第五章-3 长句的翻译

长句的翻译一、原序翻译1.请你方考虑，今后货物一经订妥，就不可撤销，我们认为，这样才有助于更好地合作。

We should like to have your consideration that, in the future, orders once placed are not to be cancelled afterwards, which we think will be conducive to better cooperation.2.上海针织公司由37个企业组成，生产规模大，且拥有众多的名牌产品，如“菊花牌”、“鹅牌”和“三枪牌”，公司每年的销售额高达13亿人民币。

Shanghai Knitting Corporation is made up of 37 enterprises and enjoys a broad production scale; with several well –known local brands such as “Chrysanthemum ”, “Swan” and “Three Guns”, it has annual sales volume of about 1.3 billion RMB.二、分译1)汉语长句中若有反问句、反诘句或感叹句，英译时往往要分译。

1.盛夏炎热，一走进浙江莫干山的林间小道就汗止心凉，加上轻风拂煦，浑身有说不出的舒坦，忍不住要赞叹一声：莫干山，好一个清凉世界！No matter how hot it is “outside”, once you step onto the trail through the forest on Mogan Mountain in Zhejiang Province, the sweat withdraws from your body. In addition, the breeze refreshes you with a gentle caress. How cool it is!2.延安虽然还没有战争，但军队天天在前方打仗，后方也唤工作忙，文章太长，有谁来看呢？Although there is as yet no fighting here in Yen’an, our troops are daily engaged in battle, and the people in the rear are busy at work. If articles are too long, who will read them?2)汉语长句中若有比方句，英译时往往要分译。

Chapter Five 英语句法翻译I ：长句的翻译一．分析句子结构英语修饰语多，联合成分多，结构复杂，导致经常出现长句子。

翻译时要首先弄清句子结构。

在分析长句时可以采用下面的方法：（1）找出全句的主语、谓语和宾语，从整体上把握句子的结构。

（2）找出句中谓语结构、非谓语动词、介词短语和从句的引导词。

（3）分析从句中和短语的功能。

（4）分析词、短语和从句之间的相互关系。

（5）注意插入语等其他成分。

（6）注意分析句子中是否有固定搭配。

二．拆分长句英语习惯于用长的句子表达比较复杂的概念，而汉语则不同，常常使用若干短句。

因此，在进行英译汉时，要特别注意英语和汉语之间的差异，将英语的长句分解，化整为零翻译成汉语的短句。

在拆分过程中，要注意英汉两种思维方式和句子结构的差异性。

英汉两种语言思维方式的差异表现在：英语强调主体由近及远，由里及外；汉语主体不突出，主客体融合，方向上由远及近，由次到主。

表现在时间关系上，英语可以先叙述后发生的事情，后叙述先发生的事情，而汉语常常依照时间顺序。

表现在因果关系上，英语常常从果到因，强调果对主体的影响，而汉语则从因到果顺理推移，从解释到结论，从条件到结果。

在叙和议的关系上，英语一般先表态后叙事，而汉语一般先交代事情，后发表议论。

因此，不同的句子有不同的拆分方法。

在语序安排上，有的句子可以按原来的顺序拆分，有的需要颠倒顺序来翻译，也可以将句子的一部分拆出来翻译。

有的句子还需要打破原有结构重新组织。

1 保留语序------顺拆法所谓切断法，就是按英语句子的语序把英语长句“化整为零”，按意群将长句断开译成若干汉语分句。

如：There is nothing more disappointing to a hostess who has gone to a lot of trouble or expense than to have her guest so interested in talking politics or business with her husband that he fails to notice the flavor of the coffee, the lightness of the cake, or the attractiveness of the house, which may be her chief interest and pride.最令女主人失望的是，她花了许多心思或费用来招待客人，可是这位客人只顾津津有味地与她的丈夫谈政治、谈生意，却没注意到香喷喷的咖啡，松软的糕点，或房间内讲究的陈设，而这些可能才是她最感兴趣和引为自豪的。

长句的翻译是建立在字词和短句翻译基础之上的,同时,长句翻译也是构成篇章翻译的较大单位,处理好了,篇章翻译的质量也就有了保证。

汉语是一种重意合(parataris)、含蓄而又主题突出( topic - prominent)的语言,它具有形式不够具体、成分省略较多、较难确认句子中的主谓成分等特点。

汉语的构句非常注重语义的连贯,所呈现的叙事特点是平铺直叙。

逻辑顺序是汉语构句所遵循的规律,因为汉语在时间上重视“先后顺序”,在逻辑上重视“前因后果关系”。

英语是一种重形合(hypotaxis)、明确、主语突出( subject - prominent)的语言,词形变化多,句子中名词和介词占优势,词与词的结合不像汉语那么自由,它更重视句子形式上的严密法则。

