的等价性，映射的连续性等；距离空间的闭集，集合的闭包，集合的稠密性和距离空间的可分性，列紧集和距离空间的列紧性；距离空间的完备性，包括Cauchy列，完备距离空间的定义，完备空间与不完备空间举例，距离空间的完备化；完备距离空间的性质，内容包括闭集套定理，Banach压缩映照原理及其应用。

2．赋范空间，内容包括：赋范空间的概念，Banach空间定义，范数连续性，范数与距离的关系，点列的收敛性；完备赋范空间，赋范空间的完备化，重要的完备空间p L空间和p l空间；赋范空间的的几何结构；有限维赋范空间。

3．内积空间和Hilbert空间，内容包括：内积空间的基本性质，内积和范数的关系、内积空间特征、Hilbert空间的定义，一些典型的内积空间、Hilbert空间例子；正交和正交分解，Hilbert空间正交分解定理；正交系和正交投影，Fourier级数，Bessel不等式与Fourier级数的收敛性；正交基和正交列的完备性；可分Hilbert空间的等距同构。