工程管理专业英语全文翻译

Unit 1 the owner’s perspective 第1单元业主的观点1.2 Major Types of Construction 1.2大建筑类型Since most owners are generally interested in acquiring only a specific type of constructed facility, they should be aware of the common industrial practices for the type of construction pertinent to them [1]. Likewise, the construction industry is a conglomeration of quite diverse segments and products. Some owners may procure a constructed facility only once in a long while and tend to look for short term advantages. However ,many owners require periodic acquisition of new facilities and/or rehabilitation of existing facilities. It is to their advantage to keep the construction industry healthy and productive. Collectively, the owners have more power to influence the construction industry than they realize because, by their individual actions, they can provide incentives for innovation, efficiency and quality in construction [2]. It is to the interest of all parties that the owners take an active interest in the construction and exercise beneficial influence on the performance of the industry.由于大多数业主通常只对获得特定类型的建筑设施感兴趣，所以他们应该了解与他们有关的建筑类型的常见工业实践[1]。

AA bill of quantities allows each contractor tendering for a project to price the work using the same information.一个账单量允许每个承包商为项目投标价格A bill of quantities is a list of item are entered in the next column followed by the rate ($/meter,$/meter2,$meter3,etc).比尔的数量是一个列表项进入下一列由率（美元/米，美元/平方米，美元/ 立方米，等）A construction manager can provide such coordination and the leadership necessary to produce the work. 一个项目经理提供必要的生产等工作的协调和领导。

A contract can be a ‘simple contract’: specialty contracts are also commonly referred to as ‘contracts under seal’.合同可以是一个简单的合同”：专业合同通常也被称为“盖印契约A contract is agreement between two or more than two parties(individuals or organizations) to perform or not to perform certain acts.合同协议的两个或更多的比之间的两方（个人或组织）执行或不执行某些行为。

A contract may be written or oral, but is only formed when there has an offer to do or provide something that is accepted by another party and is supported by consideration.合同可以是书面的或口头的，但只有当有一个形成作出或提供的东西是由另一方的接受和支持的思考。

1. A decision whether to pump or to transport concrete in buckets will directly affect the cost and duration of tasks involved in building construction.用泵送混凝土还是用吊斗浇筑混凝土的决定将直接影响建筑物施工中各项任务的成本和时间2. In selecting among alternative methods and technologies, it may be necessary to formulate a number of construction plans based on alternative methods or assumptions. 在选择施工方法和技术时，有必要根据各种备选的施工方法和假设制订若干套施工计划。

3.This examination of several alternatives is often made explicit in bidding competitions in which several alternative designs may be proposed or value engineering for alternative construction methods may be permitted这种对几个备选方案之间的评比在公开招标中表现的十分明显：在设计招标中会要求提交数个设计方案；在施工招标中会用到价值工程的方法4. In this case, potential constructors may wish to prepare plans for each alternative design using the suggested construction method as well as to prepare plans for alternative construction methods which would be proposed as part of the value engineering process.在这个案例中，潜在的承包商需要针对每个备选设计方案根据被建议的施工方法来制定具体的计划；也需要针对每个备选施工方法制定具体计划，而这些施工方法选择会被推荐应用价值工程方法5. In forming a construction plan, a useful approach is to simulate the construction process either in the imagination of the planner or with a formal computer based simulation technique.根据施工计划人员的想象或者利用以计算机为工具的仿真技术队施工过程进行模拟。

The stage of the project cost managementFrom The Engineering IndexAbstract:Project cost management is the basic contents to determine reasonable and effective control of the project cost. Described the current stage of the project cost management situation on the strengthening of the various stages of construction cost management of the importance of and raised a number of key initiatives. Keywords：Cost of the construction project, Cost management status investment decision, Phase of the design, phase of the implementation, phase of the cost management in a market economyEven under the WTO and China's accession to the world community,China's construction industry how to effectively control construction cost of the construction and management of an important component part. However, the current budget for the construction projects –estimate budget,Super budget accounts for the "super three" is still widespread and that eventually led to a serious loss of control of project investment. Project cost management is the basic contents to determine reasonable and effective control of the project cost.As the project cost to the project runs through the entire process,stage by stage can be divided into Investment Decision stage,the design and implementation phases. The so-called Project Cost effective control is the optimization of the construction plans and design programs on the basis of in the building process at all stages, use of certain methods and measures to reduce the cost of the projects have a reasonable control on the scope and cost of the approved limits.Engineering and cost management work of the current status of project cost management system was formed in the 1950s,1980s perfect together. Performance of the country and directly involved in the management of economic activities. Provisions in the design stage to different estimates or budget preparation as well as government; Nothing relevant departments to formulate a budget,content, methodsIand approval, the budget will provide the fixed cost of equipment and materials and fixed price of the budget preparation, approval, management authority, and so on. With the historical process,after recovery,reform and development, formed a relatively complete budget estimate of quota management system. However, as the socialist market economic development,the system's many problems have also exposed. Generally speaking,the budget estimate is based on direct participation in the management of national economic activity as a precondition. Enterprise is not the actual economic entities. Due to the characteristics of the planned economy, and, at the time under the conditions of