HND_商法_outcome_3

An Evaluation of UK Government Policy on Mentalhealth and behavior in schoolsTable of Contents1 Introduction (1)2 Market failure (2)2.1 Merit goods (2)2.2 Public goods (2)2.3 Impertfect competition (2)2.4 Externalities (2)3 UK Governments policy (1)3.1 Introduction to the policy (2)3.2 instruments used (2)3.3 Justification of the performance of policy (2)4 Conclusion (2)References (5)Appendices (6)Appendix I: (6)Appendix II: (6)1IntroductionThis report aims to explain the‘market failure’and the role of government in relative to merit goods, public goods, imperfect composition and externalities.The policy about mental health and behavior in school will also be introduced.Then it will describe the instruments used to achieve the policy and evaluate the policy.2Market failureMarket fail, that is, they do not provide all of the goods and services needed by the government,nor by society(SQA,2013a p184).2.1Merit goodsThe government provides services that might not be provided by the private sector in sufficient quantities or of a sufficient quantity (SQA,2013a p188).For instance,medical services,education and so on.In China,the government provides the public universities and nine year education,which support children to go to school and get a better education.2.2Public goodsThese are commodities, which would not be provided by the private sector because they would find that many people, even if they benefited from them, would refuse to pay(SQA,2013b p190), for example, grills in the park and Automatic Pet Water Fountain and so on.In many countries, the government provides the Automatic Pet Water Fountain, which is convenient for passerby to drink water whenever they want.2.3Imperfect competitionA company which control their own market , and they have no rival. A monoplist can adjust prices output in the market.for example, on February 5, 1991, pierpont Morgan bought Andrew Carnegie, Rockefeller,several iron ore and all the steel business,became the largest steel company , 65% of steel production by their control.The government could establish perfect competition through the establishment of enterprise competition policy (Peter,2013)2.4ExternalitiesAn externality is an effect of a purchase or use decision by one set of parties on others who did not have a choice and whose interests were not taken into account (SQA,2013d p188).For example, the negative externalities include car exhaust, smoking, kara OK noisy,which will do harm to the environment and people’health.As far as I am concerned, the government should have odd-and-even license plate rule and provide new energy electric vehicle.The positive externalities include new technology like purify the water and restoration of historical buildings.I think the government should support the enterprise to create more new technology.3UK Governments policy3.1 Introduction to the policy--Mental health and behavior in schoolsThe purpose of this policy is to let all pupils benefit from learning and developing in a well ordered school environment that fosters and rewards good behaviour and sanctions poor and disruptive behaviour. Their behaviour and discipline in schools advice sets out the powers and duties for school staff and approaches they can adopt to manage behaviour in their schools. It also says that schools should consider whether continuing disruptive behaviour might be a result of unmet educational or other needs. Published on16 June 2014，last updated on18 March 2016(Gov,UK,16 June 2014)3.2 Instruments usedInstruments- economic variables that governments can control directly for example, tax, public spending(SQA,2013e p194).The government take actions via government spending and relevant regulation.They found the Child and Adolescent Mental Health Services to deal with it.The specific services offered by CAMHS vary depending on the needs of the local area. The best way to influence those services overall is to get involved with the local health and wellbeing board.The government take actions to help them in referring pupils effectively to specialist CAMHS and otherwise working well with the service for the benefit of their vulnerable pupils. These include:1.The government hire some people documenting evidence of the symptoms or behaviour that are causing concern,encouraging the pupil and their parents/carers to speak to their GP2.The government spent some money working with local specialist CAMHS to make the referral process as quick and efficient as possible(Spence, S.H. 2003)3.1Justification of the performance of the policyI think the policy is successful, the mental health care benefits can make children to have a happier life.Thanks to the policy, children now have the ability to develop psychologically, emotionally, intellectually and spiritually.However,I think the policy also has some disadvantages.It has greatly increased government pressure.For example,Set up the CAMHS organization to support the school and some public organization。