2汉语长句的断句的原则及翻译长句是指字数较多、结构复杂、含有多层语义的句子。

一般来说,汉语的长句有两种: 一种长句是内容丰富、陈述比较细致、成份多而复杂的句子;另一种长句是由复句组成的多重复句,这种表达事物间的逻辑关系的句子,能清楚、明确地说明事物间的联系。

长句之所以要进行断句,是因为汉语句子的结构比较松散,句界比较模糊,多是无连词的复句。

几个逻辑上有关系的独立句子凑到一起,用逗号隔开,就可以组成一个复合句,或者一个主语后面有一系列表并列关系的连动句式,就可以组成一个复合句进行话题评述。

汉语句子总的特点是多用动词,尽可能地省略关联词,大量运用“意合句”和“连动句”。

它的结构是线条式的,不管多少定语和多少复杂的结构形式,都可以一一排列起来组成一个结构严谨的完整的句子。

此外,汉语长句内的分句往往就是一个表示完整意义的句子,可以单列成句。

汉译英时要注意辨明原句中各部分之间的实质关系,首先找出主干,即主语和谓语动词,然后打破原句中的时间和逻辑顺序,按原句中各个组成部分之间不同性质的关系对句子结构重新组织排列,以达到结构严谨、关系明确的目的,使之符合英语的表达习惯。

如果按汉语的结构进行翻译,翻译出来的英语就会成为一个一个简单的独立句,相互之间没有联系,这并不符合英语的句子结构。

第八讲长句的翻译大量使用长句结构是科技英语的特点之一。

长句是指含有较多或相当长的词组定语，词组状语等的简单句，或含有数量较多相当长的各种从句的主从复合句及等立复合句。

英语一句话可以表达好几层意思，而汉语习惯用一个小句表一层意思。

由此，译长句时，必须抓住全句的中心内容，弄清各部分之间的关系，分清上下层次及前后联系，然后按照汉语的表达方式，正确地传达原文含义。

长句拆译的方法常用的有以下几种：1、顺序法：长句的顺序与汉语相同时，可以按英语原文的顺序，依次译出。

例1：Bringing more water to the land, improving the soil, providing plant nutrients, teaching the farmer better cultural practices, giving him more efficient tools, etc cannot yield maximum results unless the plants under cultivation are able to respond fully to the improved environment and practices.例2：The global economy that boomed in the 1960s, growing at an average of 5.5 percent a year, and pushed ahead at a 4.5 percent-a-year rate in the mid-1970s, simply stopped growing in 1981-1982.例3：Some of these causes are completely reasonable results of social needs. Others are reasonable consequences of particular advances in science being to some extent self-accelerating.例4：Typically, when a customer places an order, that order begins a mostly paper-based journey from in-basket to in-basket around the company, often being keyed and rekeyed into different departments computer systems along the way.二、逆序法由于英语惯用前置性陈述，先果后因；而汉语相反，一般先因后果，层层递进，最后综合，点出主题。

长句翻译汉语是以分析形式为主的语言，句子结构比较松散。

有时一个句子里存在不少并列成分，但并没有连接词把其中的逻辑关系明显地表现出来。

英语是以综合形式为主的语言，句子结构比较严谨，各个句子成分之间的逻辑关系需要明确彰显。

两种语言在语法结构上的差异加大了长句翻译的难度。

（1）原序对译即顺译法。

这种方法多用于单一主语的长句，但要分清句中的信息重心。

汉语的信息重心在许多情况下不体现在形式上，而体现在内在逻辑关系上。

而英语句子很注重信息的主次之分，主要信息放在突出位置，次要信息作为辅助性的描写或叙述手段。

所以汉译英时，应该把汉语隐性主次关系发掘出来，译成英语的主次表达方式。

通常，汉语中表示“结果、行为动作、推论结论、本质、目的”的部分会译成英语的主句或谓语部分；汉语中表示“时间、地点、原因、条件、方式、方法、手段、状态、说明、解释、非本质、修饰、否定”的部分，在英语中则以从句或非谓语动词的形式体现。

例1：原文：当他活着一天，总要尽量多工作、多学习，不肯虚度年华，不让时间白白地浪费掉。

（2005年真题）译文：As long as they are living, they always work and study as hard as possible, unwilling to dream their life away, let alone waste even a single moment of their lives.例2：原文：…一旦隔离，拘禁在花园山坡上一幢小房子里，顿感被打入冷宫，十分郁郁不得志起来。

（2003年真题）译文：Once I was deposed into a cold palace on the hillside of the garden, I suddenly felt I was neglected and became very depressed.例3：原文：我在山坡的小屋里，悄悄掀起窗帘，窥见园中大千世界，一片喧闹。