productivity,will inevitably become a shortage in the economy.In severe shortage of commodities under the conditions,as long as a certain level of investment, will be certain outputs. In this environment, the project planning and technical argumentation there can be no economic analysis. State control of the project cost constitute key factors equipment and materials prices,wages and taxes of artificial distribution. In this relatively stable economic environment,the budget estimate for the system approved project cost,help the government to carry out investment plans to play a major role.As the socialist market economic system established, requires us to predict project investment and control. In recent years,international investment project developed to the requirements of prior pre-control and in the middle of control. China,the traditional practice in an objective light on the cause decision-making, implementation heavy,light the economy and technology,First,the consequences of victimization,Due to the technical personnel of the project technical and economic concepts and a weak awareness of cost control, cost management makes the quality difficult to raise. Project Cost control is difficult to achieve long-term goals.Second,the various stages of the project management view of the above circumstances,My first academia in the 1980s made the whole process of cost management and control concept,building departments will study the feasibility ofIIprojects and the budgets and final accounts to two extended at the request of the corresponding regulations put our cost management concepts and methods referred to a new height.Our task now is to be modern and cost management in line with China's national conditions of the market economy system goal,learn from the advanced experience of the developed countries,and establish sound market economic laws of project cost management system,efforts to increase the project cost levels. An investment decision-making phase of the project cost management construction project investment decision-making stage is proposed project proposals; conduct a feasibility study to determine investment estimation and the final preparation of design task. At this stage,the project's technical and economic decision-making, of the construction project cost of the project after the completion of the economic benefits have a decisive influence,The construction cost is an important stage control.China's current stage of the project cost for the project management for the purpose of clearing price,and focusing only on the construction process of cost control, neglected before the start of the project investment decision-making stage of cost control. Investment decision-making phase of investment projects is estimated an important basis for decision-making. It has a direct impact on national economic and financial analysis of the results of the reliability and accuracy. Because of this phase is the preliminary work of projects,the information cannot be fully,comparable works more or less that information accumulated relatively small, estimated inadequate and unscientific. Makes project cost management and cost workers is difficult at this stage do something.The various stages of the project cost control in the decision-making phase project cost control. Right project planning phase of the cost,many owners have the wrong understanding that the lower the cost the better. Cost control is not a unilateral issue, and should be a number of factors,a combination of practical,comprehensive consideration. The construction project investment decision-making stage,the project's technical and economic decision-making,Cost of the project after theIIIcompletion of the project and the economic benefits,with a decisive role in project cost control is an important stage,rationally define and control the direction of the project cost of accurate positioning and building Optimization guiding role.In the decision-making phase of the most important is to do a good job feasibility study, the work is done well, returns on investment and can form a good proportion. Otherwise,invest more,less effective,resulting in loss of control and waste of investment.At present,some of the projects planned the owners of departure from the subjective desires of a feasibility study on the lack of scientific proof. Feasibility Study untrue,false or engineering functions obtaining the approval of their superiors, actually put into the feasibility study will be awarded in the study for the project after the smooth functioning buried a lot of hidden problems,lead to insufficient follow-up funds for the project and had to extend the time limit so that the project could not have planned the use of cost-effective,even become hopeless completion of the beard works.Therefore, in order to phase in the investment decision-making effectively control construction costs,we must do the following aspects:ⅰImplementation of the construction project and corporate accountability, Construction of the project from planning to implementation of the entire process and the use of the funds to repay responsibilities to the people. in addition to establishing a legal system and the project supervision matching mechanism by the departments in charge of the industry and supervision departments for setting up a monitoring group to oversee the use of funds.ⅱA realistic approach to market analysis,to avoid the blindness of the project decision-making, reduces and reduces investment risk. Fully consider building projects in the future market competitiveness,design task more scientific and reliability.ⅲCapital financing must have a formal commitment document, the parties must do investment funds in place,and funds must have documents to ensure that theIVproject can be approved after the scheduled implementation. To the various loan conditions should be carefully analyzed to minimize the burden of interest and repayment pressure.