高考总复习 英语语法专题2

高考英语语法点拨专题2形容词和副词层级1考能提升Ⅰ. 单句填空（友情提醒:根据高考大数据,重点关注第1、3、6、8、11、12、16、20题）1.(2020·昆明一中月考)He had driven no(far) than ten miles when his race car broke down and he was soon behind the other competitors.2.(2020·武汉三中月考)Tom does very well in computer studies and much to my joy, Jane does no(bad) than Tom.3.(2020·长春外国语学校月考)My uncle's house in the downtown area is much smaller than ours, but it is twice expensive.4.(2020·西安中学质检)If there were no examinations tomorrow, we would have a much(happy) time tonight.5.(2019·江西红色七校联考)He sat down and started (gentle)talking to the dog.6.(2019·四川双流中学月考)Poor student behaviour seems to be an (increase) widespread problem and I think that modern lifestyles are probably responsible for this. 7.(2019·哈尔滨三中月考)(similar),when Ron Webster borrowed a book from the library,he forgot to return it,too.8.(2019·安徽皖南八校联考)He works even(hard) to get success.9.(2019·四川凉山州诊断)If he wants to live(comfort),he has to work. 10.(2019·河北石家庄二中月考)Ron had a (success)career and worked for Ford before retiring.11.(2019·山东青岛质检)As they couldn't play outdoors,the kids were (happy).12.(2019·青海西宁模拟)I had the (kind)mother in the world.13.(2019·山西太原联考)He said if one (real) wanted to know the society and the world, he should go out to see, to hear and to find out about the real life.14.(2019·河南六市三月联考)Students (usual) take hobby classes in their free time or after school.15.As I walked, I looked up, trying to realize what made thisday so(beauty).16.It is natural that young people are often(comfort) when they are with their parents.17.The way we cook is important. In many countries,the twochoices are (nature) gas or electric-poweredstoves.18.Some professor says “a naked marriage” is in sharpcontrast with China's (tradition) marriagecustoms.19.People are spending more money shopping thanbefore,because they are (easy) attracted by the discount.20.The passengers (sudden) became friendly to oneanother.Ⅱ. 单句改错（友情提醒:根据高考大数据,重点关注第1、3、5、7、11题）1.(2020·昆明一中月考)His health is improving day by day. It is quite apparently that the medicine has a good effect on his disease.2.(2020·东北三校联考)She didn't allow the accident to discourage her. On the contrary, she began to work twice as hardly.3.(2020·合肥一中月考)It was raining heavily. Little Mary felt cold, so she stood closely to her mother.4.(2019·福建龙岩质检)I could not stay calmly and shouted rudely at him.5.(2019·中原名校联盟模拟)When I was a kid,my friend Liz became very sicker.6.(2019·湖北武汉三中质检)Although I was later for school today,I felt very proud of what I had done.7.(2019·吉林长春模拟)I fully understand why we are not comfortable about it,but there's no need to feel too sadly.8.(2019·山西师大附中月考)To my greatly relief,he brought textbooks with him and helped me with my lessons.9.(2019·山东实验中学模拟)Anyway,I'm great grateful to you for your kind invitation.10.She treats him so good.11.It was extreme cold last Monday morning.12.For another,most books are sold at a low price than what the bookstores offer.13.I'll study more harder than ever before so that I can make more money in the future.层级2滚动训练Exercise 1Ⅰ.语法填空(2020·华中师大附中月考)Once, in a land far away, there lived four little characters who ran through a maze (迷宫) 1.(look) for cheese to nourish them and make them happy.Two were mice named “Sniff” and “Scurry” and two were little people—beings who were as small as mice but looked and acted a lot like people today. Their names were “Hem” and “Haw”.Due to their small size, it would be easy not 2.(notice) what the four of them were doing. But if you looked 3.(careful) enough, you could discover 4. (amazing) things you have ever seen!Every day, the mice, Sniff and Scurry, possessing only simple brains, 5.good instincts(本能), searched for the hard cheese they liked, 6.mice often do.7.(fill) with many beliefs, the two little people used their brains to search for a very different kind of cheese—with a Capital C. It 8.(believe) that this kind of cheese would make them feel happy and 9. (success).As different as the mice and little people were, they shared something mon; every morning,they each put on their running shoes, left their little homes, and raced out into the maze looking for their favorite cheese. Ⅱ.短文改错(2020·四川绵阳中学月考)We students real love our school canteen, where is located next to our dormitory. All the year round, it provides us with health, delicious and diverse food. Every day we can enjoy our meals in the clean and tidy dining hall and with wonderful light background musics. The friendly and patient staff in the canteen treat us as their own children. They never fail make us happy and relaxing with their smiling faces. Besides all these advantages, that can't be ignored is that the price of the meal was quite reasonable. I am sure I will miss our school canteen even before my graduation.Exercise 2Ⅰ.语法填空(2019·湖北武汉调研)The Yangtze River,1.(know)in China as the Changjiang River,is the longest river in Asia and the longest in the world to flow entirely within one country.Flowing from the Tibetan Plateau to the East China Sea,the Yangtze River isa natural division 2.north and south.Driven by the3.(curious) in my heart,I came to China and took part in a cruise(乘船游览) along part of the river last year.Life on board was relaxed with plenty to occupy the time and mind.We passed Wuhan 4.in 1966 Chairman Mao,then in his 70s,swam across the Yangtze River.Glorious temples rise over industrial ports while,high above the rocks,ancient coffins are hung in caves,without being disturbed for 5.(century).We also visited the Three Gorges Dam,6.symbol of Chinese power.As well as enormous hydroelectric output,7.(it)increasing shipping ability benefits Chinese people quite a lot.As a foreigner,I 8.(absorb)and charmed by the genuine warmth of welcome and unique culture during the trip.9.(rare),if ever,have I enjoyed such a culturally rich and historically interesting trip.Now I am looking forward to 10.(visit) China again!Ⅱ.短文改错Earthquakes cannot be predicted and can occur at any times. Earthquakes are always changed. Two-story apartment buildings may be safe if they are good built. The best way endure an earthquake safely is to follow earthquake safety tips. When the earthquake happens,do not attempt to escape from the building,even if you only had a short distance to go.Chances are that you will be injured. Immediately hide underneath a table and a desk and cover your head with your hands. If you are in bed,cover your head with a pillow and stay in there. If a fire alarm sound,leave the building as soon as possibly. Take the nearest stairway instead of elevator to escape from the building.层级1考能提升Ⅰ. 单句填空【答案与解析】1.farther根据空后的than可知,此处用比较级,far表示具体距离时的比较级是farther。