.word 可编辑 .Index pageIndex page⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯.. Introduction⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯.Background ⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯.. FindingsSection 1⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯Section 2⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯Section 3⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯Conclusion⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯Reference⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯..word 可编辑 .IntroductionBackgroundSSP plc is a company operating in the food manufacturing industry. It is engaged in food processing, supplying all the main supermarket chains with first class process meat products. During the last few years the company has been difficult because of the BSE andFoot and Mouth disease made a declining demand for meat product. The bad outstanding achievement stopped in 2004 and a partial rebound in the market produced an increase in turnover by nearly 15%. It is expected that this rebound in the market will gather momentum over the coming year and the SSP plc is planning to take even greater strides forward by opening a new processing plant in Glasgow.As requested in the chief executive s memo’ of 30 December, here is my reportsummarising and analysising the financial position of the SSP plc for the year 2003 and2004.OutlineThe main body of the report will evaluate five parts:Part 1--- Analyze the users of financial information and the purpose of using.Part 2--- State of financial source and categorize with their characteristics.Part 3---Explain the cash flow statement of SSP plc.Analyze the recent financial performance and position of the SSP plc.(Including my recommendations about how to improvement of business performance).word 可编辑 .FindingsSection ers of financial accounts.Users of financial statements are a group of people or organizations who use the information to make evaluations and decisions. Users of financial information can bedivided into two categories: internal and external users.Now, I will use a table to show you the users’ purpose and sources of information to get the statements.Section 2.Source of financesTo run a business, organizations require finance for different proposes and for varyinglengths of time. In the finance, we divide sources of capital into two categories: equitycapital and loan capital. Equity capital is the finance provided by the owner and there is nointerest to pay. Loan capital refers to money that is borrowed from a source outside thebusiness. The interest of loan capital must be paid. Sources of finances could be clarifiedinto short, medium and long term. The short-term refers to finance that are borrowed fora period of no more than one year. The medium-term refers to funds that are borrowed fora period of between two and ten years. Long-term refers to funds that are borrowed for aperiod of more than ten years.In the case study, the source of finances of SSP plc is: trade creditors, tax, bank overdraft, debentures, ordinary share capital and the retained profits from last account period..word 可编辑 .Short-term sources:1.Trade creditors:Trade creditors are produced when the purchase of raw materials or stock is delaying topay, thus, there is more cash which would be used for other uses. There is also aninterest free way of raising finance. However, the credit could lead to poor relationswith suppliers and the customers may forfeit discounts.The credit is￡544,000 in 2003 and it decreased to he percentage￡405,000ofin 2004. T decrease is 25.56%. The decrease of credit infers that SSP plc has a good financialsituation that it has a strong ability to pay credits back to suppliers. This could improvethe relationship with suppliers.2.Bank overdraft:Bank account holders can prearrange with the bank to draw cheques to a greater valuethan the actual balance in the account. Interest should be paid by customers and bankcharges will apply where an overdraft limit has been exceeded. Bank overdraft is flexibleand cheap. It has a low cost. Some small bank overdraft even has a free of charge.SSP plc had no overdraft but the number increased to￡86,000 in 2004. The shows that the company borrowed money from bank for its expansion in Glasgow.Long-term sources:1.Debentures:Debentures are loans make to companies that carry a fixed rate of interest.Thecompany ’fixeds assets normally secure debentures. Debentures have a fixed timeperiod or an open time period. The shareholders are not debenture holders.Adebenture interest is paid as an expense not an appropriation of profit.SSP plc has a fixed debenture (￡1,560,000) in the year of 2003 and 2004. It tells us the company ’ s fixed assets are steady.2.Ordinary shares:Ordinary shareholders receiving pay-outs from company after preference shareholdersare paid. Ordinary share dividends are not fixed and subject to companyperformances and decisions of management in paying dividend.In SSP Company, the ordinary share capital is￡1,950,000and in2004both.It2003infers that the company has a steady operation situation.3. Retained ProfitsThe retained profit is the finance brought from the last financial period. It is not fixedand may be a negative number. It presents operational situation of last period.The retained profits decreased from 505,000￡ to420,000￡. The percentage change ofdecrease is 16.83%. The lower ratio shows us the company had made fewer profits in2003 then it was in 2002.Section 3. Ratio Analysis1.Major inflows is Net cash flow op erating activates of￡ 1,345,000.Major outflow is Payments to acquire fixed assets, which takes￡ 984, 2.Ratio AnalysisProfitability Ratios:Gross Profit Percentage=Gross profit/Turnover x 100%2003: GPP=￡ 7,000,000/￡ 11,674,000 x59100.96%=2004: GPP=￡ 8,037,000/￡ 13,382,000 x60100.06%=Trend: IncreaseAnalysis: The increase of ratio is a good sign. The positive trend can be an indicationthat stock control of meat product has improved, demand for the meat product has increased after the diseases, or purchasing policies have improved. The managers should keep the good trend and go on develop it, such as improving marketing strategy, setting better pricing policy, or improving stock control.Net Profit Percentage=Net Profit before Taxation/ Turnover x 100%2003: NPP=￡ 1,182,000/￡ 11,674,000 x10100.13%=2004: NPP=￡ 901,000/￡ 13,382,000 x 6100.73%=Trend: DecreaseAnalysis: The decrease of the ratio is a bad sign that it indicates a low profit of the company. From the P&L Account of the SSP plc, we know that although the grossprofit increased, the operation cost is much higher in 2004; it leads to a decrease innet profit. So the managers should think about how to