ⅳTo strengthen the engineering geology, hydrology, geology and land, water, electricity, transport, environmental projects such as external conditions for the work of depth to make the investment estimate there are sufficient grounds.Taking extensive investigation and research, comparison of similar projects, seriously functional analysis, multi-program comparison and choice. After full technical appraisal and economic evaluation, and the final technologically advanced, functional and reliable. Reasonable economic projects, thus calculate a more accurate and realistic estimation of the amount of investment, so that the project cost from the start positioning in a more reasonable level.The design phase of the project cost control for a long time, China's building control very effective, - investment projects is not uncommon, this will affect owners of investment returns, it adds to the owners and within budget, as well as difficulties in fund owners, the impact on the future management or the owners make payments in arrears, and so on. Hence, the control of the project cost is of great significance, however the project cost is the primary means of control design,Currently most of the property owners in the design stage seldom works on cost control, and they found that the cost of the design will not have a great impact, it is wrong, on the contrary, Design phase of the project cost control is the most important step. Because it determines engineering design, construction methods, materials and equipment types, models of the project cost is of critical significance, design optimization phase of the program or minor changes, project cost will have a significant impact, Design phase of the project cost control of the total project cost of 70%. Following is how to control the project from design to create the Law:ⅰAs the owners must design, the design selected on the quality level is a direct impact on the quality of product design level, and the design quality products in the level of direct influence on the pricing of the works. Different design units on theVsame project design are different. the same item of different design institute works between certain aspects of the project cost on the existence of differences between, We assume that with a design from two different design institute to design, Construction plans after the completion of a requested advisory unit cost to do the budget, certainly different design institute the total cost of the project is absolutely not the same, and most of the difference between the two over 10% even more than 30%, and not necessarily high cost than the design of low cost, and good design is often low cost, We all know that different people have different design styles and different levels, the design works naturally, therefore chosen to design units is the control on the first step. Through tender to select the design of the units is a good method, the tender documents to elaborate on this particular aspect of the requirements, cost control targets, and so on.Otherwise, in the subsequent design process design units will put an increase in the cost of the design requirements; through tendering the project design into the market, compared to select the best design units.ⅱPromoting the design bidding and design optimization campaign mode design units assessed by experts using scientific group France, in accordance with applicable, economic, aesthetic principles and advanced technology, reasonable structure to meet building energy efficiency and environmental requirements, comprehensive assessment of the merits of the program design, selection of the best determination of the successful program.Successful investment program estimated to be close to the general construction project scope of investment. This means two design contracts will help design the program of choice and competition to ensure that the selected design advanced technology, unique novelty, adaptability, as well as to control the cost of the project. Design units should strive to improve their quality of the project design clever idea, contemporary reducing the project cost on to rack their brains to improve design quality, strive to put the design phase of the project cost control approval of the investment ceiling.VIⅲStrengthening the design stage of the design phase to strengthen supervision of the Commissioner to determine a reasonable design, mature technology, reduction in the construction phase major design changes and changes in the program, in the effective control of the project cost will play a role. 1 to the design of the project if the project supervision to get involved, excluding unfavorable factors may generally is excluded from the 80% errors. In the entire process of building cost control, construction began at best to save and invest 20%, the key lies in the construction phase of the identification and control costs. Supervision of the design phase include : Design Institute under the design drawings and notes help owners deal with different design options for the economy, capital expenditure to develop the preliminary estimates, to ensure that the investment can be most effectively utilized. With the owners of the Commissioner include:According to the Design Institute to provide design drawings and notes to help owners deal with different design options for the economy, capital expenditures to develop the preliminary plan to ensure that investment can be most effectively used; with the owners of different design options, the need to calculate their own materials and equipment to conduct a cost analysis and study, to the design staff costs, to assist them in the investment limit within limits designed to save and invest. To seek a one-time small investment and economic good design program made the most rational economic indicators.