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Agilent PNA 的使用目录PNA 的工作原理及硬件配置 (3)矢量网络分析仪的基本组成框图 (3)硬件功能扩展 (4)PNA测试时的误差分析 (9)PNA校准 (10)校准步骤 (10)对非插入器件测试的校准 (11)对夹具上器件的测试及校准 (12)PNA的应用 (12)小信号S参数测试 (12)P1dB功率点测试 (13)大功率器件测试 (14)PNA 的工作原理及硬件配置PNA 的各种应用是基于它的组成结构而实现的，因而了解它的工作原理，硬件组成，性能指标，可以针对不同的测试要求灵活的搭建测试环境，矢量网络分析仪的基本组成框图：矢量网络分析仪由信号源，信号分离装置，接收机，及处理显示单元组成。
图1是矢网仪硬件标准配置的框图，对于二端口网络分析仪， 它有参考接收机R1, R2， 测量接收机A, B, 共四个接收机。
信号源产生的信号经由功率分配开关，一路送入R1作为参考信号，一路经由PORT1处的定向耦合器，作为一端口输出信号供给DUT 。
利用定向耦合器的反向传输特性，该端口的反射信号经20dB 衰减，被送入到测量接收机A 。
传输信号经过DUT ， 同样利用二端口内部的定向耦合器，经20dB 衰减，送入二端口测量接收机B 。
这样，我们可以得到被测件在一端口的输入信号电平R1， 反射信号电平A ，及在二端口的传输信号电平B 。
同理，可以得到二端口的输入信号电平R2, 反射信号电平B 和在一端口的传输信号电平A 。
图1.PNA 硬件标准配置框图通过对测得的信号电平的算术运算，可以得到描述器件的反射特性，传输特性的指标如下。
反射系数-----------2122,11R BR A incident reflected S ===ϕρ∠==Γ22,11S输入阻抗-----------Z Z Z Z L L +-=Γ反射损耗-----------)(20ρLog RL -=驻波比--------------ρρ-+=11VSWR传输系数----------2112,21R AorR B incident d transmitte S ==φτ∠==12,21S T插入损耗--------τLog IL 20-=增益------------τLog Gain 20=另外， 网络分析仪的信号源是利用PLL 实现的合成源，具有频率和功率的扫描功能。
安捷伦的的网络分析仪安捷伦（Agilent）是一家知名的电子测试与测量仪器制造商，旗下的网络分析仪（Network Analyzer）是其产品线中的重要组成部分。
网络分析仪是一种可以用来测试和分析各种电子设备和电路的仪器，包括高速数字电路、射频和微波电路等。
安捷伦的网络分析仪以其高性能、稳定性和可靠性而受到业界的广泛认可和好评。
它主要用于测量和分析滤波器、放大器、天线、传输线、无线通信设备和通信系统等各种电子设备和电路的性能参数。
网络分析仪可以对电路中的功率、幅度、相位、传输特性、频率响应等进行测量和分析，帮助工程师们更好地了解电路的工作状态，对其进行优化和调整，提高产品的性能和可靠性。
安捷伦的网络分析仪具有多种功能和特点，如高精度、宽带、高速度、低噪声等。
它能够覆盖从直流到高频率范围内的信号测量和分析，支持多种不同的测试模式和测量参数。
同时，安捷伦的网络分析仪还具备友好的用户界面和易于操作的功能，使得工程师们可以方便地进行各种测试和分析，提高工作效率和测试准确性。
安捷伦的网络分析仪还具有强大的数据处理和分析能力。
它提供了多种数据显示和分析工具，包括频谱显示、时间域显示、功率谱显示、相位谱显示等，帮助用户更直观地了解电路的性能特性。
此外，它还支持数据的存储和导出，可以将测试数据保存为文件，方便用户进行后续的数据处理和分析。
此外，安捷伦的网络分析仪还具备良好的扩展性和兼容性。
它可以通过各种接口和插件来扩展其功能和应用范围，如信号发生器、频率计、电源等。
同时，它还支持多种通信接口和协议，如GPIB、LAN、USB等，可以与其他设备和系统进行互联互通，方便用户进行综合性能测试和系统集成。
在实际应用中，安捷伦的网络分析仪已广泛应用于各个领域，如电子制造、通信、无线电、航空航天等。
它可以用于产品研发、生产测试、维修和故障排除等各个环节，为工程师们提供了一个强大而可靠的工具，帮助他们更好地完成工作任务。
总之，安捷伦的网络分析仪作为一种高性能的测试与测量仪器，具有多种功能和特点，广泛应用于各个领域。
Keysight TechnologiesPNA MicrowaveNetwork AnalyzersPNA Network Analyzers:E8362/3/4B, E8361A10 MHz to 20, 40, 50, 67, or 110 GHzPNA-L Network Analyzers:N5230A300 kHz to 6, 13.5, or 20 GHz10 MHz to 20, 40, or 50 GHzPNA-X Network Analyzers:N5242A10 MHz to 26.5 GHzWelcome to The World of PNAs –The Most Popular Microwave Network AnalyzersThe PNA Series builds on Keysight Technologies Inc. 40-year legacy of excellence todeliver new standards in speed, accuracy, and versatility for microwave network analysis. The PNA’s architecture includes high quality, stable hardware and lexible software. The standard PNA is suitable for testing passive and active devices such as ilters and ampliiers. Users can easily add options to test mixers, harmonics, intermodulation distortion (IMD), pulsed-RF, antennas and millimeter-wave (mmwave) components.Key features–Excellent performance–High dynamic range: 127 dB at 20 GHz at test port –Low trace noise: 0.002 dB rms at 1 kHz bandwidth –Fast measurement speed: 4.5 to 26 µsec/point –High stability: 0.05 dB/degrees Celsius–State-of-the-art calibration capabilities and wide-range of ECal modules –Advanced applications for mixer and pulse measurements –Single-ended and balanced measurements–32 measurement channels, unlimited traces, and 16,001 points per channel –Connectivity with Open Windows XP, 6 USB