decrease our operation cost tohelp our company earn more profit.Liquidity Ratios:Current Ratio=Total Current Assets/Total Current Liabilities.word 可编辑 .2003: CR=￡ 1,195,000/￡ 767,000=1.562004: CR=￡ 1,248,000/￡ 701,000=.78Trend: IncreaseAnalysis: the increase of ratio is a good sign. Generally speaking a healthy current ratiois at least 2:1. The 1.56 and 1.78 indicate the company is a little bit over trading andhave difficulty in meeting its short-term debts. The main reason for the increase is the increase in the total current assets and decrease in the total current liabilities.I suggest that the company may keepmore profit for the short-term debts.The Acid Test Ratio=Liquid Assets/Current Liabilities2003: (￡ 1,195,000-￡608,000)/￡ 767,000=.772004: (￡ 1,248,000-￡796,000)/￡ 701,000=.64Trend: DecreaseAnalysis: The decrease is a bad sign. The ratio should be 1:1. But the ratio in both of2003 and 2004 is less that 1. And unfortunately, the ratio is still decreasing. SSP plcmeets a liquidity problem that the liquid assets decrease. The company managersshould pay attention to this ratio and organizatio n ’ s development.Efficiency Ratios:Fixed Asset Turnover=Turnover/Fixed Assets2003:￡ 11,674,000/￡ 4,017,000=2.91 times2004:￡ 13,382,000/￡ 4,318,000=.10times.word 可编辑 .Trend: IncreaseAnalysis: Where this ratio gas increase, this is a good sign. It indicates that the existingfixed assets are generating more sales and maybe investment in new fixed assets gascould be been paid off. Managers of SSP plc should develop and focus on it.Debtors Collection Period=Debtors/Turnover x 3652003:￡ 306,000/￡11,674,000 9x.57365=days2004:￡ 452,000/￡13,382,000 12x365=.33daysTrend: IncreaseAnalysis: It is a bad sign that there is an increase in DCP. It indicates that SSP’ s m have a poor credit control of poor invoicing system. The bad debts may also increase.The leaders of SSP should check their invoicing and reminder system to keep the ratioa proper range.Investment Ratios:Interest Cover=Profit Before Interest & Tax/Interest Charges2003:￡ 1,416,000/￡ 234,000=6.052004:￡ 1,135,000/￡ 234,000=.85Trend: DecreaseAnalysis: This ratio shows how capable the company is of covering its interest charges.The decrease is not good because the company is less able to meet its interest payments. But the ratio is still in a reasonable range. Leaders should try to increasecompany ’ s profit to keep this ratio a high level..word 可编辑 .Debt Ratio=Total Debts/Total Assets x 100%2003: (￡ 767,000+￡ 1,560,0(￡4,017,000+0)/ ￡1,195,000) x 100%=44.65%2004: (￡ 701,000+￡ 1,560,000)/(￡4,318,000+ ￡1,248,000) x 100%=40.62%Trend: DecreaseAnalysis: It is a good sign that the ratio increased. However, a healthy ratio shouldkeep around 50%. It indicates that SSP has fewer liabilities or keeps more assets. Thesign should be kept by managers.3.RecommendationAfter reading and analyzing three accounts from SSP Company, I found some problemswith it and now I will present my suggestions about the future management in thesetwo parts.Operational recommendationA ratio of Net Profit Percentage shows us that SSP plc has a high expenditure inoperation cost. It also indicates that the company has a low level of cost control.Therefore, I suggest that SSP should try to decrease the costs of sales and theoperation cost, such as adopting new management system and using contractors tofind distribution channels but to find them itself.Financial recommendationFor the source of finance, SSP has a bad performance of financial operating. In the CashFlow Statement, the Financing is￡0, but the company is planning expansion in Glasgo The main inflow of the company is the sales. It is a dangerous phenomenon if the.word 可编辑 .company wants to use the turnover to expanse its business because it is impossible touse the current cash to support long-term investment. So I suggest that the companymay increase the number of share capital or make more debentures to get more long-term capital for expansion.ConclusionBy analyzing the P&L Account, Balance Sheet and Cash Flow Statement, we can infer thatSSP plc has a good operational performance. However, there are still many parts to improve and develop to help the company maximize profits.ReferenceRay H. Garrison, Managerial Accounting, Business Publications Inc., 1985, Printed inU.S.A.J.R.DYSON, Accounting for Non-accounting Students, Financial Times, 2004, Printed in Great Britain.Frank Wood & Alan Sangster, Business Accounting 2, Financial Times,Pitman Publishing, 1999, Printed in China.。

Case Study 1◆Questions:1. List the main business organizations recognized by Scots Law.2. Given the fact that Lisa will be running the business herself and, for the time being, she is unlikely to be employing anyone, how would you classify her b usiness?3. Identify two advantages and two disadvantages of the type of business organization run by Lisa.◆KeyQuestion 1The main business organizations recognized by Scots Law are:Sole trader, Partnership, Limited partnerships, Limited liability partnerships, Private companies, Public companies.Question 2①Lisa is running a very small business, so the most appropriate form oforganization is sole trader.②According to the Companies Regulation 1992, Lisa’s organization form does notfit for the condition of private company; such a private company is limited by shares or by guarantee and need only have on member.③As a result, we can judge that the organization form of Lisa’s company is soletrader.Question 3Advantages:①very basic legal requirements to comply with②Total control over his/her business and does not have to take into account the opinions of any shareholders.③It is the simplest form of business organization recognized by Scots Law④ A sole trader is to all intents and purposes to be regarded as a self-employed person.Disadvantages:① A sole trader may find it difficult to fund an expansion of the business because she/he can not offer shares to other parties in order to raise funds.