ⅳDesign actively promote the so-called cap limit design, even with the approval of the design task and investment estimates, guarantee the functional requirements of the premise. The preliminary design and control budget, according to the preliminary approval of the total budget for the design and construction design control. Limits, and every one professional, each of whom have a design threshold of a target. In the design process, designers should progress to more programs, design optimization, ensuring that the design is technically advanced and reasonable, innovative, stylish, and do not break the limit investment objectives, thus eliminating the engineering design raise the factor of safety and design standards, or only consider the technicalVIIfeasibility of the program, rather than economic rationality phenomenon, the project cost to ensure effective control.Also known as the value of value engineering analysis, is a modern scientific management technique, is a new techno-economic analysis, is the product of functional analysis to conserve resources and reduce the cost of the purpose of an effective method. It made up for the traditional cost management simply focus on cost reduction and quality management only emphasizes improving the quality deficiencies, construction is conducive to resolving the long-standing long period, a lot of wastage, poor quality, high-cost problems. Value Engineering laws generally divided into three steps: assessment of the design of object technology and economic Score; Calculation of the target group of technical and economic indicators; calculate the geometric design of the object, on average; From comparison choose the best design.Construction phase of the project implementation unit construction cost management to control the cost of the project is reasonable in the project to meet quality standards premise, in the investment decision-making stage, the design phase and construction phase of the project put the project approval occurred in the control limits, strive in various construction projects rational use of human, material and financial resources to achieve good investment returns and social benefits.The project cost control and management is a dynamic process. The dynamic market economy, to make the investment in the identification and control become more complex, this will require the construction units to the management of project cost to the project runs through the entire process, it is necessary to have a comprehensive focus. The implementation phase of the projects. The implementation phase of the project cost management is the implementation of the entire process of project management. Project implementation phase of the project cost management can be divided into three parts: the tender management, construction management and settlement management.VIIIBidding for the construction phase of the construction units Bidding system control engineering cost effective means, bid organization can improve the cost-effectiveness of construction projects and ensure the quality of construction projects, shortening the construction cycle return on the investment, construction units can take full advantage of bidding for the effective means of cost control.Construction No. 10 on the 7th ministerial decree issued a "contract with the Construction Contract Pricing Management." clearly pointed out in bidding for projects using inventories. This requires the building of units conducting the tender exercise, in the tender document to include not only the usual content, like tender notes before schedule, tender notes, the conditions of the contract, the contract terms of the agreement, contract format, technical specifications, drawings, tender documents and other reference format, it is also necessary to provide the engineering inventory, Bidding as a reference document of the important components. Construction units in the tender document for the project inventory, in accordance with state or local rules promulgated by the calculation that the reunification of the divided projects, unified measurement units and the reunification of the engineering calculation rules, according to design drawings to be calculated and statistical arranged, obtain the list. Quantities to be followed in the preparation of an objective, impartial, scientific, and rational principle. Compilers must have strong manly budget, and should have certain knowledge of the engineering design and construction experience, and the material and mechanical construction technology for comprehensive scientific knowledge, in order to calculate the volume of the works without heavy missed. The basis of which must be in accordance with state regulations engineering calculation rules, and the sub-projects division engineering units, and in accordance with design drawings, design essential Love tender documentation requirements are calculated.Quantities of the project should have a testing general, the entries must be simple, while not appear Lousing wrong items Pricing should guarantee the correctness of the project. Should the requirements of the different grades separate engineering division,IXthe situation was different; We may have different prices for the items separately. This requires the preparation of the list compilers, seriously study design drawings, Analysis of the tender documents include the elements of the work and the different technical requirements, all familiar with the process, and to the scene of serious investigation, is forecast to make possible the construction of the case, right will have an impact on the Price of projects to be broken down. In addition, because the project inventories to calculate the amount of the project is not complete engineering and consider the interests of the construction units, clearly paying the price for the same overall price, the quantity list by the number of actual construction is a practical terms.In the evaluation and review of the tender offer should do the units total individual Price quotations and the comprehensive assessment. Price does not meet the requirements of individual shows Price meets the requirements, and the lowest total Price could not explain the single lowest bidder. Bidders often know the total cost to maintain the same circumstances; the