connectors, LAN, and GPIBPNA modelsPNA PNA-L PNA-X300 kHz to 6 GHz300 kHz to 13.5 GHz300 kHz to 20 GHz10 MHz to 20 GHz10 MHz to 40 GHz10 MHz to 50 GHz22 ports 10 MHzto 20 GHz10 MHzto 40 GHz10 MHzto 50 GHz10 MHzto 67 GHz10 MHzto 110 GHz10 MHz to 26.5 GHzCommon Features Across the PNA SeriesThe PNA-X integrates a 10.4 inch high resolution display with a touch screen, which provides a crisp view and easy access to all data and traces. This enhanced user interfaceallows intuitive operation and helps you set upcomplex measurements quickly.Flexible user interface:hard keys, soft keys, and pull-down menus Up to10 markers per trace32 measurement channels and unlimited traces State-of-the-art calibration capabilitiesOn-line HelpConigurable test set availableon all models Linear, log, power, CW, and segment sweep Equation editor and time-domainanalysis Quick access for ECal and otherUSB devicesPNA-X – The Premier-Performance Microwave Network AnalyzerThe industry-leading performance and highly integrated conigurable nature of the PNA-X make it the ideal solution to address active device measurement challenges.The PNA-X enables engineers to stay on the leading edge of component testing.High quality synthesizers–10 MHz to 26.5 GHz–Internal 2nd source for IMD, hot-S22, and high speed swept-LO measurements –High output power and wide power-sweep range for testing ampliiers–Excellent harmonic performance for accurate harmonic and IMD measurementsSensitive and linear receivers–High compression point for improved dynamic accuracy –More sensitivity for pulsed S-parameter measurementsFriendly user interface–Large 10.4 inch touch screen display –Click-and-drag markers and zoomExceptional lexibility–Built-in signal combiner for easy IMD and hot-S 22 measurements–Easy pulsed measurements with internal pulse modulators and pulse generators –Flexible signal routing via internal switches for adding external ilters, pre-ampliiers, and additional test equipment–Optional noise igure measurement capability extends the suite of measurements available with a single connection and offers the industry’s highest accuracy –Front-panel jumpers for direct access to test-port couplers and receivers–Source and receiver attenuators with 5 dB increments for better measurement optimization–Built-in bias-tees simplify ampliier evaluation–Three sets of triggering lines for complex test systemsPNA-X block diagram (shown with Options 400, 419, and 423).Built-in signal combiner Internal switches for routingexternal signalsPNA-X – Testing Beyond The Limits –Mixers and ConvertersPNA’s frequency offset capability offers industry-leading accuracy and ease-of-use for measuringmixers and frequency converters.Mixer measurementsChecklist–Conversion loss/gain, magnitude and phase–Input match, output match, and LO match–Isolation and compression–The two internal independent synthesizers with +13 dBm power and < 60 dBcharmonics eliminate the need for external synthesizers or components.