专题2冠词考向1表特指的定冠词和表泛指的不定冠词Ⅰ.单句语法填空1.This included digging up the road，laying the track and then building a strong roof over the top.(2017·全国Ⅱ) 解析此处特指“地铁的顶部”，故用定冠词the。

2.Instead，she is earning ￡6,500 a day as a model in New York.(2017·全国Ⅲ)解析句意为：相反，她在纽约作为一名模特每天收入6 500英镑。

用不定冠词a表泛指。

3.For Pahlsson，its return was a wonder.(2017·浙江)解析 a wonder一个奇迹。

4.He owned a farm，which looked almost abandoned.(2015·广东)解析句意为：他拥有一个农场，这个农场看起来都快废弃了。

a 是不定冠词，表示泛指“一个……”，修饰可数名词单数。

Ⅱ.单句改错(每小题仅有1处错误)1.They live far from the school，and it takes them aboutaan/one hour and a half to go to work everyday.(2017·全国Ⅱ)解析hour是以元音音素开头的单词，前面要用不定冠词an。

表示“一个小时”可以用an hour也可以用one hour。

2.But in that case，we will learn little about ∧the world.(2016·全国Ⅱ)解析此处特指我们所生活的这个世界。

3.I asked Mom to stay in the sitting room and I cooked in ∧the kitchen.(2016·四川)解析此处特指“我们”家的厨房。

专题一定语从句一、关系代词引导的定语从句1、that 指人或物在从句中作主语,宾语或表语which 指物在从句中作主语，宾语或表语（作宾语时可以省略)who 指人在从句中作主语,宾语或表语whom 指人在从句中作宾语whose 指人或物在从句中作定语as 指人或物在从句中作主语，宾语或表语but 指人或物在从句中作主语，宾语或表语注意：指物时，whose+名词=the+名词+of which 或 of which+the+名词2、as 的用法（1)常用于下列结构：such…as; so…as;the same…as; as…as注意：the same…as 表示同一类,不同一个the same…that 表示同一个（2）as与which的区别a、位置不同as可放在主句后，主句前或主句中间；which只能放在主句后。

b、as起连接作用，表达说话人的观点、看法，并指出主句内容的根据或出处,意为“正如,正像”.Which相当于并列句,可以用and this来代替，意为“这一点，这件事’"。