(筹集资金)②If the business fail, the sole trader is said to have unlimited liability for any debts or obligations owed to third parties.③The inclusion of new partners would force a change in the nature of business, operation by converting it into a partnership or some other form of corporate body.④(in any case), A business expansion requiring a major injection of capital might entail a loss of control over the business because new members who are a source of new finance will almost certainly demand a say in the running of the business.以上优、缺点各选两个答即可Case Study 2Question 1What are the main differences between a traditional partnership and a limited liability partnership (LLP)?PartnershipUnincorporated bodyPartners have unlimited liability in respect of partnership debtsNo need to be registered with registrar of companies and no need to supply formal documentsRegulated by Partnership Act 1890LLPCorporate bodyMembers enjoy limited liability in respect of LLP debtsMust be registered with the registrar of companies and certain documents must be suppliedRegulated by LLP Act 2000Question 2◆What are the main advantages for an existing partnership when it changes to alimited liability partnership?①The reason why many traditional partnerships try to translate to LLP is that the members can enjoy the limited responsibilities.②Further more, under the conditions of losing of privacy and greatering external regulation for the members, lots of traditional partnerships definitely hope to translate to LLP.(because of LLP…)Question 3◆What is the nature of the legal relationship between partners in firm and membersof a LLP?①There exist a fiduciary relationship in law relationship between company and partners.②举例说明公司与成员之间的忠实关系Pillans Brothers v Pillans [1908]③According to Limited Liability Partnerships Act 2000, section 6 regulations, there should be recognized to an agent’s relationship between members and LLP.④The general rule of the law agency that an agent (member) must always act in the best interest of his principal (LLP).⑤ A member is not an agent of his fellow members.Case Study 3Question 1◆What is a company’s objects clause?①Object clause 是存在于Memorandum of Association 之中的。

Index pageIndex page………………………………………..…. Introduction…………………………………………. Background………………………………………..…FindingsSection 1…………………………………………Section 2…………………………………………Section 3…………………………………………Conclusion………………………………………….. Reference…………………………………………….IntroductionBackgroundSSP plc is a company operating in the food manufacturing industry. It is engaged in food processing, supplying all the main supermarket chains with first class process meat products. During the last few years the company has been difficult because of the BSE and Foot and Mouth disease made a declining demand for meat product. The bad outstanding achievement stopped in 2004 and a partial rebound in the market produced an increase in turnover by nearly 15%. It is expected that this rebound in the market will gather momentum over the coming year and the SSP plc is planning to take even greater strides forward by opening a new processing plant in Glasgow.As requested in the chief executive’s memo of 30 December, here is my report summarising and analysising the financial position of the SSP plc for the year 2003 and 2004.OutlineThe main body of the report will evaluate five parts:Part 1--- Analyze the users of financial information and the purpose of using.Part 2--- State of financial source and categorize with their characteristics.Part 3---Explain the cash flow statement of SSP plc.Analyze the recent financial performance and position of the SSP plc.(Including my recommendations about how to improvement of business performance) FindingsSection 1. Users of financial accounts.Users of financial statements are a group of people or organizations who use the information to make evaluations and decisions. Users of financial information can be divided into two categories: internal and external users.Now, I will use a table to show you the users’ purpose and sources of information they use to get the statements.Section 2. Source of financesTo run a business, organizations require finance for different proposes and for varying lengths of time. In the finance, we divide sources of capital into two categories: equity capital and loan capital. Equity capital is the finance provided by the owner and there is no interest to pay. Loan capital refers to money that is borrowed from a source outside the business. The interest of loan capital must be paid. Sources of finances could be clarified into short, medium and long term. The short-term refers to finance that are borrowed for a period of no more than one year. The medium-term refers to funds that are borrowed for a period of between two and ten years. Long-term refers to funds that are borrowed for a period of more than ten years.In the case study, the source of finances of SSP plc is: trade creditors, tax, bank overdraft, debentures, ordinary share capital and the retained profits from last account period.Short-term sources:1.Trade creditors:Trade creditors are produced when the purchase of raw materials or stock is delaying to pay, thus, there is more cash which would be used for other uses. There is also an interest free way of raising finance. However, the credit could lead to poor relations with suppliers and the customers may forfeit discounts.The credit is ￡544,000 in 2003 and it decreased to ￡405,000 in 2004. The percentage of decrease is %. The decrease of credit infers that SSP plc has a good financial situation that it hasa strong ability to pay credits back to suppliers. This could improve the relationship withsuppliers.2.Bank overdraft:Bank account holders can prearrange with the bank to draw cheques to a