英语语言学导论复习题

1绍兴文理学院 2010 学年 01学期英语 专业 08 级《 英语语言学导论 》试卷 (A)（考试形式：开卷 ）I. Define the following terms （共20分，每小题 4 分）conversational implicature; componential analysis; Sapir-Whorf hypothesis; minimal pair; design featuresII. Decide whether each of the following statements is True or False, T for true and F for false （共10 分，每小题 1分）1. The fact that we use seemingly meaningless expressions to maintain a comfortable relationshipbetween people without involving any factual content has mainly to do with the interpersonal function of language.2.The subject-predicate distinction is the same as the theme and rheme contrast.3. Vibration of the vocal cords results in a quality of speech sounds called “voiceless ”, which is afeature of all vowels and some consonants, such as [b], [z], and [m].4. Of the views concerning the study of semantics, the contextual view, which places the study ofmeaning in the context in which language is used, is often considered as the initial effort to study meaning in a pragmatic sense.5. The core of linguistics covers phonetics, phonology, morphology, syntax, semantics and pragmatics.6. The major difference between a pidgin and a Creole is that the former usually has its native speakerswhile the latter doesn’t.7. There is no one-one relationship between morphemes and phonemes. A single phoneme mayrepresent a single morpheme, but they are not identical.8. Syntax mainly deals with how words are combined to form sentences and the rules that govern theformation of sentences.9. An important difference between presupposition and entailment is that presupposition, unlikeentailment, is not vulnerable to negation. That is to say, if a sentence is negated, the original presupposition is still true.10. Most languages have sets of lexical items similar in meaning but ranked differently according totheir degree of formality.III. Group the following words according to the sense relations and give out the headterm for each group. Each word can only be used once （共20 分，每小题4分）talent transportation torch attach alienated before rent odd flashlight flat detach even idiot fragmented profound superficial let housing shipping after 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.IV . Draw the two tree diagrams of the following sentence according to Immediate Constituent Analysis （共10 分，每小题5分）Leave the book on the shelf.V . Identify any of the ten cohesive ties employed in the following passage （共10 分，每小题 1分）Chris Baildon, tall and lean, was in his early thirties, and the end-product of an old decayed island family.Chris shared the too large house with his father, an arthritic and difficult man, and a wasp-tongued aunt, whose complaints ended only when she slept.The father and his sister, Chris ’s aunt Agatha, engaged in shrill-voiced arguments over nothing. The continuous exchanges further confused their foolish wits, and yet held off an unendurable loneliness. They held a common grievance against Chris, openly holding him to blame for their miserable existence. He should long ago have lifted them from poverty, for had they not sacrificed everything to send him to England and Oxford University?Driven by creditors or pressing desires, earlier Baildons had long ago cheaply disposed of valuable properties. Brother and sister never ceased to remind each other of the depressing fact that their ancestors had wasted their inheritance. This, in fact, was their only other point of agreement.A few years earlier Agatha had announced that she intended doing something about repairing the family fortunes. The many empty rooms could be rented to selected guests. She would establish, not a boarding-house, but a home for ladies and gentlemen, and make a tidy profit. She threw herself into the venture with a noisy fury. Old furniture was polished; rugs and carpets were beaten, floors painted, long-stored mattresses, pillows and bed-linen aired and sweetened in the sun. The huge kitchen was attacked.VI. Answer the following questions （共 30分，每小题15 分）1. Illustrate with examples how suprasegmental features can affect meaning.2. Of all the theories in general linguistics, which one (ones) do you think help(s) your English learning most?。

Unit 3 The Units of EnglishF1. Phon etically, the stress of a compo und always falls on the first eleme nt, while the sec ond eleme nt receives sec on dary stress.F2. Words are the smallest meanin gful un its of Ian guage.T3. Just as a pho neme is the basic unit in the study of pho no logy, so is a morpheme the basic un it in the study of morphology.T4. The smallest meanin gful un its that can be used freely all by themselves are free morphemes.F5. Fore as in foretell is both a prefix and a bound morphemeT6. I nflectio nal morphemes man ifest various grammatical relati ons or grammatical categories such as nu mber, ten se, degree, and case.F7. Base refers to the part of word that rema ins whe n all in flect ional affixes are removedF8. There are rules that gover n which affix can be added to what type of stem to form a new word.Therefore, words formed accord ing to the morphological rules are acceptable words.T9. In most cases, prefixes cha nge the meaning of the base whereas suffixes cha nge the word-class of the base.F10. All words in En glish have a hierarchical structure.F11. Clippi ng is one of the three most importa nt devices of word-formati on inEn glish.T12. Idioms in En glish are modifiable in some grammatical ways.F13. The prese nee of con struct ions is unique to En glish.F14. Every En glish sentence has a subject.A1. Nouns, verbs and adjectives can be classified as _____________A lexical wordsB grammatical wordC fun ctio nD forwardsD2. The compound word “ bookstore ” is the place where books are sold. This in dicates that the meaning of a compo und ________________.A.is the sum total of the meaning of its comp onentsB.can always be worked out by look ing at the meanings of morphemesC.is the same as the meaning of a free phrase.D.None of the above.B3. The part of speech of the compo unds is gen erally determ ined by the part of speech of .A. the first eleme ntB. the sec ond eleme ntC. either the first or the sec ond eleme ntD. both the first and the sec ond eleme nts.A4. Morphemes that represe nt ten se, nu mber, gen der and case are called morphemeA in flecti onalB freeC fun ctio n wordsD derivati onalC5. ____________ is a branch of grammar which studies the in ternal structure of wordsand the rules by which words are formed.A. Syn taxB.GrammarC. Morphology D MorphemeC6. The meaning carried by the in flect ional morpheme is ____________ .A. lexicalB. morphemicC. grammaticalD. sema nticD7. Bound morphemes are those that ____________________ .A. have to be used in depe nden tlyB. can not be comb ined with other morphemesC. can either be free or boundD. has to be comb ined with other morphemesA8. ______ modifies the meaning of the stem, but usually do not cha nge the part ofspeech of the orig inal word.A. PrefixesB. SuffixesC. RootsD. AffixesB9. ____________ is ofte n thought to be the smallest meanin gful un its of Ian guage by thelin guists.A. WordsB. MorphemesC. Phon emesD. Senten cesB10. All of them are meanin gful except for __________________A lexemeB phon emeC morphemeD allomorphDiscuss the types of morphemes with examples.Free morphemes: They are the in depe ndent un its of meaning and can be used freelyall by themselves, for example, -” “theword “ bookish ” . Bound morphemes: They are those that cannot be used in depe nden tly but have to be comb ined with other morphemes, either free or bound, to form a word such as-ish ” in “ bookish ” . BoundMorphemes can be subdivided in to roots and affixes. A root is see n as part of a word; it can n ever sta nd by itself although it has a clear and defi nite meaning, such as “ genen the word“generate ” . Affixes are of two types: inflectional and derivatio nal. I nflect ional morphemes mani fest various grammatical relatio ns or grammaticalcategories such as-s” in the word “ books ” to indicate plurality of nouns. Derivati onal affixes are added to an exist ing form to create a word such as“ m-” in the word “ misinform ” . Derivational affixes can also be divided into prefixes and suffixes. Prefixes occur at the begi nning of a word such as - ” in “ dis the word “ dislike ” , while suffixes occur at the end of a word sieshBa's in the “word “ friendless ” .。