–Advanced error correction–Patented vector-mixer calibration for measurement of absolute group delay–Scalar-mixer calibration (SMC) for match-corrected amplitude measurements–Signiicantly faster speed for ixed-IF (20 to 30 times faster than with an externalsource)–Easy-to-conigure multi-stage converter measurements–LO source control and LO power calibration–Mixer IMD–The simple two-step SMC calibration provides match-corrected conversion loss,error-corrected input and output match–Software tuning for embedded LOPNA-X – Ahead of The Curve – Ampliiers, Pulsed-RFThe PNA-X is an ideal tool for measuring ampliierspeciications, from gain and return loss, toharmonics and IMD.Ampliier measurementsChecklist–Gain, gain latness, reverse isolation, and return loss–Simple, fast, and accurate AM-AM and AM-PM compression measurements with the Gain Compression Application with 38 dB power sweep range at 20 GHz, +13 dBmoutput power–Test harmonics accurately with < 60 dBc source harmonics. No need for externalilters.– Accurate and simple IMD using the dual sources and internal combiner, locatedbehind the couplers, providing highly accurate and stable measurements. No needfor external combiners.–S ource corrected noise igure measurements with exceptional accuracy–I ntegrated source attenuators and receiver attenuators for measurementoptimization–Perform all of the above measurements with one single connection using thePNA–X.Pulsed-RF measurementsChecklist–Wideband and narrowband detection–Up to four internal pulse generators–U p to two internal pulse modulators–Pulse widths as narrow as 33 ns–Pulse-to-pulse–Point-in-pulse, average pulse, and pulse-proile capability–No need for external componentsUse TRL calibration for accurate in-ixture, on-wafer, or waveguide measurements.The Keysight PNA-L is designed for your general-purpose network analysis needs and priced for your budget. With the same irmware as the PNA, the PNA-L offers the perfect balance of value and performance. PNA-L provides eficiency and lexibility in both manufacturing and R&D applications, for industries ranging from wireless LAN component production to aerospace and defense.Basic measurements Checklist–Insertion loss, gain, return loss, isolation, group delay, compression, both magnitude and phase–Connectorized, in-ixture, or on-wafer –Fast and accurate–Reliable and repeatable –AffordableOn-wafer measurements Checklist–Class of TRL calibrations for accurate measurements–Differential measurement capabilities with integrated multiport network analyzers –Accurate power control and de-embedding algorithm for device characterization –Compatibility with on-wafer calibration software for a total solutionPNA-L – Speed and Accuracy You Can Count On – Balanced/Differential Measurements and Multiport TestEasily measure single-ended, balanced, and mixed-mode S-parameters,in addition to ratioed and unratioed receiver measurements.New multiport components require complicated test plans. Multiple port combinations must be tested over several frequency bands, resulting in lengthy tests. To reduce test time and lower costs, the PNA-L/PNA-X and test set combinations have been designed for high-speed measurements. To further simplify complex test requirements, up to 32 independent channels are available, eliminating the need for recalling instrument states.Adding a 4-port test set expands the 4-port PNA-L to an 8-port system with full 8-port mea-surement capabilities.GSM/TDMA Rx GSM/TDMA Tx GSM/TDMA Tx GSM Rx TDMA RxDifferential measurements