greater value than the actual balance in the account. Interest should be paid by customers and bank charges will apply where an overdraft limit has been exceeded. Bank overdraft is flexible and cheap. It has a low cost. Some small bank overdraft even has a free of charge.SSP plc had no overdraft but the number increased to ￡86,000 in 2004. The increase shows that the company borrowed money from bank for its expansion in Glasgow.Long-term sources:1.Debentures:Debentures are loans make to companies that carry a fixed rate of interest. The company’s fixed assets normally secure debentures. Debentures have a fixed time period or an open time period.The shareholders are not debenture holders. A debenture interest is paid as an expense not an appropriation of profit.SSP plc has a fixed debenture (￡1,560,000) in the year of 2003 and 2004. It tells us the company’s fixed assets are steady.2.Ordinary shares:Ordinary shareholders receiving pay-outs from company after preference shareholders are paid.Ordinary share dividends are not fixed and subject to company’s periodical performances and decisions of management in paying dividend.In SSP Company, the ordinary share capital is ￡1,950,000 in both 2003 and 2004. It infers that the company has a steady operation situation.3.Retained ProfitsThe retained profit is the finance brought from the last financial period. It is not fixed and may be a negative number. It presents operational situation of last period.The retained profits decreased from ￡505,000 to ￡420,000. The percentage change of decrease is %. The lower ratio shows us the company had made fewer profits in 2003 then it was in 2002.Section 3. Ratio Analysis1.Major inflows is Net cash flow operating activates of ￡1,345,000.Major outflow is Payments to acquire fixed assets, which takes ￡984,000.2.Ratio AnalysisProfitability Ratios:Gross Profit Percentage=Gross profit/Turnover x 100% 2003: GPP=￡7,000,000/￡11,674,000 x 100%=%2004: GPP=￡8,037,000/￡13,382,000 x 100%=%Trend: IncreaseAnalysis: The increase of ratio is a good sign. The positive trend can be an indication that stock control of meat product has improved, demand for the meat product has increased after the diseases, or purchasing policies have improved. The managers should keep the good trend and go on develop it, such as improving marketing strategy, setting better pricing policy, or improving stock control.✧Net Profit Percentage=Net Profit before Taxation/ Turnover x 100%2003: NPP=￡1,182,000/￡11,674,000 x 100%=%2004: NPP=￡901,000/￡13,382,000 x 100%=%Trend: DecreaseAnalysis: The decrease of the ratio is a bad sign that it indicates a low profit of the company. From the P&L Account of the SSP plc, we know that although the gross profit increased, the operation cost is much higher in 2004; it leads to a decrease in net profit. So the managers should think about how to decrease our operation cost to help our company earn more profit.Liquidity Ratios:✧Current Ratio=Total Current Assets/Total Current Liabilities2003: CR=￡1,195,000/￡767,000=2004: CR=￡1,248,000/￡701,000=Trend: IncreaseAnalysis: the increase of ratio is a good sign. Generally speaking a healthy current ratio is at least 2:1. The and indicate the company is a little bit over trading and have difficulty in meeting its short-term debts. The main reason for the increase is the increase in the total current assets and decrease in the total current liabilities. I suggest that the company may keepmore profit for the short-term debts.✧The Acid Test Ratio=Liquid Assets/Current Liabilities2003: (￡1,195,000-￡608,000)/￡767,000=2004: (￡1,248,000-￡796,000)/￡701,000=Trend: DecreaseAnalysis: The decrease is a bad sign. The ratio should be 1:1. But the ratio in both of 2003 and 2004 is less that 1. And unfortunately, the ratio is still decreasing. SSP plc meets a liquidity problem that the liquid assets decrease. The company managers should pay attention to this ratio and organization’s development.Efficiency Ratios:✧Fixed Asset Turnover=Turnover/Fixed Assets2003: ￡11,674,000/￡4,017,000= times2004: ￡13,382,000/￡4,318,000= timesTrend: IncreaseAnalysis: Where this ratio gas increase, this is a good sign. It indicates that the existing fixed assets are generating more sales and maybe investment in new fixed assets gas could be been paid off. Managers of SSP plc should develop and focus on it.✧Debtors Collection Period=Debtors/Turnover x 3652003: ￡306,000/￡11,674,000 x 365= days2004: ￡452,000/￡13,382,000 x 365= daysTrend: IncreaseAnalysis: It is a bad sign that there is an increase in DCP. It indicates that SSP’s may have a poor credit control of poor invoicing system. The bad debts may also increase. The leaders of SSP should check their invoicing and reminder system to keep the ratio a proper range.Investment Ratios:✧Interest Cover=Profit Before Interest & Tax/Interest Charges2003: ￡1,416,000/￡234,000=2004: ￡1,135,000/￡234,000=Trend: DecreaseAnalysis: This ratio shows how capable the company is of covering its interest charges. The decrease is not good because the company is less able to meet its interest payments. But the ratio is still in a reasonable range. Leaders should try to increase company’s profit to keep this ratio a high level.Debt Ratio=Total Debts/Total Assets x 100%2003: (￡767,000+￡1,560,000)/(￡4,017,000+￡1,195,000) x 100%=%2004: (￡701,000+￡1,560,000)/(￡4,318,000+￡1,248,000) x 100%=%Trend: DecreaseAnalysis: It is a good sign that the ratio increased. However, a healthy ratio should keep around 50%. It indicates that SSP has fewer liabilities or keeps more assets. The sign should be kept by managers.3.RecommendationAfter reading and analyzing three accounts from SSP Company, I found some problems with it and now I will present my suggestions about the future management in these two parts.Operational recommendationA ratio of Net Profit Percentage shows us that