大学网络与继续教育学院课程考试试题卷类别：网教专业：英语 20 年6月课程名称【编号】：语言学导论【0181】 A卷大作业满分：100分（要求：学生必须按各大题的答题要求，完成全部题目）Ⅰ. For each question there are four choices. Decide which one would be the best answer to the question, or would best complete the sentence. Write the corresponding letter on your ANSWER SHEET. (20%)1. ________ refers to the language user’s underlying knowledge about the systemof rules of his language.A. RegisterB. PerformanceC. CompetenceD. Dialect2. “classmate” is a _______.A. compoundB. phraseC. derivativeD. morpheme3. The function of the sentence “I promise to come on time tomorrow” is mainly_______.A. directiveB. informativeC. performativeD. phatic4. Which of the following sounds is a voiceless stop? _______.A. [d]B. [p]C. []D. []5. “-ed” and “-s” are ______ because they do not help to form new words.A. free morphemesB. inflectional morphemesC. derivative morphemesD. roots 6. Systemic-functional grammar has been developed by _______.A. GriceB. AustinC. ChomskyD. Halliday7. The syllabic structure of the word “studied” is ______.A. CCCCVVCB. CCCCVCC. CCCVVCD. CCVCVC8. ______ refers to the phenomenon that words having different meanings have thesame form.A. PolysemyB. SynonymyC. HomonymyD. Hyponymy9. The study of meaning in context is called _______.A. pragmaticsB. sociolinguisticsC. applied linguisticsD.semantics10. _______ means that certain authorities, such as the government, choose aparticular speech variety, standardize it and spread the use of it across regional boundaries.A. Language testingB. Language changeC. Language planningD. Language transferⅡ. Decide whether each of the following statements is True or False. Write True or False on the ANSWER SHEET. (20%)11. Diachronic linguistics studies language development or change over time.12. Ultimate constituents are constituents directly below the level of aconstruction.13. Standard dialect is a particular variety of a language, which is used by aparticular social class.14. Compounds are words that are formed by joining two or more words.15. Transformational-Generative grammar was first proposed by P. H. Grice.16. To linguists, no languages are superior to any other languages.- 1 -- 2 -- 3 -。

《语言学导论》复习及各章节练习CHAPTERONEI.Designfeaturesoflanguage:productivity,duality,arbitrariness,anddisplacementII.Originoflanguage:•Themysteriousoriginofthelanguageorholyorigin•Bow-wow自然模声说•Yo-he-ho劳动号子说•Evolution进化说•Conventionalism约定俗成说•Innatism先天论•After-birthacquisition后天习得说•Gestures手势说•Embodiment体验说(Reality---cognition---language)III.Functionsoflanguage:informativefunction,interpersonalfunction,performativefunction,emotivefunction,phaticcommunion,recreationalfunctionandm etalingualfunctionIV.Linguisticsanditsbranches1.Sixperiodsoflinguistics•Philology传统语文学时期(19世纪前)•Historical&comparativelinguistics历史比较语言学时期(19世纪)•Structurallinguistics结构主义语言学时期(20世纪初)•Functionallinguistics系统功能主义语言学时期(20世纪中)•Transferredgenerativelinguistics转换生成语言学时期(20世纪中)•Cognitivelinguistics认知语言学时期(20世纪80年代)2.internalbranches:inrea-disciplinarydivisions(内部分支)1）Phonetics（语音学）studieshowspeechsoundsarepronounced,transmittedandperceived.2）Phonology（音系学）isthestudyoftherulesgoverningthestructure,distributionandsequencingofspeechsoundsandtheshapeofsyllables.（研究语音和音节的结构、分布和序列）3）Morphology（形态学）isconcernedwiththeinternalorganizationofwords.Itstudiestheminimalunitsofmeaning-morphemesandword-formationprocesses.4）Syntax(句法学)isthestudyoftherulesgoverningthewaysdifferentconstituentsarecombinedtoformsentencesinalanguage,orthestudyofinterre lationshipsbetweenelementsinsentencestructures.5）Semantics（语义学）isthestudyofhowmeaningisencodedinalanguage,oritisthestudyofmeaningoflinguisticunits,wordsandsentencesinparticular.6）Pragmatics（语用学）isthestudyofmeaningincontextorinuse.3.externalbranches:inter-disciplinarydivisions（外部分支：跨学科分支，即宏观语言学分支）1）Psycholinguisticsisthestudyoftheinterrelationoflanguageandmind.2）Sociolinguisticsstudiesthecharacteristicsoflanguagesvarieties,languagefunctionsandspeakersasthethreeinteractandchangewithi naspeechcommunity.3）Anthropologicallinguisticsstudiestheemergenceoflanguageandthedivergenceoflanguageoverthousandsofyears.4）Computationallinguisticsstudiestheuseofcomputerstoprocessorproducehumanlanguage.ChapterTwoPhonetics1.Sub-branchesofphoneticsArticulatoryphonetics:theproductionofspeechsoundsAcousticphonetics:thephysicalpropertiesofspeechsoundsAuditoryphoneticsorperceptualphonetics:theperceptivemechanismofspeechsounds2.GroupsofspeechsoundsConsonantsandvowels3.Waystodescribeconsonants1)positionofarticulation2)mannerofarticulation3)voicedorvoiceless4.Waystodescribevowels1)theheightoftongueraising(high,mid,low);2)thepositionofthehighestpartofthetongue(front,central,back)3)thelengthortensenessofthevowel(xorlongvs.short);4)lip-rounding(roundedvs.unrounded)ChapterThreePhonologyI.PhonemesandAllophones1.Phoneme:adistinctive,abstractsoundwithadistinctivefeature(具有区别意义的最小语音单位)2.Allophones:thevariantsofaphoneme(音位变体)3.Contrastivedistribution(对立分布)：thetypicaltobefoundinMinimalPairs(最小对比对)。