注意：as常用于下列结构：as we know/ as is known to all， as we all can see， as has been said before/above,as might be excepted, as is often the case, 一般不能用which代替as。

C、在从句中作主语时,which既可作系动词be的主语也可作实义动词的主语，而as只可作系动词be的主语。

3、but用作关系代词,相当于who/that…not例:In China there is no one but knows Lei Feng。

二、只用that不用which的情况1、。

先行词为 all ， much， everything， nothing ， something ，anything, nothing， none, the one 等不定代词时2、先行词被only， any, few， little, no ， all， just , very ，right等修饰时。

高中英语语法权威解析目录:第01章名词性从句第02章“It”用法及其句型和固定搭配讲解第03章高中英语语法中的省略现象第04章主谓一致第05章动词不定式第06章倒装结构第07章定语从句第08章被动语态第09章祈使句第10章感叹句第11章疑问句第12章名词第一章名词性从句在句子中起名词作用的句子叫名词性从句(Noun Clauses）。

名词性从句的功能相当于名词词组, 它在复合句中能担任主语、宾语、表语、同位语、介词宾语等，因此根据它在句中不同的语法功能，名词从句又可分别称为主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句。

一．主语从句主语从句是在复合句中充当主语的从句，通常放在主句谓语动词之前或由形式主语it 代替，而本身放在句子末尾。

1. It 作形式主语和it引导强调句的比较It 作形式主语代替主语从句，主要是为了平衡句子结构，主语从句的连接词没有变化。

而it引导的强调句则是对句子某一部分进行强调，无论强调的是什么成分，都可用连词that。

被强调部分指人时也可用who/whom。

例如：a) It is a pity that you didn’t go to see the film. 你不去看那场电影真可惜。

b) It doesn’t interest me whether you succeed or not.我对你成功与否不感兴趣。

c) It is in the morning that the murder took place.谋杀案是在早上发生的。

（强调句型）d) It is John that broke the window.是John打碎的窗户。

（强调句型）2. 用it 作形式主语的结构(1) It is ＋名词＋从句It is a fact that …事实是…It is an honor that …非常荣幸It is common knowledge that …是常识(2) It is ＋形容词＋从句It is natural that…很自然…It is strange that…奇怪的是…(3) It is ＋不及物动词＋从句It seems that…似乎…It happened that…碰巧…It appears that…似乎…(4) It ＋过去分词＋从句It is reported that…据报道…It has been proved that…已证实…It is said that…据说…3. 主语从句不可位于句首的五种情况：（1）if 引导的主语从句不可居于复合句句首。

考点2 非谓语动词辨明题类所给提示词是动词时，若分句中已有谓语动词，又不是并列谓语时，则要考虑非谓语动词。

此时需要确定非谓语动词的形式以及与逻辑主语的主被动关系，也可以借助固定结构进行解题。

技法点拨技法1 提示词为动词作非谓语时，根据句法功能确定非谓语动词的形式：1.提示词在句中作目的状语、意料之外的结果或者形容词后作状语时，应考虑用不定式。

(2023·贵州省毕节市高三一模)On this special day, people are eager (eat) the porridge believing it will bring peace and good health in the coming year.【答案】to eat【解析】考查非谓语动词。

句意：在这个特殊的日子里，人们都渴望喝腊八粥，相信腊八粥能在新的一年里带来安宁和健康。

be eager to do sth.意为“渴望做某事”，不定式作状语。

故填to eat。

2.提示词在句中作时间、伴随、条件、意料之中的结果、方式等状语时，应考虑用现在分词或过去分词。

(2023·河南省郑州市高中毕业年级一模)He is known for carrying his tennisrackets in a bamboo basket, (earn) him the name of “basket tennis boy”．【答案】earning【解析】考查非谓语动词。