SSP plc has a high expenditure in operation cost. Italso indicates that the company has a low level of cost control. Therefore, I suggest that SSP should try to decrease the costs of sales and the operation cost, such as adopting new management system and using contractors to find distribution channels but to find them itself.Financial recommendationFor the source of finance, SSP has a bad performance of financial operating. In the Cash Flow Statement, the Financing is ￡0, but the company is planning expansion in Glasgow. The main inflow of the company is the sales. It is a dangerous phenomenon if the company wants to use the turnover to expanse its business because it is impossible to use the current cash to support long-term investment. So I suggest that the company may increase the number of share capital or make more debentures to get more long-term capital for expansion.ConclusionBy analyzing the P&L Account, Balance Sheet and Cash Flow Statement, we can infer that SSP plc has a good operational performance. However, there are still many parts to improve and develop to help the company maximize profits.Reference●Ray H. Garrison, Managerial Accounting, Business Publications Inc., 1985, Printed inAccounting for Non-accounting Students, Financial Times, 2004, Printed in Great Britain.●Frank Wood & Alan Sangster, Business Accounting 2, Financial Times, Pitman Publishing, 1999,Printed in China.。

Case Study 11 List the main business organizations recognized by Scots Law.知识点：商务组织的分类思路：先说出商务组织分为三大类：B5小本资料P272~2732 Given the fact that Lisa will be running the business herself and, for the time being, she isunlikely to be employing anyone, how would you classify her business?知识点：sole trader的特点思路：回答问题说Lisa应该建立soletrader，然后解释原因：建立soletrader不需要double taxation、启动资金少、不需要政府相关部门审批等原因打乱写3 Identifytwoadvantages andtwodisadvantages of the type of business organization run byLisa.知识点：Sole trader的优点和缺点最好是四个优点加四个缺点B5小本资料P272或者A4材料1P1~P3推荐用这个材料答案更清晰一下每个优缺点下面有三句解释随机选择一个来写解释上面的小标题Case Study 21Whatarethemaindifferencesbetweenatraditionalpartnershipandalimitedliabilit ypartnership?知识点：无限合伙人（Unlimited partnership UP & limited liability partnership LLP）和有限责任合伙人之间的区别思路：1."法案不同UP:the Partnership Act 1890（在A4材料1 P287）LLP：The limitedliability partnership Act 20002.责任不同UP:Unlimited liability LLP:limited liability3.合伙人名称不同UP:Partners LLP:members4.设立条件不同：UP:there are no formal legal requirements for setting up a partnership LLP:5. UP:partnership agreement is no necessary to have. LLP:LLP agreement is necessary/must.6. UP:not necessary to reveal LLP:have to/must reveal financial information2版书P198~P201、"3版书P209~P213；再加上课堂笔记；B5小本资料P290以上6个不同点，随机选四个去答打乱顺序改变语序2Whatisthemainadvantageforanexistingpartnershipwhenitchangestoalimitedlia bility partnership?知识点：从无限责任更改成有限责任的最主要的好处是责任的改变思路：回答问题说明最主要的好处是责任的不同然后具体说明两个partnership的责任上有什么不同之处UP:责任是unlimited liability并且是无限连带责任（2版书P199第二段第四行到第六行；3版书P210倒数第三行到P211第一行）LLP:责任是limited liability是因投资额为限（2版书P200倒数第四段全部；3版书P212第三段全部）3 What is the nature of the legal relationship between partners in a firm and members of alimited liability partnership?知识点：法律关系是诚心关系fiduciary relationship思路：回答问题the nature of the legal relationship is fiduciary relationship，然后说partner代表的是公司和合伙人member代表的是只是公司先例：（A4资料1 P9中间部分）Law v Law [1905] 1 Ch 140A4资料1 P9Case Study 3知识点：公司备忘思路：objects clause的概念（A4资料2 P2总共有两个概念2选1或者写书上的2版P229倒数第三段3版P241倒数第四段）然后写ultra vires（和公司备忘的概念在同一处）A4资料2 P2、"2版书P229倒数第三段3版P241倒数第四段2 Does MacGregor have the right to withdraw from the project with Construct it?知识点：Ultra vires rule思路：回答问题：没有权利取消；在现代条款，在不违反法律的前提下，公司经营范围是无限制的；法案是theCompanyAct1989&2006；ultraviresrule没意义没有权限限制；Macgregor很难胜诉协议继续履行在历史上有一个old ultra vires rule越权无效原则；写出这个的概念（A4资料2 P3或2版P229 3版P241）；如果法官参照这个原则那么这个project可以被withdraw；但是这是案例法成文法优先于案例法所以法官需要参照成文法MacGregor很难诉赢先例：A4资料2 P3——Ashbury Railway Carriage & Iron Co. V. Riche(1875)A4资料2 P3；2版P229、"3版P241知识点：公司章程思路：回答问题：股东不能要求公司进行分红；根据公司章程，股东没有绝对的权利分红；公司章程的性质是合同，是公司和股东之间&股东和股东之间的合同；股东没有绝对权利要求分红，公司可以不分红，并没有违约先例：Wood v Odessa Waterworks Co（1889）或者Hickman v Kent or Romney Marsh SheepBreeders Association [1915]二选一（2版P237、"3版P250）2版P237、"3版P250Case Study 4知识点：两种公司的区别思路：最好列出4个区别至少3个随机选择A4资料2 P1~P2；B5小本资料P309~P310公司设立的条件思路：回答问题：不能自己决定成立公司并且立刻交易；公司不能自己成立，公司成立需要进行注册；公司成立的5步骤；2版P226、"3版P238知识点：公司的法律地位思路：公司的法律地位是legal entity加上legal personality;公司是一个与其股东相分离的独立的法人；先例：Salomon v A Salomon & Co Ltd 1897 (2版P217~P218、"3版P229~P230)（判决部分从第二段的第六行“However”后面写到这段结束）2版P216~P218、"3版P228~P230公司谁responsible思路：Ltd是所有股东responsible；Plc是all employee responsible; employee其中分为managers和directors知识点：公司股东的责任思路：普遍的责任类型是有限责任；限于股东的出资额和股数；2版P200+P230、"3版P212+P242注：1." 2版书和3版书得区别在封皮右上角2. A4材料1指材料开头有四行加粗的标题3. A4材料2指材料开头为Private limited company vs. Public limited company 本文件为，仅供参考，如有雷同，概不负责- 3 -。

商务沟通技巧报告outcomeCommunication: Analysing and PresentingComplex CommunicationUnit Student GuideDE3N 34Outcome 2Contents1.0Introduction 32.0Procedure 33.0Customer service 33.1 What is customer service? 34.0Daily life 3 4.1Dormitory 4 4.2Canteen 44.3 The university hospital 55.0Teaching and studying 55.1 Facility 55.2 Teachers strength 6 5.3Professional curriculm 65.4Career Prospects 76.0 Extracurricular activity 8 6.1Student activity center 86.2 Sports activity 87.0 Conclusion 98.0Bibilgraphy 109.0 Appendices 111.0 IntroductionThis report is for assessment in the Communications unit of the Higher National Certificate in customer service. The aim of this report is to investigate the way in which customer services of Nankai University. The objectives of the report are to define what customer service is and to look at how customer services provided in Nankai University.2.0 ProcedureTo source this report:a) A number of books on customer surveys were consulted.b) Information on customer surveys was taken from internet websites.c) Information was gathered from an interview with the Nankai University students.3.0 Customer