英语专业导论试题及答案一、选择题（每题2分，共20分）1. 英语专业学生需要掌握的最基本的语言技能是：A. 阅读B. 写作C. 听力D. 口语答案：D2. 英语专业的核心课程之一是：A. 英语文学B. 英语翻译C. 商务英语D. 计算机科学答案：A3. 英语专业学生通常需要通过的英语水平考试是：A. TOEFLB. IELTSC. GRED. TEM-4答案：D4. 英语专业学生在学术研究中经常使用的数据库是：A. JSTORB. PubMedC. IEEE XploreD. ScienceDirect答案：A5. 英语专业学生在进行文学分析时，通常需要参考的文学理论包括：A. 马克思主义B. 女性主义C. 后殖民主义D. 所有以上选项答案：D6. 英语专业学生在进行跨文化交际学习时，需要了解的内容包括：A. 语言差异B. 文化习俗C. 社会规范D. 所有以上选项答案：D7. 英语专业学生在进行口译训练时，需要掌握的技能包括：A. 笔记技巧B. 同声传译C. 交替传译D. 所有以上选项答案：D8. 英语专业学生在进行写作训练时，通常需要遵循的写作原则包括：A. 清晰性B. 连贯性C. 逻辑性D. 所有以上选项答案：D9. 英语专业学生在进行翻译实践时，需要遵循的原则包括：A. 忠实性B. 通顺性C. 文化适应性D. 所有以上选项答案：D10. 英语专业学生在进行学术写作时，通常需要遵循的格式包括：A. MLAB. APAC. ChicagoD. 所有以上选项答案：D二、填空题（每空1分，共10分）11. 英语专业学生在进行文学研究时，经常使用的分析方法是________。

答案：文本分析12. 英语专业学生在进行语言教学时，常用的教学法包括________。

答案：交际法13. 英语专业学生在进行学术写作时，需要遵循的引用标准是________。

答案：MLA或APA14. 英语专业学生在进行口译训练时，需要掌握的口译类型包括________。

《语言学导论》平时测验1I. Fill in the blanks with the most suitable words. (24 points)1. Competence refers to an ideal language user’s underlying knowledge about the system of rules; and ______ refers to the ideal language user’s actual use of language in concrete situations.2.The design features of language are _________, duality, creativity and ________.3. ___________ transcription is used for the purpose of transcribing the minute difference between variations of the same sound. Take [ă]for example, to indicate that a vowel has been nasalized, we simply add a curved line to the top of the symbol [a].4. The four sounds /p/, /b/, /m/ and /w/ have one feature in common, i.e., they are all _______ sounds.5. Name the sound segments which matche the following descriptipns respectively.a._______ vocieless postalveolar fricative;b._________high back tense rounded vowel.6. A(n) ___________ is the smallest unit of sound that is of distinctive value. It is an abstract unit, a collection of distinctive phonetic features.7. _________ morphemes are those that cannot be used independently but have to be combined with other morphemes, either free or bound, to form a word8. Inflectional affixes very often only add a minute gammatical meaning to the stem, whereas ______ affixes often change the lexical meaning.9. According to structuralism, the ________ relation, or chain relation, is a relation beween one item and others in a sequence, or between elements which are all present.10. ((Poor) (John)) ((ran) (away)) is one representaion of ______________analysis, proposed by American linguist Bloomfield.II.Mark the choice that can best complete the statement. (24 points)1. _________ is a branch of grammar which studies the internal structure of words and the rules by which words are formed.A. SyntaxB. GrammarC. MorphologyD. Morpheme2.The study of a language as it changes though time is called ______ linguistics.A. diachronicB.synchronicC.functionalD.generative3. __________ is a voiced alveolar stop.A. /z/B. /d/C. /k/D. /b/4.______ has been widely accepted as the forefather of modern linguistics.A. ChomskyB. SaussureC. BloomfieldD. Halliday5. The different phones which can represent a phoneme in different phonetic environments are called the ____ of that phoneme.A. phonesB. soundsC. phonemesD. allophones6. Which vowel is different from others according to the kind of opening made at the lips?A. [i:]B. [כ]C. [e]D. [i]7. Since [p h] and [p=] are the variants of the phoneme /p/ and they never occur in the the samecontext, they are said to be ___________.A. in phonemic contrastB. in complementary distributionC. free variantsD. a minimal pair8. _________ are often thought to be the smallest meaningful unit of language in grammarby the linguists.A. WordsB. MorphemesC. PhonemesD. Sentences9. The English word “modernizers” is com posed of morphemes.A. fourB. threeC. twoD. five10. Based on the government and binding theory, the phrase “speak about the language” can be analysed as: “speak” is the head of this structure and __________“about the language”, and thus “speak” is the governor of “about thelanguage”.A. dominatesB. controlsC. c-commandsD. binds11. In Halliay’s view, the ______ function of language is realized in transitivity system in clauses as a representation of experience.A. interpersonalB. textualC. socialD. ideational12. In the sentence “She was a small woman, old and wrinkled”, the percentage of the function words is (nearly)______.A. 50%B. 40%C. 60%D. 70%III. Decide whether each of the following statements is True or False. Write T for True and F for False in the bracket before each of them. (16 points)1. ( ) The sentence “As the night fell, the wind rose.” doesn’t mean the same as “As the wind rose, the night fell”. This indicates a degree of non-arbitrariness about word order.2. ( ) In modern linguistics, diachronic study seems to enjoy priority over synchronic study.3. ( ) A voiceless consonant is produced without the obstruction of the airstream in the vocal tract.4. ( ) Inflectional suffixes never change the word class of the word they attach to.5. ( ) Recerived Pronunciation is the pronunciation accepted by most prople.6. ( ) All words contain a root morpheme.7. ( ) In terms of functional lingistics, Rheme is the element which serves as the starting point of the utterance, and the remainder of the utterance is called Residue.8. ( ) All syllables must have a nucleus but not all syllables contain an onset and a coda.IV. Define the following terms. (20 points)1. Parole---2. Coarticulation3. Inflection4. Deep structure5. Interpersonal functionV. Choose two from the following four questions and give your answers briefly. (16 points)1.Discuss about the distinctions between prescriptive and descriptive linguistics.2. How do you undertsatand the duality of language? Does the traffic lights have duality?3. To what extent is phonology related to phonetics and how do they differ?4. What are the methods for the formation of words in the English language? List at least four of them, and explain each of them with examples.。