Checklist–Single-ended, balanced, mixed-mode –S-parameters–Ratioed and unratioed measurements –Mode-conversion analysis–True-mode stimulus measurementsMultiport measurements Checklist–Multiport conigurations optimized for your device, including full cross-bar –Quick-Short-Open-Load-Thru (QSOLT) for fast, multiport cal –N-port calibration for accuracy and ease-of-measurements –Test-set control part of PNA irmware–32 independent channels for fast measurement speedTri-band antenna switch module with balanced and single-ended ports.PNA – The Solution for Your Mmwave NeedsThe N5250A PNA-based mmwave system has superb dynamic range. Shown hereis the S21 of a ilter at 94 GHz, compared to the 8510XF.Use time domain to gate out the response of ixtures and cables, and characterizethe impedance of transmission lines.Millimeter-wave measurementsChecklist–PNA-based 10 MHz to 110 GHz bench-top system, extendable to 325 GHz –Compact test-heads and two built-in synthesizers, for up to 110 GHz–Highly stable systems–No external synthesizes to 325 GHz, when used with PNA-X–Supported applications – pulsed-RF, antenna, and on-waferTime-domain analysisChecklist–Locate and resolve mismatches in the ixture, cable, or transmission lines –Use gating to remove unwanted responses–Fault-locationPNA Series Simpliies Measurements – When the Requirements are Dificult Modeling, PLTS, Antenna, Materials TestHigh-frequency design and modelingChecklist–PNA drivers included in Connection Manager for easy connectivity–Simple downloading of S-parameters into ADS for simulation–Save “.s2p, .s4p, snp” iles and import into ADS–M odeling of devices using IC-CAP and PNA network analyzersPhysical Layer Test Systems (PLTS)Checklist–RLCG model extraction and eye-diagrams–High-speed differential interconnect design–Multiple aggressor differential crosstalkAntenna measurementsChecklist–20,001 points per channel–Fast measurement speed, 4.5 µs/pt–Forward and reverse sweeps for near-ield scans–High-sensitivityMaterials measurementsChecklist–Measurement of dielectric and magnetic properties–Viewing of data in real, imaginary, loss tangent, and Cole-Cole formats–Availability of a variety of techniques to meet your materials needsPNA-L/PNA/PNA-X Comparison Table: Solution available Blank : Solution not available Good and superb : Solution available, quality of solution qualiied. For example, withmaximum output power levels, all PNAs have output power, but thePNA-X has the highest output power.1. 4-port PNA-L has one source attenuator. 4-port PNA-X has 4 source attenuators.2. Applicable to high-power ampliier testing or integration of the external test equipment.PNA – State-Of-The-Art Calibration CapabilitiesHigh-performance ECal modules–High-performance ECal modules, 10 MHz to–26.5 GHz, 10 MHz to 67 GHz and more–Nine connector types, mixed-connector modules–U ser characterization for adding adaptersCalibration for non-insertable devices–Unknown through calibration–QSOLT and n-port calibration (6-port, 8-port, 12-port, etc)for multiport test systems–Databased-model and expanded math calibrations for highest accuracyIn-ixture measurements–Frequency response cal, 1-port cal, 2-port cal, enhanced response-cal, TRL/TRM cal and adapter-removal cal–An easy-to-use uncertainty calculator, and a