第五章翻译的语言对比规律一、语义的差异（1）完全对应New York, mathematics, pneumonia, head, mouth, airport（2）部分或大部分对应1.I have no experience as a parent.2.She is my cousin.（3）完全或大部分不对应things 教材P68-69 S1-5如出一撤P1571.Opening/ closing speech2.bite off more than one can chew3.scratch one’s head4.scratch the surface5.my English stinks6.It all happened in the twinkling of an eye.7.He is well over forty.8.This hotel tries to create a homelike atmosphere9.He tried to concentrate on the news over the radio, but hiseyes kept on closing.10.H e shook his head.特别提醒P15911.A ll of us know he ( the speaker) is a busybody.12.(not ) for love or money13.O ur firm is on the rocks.14.H e was quite at fault.15.H is fingers are all thumbs.大同小异P1591.National minority2.Sum total3.License suspension4.You should think twice before doing it.5.Some students like to burn the midnight oil.6.I’ll eat my hat/head/boots if …7.In no case will they look on with folded arms.8.That night they had a heart to heart talk.9.The committee sat on our proposal for several months.搁置10.I didn’t enjoy hot weather in summer, but we have to livewith it, don’t we?但是没办法11.H e just clammed up and wouldn’t talk.拒不开口搭配P1611.sound sleep sound judgment准确判断2.heavy rain / snow; heavy weather恶劣天气3.keep a diary keep/ observe Spring Festival过春节keep hens/pets4.instant coffee/ instant noodle审视角度P162fire engine fire hose tear gas dump truckdust cover reading lampcombination lock placement test pocket moneynext-door neighbor broad jumpstop watch borrowed prosperity思维方式P1621.the rush to learn English rush hours Christmas rush,football craze2.he has no ear for music3.The noise gets on my nerves.4.have a butterfly in the stomach.心里紧张5.Words and figures differ on this check.差异悬殊P1641.The employee was summarily dismissed.2.The murderer was arrested red-handed.3.Bad habits die hard.4.What’s done cannot be undone.5.It’s better to be the safe side.还是稳妥点好6.My husband sends me flowers once in a blue moon.千载难逢7.Today we have reached a stage of realizing that rivers can bepolluted past praying for.现在我们意识到河流受到污染可能已到了无法挽救的地步。

Translation Exercises: (长句的翻译3)Sentence translation:1. A fuel is a material which will burn at a reasonable temperature and produce heat.燃料是一种物质，在适当温度下能够燃烧并放出热量。

2.They aorked out a new method by which production has now been rapidly increased.他们制定出一种新方法，采用之后生产已迅速得到提高。

3. There are some chemical fuels that are clean and smokeless.有些化学燃料是洁净无烟的。

4. There are some metals which posess the power to conduct electricity and the ability to be magnetized.某些金属既能导电，又能被磁化。

5. This type of meter is called a multimeter, which is used to measure electricity.这种仪表称为万用表，用来测量电。

6. Fine grains of dust can reflect blue light, which coars grains of dust cannot.微粒粉尘能反射蓝光，但粗粒粉尘却不能。

7. A solid fuel, like coal or wood, can only burn at the surface, where it comes into contact with the air.固体燃料，如煤和木材，只能在表面燃烧，因为表面接触空气。

8. We know that a cat, whose eyes can take in many more rays than our eyes, can see clearly in the night.我们知道，由于猫的眼睛比我们人的眼睛能吸收更多的光线，所以猫在黑夜也能看得很清楚。

Put the following long sentences into Chinese.1. The united Nations Secretary General says he is sure the Security Council will approve the agreement with Iraq about UN arms inspectors.联合国秘书长说他确信安理会会批准与伊拉克达成的有关联合国武器核查人员的协议。

（顺译）2. Since the molecules of a gas are much too far from each other to repel or attract each other, it is very easy to compress a gas, while a solid or liquid is almost incompressible, because the repulsion of the electric charges of which its atoms are made up are far stronger than any force we can apply.由于气体分子相隔太远，不能互相排斥或吸引，所以气体很容易压缩。

而固体或液体几乎是不可压缩的，因为其原子的电荷斥力比我们所能施加的任何力都要强得多。

（顺译）3．In reality, the lines of division between sciences are becoming blurred, and science again approaching the “unity” that it had two centuries ago---although the accumulated knowledge is enormously greater now, and no one person can hope to comprehend more than a fraction of it.虽然现在积累起来的知识要多得多，而一个人也只可能了解其中的一小部分，但事实上，各学科之间界线却变得越来越模糊不清，科学再次近似与两百年前那样的“单一整体”。