英语语言学导论练习题英语语言学导论是一门研究英语语言结构、发展和使用的学科。

以下是一些练习题，旨在帮助学生更好地理解英语语言学的基本概念和理论。

练习题一：语音学1. 描述英语中的元音和辅音的区别。

2. 列举至少五种英语中的双元音，并说明它们的发音特点。

3. 解释“音位”和“音素”的区别，并给出例子。

练习题二：形态学1. 定义“形态学”并解释其在语言学中的重要性。

2. 举例说明英语中的派生词和复合词。

3. 描述英语中的不规则动词变化，并给出几个例子。

练习题三：句法学1. 简述句法研究的主要内容。

2. 用树状图表示一个简单英语句子的结构。

3. 解释“主语”、“谓语”和“宾语”在句子中的作用。

练习题四：语义学1. 定义“语义学”并解释其研究范围。

2. 描述“同义”和“反义”的概念，并给出英语例子。

3. 解释“语境”如何影响语言的意义。

练习题五：语用学1. 什么是语用学？它与语义学有何不同？2. 描述“指示语”、“礼貌原则”和“合作原则”在交际中的作用。

3. 举例说明如何在不同的社交场合中使用不同的语言风格。

练习题六：社会语言学1. 解释社会语言学研究的主要内容。

2. 讨论语言变异与社会身份之间的关系。

3. 描述双语现象及其对语言使用者的影响。

练习题七：心理语言学1. 心理语言学是如何研究语言的？2. 描述“语言习得”的过程及其理论。

3. 讨论“母语”和“第二语言”学习之间的差异。

练习题八：历史语言学1. 定义“历史语言学”并解释其研究目的。

2. 描述英语的发展历史和主要变化。

3. 讨论语言接触和借用对语言发展的影响。

完成这些练习题将有助于加深对英语语言学各个方面的理解，并提高分析和应用语言学理论的能力。

希望这些练习题能对你的学习有所帮助。

一、D: language acquisition device 语言习得机制2. Displacement: Displacement is that language can refer to the contexts removed from the immediate situations of the speaker. 移位法3、cultural transmission：文化传递性Animals call systems are genetically transmitted. Human languages are culturally transmitted.4. Interpersonal function: 人际关系Interpersonal function is the most important sociological use of language, by which people establish and maintain their status in a society. In addition, the ways in which people address others and refer to themselves indicate the various types of interpersonal relations. Finally, language marks our identity.5.Linguistics: Linguistics is defined as the systematic (or scientific) study of language 语言学6、Applied linguistics: Applied linguistics is a branch of study which apply linguistics to the research of other areas. 应用语言学7、Syntax: Syntax studies the rules governing the combination of words into sentences. 句法学8. morphology: Morphology is concerned with the internal organization of words. It studies the minimal units of meaning-morphemes and word-formation processes. 形态学二、1. Language acquisition and language learningLanguage acquisition is to get a language subconsciously and naturally with no great effort. Language learning is to get a language consciously with great efforts and usually under the teachers’ instruction.For instance, for most Chinese, their knowledge about their mother tongue-Chinese, is language acquisition, while their knowledge about English is language learning.2. Foreign language and second languageA language has gained official status in certain region or country is called second language, while foreign language has not.For example, for most Indians, English is their second language since English has gained official status in their country while English is regarded as foreign language in China.3. Expressive function and Evocative functionExpressive function is the use of language to reveal something about the feelings and attitudes of the speaker. In this function, language is used to evaluate, appraise and assert the speaker’s attitudes, etc.Evocative function is the use of language to create certain feelings in the hearer. It aims to amuse, startle, anger, soothe, worry or please.4. Phonetics and Phonology.Phonetics studies speech sounds, including the production of speech, that is, how speech sounds are actually made, transmitted and received, thedescription and classification of speech sounds, words and connected speech.Phonology is the branch of linguistics which studies the sound patterns of languages.5. Semantics and PragmaticsSemantics studies the meaning of languagePragmatics is the study of meaning in context.6. Synchronic and DiachronicSynchronic description takes a fixed instant as its point of observation. Diachronic linguistics is the study of a language through the course of its history.7. Langue and paroleLangue is the linguistic competence of the speaker. It refers to the abstract linguistic system shared by all the members of a speech community.Parole is the actual phenomena or data of linguistics. It refers to the actualized language.Langue is abstract, stable, systematic and not actually spoken by anyone. Parole is specific, personal, subject to personal and situational constraints and always a naturally occurring event.petence and performance(语言能力和语言运用）A language user’s underlying knowledge about the system of rules iscalled his linguistic competence.Performance refers to the actual use of language in concrete situations.简答题:1. What are the design features of language?Arbitrariness任意性Duality二元性Creativity创造性Displacement移位性Culture transmission文化传递性Interchangeability互换性2. What is morpheme? Morpheme is the minimal unit of meaning. For example，“purify”consist of “pur” and“ify”，and the noun“disappearance” consist of three morphemes: appear, dis and ance. They all have meanings, and cannot be divided any more.3. What is phoneme? Example. Phoneme is the smallest linguistic unit of sound that can signal a difference in meaning. E.g.：/b/ /p/ /k/ /g/.4. What is the performative function of human language? Supply example s to illustrate.The performative function of language is primarily to change the social status of persons .It can also extend to the control of reality as on some magical or religions occasion .For example ,language is always used in the sentencing of criminals, the blessing of children and the naming of a ship at a launching ceremony.5. What are the basic three branches of phonetics?Articulatory phonetics, Acoustic phonetics, Auditory phonetics.6. Giving four branches of macrolinguistics.Psycholinguistics心理语言学sociolinguistics社会语言学Anthropological linguistics人类语言学Computational linguistics 计算语言学.7. What are the seven function of language.Informative信息功能interpersonal function人际功能performative 施为功能Emotive function感情功能phatic communion寒暄功能recreational function娱乐功能metalingual function元语言功能。