comprehensive application note on calibration standards–Automatic port extension removes loss and delay for in-ixture devicesAdvanced mixer and ampliier calibrations–The patented vector mixer calibration and the popular scalar-mixer calibration–De-embedding of attenuators and the new fast source power calibration technique for ampliier measurements–De-embedding of probes and waveguides in mixer measurements–Unique noise igure calibration removes the effects of imperfect system source matchPNA - The standard for accuracyAll the network analyzers in the PNA family are known for their high-levels of stability, contributing to accurate calibrationsand measurements. With the PNA-X, users can beneit from exceptional levels of dynamic accuracy. For users in non-linear environments, the PNA’s Scalar Mixer Calibration provides a higher level of measurement accuracy.Stability of a 20 GHz PNA over a 30-hour period1 It is clear that the more stable the hardware, the better the calibration, since it can correct the errors better. The calibration will remain stable as a function of time and temperature, and calibrations will not need to be updated as often.Typical dynamic accuracy of a PNA-X, with –20dBm powerIf you are measuring a device with 20 dB insertion loss, the contribution of the dynamic accuracy error (receiver linearity) is less than 0.01 dB.Scalar-mixer calibration versus a simple power meter/receiver calibrationNote the effects of mismatch that are corrected for by SMC.110 GHz PNA drift over a 24-hour period1As you can see on the graph, the 110 GHz PNA drifts less than 0.7 dB, after 24 hours, at 110 GHz. Keysight’s 110 GHz PNA system is the most stable mmwave system in the industry.1. Measurements made at 25 ± 1 degree Celcuis.Outstanding Performance# of ports22424 Dynamic range1123 dB108 dB103 dB127 dB127 dB Noise loor–120 dBm–105 dBm–106 dBm–114 dBm–114 dBm Max output power+3 dBm+3 dBm–3 dBm+13 dBm+13 dBm 0.1 dB compression–5 dBm input+6 dBm input+9 dBm input+12 dBm input+12 dBm inputTrace noise0.006 dB rms1 kHz IFBW0 dBm 0.006 dB rms1 kHz IFBW–5 dBm0.010 dB rms100 kHz IFBW–5 dBm0.005 dB rms100 kHz IFBW–5 dBm0.005 dB rms100 kHz IFBW–5 dBmALC range27 dB23 dB22 dB38 dB38 dB Max IFBW40 kHz250 kHz600 kHz 5 MHz 5 MHz Speed26 µs/pt9 µs/pt 4.5 µs/pt 4.5 µs/pt 4.5 µs/pt Display size, LCD21.3 cm21.3 cm21.3 cm26.4 cm26.4 cm Touch screen No No No Yes Yes1.20 GHz, test port, 10 Hz IFBW.Dynamic range123 dB108 dBNoise loor–120 dBm–105 dBmMax output power+3 dBm+3 dBm0.1 dB compression–5 dBm input+6 dBm inputTrace noise (1 kHz)0.006 dB rms1 kHz IFBW0 dBm 0.006 dB rms1 kHz IFBW–5 dBmALC range27 dB23 dB Max IFBW40 kHz250 kHz Speed26 µs/pt9 µs/ptCompleting The SolutionProtect conidential dataThe best method for maintaining security is to remove the hard disk drive. The PNA pro-vides the removable hard disk drive as a standard feature, enabling you to easily remove the drive and keep it safe in a secure area.Protect your software investmentKeysight protects your 8753, 8720 and 8510 software investment by providing migration tools to reduce your code conversion effort./find/nadiscoNetwork analyzer forumVisit the online network analyzer discussion forum where you can learn how your peers are solving some of their most challenging measurement problems./ind/agilent_naforumFree CD - Network analyzer application notes and video demos Application topics include ampliiers, mixers/converters, pulsed-RF, millimeter/sub millimeter-wave, and materials measurements./ind/nacdWeb ResourcesVisit our Web sites for additional product information and literature. 