project is likely to change smaller projects to lower the price.Changes may be larger projects price increases to achieve the completion of clearing works will be added for the purpose. We would also do price and the corresponding quantity of comprehensive engineering assessment of the large volume of projects to focus on the price analysis. Price will do with the contents of the work, construction program, a comprehensive technical evaluation process, thereby preferred choice of a construction unit. Construction of the construction phase of the contract cost control basis. Signed tight construction contract, while strengthening the construction contract management can guarantee that the contract price is reasonable, legitimacy and reduce the performance of the contract A, B in disputes and safeguard the interests of both the contract, effective control of the works investment costs. After the signing of the contract, to do the management contract documentation, contract and the supplementary contract agreement until the regular meeting site in minutes. Work contacts such as a single content of a contract extension and explainedXthat the integrity must be preserved, in addition to establishing a technical files, Implementation of the contract for dynamic analysis, results of the analysis to take proactive measures.Construction phase in the construction phase construction plan is based on the budget or Ken works contract price of the target, Ken control the cost of the project. At this stage of conservation has room for a small, but the possibility of waste is great. Thereby to control the cost of the project to give sufficient attention.ⅰConstruction program to strengthen the comparative technical and economic construction program is construction design of a re - to the contents of the work, a reasonable construction plan, shorten the construction period and ensure the quality of the project, improving economic efficiency, Construction of the program right from the technical and economic evaluation were compared, through qualitative and quantitative analysis, the quality, time, Cost three technical and economic indicators, be rational, and effective use of manpower, material and financial resources, achieve better economic efficiency, good construction management relations, a comprehensive cost management is an important way.ⅱStrictly related changes to the project budget control in the proposed budget. Construction of the changes caused by many reasons, including works poorly designed, so that the engineering contract with the drawings provided inconsistent; The current market supply of materials does not meet the standard specifications of the design requirements. These issues have to leave breadwinner project cost factors. Therefore, in the construction process, we must tighten customs change, through no design changes to expand the scale and improve the design standards; increase the construction and contents, the best implementation of the "grade control, visa quota" system. Right to change the design, particularly as it relates to the cost of the design changes must be approved by the design units, construction units scene representatives, supervision engineers common signature, and should be ahead of this type of change, reduce losses, because it has been completed or partially completed project will entail the demolition of the contents, it is bound to cause major changesXIto the loss. Therefore, the construction units should be assigned to the project cost management professionals Permanent construction site, to grasp at any time. Control project cost of the changes.ⅲWorks on the scene visa formalities through strict control of the construction project supervision system, the establishment of specialized departments, Professional use of the professional management of projects and to avoid project management personnel just visas, not economic account of the phenomenon. Investment out of control caused serious consequences. To serious change visa procedures to be taken to the building, Supervisor, the construction site together representatives signed the way to ensure that change, visa authenticity, legitimacy, economic and avoid fraud and the resulting phenomena arising from the dispute.In the course of construction, the construction units to enhance on-site construction management, supervision and construction side according to the drawings, and strictly control the change of the negotiations, materials substitution, the scene visas, and various additional extra budgetary labor costs for the necessary changes should be done first afterwards, after money, Change event on the timely change in the calculation of the workload and the cost of change occurred to grasp at any time cost of the project level, things to avoid a backlog of work that the true cost of the project. Construction unit representatives to the scene to supervise doing a good job record, particularly concealed records and visas, reduce clearing the passing phenomenon. Many works visa scene is not as serious, works to bring a very large settlement of the trouble, lead to considerable economic losses, the scene strict visa management of the construction phase of the project cost control key.ⅳOf project list rigorous review of the project on the review of inventories, Engineers’ monitor list of measures to control the project. BOQ to provide the list of measures is to complete construction projects, occurred in the pre-construction engineering and construction process technology, life and safety aspects of non-engineering projects entities. At this stage because many projects are in construction plans and the construction site of the imperfections on the tender waitXIIuntil the construction tender of the project design and actual scene have better access. Management Engineer addresses the gathering first-hand information on the original, itemized checking identification, inconsistent make revisions.