《英语语言学概论》精选试题11.Which of the following statements about language is NOT true?nguage is a systemnguage is symbolicC.Animals also have l anguagenguage is arbitrary2.Which of the following features is NOT one of the design features of language?A. SymbolicB. DualityC. ProductiveD. Arbitrary3.What is the most important function of language?A. InterpersonalB. PhaticC. InformativeD. Metalingual4.Who put forward the distinction between Langue and Parole?A. SaussureB. C homskyC. HallidayD. Anonymous5.According to Chomsky, which is the ideal user's internalized knowledge of his language?A. competenceB. paroleC. performanceD. langue6.The function of the sentence "A nice day, isn't it?" is .A. informativeB. phaticC. directiveD. performative7.Articulatory phonetics mainly studies .A.the physical properties of the sounds produced in speechB.the perception of soundsC.the combination of soundsD.the production of sounds8.The distinction between vowels and consonants lies in .A.the place of articulationB.the obstruction of airstreamC.the position of the tongueD.the shape of the lips9.Which is the branch of linguistics which studies the characteristics of speech sounds and provides methods for their description, classification and transcription?A. PhoneticsB. PhonologyC. SemanticsD. Pragmatics10.Which studies the sound systems in a certain language?A. PhoneticsB. PhonologyC. SemanticsD. Pragmatics11.Minimal pairs are used to .A.find the distinctive features of a languageB.find the phonemes of a languagepare two wordsD.find the allophones of languageually, suprasegmental features include ,length and pitch.A. phonemeB. speech soundsC. syllablesD. stress13.Which is an indispensable part of a syllable?A. CodaB. OnsetC. StemD. Peak三、判断1.The analyst collects samples of the language as it is used, not according to some views of how it should be used. This is called the prescriptive approach. F2.B road transcription is normally used by the phoneticians in their study of speech sounds. F台州学院考试题1.Articulatory Phonetics studies the physical properties of speech sounds.2.English is a typical intonation language.3.Phones in complementary distribution should be assigned to the same phoneme.4.Linguistic c is a native speaker’s linguistic knowledge of his language.1.The relationship between the sound and the meaning of a word is a .2.P refers to the realization of langue in actual u se.3.Linguistics is generally defined as t he s study of language.1.Which of the following branch of linguistics takes the inner structure of word as its main object of study?A. Phonetics.B. Semantics.C. M orphology.D. Sociolinguistics.3. Which of the following is a voiceless bilabial stop?A. [w].B. [m].C. [b].D. [p].6. What phonetic feature distinguishes the [p] in please and the [p] in speak?A.VoicingB. AspirationC. RoundnessD. Nasality11.Conventionally a is put in slashes.A. a llophoneB. phoneC. phonemeD. morphemenguage is tool of communication. The symbol “highway closed ”serves .A. an expressive functionB. an informative functionC. a performative functionD. a persuasive function14.Which of the following groups of words is a minimal pair?A. but/pubB. wet/whichC. cool/curlD. fail/find16.What are the dual structures of language?A. Sounds and letters.B. Sounds and m eaning.C. Letters and meaning.D. Sounds and symbols.19.Which of the following is one of the core branches of linguistics?A.Phonology.B.Psycho-linguistics.C.Sociolinguistics.D.Anthropology.IV. Translate the following linguistic terms: (10 points, 1 point each)A. From English to ChineseB. From Chinese to English1.acoustic phonetics6. 應用語言學2. closed class words4. distinctive featuresVI.Answer the following questions briefly. (20 points)1.Define phoneme. (4 points)2.Explain complementary distribution with an example.(5 points)3.What are the four criteria for classifying English vowels. (4 points)问答答案1. A contrastive phonological segment whose phonetic realizations are predictable by rules. (4 points)(or: A phoneme is a phonological unit; it is a unit that is of distinctive value.)2.The situation in which phones never occur in the same phonetic environment.（4 points）e.g. [p] and [p h] never occur in the same position. （1 point）3.the position of the tongue in the mouth(1 point), the openness of the mouth(1 point), the shape of the lips(1 point), and the length of the vowels. (1 point)Chapter 1 Introductions to LinguisticsI.Choose the best answer. (20%)nguage is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for humanA. contactB. communicationC. relationD. Community2.Which of the following words is entirely arbitrary?A. treeB. typewriterC. crashD. Bang3.The function of the sentence ―Water boils at 100 degrees Centigrade.‖ is.A. interrogativeB. directiveC. informativeD. Performative4.In Chinese when someone breaks a bowl or a plate the host or the people present are likely to say―碎碎（岁岁）平安‖as a means of controlling the forces which they believes feelmight affect their lives. Which functions does it perform?A. InterpersonalB. EmotiveC. PerformativeD. Recreational5.Which of the following property of language enables language users to overcome the barriers caused by time and place , due to this feature of language, speakers of a language arefree to talk about anything in any situation?A. TransferabilityB. DualityC. DisplacementD. Arbitrariness6.Study the following dialogue. What function does it play according to the functions of language?—Anice day, isn’t it?—Right! I really enjoy the sunlight.A. EmotiveB. PhaticC. PerformativeD. Interpersonal7.________ refers to the actual realization of the ideal language user’s knowledge of the rules of his language in utterances.A. PerformanceB. CompetenceC. LangueD. Parole8.When a dog is barking, you assume it is barking for something or at someone thatexists hear and now. It couldn’t be sorrowful for some lost love or lost bone. This indicat design feature of .A.cultural transmissionB.productivityC.displacementD. Duality9.answers such questions as how we as infants acquire our first language.A.PsycholinguisticsB.A nthropological linguisticsC.SociolinguisticsD.Applied linguistics10.deals with language application to other fields, particularly education.A.Linguistic theoryB.Practical linguisticsC.Applied linguisticsparative linguisticsII.Decide whether the following statements are true or false. (10%)11. Language is a means of verbal communication. Therefore, the communication way used by the deaf-mute is not language. F13.Speaking is the quickest and most efficient way of the human communication systems.nguage is written because writing is the primary medium for all languages. F15.We were all born with the ability to acquire language, which means the details language system can be genetically transmitted. F16.Only human beings are able to communicate. F17. F. de Saussure, who made the distinction between langue and parole in the early 20th century, was a French linguist. F18. A study of the features of the