句意：他以把网球拍放在竹篮里而闻名，因此被称为“篮网球男孩”。

分析句子结构可知，动词earn是整个主句伴随的结果，用现在分词，表示自然而然的结果。

故填earning。

3.提示词在句中作主语或宾语时，要考虑用动名词或不定式。

(2023·四川省南充市高三一模)There are over a dozen steps, from grinding (碾碎) tea for fine powder, to pouring hot water, stirring the mixture for thick froth,and finally (draw) the patterns.【答案】drawing【解析】考查非谓语动词。

高中英语重点语法第一，（复数名词）、“主谓一致”、“人称代词的用法”（人称代词和物主代词；名词性的物主代词和形容词性的物主代词）等等。

例如：He always reads books before sleeping.He，第三人称单数代词，因此，动词用了reads这个加“s”的第三人称动词单数形式。

第二、英语的动词具有时态的变化。

首先，动词具有形态上的变化：是经常发生的，还是已经发生的，还是正在发生的。

我们称为“一般式”、“完成式”和“进行式”（相延伸的，则产生了“延续动词”和“静态动词”的区别。

）。

其次，动词具有时间上的变化，即：“过去”、“现在”、“将来”。

这样交叉之后即产生了不同的时态变化（应该是9种，但是一般常用的是8种，除去了一种将来完成式）。

因此，我们要正确的使用动词的不同时态，关键是把握上述两点。

例如：Now，John is playing basketball.在这个句子中，从Now这个词语中，我们可以知道动词play发生的时间是现在，此外，这个动作正在发生，因此，我们要用“现在进行时”。

第三、英语的动词具有语态的变化。

这里考察的是动词动作的对象是句子的主语还是句子的宾语。

如果是主语，则是“被动语态”，如果是宾语，则是“主动语态”。

而大量英语的句子是以物作为主语的，因此，英语句子中被动语态特别多。

例如：They sent Lucas to prison for five years.（主动语态）Lucas was sent to prison for five years.（被动语态）第四、英语的动词具有语气的变化。

相应的知识点有：情态动词的用法和虚拟语气。

这也是英语句子动词用法中最复杂的一个知识点了。

相应的内容不展开论述了，有兴趣的朋友可以参看一下的一个附件中的内容。

非常详细的虚拟语气讲解（见论坛里的其它两个帖子）第五、在一个英语句子中，仅存在一个主句动词。

可能很多人会不同意这一点，但是只要我们稍微分析一下，我们会发现这是非常重要的一个特点。

语法复习专题一-—名词一、考点聚焦1。

可数名词单、复数变化形式(1）规则变化.①单数名词词尾直接加—s。

如：boy — boys, pen — pens。

②以s、x 、ch 、sh结尾的单词一般加-es。

如：glass — glasses，box — boxes， watch — watches, brush — brushes.特例：stomach - stomaches.③以“辅音字母 + y"结尾的变“y”为“i"再加“-es”.如:baby - babies， lady - ladies， fly — flies.④以“o"结尾的多数加-es。

如：tomato —tomatoes，potato —potatoes， hero - heroes。

但以两个元音字母结尾的名词和部分外来词中以o 结尾的词只加—s。

如：radio — radios, zoo — zoos， photo - photos，piano - pianos， kilo — kilos， tobacco - tobaccos.⑤以“f”或“fe"结尾的名词复数形式变“f"或“fe”为“v",之后再加-es。

如:wife - wives， life - lives, knife — knives， wolf— wolves， self — selves, leaf - leaves等.特例:handkerchief— handkerchiefs， roof - roofs, chief — chiefs, gulf — gulfs， belief — beliefs, cliff —cliffs。

⑥改变元音字母的.如：man - men, mouse — mice， foot — feet，woman — women, tooth — teeth， goose - geese， ox — oxen.特例：child - children。

2020年高考英语语法填空专题训练及解析（二）（8篇）（一）Researchers find that __1__ large amount of African dust can blow all the way across the Atlantic Ocean and fall on North and South America.African dust storms can harm air quality __2__ the ocean.But new research by scientists from some countries __3__ (show) the storms also can do some good.__4__ is found that an average of 28 million metric tons of Saharan dust falls in South America's Amazon River basin each year.Scientists say the dust is an important __5__ (provide) of fertilizer.“Yes, it's __6__ (surprise) because of the huge amount of dust and phosphorous (磷), __7__ is a nutrient that plants need __8__ (grow)，” one of them says.In fact, the phosphorous __9__ (fall) from the sky is about the same as the amount that rivers carry out each year.The thick rainforest and the desert dust __10__ (join) together on one small planet.语篇解读：本文是一篇说明文。