surveys3.1 what is customer surveys?Customer service is a customer oriented values, its integration and management in the pre-set the optimal cost - service portfolio of all the ingredients of a customer interface. Broadly speaking, any can improve customer satisfaction contents belong to customer service scope.4.0Daily life4.1 DormitaryAs for the specific accommodation, Nankai there are two places to stay, a district in the South Park Xiangyu, a hospital in the north campus of Nankai. Undergraduate: RuXi dormitory building 5 and earth, spread the bed, bunk bed desk. One floor has a bathroom. The second floor 6 beds, bunk. 4 Building IV Room, capped a bed, bunk bed is the desk, every house with a separate pit. Campus dormitory 6 beds, bunk beds.To the headquarters, 21 residential apartments and the Western better conditions, a large unit in sets of 4-5 4 earth, above the bed below the desk, plus a separate desk cabinet. Conditions quite other quarters.4.2 CanteenNorth School cafeteria prices were relatively cheap. Most people buy lunch at noon, to wait about 15 minutes, but you can also come from the classroom to avoid late peak. South Park canteen individual contract so the price because it is relatively high, do not look too tasty, very few go.A canteen, two canteens, canteen internshipA cafeteria breakfast good, the other is light-based, more girls to go;Two cafeteria on the first floor is the brother hodgepodge, not good but also expensive. On the second floor is not ye. The middle of the dumpling shop that Korean food and good; floor Xin Hong Park restaurant food is equivalent to a child, but also lacks delicious;Three first floor cafeteria breakfast is very cheap, on the second floor of the pasta well.Canteen frequented freshman, is relatively inexpensive;Triangle restaurant food good, prices are also authentic;Jinnan is known as a place with cooking waste oil, something very authentic unpalatable!90 is a place to drink, eat expensive and not good;Park is the foreign students should often go to restaurants where food is more expensive number, but foreigners seemingly wealthy, actually said to me very cheap. .4.3 The university hospitalNankai University Hospital, 35 existing employees in preparing it into medicine, surgery, radiology, and dental and Traditional Chinese Medicine and other departments.Two north of the main building to the university hospital the most commonly encountered situation is to give you a referral certificate. Boring, but the chargeswill be cheaper, or do a number of minor5.0 Teaching and Studying5.1 FacilitiesClassroom and laboratory：There are many buildings for students to learn, like the administration building, the comprehensive test building, Chinese language teaching center, the new stadium, the first mathematical sciences such as building provides students with a good learning environment. They have advanced laboratory. The experiment teaching in chemistry, biology and physics, electrical and electronic four fundamental teaching center, they brought in the life science instrument platform and the polymer of large-scale instrument and equipment.The school laboratory：Schools to make full use of equipment, equipment management approach is very strict, very important to go through a number of regulatory constraints. Include: purchase, inspection and claims, use and management, assessment and punish, repair, scrap.The filing of the instrument also has an important archive requirements.5.2 Teachers strengthCurrently, Nankai University has a neat line, reasonable structure, academic exquisite, innovative teachers. In 2052 full-time teachers have doctoral instructor in 619, 723 professors, 787 associate professor, Chinese Academy of Sciences and Chinese Academy of Engineering 11, 5 Academy of Sciences in developing countries, "973" and "863" Chief Expert 9, the State Council degree Committee Subject 12, 12 state-level experts with outstanding contributions, distinguishedProfessor of Cheung Kong Scholars Program 31, 14 Changjiang scholar Chair Professor, National outstanding Youth Fund, 29 winners , selected countriestalents Project 20, program for New Century excellent Talents in University (including the former Ministry of Education, cross-century talents fund) selected were 120 people, the national teacher of college teaching 8, Tianjin, "131" Talent Project first level 25.Not only do they have a wealth of knowledge but also have their only teaching style. They will be based on the character of the different students with different educational. Students in this university will have a well development.5.3 Professional curriculumNankai university is the famous medical arts with comprehensive university, the liberal arts subjects, such as finance, international finance, financial engineering, insurance study, insurance actuarial science, finance, international economic trade and applied economics, western economics, macroeconomics, microeconomics, political economics theory of economics, modern international logistics, industry and commerce administration, administrative management, political science, management science, history, tourism, Chinese literature and other professional subject in the leading position. Science subjects, such as science subject in the national life categories is the best. Such as mathematics and applied mathematics, physics and mathematics theory, optical and optical technology, intelligent robot technology, electronic information technology and software science, chemical materials, energy chemical, biological chemistry, biology, medicine, biology gene microbial science technique research ability and ranked the academic level. So, there are various profession options for students.5.4 Career prospectsIn domestic and foreign, Nankai university employment is possible, the college alumni is also widely to every