English used in Shake e s a p re’s time is an example of the diachronic 历时study of language. F19.Speech and writing came into being at much the same time in human history.F20. III.All the languages in the world today have both spoken and written forms.Fill in the blanks. (10%)Fnguage, broadly speaking, is a means of verbal_ communication.22.In any language words can be used in new ways to mean new things and can becombined into innumerable sentences based on limited rules. This feature is usually termed creativity_ .nguage has many functions. We can use language to talk about itself. This funct is .24.Theory that primitive man made involuntary vocal noises while performing heavywork has been c alled the yo-he-ho ________ theory.25.Linguistics is the systematic study of language.26.Modern linguistics is __ ________ in the sense that the linguist tries to discover what language is rather than lay down some rules for people to observe.27.One general principle of linguistic analysis is the primacy of over writing.28.The description of a language as it changes through time is a study.29.Saussure put forward two important concepts. refers to the abstract linguistic system shared by all members of a speech community.30.Linguistic potential is similar to Saussure’s langue and Chomsky’s.I V.Explain the following terms, using examples. (20%)31.Design feature32.Displacementpetence34.Synchronic linguisticsV.Answer the following questions. (20%)35.Why do people take duality as one of the important design features of human language?Can you tell us what language will be if it has no such design feature? （南开大学，2004 ）35.Duality makes our language productive. A large number of different units can be formed out o a small number of elements – for instance, tens of thousands of words out of a small set of sounds, around 48 in the case of the English language. And out of the huge number of words, there can be astronomical number of possible sentences and phrases, which in turn can combineto form unlimited number of texts. Most animal communication systems do not have this design feature of human language.If language has no such design feature, then it will be like animal communicational systemwhich will be highly limited. It cannot produce a very large number of sound combinations, e.g. words, which are distinct in meaning.Chapter 2 Speech SoundsI.Choose the best answer. (20%)1.Pitch variation is k nown as when its patterns are imposed on s entences.A. intonationB. toneC. pronunciationD. voice2.Conventionally a is put in slashes (/ /).A. allophoneB. phoneC. phonemeD. morpheme3.An aspirated p, an unaspirated p and an unreleased p are of the p phoneme.A. analoguesB. tagmemesC. morphemesD. allophones4.The opening between the vocal cords is sometimes referred to as .A. g lottisB. vocal cavityC. pharynxD. uvula6.A phoneme is a group of similar sounds called .A. minimal pairsB. allomorphsC. phonesD. allophones7.Which branch of phonetics concerns the production of speech sounds?A.Acoustic phoneticsB.Articulatory phoneticsC.Auditory phoneticsD.None of the above8.Which one is different from the others according to places of articulation?A. [n]B. [m]C. [ b ]D. [p]9.Which vowel is different from the others according to the characteristics of vowels?A. [i:]B. [ u ]C. [e]D. [ i ]10.What kind of sounds can we make when the vocal cords are vibrating?A. VoicelessB. V oicedC. G lottal s topD. ConsonantII.Decide whether the following statements are true or false. (10%)11.Suprasegmental phonology refers to the study of phonological properties of units larger thanthe segment-phoneme, such as syllable, word and sentence.12.The air stream provided by the lungs has to undergo a number of modification to acquire thequality of a speech sound.14.[p] is a voiced bilabial stop.15.Acoustic phonetics is concerned with the perception of speech sounds.16.All syllables must have a nucleus but not all syllables contain an onset and a coda.17.W hen pure vowels or monophthongs are pronounced, no vowel glides take place.18.According to the length or tenseness of the pronunciation, vowels can be divided into vs. lax or long vs. short.III.Fill in the blanks. (20%)21. Consonant sounds can be e ither ______ __ or _______ _, while all vowel sounds are .23. The qualities of vowels depend upon the position of the and the lips.25.Consonants differ from vowels in that the latter are produced without .26.In phonological analysis the words fail / veil are distinguishable simply because of the two phonemes /f/ - /v/. This is an example for illustrating .27.In English there are a number of _________ , which are produced by moving f rom one vowel position to another through intervening positions.28.refers to the phenomenon of sounds continually show the influence of their neighbors.29.is the smallest linguistic unit.IV.Explain the following terms, using examples. (20%)31.Sound assimilation32.Suprasegmental featureplementary distribution34.Distinctive featuresV.Answer the following questions. (20%)35.What is a coustic phonetics? （中国人民大学，2003 ）36.What are the differences between voiced sounds and voiceless sounds in terms of articulation? （南开大学，2004 ）VI.Analyze the f ollowing situation. (20%)37.Write the symbol that corresponds to each of the following phonetic descriptions; then give an English word that contains this sound. Example: voiced alveolar stop [d] dog. （青岛海洋大学，1999 ）(1)voiceless bilabial unaspirated stop(2)low front vowel(3)lateral liquid(4)velar nasal(5)voiced interdental fricative32.Suprasegmental feature: The phonetic features that occur above the level of the segments are called suprasegmental features; these are the phonological properties of such units as the syllable, the word, and the sentence. The main suprasegmental ones includes stress, intonation, and tone.plementary distribution: The different allophones of the same phoneme never occur in the same phonetic context. When two or more allophones of one phoneme never occur in the same linguistic environment they are said to be in complementary distribution.34.Distinctive featureIst: refers to the features that can distinguish one phoneme from another. If we can group the phonemes into two categories: one with this feature and the other without, this feature is called a d istinctive feature.V. 35.Acoustic phonetics deals with the transmission of speech sounds through the air. When a speechsound is produced it causes minor air disturbances (sound waves). Various instruments are usedto measure the characteristics of these sound waves.36. When the vocal cords are spread apart, the air from the lungs passes between them unimpeded. Sounds produced in this way are described as voiceless; consonants [p, s, t] are produced in this way. But when the vocal cords are drawn together, the air from the lungs repeatedly pushes them apart as it passes through, creating a vibration effect. Sounds pr in this way are described as voiced. [b, z, d] are voiced consonants.11。