ⅴControl material consumption, rationally define material prices. Cost of the project control materials price control is the main, the cost of materials in engineering often holds substantial proportion, usually accounts for the estimated costs of 70%, representing the direct costs of 80%. It is necessary in the construction phase in strict accordance with the contract amount of material control; material set reasonable prices, so as to effectively control the cost of the project. Market economy material supply a variety of channels, variety and price range materials, construction unit budget management and field personnel should pay close attention to market rates, with the progress of the scene, the market, hand in the construction of the information and materials for the completion of the accounts provide a strong basis.ⅵTechnology and economic integration, strengthening investment control. Effective control of the investment, from organizational, technical, economic, contracts, and other measures. Therefore, the construction units must strengthen management, engineering and technical personnel of the "economy" concept, the quality of education, Training pragmatic working style, the construction side to help improve construction design, reasonable security, financial, and material resources. Accelerate the pace of work to improve the quality of the projects. Construction should encounter problems in a timely manner with the designer linked to choose both economic and scientific potential solutions, overcome the waste caused by command, to give due attention to the importance of investment in conservation, is responsible for the engineering technician with the combination of economic officers from the tender, contract negotiations, costing the budget, signed paid to the progress of the completion of the accounts, a cost analysis, the whole process management and strictly control the cost of the project.Do a good job clearing price completion of the assessment project is the completion of settlement construction enterprises in accordance with the provisions ofXIII。

CHAPTER 2 PROJECT PARTICIPANTSCHAPTER OUTLINEINTRODUCTIONOWNERSPublic OwnersPrivate OwnersOwner RepresentativesDESIGN PROFESSIONALSArchitectsEngineersCONSTRUCTION PROFESSIONALSConstructorsSpecialty ContractorsThe TradesMaterial SuppliersEquipment SuppliersOTHER PARTICIPANTSORGANIZATION OF COMPANIESCONCLUSIONSTUDENT LEARNING OBJECTIVESIn this chapter you will learn the following:1. The roles and responsibilities of the key construction participants2. The division of labor within a designer organization3. Tlie divislon of labor within a construction organization4. The common categories of construction labor5. Professional registration and certificationINT RODUCTIONThe product of a construction project can exist for hundreds of years. People occupy the buildings, maintain the refineries, operate the pipelines. and use the bridges. However. No one interacts quite as intimately with these facilities as those who dream of them, design them. and build them. Construction projects are born from ideas. For an idea to be realized, it must be translated into graphic form. which in turn must be transformed into a finished product. The idea is defined by the owner, developed by the designer, and produced by the constructor. who then turns it over to the owner. This circle defines the construction project.This chapter concentrates on the people who fill the roles of owner. designer, and constructor. Who fills these roles and how they relate to each other are determined by manyfactors, including time, money, project uniqueness. And cultural environment. At first glance, the roles seem simple to define: the owner is the one with the deep pockets, the designer is the expert, and the constructor is the guy with the pickup truck and the backhoe. A closer look. however, reveals a more complex and interesting reality. Owners are often large organizations or institutions that are accountable to a board of trustees or a foundation that demands tight fiscal control. Designers depend increasingly on manufacturers, suppliers, and builders for technical expertise as technology and product design become more sophisticated. Constructors are professionals with advanced technical degrees who manage projects with sophisticated means and methods.The closer you examine them. the more complicated and indistinct the roles become. As projects grow in complexity, owners are increasingly turning to outside consultants to represent their interests. These program managers and proj ect managers may, in fact, be employed by design or construction firms that may or may not have a direct stake in the design or construction of the project. Owners, especially in large companies, may also be architects, engineers, or constructors by training; and experienced construction companies often employ architects and engineers as staff members.If we consider how the management of the project is arranged, we see another layer of complexity added to these roles. Owners' increased need for tight financial control and quick project turnaround, coupled with concerns about the rising cost of litigation, are contributing to a change in the way in which the roles relate to each other. (See Chapter 4 for details on how project participants can interact.)This chapter discusses the roles of owner, designer. and constructor as separate and distinct. In fact. it is their functions that are separate and distinct. Complexity develops from how those functions are configured and who carries them out.OWNERSOwners can be individuals seeking a home for their growing family, a large organization responding to a change in technology, a municipality seeking to improve its infrastructure, or a developer working to make money by filling a perceived market need. The motivation to build is as varied as the profile of the individuals and companies. Whatever the motivation. however. the owner is where the project is born. After identifying the need. the owner's most important function is to financially back the project; otherwise. there