语法复习二、主谓一致在英语句子里，谓语受主语支配，其动词必须和主语在人称和数上保持一致，这就叫主谓一致。

寻其规律，大致可归纳为三个原则，即语法一致、逻辑意义一致和就近一致原则。

（一）语法一致原则：语法上一致就是谓语动词和主语在单、复数形式上保持一致。

1、以单数名词或代词、动词不定式短语、动名词短语或从句作主语时，谓语动词一般用单数形式；主语为复数时，谓语动词用复数形式。

如：His father is working on the farm. / To study English well is not easy. / What he said is very important for us all. / The children were in the classroom two hours ago. / Reading in the sun is bad for your eyes.注意：由what引导的主语从句，后面的谓语动词多数情况用单数形式，但若表语是复数或what从句是一个带有复数意义的并列结构时，主句的谓语动词用复数形式。

如：What I bought were three English books. / What I say and do is (are) helpful to you.2、由连接词and或both … and连接起来的合成主语后面，要用复数形式的谓语动词。

如：Lucy and Lily are twins. / She and I are classmates. / The boy and the girl were surprised when they heard the news. / Both she and he are Y oung Pioneers.注意：①若and所连接的两个词是指同一个人或物时，它后面的谓语动词就应用单数形式。

如：The writer and artist has come.; / ②由and连接的并列单数主语前如果分别有no, each, every more than a (an) , many a (an)修饰时，其谓语动词要用单数形式。

2020年高考语法考点讲解与真题分析02词汇（一）词汇部分主要讲动词和动词短语、名词、形容词及副词。

考点一动词和动词短语近年来高考对动词和动词短语的考查主要是考查四个动词或动词短语哪个符合题干的意思，形式上可以是谓语动词，也可以是现在分词、过去分词或动名词。

考生只要弄懂题干的意思及各选项的意思，便可轻松答题。

考生要牢记常用的动词或动词短语的意义及习惯搭配。

1. A city is the product of the human hand and mind, __________ man's intelligence andcreativity. （2019江苏）A. resemblingB. reflectingC. reviewingD. restoring【答案】A【解析】句意：城市是人类双手和大脑的杰作，反映了人类的智慧和创造力。

reflect意为“反映”，符合句意。

2. More wind power stations will _________ to meet the demand for clean energy. （2019江苏）A. take upB. clear upC. hold upD. spring up【答案】D【解析】句意：越来越多的风力发电站会象雨后春笋般涌现出来，以满足清洁能源的需求。

spring up意为“突然出现”，符合句意。

3. At first Robert wouldn't let his daughter go diving, but eventually he___________ as she was so confident about her skills. （2018天津）A. gave inB. dressed upC. broke inD. turned up【答案】A【解析】句意：一开始，罗伯特不愿意让女儿去潜水，不过他最终屈服了，因为她对自己的技术很有自信。

高考英语一轮复习学案北师大版：第五讲词性转换单句语法填空1．(2020·北京卷)Because of the confidence she inspired in me，I've carved out a ________(success)profession as a journalist.解析：考查词性转换。

profession 为名词，意为“职业”，故应用形容词修饰名词，故填successful。

答案：successful2．(2020·新高考山东卷)In the 18th and 19th centuries，________(wealth)people travelled and collected plants，historical objects and works of art.解析：考查词性转换。

根据设空处后面的名词people可知，这里应用形容词wealthy 修饰。

答案：wealthy3．(2020·新高考山东卷)Historical ________(accurate)is important but so is entertainment.解析：考查名词。

根据语境和设空处前的修饰词Historical可知，此处应用名词accuracy作主语。

答案：accuracy4．(2020·全国卷Ⅲ)As the small boat moved ________(gentle)along the river he was left speechless by the mountains being silently reflected in the water.解析：考查词性转换。

修饰动词moved应使用副词。

答案：gently5．(2019·全国卷Ⅱ)But then we got an official letter and we were blown away.We are so proud of her.It's________(wonder).解析：考查词性转换(名词变形容词)。