语⾔学导论期末考试试题（滨州学院外语系）语⾔学导论期末考试试题（滨州学院外语系）Ⅰ. Read each of the following statements carefully. Decide which one of the four choices best completes the statement and choose the letter A，B，C or D. （20%）1. _______ is best known and remembered for its contribution to phonology and the distinction between phonetics and phonology. The most influential scholar in this aspect is Trubetzkoy who published Principles of Phonology in 1939.A. The London SchoolB. Traditional grammarC. American StructuralismD. The Prague School2. Saussure believed that language is a system of signs. This sign is the union of a form and an idea，which Saussure called _______.A. langue and paroleB. signifier and signifiedC. speech and writingD. system and function3. Many modern linguists have criticized traditional grammarians for adopting a _____ approach to language study.A. synchronicB. diachronicC. prescriptiveD. descriptive4. The fact that different languages have different words for the same object is good proof that human language is_______.A. arbitraryB. rationalC. logicalD. cultural5. Palatal semi-vowel refers to the sound_______.A. [n]B. [h]C. [w]D. [j]6. A phoneme is a group of phonetically similar sounds called_______.A. minimal pairsB. allomorphsC. phonesD. allophones7. Morphemes that represent “tense”，“number”，“gender”，“case” and so forth are called_______morphemes.A. inflectionalB. boundC. freeD. derivational8. The English word “modernizers” is composed of_______morphemes.A. fourB. threeC. twoD. five9. “Unless I hear from her，I won’t leave this town” is a_______sentence.A. simpleB. coordinateC. complexD. compound10. In the phrase structure rule “S NP VP”，the arrow can be read as_______.A. is equal toB. consists ofC. hasD. generates11. In the following pairs of words，_______are a pair of complementary antonyms.A. old and youngB. male and femaleC. hot and coldD. buy and sell12. The stimulus-response theory was proposed by_______.A. FirthB. HallidayC. BloomfieldD. Chomsky13._______found that natural language had its own logic and thus concluded the famous Cooperative Principle.A. John AustinB. John FirthC. Paul GriceD. William Jones14. As far as the sentence “My bag is heavy” is concerned，linguists of pragmatics are more interested in its ______ meaning.A. literalB. logicalC. contextualD. grammatical15._______is defined as any regionally or socially definable human group identified by shared linguistic system.A. A speech communityB. A raceC. A societyD. A nation16. A speaker’s knowledge of the total set of rules，conventions，etc.，governing the skilled use of language in a society is termed ______.A. competenceB. performanceC. communicative competenceD. communicative strategy17. The phonemes /k/，/a:/ and /p/ are in ______ relations in the words /ka:p/ （carp）and /pa:k/ （park）.A. synchronicB. syntagmaticC. diachronicD. paradigmatic18. The Prague School claims that a sentence may be analyzed from the functional side in terms of ______as well as from the grammatical side.A. theme and rhemeB. argument and predicateC. subject and predicateD. performative and constative19. In the proposition “Professor Green is a linguist”，the predicate linguist is a ______.A. no-place predicateB. one-place predicateC. two-place predicateD. three-place predicate20. The following conversation exchange clearly violates ______.A: Let’s get the kids something.B: Okey，but I veto I-C-E-C-R-E-A-M-S.A. maxim of QuantityB. maxim of QualityC. maxim of RelationD. maxim of MannerⅡ. Decide whether the following statements are true or false. Write T for true and F for false. （20%）1. By arbitrariness Saussure means that the forms of linguistic signs bear some natural relationship to their meaning.（）2. Human language is，unlike animal communication systems，stimulus free.（）3. Language marks our identity，physically in terms of age，sex，and voiceprints；geographically in terms of accents，dialects.（）4. The sentencing of criminals is an example of emotive function of language.（）5. Synchronic linguistic is the study of a language through the course of its history.（）6. Pre-school children know virtually all the rules of language except for some subtleties. This means they have the underlying knowledge about the system of rules.（）7. The sound〔z〕is a voiced alveolar stop.（）8. The free variants of a phoneme shown in the different pronunciation of the same word，such as “tap” may be caused by habit，or individual preference，rather than by any distribution rule.（）9. Voicing is a distinctive feature for English consonants.（）10. A syllable that has no coda is called a closed syllable.（）11. In English，inflectional affixes are mostly prefixes.（）12. In the word “illegal”，“il” is an allomorph of the negativ e morpheme.（）13. The word “girl” used to mean “young person of either sex”. Today it means “young woman”. This is an example of broadening of meaning.（）14. The value of a linguistic sign is determined by the signs with which it can combine to form a syntagmatic relation，and the signs with which it can form a paradigmatic relation.