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The only test and measurement company with three-yearwarranty standard on all instruments, worldwide.Keysight Assurance Plans/find/AssurancePlansUp to five years of protection and no budgetary surprises to ensure yourinstruments are operating to specification so you can rely on accuratemeasurements./qualityKeysight Technologies, Inc.DEKRA Certified ISO 9001:2008Quality Management SystemKeysight Channel Partners/find/channelpartnersGet the best of both worlds: Keysight’s measurement expertise and productbreadth, combined with channel partner convenience./find/pnaThis information is subject to change without notice.© Keysight Technologies, 2007 - 2014Published in USA, July 31, 20145989-6014ENFor more information on KeysightTechnologies’ products, applications orservices, please contact your local Keysightoffice. 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PNA微波网络分析仪PNA (Network Analyzer) 是一种用于微波信号分析的仪器。
它主要用于测量微波电路的传输性能、振荡特性、散射参数等，并用于设计和测试微波和射频电路。
测试表面是一个微波测试系统，由一根或多根微波导线组成。
这些微波导线被称为测试端口，用于与待测设备连接。
测试端口上的信号会进入待测设备，并测量其传输性能。
控制单元是一个计算机或内置处理器，用于控制测试表面和处理测量数据。
它可以通过用户界面（如键盘、显示器和鼠标）或远程控制（如网络）与用户进行交互。
控制单元还包括信号源和接收器，用于生成和接收微波信号。
1.散射参数测量：PNA可以测量微波电路的散射参数，如S参数和Y参数。
这些参数描述了微波信号在电路中的传输情况，包括反射损耗、传输损耗和幅度/相位响应等。
2.频率扫描：PNA可以对待测设备进行频率扫描，以确定其频率响应。
通过这种方式，可以获得待测设备在频率范围内的传输情况。
3.时间域分析：PNA可以通过时域分析功能，测量微波信号的脉冲响应和时延。
这对于测量微波设备的瞬态响应非常有用。
4.射频功率测量：PNA可以对微波信号的功率进行测量，以确定它们的输入功率和输出功率。
5.效果分析：PNA可以对待测设备的效果进行分析，以确定其工作情况和性能特点。
6.校准和校正：PNA支持多种校准和校正方法，以提高测量的准确性。
通过校准和校正，可以消除传输线和接头等器件对测量的影响。
总之，PNA微波网络分析仪是一种非常重要的工具，用于测量和分析微波和射频电路的性能。
它可以帮助工程师设计和优化微波电路，并确保其性能符合要求。
3.2安捷伦系列波导校准操作
第1步：网络分析仪开机后，设置好相应的频率、扫描时间等参数，点击
第2步：
选择
第3步：
在弹出对话框
态对话框中（例如：
→第4步：
选择选择
第5步：在Port1电缆端口连接校准件波导同轴转换器，并用波导短路板短路波导端口，
点击对话框中Port1下的
第6步：在Port2电缆端口连接校准件波导同轴转换器，并用波导短路板短路波导端口，点
击对话框中Port2下的
λ波导校准件，选择对话框中Port1下的第7步：在两波导同轴转换器间接入4
第8步：选择当前对话框下的
第9步：在工具栏→即可得到S11,S21,S12,S22参数的测试状态，完成校准。
常用参数附表
型号国家标准频率范围TE10截止频率Fc(GHz)λ/4波长长度（mm）X11644A BJ1008.2—12.4 6.5559.78
P11644A BJ14012.4--189.485 6.51
K11644A BJ22018.0—26.514.047 4.5
R11644A BJ32026.5--4021.071 3.03。
仪器仪表的技术性能及指标假定带宽为 10Hz, 用 85032F 校准箱校准，运转环境温度为 23℃±5℃，与校准温度差值 <1℃且丈量数据不取均匀。
系统阻抗： 50Ω；频次范围： 300KHz~1.5GHz；最大功率： 10dBm；最小功率 ( 不加衰减器 ) ：-45dBm(-5dBm)；系统动向范围 ( 不加衰减器 ) ：115dB(300kHz~1MHz) ，120dB(1MHz~3GHz)扫描种类：线性，幂，对数，分段波道数： 4每波道轨迹数： 4显示器： 10.4 英寸彩色 LCD显示器操作规范使用者要爱惜仪器，保证文明使用。
1)开机前保证稳压电源及仪器地线的正确连结。
2)使用中不得接触仪器接头内芯（含连结电缆）3)使用时不一样意工作台有较大振动。
4)使用中不可以任意切断电源，造成不正常关机。
不可以屡次开关机。
5)使用射频电缆时不要使劲大，保证电缆保持较大的弧度。
用毕电缆接头上加接头盖。
6)旋接接头时，要旋接头的螺套，尽量保证内芯不旋转。
7)尽量协调、少用校准件。
校准件用毕一定加盖放回器件盒。
8)转接件用毕应加盖后放回盒中。
9)停用时一定关机，封闭稳压电源，方可打扫卫生。
7、使用细则一、按左下方的电源键启动矢量网络剖析仪，启动后，待仪器达成自检后进入启动界面。
初始状态的默认值以下：开端频次 ----300KHz停止频次 ----1.5GHz端口输出功率 ----0dBm丈量点数 ----201 个轨迹代表的丈量值 ----S21显示格式 ----dBMAG参照电平 ----0dB参照线地点 ----第 8 格二、开端状态设置：1功率电平设定㈠按“ POWER/BW/AVG ”键，进入“功率 /丈量带宽 /均匀值设置”菜单㈡按“ POWER”键－数字键－单位键达成功率电平设定。
如：“POWER”键－0－X1,即设定功率电平为 0dBm。
，“－”为随后之意。
注意功率设定不得高出仪器提示范围（本仪器的范围是 -45dBm 到+10dBm），不然无效。