can be no project. The source of thal financing partly defines the type of owner who enters into a construction process.Public OwnersOne-quarter of the construction in the United States is done with public money. The money can be from local. state. or federal sources. but in al~ cases the owner is the taxpayer. Some of these projects are done through public agencies that commission the construction-for example,the Army Corps of Engineers, the Department of Transportation. and the General Service Administration. They build military complexes, Jarge public works projects, and courthouses. to name a few .Because these agencies represent the public, they must follow specific methods of managing the projects. Public approval processes have to be figurecl into any schedule or budget. How the designer and contractor are selected is carefully spelled out. Negotiation of claims is well defined. as well as how payments are issued.Some publicly funded projects are managed by private organizations such as universities or hospitajs. The funding of these projects often combines public funding with private money for some or all of the construction. Thus. institutional owners may need to comply with public agency requirements while managing the pressures of private oversight boards.There are special pressures on the team that is designing and building a publicly funded project. During design there can be multiple reviews by various agencies. Federal or state regulations that are not part of local building codes can be enforced. Bidding requirements may affect how specific building contractors are selected. The owner's representative must be well versed in all these special requirements to ensure that public money is well spent and that documentation supporting all actions is maintained.Private OwnersMost construction is financed through private ownership. This category includes both the homeowner who builds only one house in a lifetime and the multinational company that owns numerous facilities. Large companies often have a department of people who represent them during the design and building process.A developer is a special type of private owner who often owns the project only for the duration of construction. The developer looks for economic opportunities and puts together a package that includes marketing, financing, location. and image. The goal is to make money, either through a quick sale or through long-term rentals.Owner RepresentativesBecause owners can be any individual or organization that takes on a construction project, it is difficult to find a common profile. Facility managers are the most common professional owner representatives. They are found most often in large organizations and institutions. such as corporate offices with multiple facilities, military complexes, schools and universities. and hospitals. At one time. facility managers were the basement mechanics who oversaw the repair and maintenance of facilities. Now they are a more diverse and professional group. Facility managers view the facilities in a broader context than most of the other people in their organization and certainly more broadly than the other members of the project team. Their job is to understand the goals and objectives of their organization and ensure that the facilities are planned to support them. Therefore, they are often the people who determine whenconstruction projects are necessary. Changing technologies, market competition, management innovations, organizational growth, and the naturaf aging of facilities all are factors that create the need for projects.Organizations without large in-house departmenls often hire outside consultants to manage construction projects. This is especially true of owners who only occasionally take on large projects. The trend toward using consultants reflects the high cost of keeping facility managers on staff as well as the increased sophistication of the building process. For the owner. the kcy to success with an outside manager is spending time early in the project outlining organizational goals so that the consultant can fully represent these interests.A building committee is another form of owner representation. Consisting of users, financial backers. and sometimes eommUnity residents. buildling committees reflect the prominent place of the design and building process in the business of some organizations. User representation is especially important because, as technology and production processes become more sophisticated, the link between the new facility and its use becomes more critical. In all cases. whether represented by a facility manager. an outside consultant. or an ad hoc organization formed for the duration of the project, owners are primarily concerned about their needs and their money. This concern is translated into a scope of work and a budget, which, together with a timeline. become the guideposts of the project. Sophisticated owners understand from the onset why they are buildingand are very clear about their objectives when communicating to the project team. Owners who are not as familiar with the building process will sometimes be less clear about their motivations and may not fully understand them. Mixed motivations not clearly communicated can interfere with the design process and may cost the owner time and money.Owners represent a specific interest during the project's life. While designers focus on functionality, aesthetics. and innovative use of materials, owners are additionally concemed about the durability of the desigji, storage and availability of materials, simplicity of operation. and ease of maintenance. While constructors are concemed with maintaining the schedule and budget through efficient methods of assembly and improved management techniques, owners are additionally concerned about a turnover process that ensures complete understanding of all systems in the project and a smooth startup transition. Tbis focus can put them at odds with the other members of the project