（）15. The phrase “five children” is an endocentric construction. （）16. Componential analysis can not help explain the sense relations of words.（）17. The sentence I pour some liquid into the tube is a performative one.（）18. The sentence like War is war is an example in which the Quality maxim is violated.（）19. The weak version of the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis says that language is the shaper of our thinking patterns.（）20. Malinowsky believed that the context of situation is indispensable for the understanding of the words.（）Ⅲ. Explain the following linguistic terms or notions in English. （40%）1. Trace2. Displacement3. Stem4. Dissimilation5. Diacritics6. Theme7. Relational opposites8. Sapir-Whorf Hypotheses9. Predicate logic10. Conversational implicatureⅣ. Give brief answers to the following questions. （12+8=20）1. What are the main concerns of general linguistics？2. Explain the speech act theory with examples.试题标准答案及评分标准⽤纸课程名称语⾔学导论（B卷）Ⅰ. Read each of the following statements carefully. Decide which one of the four choices best completes the statement and choose the letter A，B，C or D. （120=20）1. A2. D3.A4. C5. B6. C7. D8. D9. D10. B11.A12. A13. C14. D15. C16. B17.C18. C19. B20.DⅡ. Decide whether the following statements are true or false. Write T for true and F for false. （120=20）1. T2. F3. T4. F5. T6. T7. F8. T9. F10. T11. F12. T13. F14. F15. T16. T17. F18. F19. T20. TⅢ. Explain the following linguistic terms and notions in English. （210=20）1. Trace—（By Chomsky）A phonetically null element to occupy the position from whicha syntactic element has been moved. That is，after the movement of an element，there will be a trace left in the original position.2. Displacement--It means that human lges enable their users to symbolize （refer to）objects，events and concepts which are not present （in time and space）at the moment of communication.3. Stem—Any morpheme or combination of morphemes to which an inflection affix can be added. A stem can be equivalent to a root or may contain a root and a derivational affix.4. Dissimilation-- It refers to the influence exercised by one sound segment on the production of another，so that the two sounds in a sequence become less alike or different.5. Diacritics--A set of symbols added to the letter symbols to make minute （slight）difference between variations of the same sound than the letters alone make possible.6. Theme--It refers to “that which is known or at least obvious in the given situation and from which the speaker proceeds”7. Relational opposites--Converse antonymy is typically seen in reciprocal social roles，kinship relations，temporal and spatial relations，there are always 2 entities involved，one presupposes the other.8. Sapir-Whorf Hypotheses--Our lge helps mould our way of thinking，and therefore，different lges may probably express our unique way of understanding the world. On the one hand，lge may determine our thinking patterns；on the other hand，similarity between lges is relative，the greater their structural differentiation is，the more diverse their conceptualization of the world will be.9. Predicate logic--It studies the internal structure of simple propositions. （Or，it deals with expressions containing predicates，arguments and quantifiers）.10. Conversational implicature--It is a type of implied meaning，which can be deduced on the basis of the conventional meaning of words together with the context，under theguidance of the CP and its maxims. It is comparable to illocutionary force in that they are both concerned with the contextual meaning.IV. Give brief answers to the following questions. （12+8=20）1. What are the main concerns of general linguistics？General linguistics includes at least five parameters，namely，phonology，morphology，syntax，semantics and pragmatics. The following are the main branches of linguistics. （2）Phonetics studies the speech sounds，including the production of the speech.Phonology studies the rules governing the structure，distribution，and sequencing of speech sounds and the shape of syllables.（2 points）Morphology is concerned with the internal organization of words.It studies the minimal units of meaning ---morphemes and word-formation. （2）Syntax is about principles of forming and understanding correct English sentences. The form or structure of a sentence is governed by the rules of syntax. （2）Semantics studies how meaning is encoded in a language.（2）Pragmatics is the study of meaning in context. （2）2. Explain the speech act theory with examples.Speech act theory was put forward by J Austin in 1950s. His first shot at the theory is the claim that there are two types of sentences: performative and constatives. （2）The uttering of these sentences is the doing of an action.They are called performatives. （1） E.g. a. I name this ship the queen Elizabeth. b. I promise to finish the work in time. c. I bet you sixpence it will rain tomorrow. （2）While a sentence like this "I pour some liquid into the tube." is called constative. It is a description of what the speaker is doing at the time of speaking.（3）。