corner of the world, in addition to the learning environment of a school superior outside, the school also open network platform, through the Nankai university employment nets to provide a good platform for the students to better understand the employment information. After a few years of construction, the website whether from the function development, column setup to technical service level are achieved certain level. With your current site employment trends, employment guidance, employment policy, professional introduction, civil service examinations, laws and regulations, professional evaluation, recruitment, employment information, students and information service columns recommendation. In addition, the site also creative developed individualized service and management way, for every registered users and units provide users graduates of an independent virtual space for student online recruitment information, delivering customized electronic resume and employers recruitment information, receiving students released resume to provide a broad network space.Nankai university employment information can not only through the network information get understanding, school every year also holds a recruitment conference, each enterprise company came to select the people, so that students will have more opportunities to understand social employment situation.6.0 Extracurricular activities6.1 Student Activity CenterNew student activity center investment of 100 million yuan, cover an area of about 13000 square meters, from the grey, black and brown rust 3 kinds of color aluminum panel is built, the contour novel chic, strong contemporary feeling, like a piano. Thereare more than 1150 square meters of floor open hall, multi-function hall of more than 500 square meters and more than 1000 square meters of theatre, also have student service center, PaiLianTing symphony, make up, Musical Instruments, the classroom, activity room, library exhibition hall, the engine room and piano room, etc.6.2 Sports activitySchool to support the development of student sports organization, encourage and support them conducting various forms of student sports activities. School for student sports organization equipped with professional guidance teachers, most of the students in the exercise of the body while improving the skills. At present, the school has set up taijiquan, table tennis room, chess &cards room, tennis, football, martial arts, bicycle, badminton 16 student sports organization. Student sports organization is active with other colleges and universities jointly carrying out the sports communication, and other forms of sports activities and in communication enhance friendship, to broaden their horizons, improve level. Such as badminton association of tianjin university of successive hold more badminton team competition, and Beijing university badminton association exchange ", strengthen the two schools students of badminton sport cooperation and exchanges. Student sports organization also take an active part in tianjin game, won a very good performance, won the honor for the school. Badminton club won the 2007 "alpha cup" tianjin university badminton team competition champion.7.0 ConclusionThis report on field surveys, questionnaires and hands-on way to an interview survey of each customer's situation,Nankai University, and discover the pros and cons of these customer services. Generally speaking, most customers have some drawbacks, and most of the students reflect the same situation, we need to improve theseproblems.The problem of most students: the high price of dining, you could not use cash, part of the construction is too old school, teaching facilities incomplete, and some accommodation is no separate bathroom floor, easily lost in the campus bike. These are the schools need improvement, such as: canteen price adjustment, and allows the use of cash; old school relocation, new building construction equipment; for each dormitory building be equipped with separate toilet, to strengthen the management of the campus to combat theft .8.0 BibliographyThe websites visited included:/default.asp/english/shownews.asp?newsid=1049/news/show.jsp?informationid=200812030915297814 /wiki/%E5%8D%97%E5%BC%80%E5%A4%A7%E5%AD% A6The book is‘Communication: Analysing and Presenting Complex Communication Unit Student Guide’10.0 Appendices11。

一.1. The type of company in case is sole trader.2. 定义A sole trader is a business owned by one person. The owner can operate business on his or her own, or can employ others and/or go into partnership with others. Most business starts this way. A sole trade is not a company, and neither is a partnership.3. 分析优缺点。

Advantages:This type of business is quick and easy to set up, no registration is needed;The owner can run the business as the owner wishes;The owner can quickly and easily adapt to changes in market supply or demand;The owner can close down easily when business is not operating as envisaged (assuming no debts/liabilities);Accounts are fairly straightforward;In some instances individuals work from home thus minimising running costs. Disadvantages:The owner must undertake most of the work and has sole responsibility for the business;The owner is liable for all of the debts of the business and therefore must pay all the bills. He/she has unlimited liability for the debts of the business.The owner may even has to sell their own possessions in order to pay the accounts if the business gets into trouble;It can be the case that, because some sole traders operate on a very informal basis, private matters of the owner can become indistinguishable from those of the business.4. In this case, xx’s enterprise form is belong to sole trader. So xx have the responsibilities and rights. For example, the owner makes all the decisions on how to manage his/her business.责任。