专题01-健康环保主题（二）---进阶篇距离高考还有一段时间，不少有经验的老师都会提醒考生，愈是临近高考，能否咬紧牙关、学会自我调节，态度是否主动积极，安排是否科学合理，能不能保持良好的心态、以饱满的情绪迎接挑战，其效果往往大不一样。

以下是本人从事10多年教学经验总结出的以下学习资料，希望可以帮助大家提高答题的正确率，希望对你有所帮助，有志者事竟成！养成良好的答题习惯，是决定高考英语成败的决定性因素之一。

做题前，要认真阅读题目要求、题干和选项，并对答案内容作出合理预测;答题时，切忌跟着感觉走，最好按照题目序号来做，不会的或存在疑问的，要做好标记，要善于发现，找到题目的题眼所在，规范答题，书写工整;答题完毕时，要认真检查，查漏补缺，纠正错误。

总之，在最后的复习阶段，学生们不要加大练习量。

在这个时候，学生要尽快找到适合自己的答题方式，最重要的是以平常心去面对考试。

英语最后的复习要树立信心，考试的时候遇到难题要想“别人也难”，遇到容易的则要想“细心审题”。

越到最后，考生越要回归基础，单词最好再梳理一遍，这样有利于提高阅读理解的效率。

另附高考复习方法和考前30天冲刺复习方法。

Passage 1阅读下面短文，在空白处填入1个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。

With about half of the vast country covered in wilderness, China is the world’s third most species-rich country. Therefore, China’s ___1___(achieve) in biodiversity conservation and wilderness protection are important to the future of global biodiversity conservation.The vital biodiversity, ___2___(combine) with a large population, has led the government to reconsider its protected area system and transform some wilderness areas such as the rainforest in Hainan ___3___formal national parks. The new national park system will make it more practical ___4___(preserve) habitats and species. The aim is to preserve biodiversity and ensure a___5___(harmony) relation between humans and nature.The national parks cross China’s vast ecosystems, from the Hainan Tropical Rainforest阅读下面短文，在空白处填入1个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。

高考英语二轮专题总复习语法精品时态和语态被动语态：翻译：这个工作必须马上完成。

_____________________________________________________________变疑问句_____________________________________________________变否定句_____________________________________________________注：一、被动用法注意事项：1.带双宾语的主动结构的句子，或含名词的短语后接宾语的句子。

She teaches us English.We should pay attentiong to spelling.////We must make use of time.2.主动语态中不带to的不定式做宾补时变被动必须带上to.We made him work.alone.3.短语动词用于被动语态应该作为一个整体，不能丢掉其中的副词或介词。

You can put off the meeting.4.有些及物动词和及物动词短语（多表示静态）不能用于被动语态。

如have/own ,cost ,last,lack ,hold ,fit,agree with等。

5.不及物动词没有被动语态。

如：happen,take place,appear等。

二、必须用主动表被动的情况。

1.need ,want,require,(需要，要求)deserve,（应得，值得）be worth,（值得）not bear(经不住)+doing/to be doneMy hair wants cutting/to be cut.2不定式作定语，放在被修饰词的后面，如果句子中出现不定式的逻辑主语，不定式要用主动表被动。

I have nothing to do.He is looking for a room to live in.3.形容词后常用不定式的主动表被动。

第十讲特殊句式句式结构需把握Ⅰ示之以范 ____________________________________________________原则这样运用1．(2017·天津卷)It was when I got back to my apartment ____________ I first cameacross my new neighbors.that 解析：此处是“It is/was...that...”强调句式，强调的是when引导的时间状语从句，故填that。

2．(2016·全国卷Ⅱ)It could be anything—gardening, cooking, music, sports—but whatever it is，____________(make) sure it’s a relief from daily stress rather than another thing to worry about.make 解析：句中动词短语置于句首，构成祈使句，故用动词原形。

3．(2016·天津卷)You are waiting at a wrong place. It is at the hotel ____________the coach picks up tourists.that 解析：本题考查强调句型。

at the hotel是被强调部分，缺少强调句式中的that，故填that。

4．(2017·陕西西安八校联考)As far as I can see, ____________ is no possibility thathe will win the tennis match this time.there 解析：句意：依我看，他没有赢得这次网球比赛的可能性。

There is no possibility that...意为“没有……的可能性”，为there be 句型。