team. who are very narrowly focused on design and construction issues. In the best of teams. these diverging interests forge a creative tension that encourages all members of the team to incorporate the interests of the others as their own.DESIGN PROFESSIONALSArchitects and engineers are the principal designers of construction projects. On most building and residential sector projects. the architect is the lead designer, laying out the concept on paper with the owner. The engineer is usually brought in after the basic concept is worked out but before the details are developed. The engineer designs the building systems: structures aswell as mechanical. electrical. And plumbing systems. On infrastructure and industrial projects, the lead designer is usually an engineer; the architect is brought in to work on the aesthetics. For example, on a refinery project, the engineer designs the mechanical. electrical. and structural svstems, while the architect handles the officc spaces and building color schemes.Each professional contributes to projects in different ways. When architects are given a design challenge, they respond by flrst identifying the important elements of the design. For some architects the physical context is the guiding feature. others are guided by the activities that will occur in the building, and still others focus on creating a unique image. Very good architecture responds to all three aspects. The process is intuitive and subjective. Architccts become known for the personal styles they develop over the course of their careers. Some architects tie their work to historic styles; others are more modern in their expression. Thcy are hired to express those particular responses.An engineer's approach to design is different from an architect's. Engineers tackle a challcnge objectively, breaking it down into identifiable components and a series of questions to be answered. When engineers are the lead designers. the functional aspects of the work take center stage. For instance. in the English Channel Tunnel Crossing (Chunnel) project, image w. as Iess important than the safe. efficient boring of many miles of tunnel. the removal of spoil, and the insertion of the tunnel liner.Whether an architect or an engineer is the lead designer depends on the nature of the project. Architects tend to lead commercial building and residential sector projects. Engineers lead heavy engineering and some industrial sector projects. Architects and engineers may coexist within single companies called architectural engineering firms (A/Es). Both professions emphasize creativity, but whereas an architect may be asked to capture a corporation's image within the form of a new headquarters building that provides convenient access for vehicles and a welcoming entrance for pedestrians. an engineer may be asked to replace and widen an existing five-mile interstate highway through a dense urban enVironment without adverseIy affecting the city's operations. Both designers must think mechanically, technically, and creatively, but the architect works in the artistic realm to solve a specific set of problems. while the englneer works in the technical realm.ArchitectsArchitects are the stars of tbe building industry, and many famous ones easily come to mind: Frank LJoyd Wright: Aalvar Alto, I. M. Pei. The profession has a certain mystique about it-romantic, artistici and not entirely understood by people outside the field. Architects are the industry's image makers.Traditionally, theey have also been the primary representatives of owners' interests. Because owners usually hire architects first, they are the first people to hear the owners talk about their needs. and they are the ones who meet with the occupants and help define the budget and the schedule. Often they influence the choice of contractor and delivery method andact as an owner's representative throughout the construction phase of the job.An architect's responsibilities are to translate and develop an owner's requirements and graphically represent them so that the contractor can accurately price, schedule, and implement the design. That responsibility is complex. In addition to understanding the requirements of the owner, the architect must have enough skill and expertise to choose appropriate systems and materials and the talent to formulate a design that is mathematically proportioned and aesthetically pleasing.Architects today learn their profession in four- or five-year college programs and apprentice under a licensed practitioner for a certain number of years before they are eligible to take an exam allowing them to practice independently. The exam is intended to test an architect's abilities in a wide range of building-related topics. The field offers many opportunities. Architects can choose to practice as part of a large firm. a smaller partnership, or independently. They can specialize in one building type-for example, residences. health care facilities. universities, sports and recreation facilities. or museums. The list is extensive. In addition to practicing architecture. licensed architects have other alternatives, working in allied fields such as owners' organizations, government agencies, teaching professions. marketing, and sales.Architects are usually the principal designers on building projects, but many other professionals contribute to their work. including specification writers. computer-aided design (CAD) operators. interior designers, and landscape architects. These specialized professions developed as the tasks facing architects became more complex. Sometimes. especially in larger companies, these professionals are employed full time by architectural firms. In other cases, they work independently and are brought in as consultants as needed. In addition. these professionals can have their own independent practices and can be brought in by clients to work directly as a principal consultant. Here are some examples:●Drafters/CAD operators. Until recently, drafting was done exclusively at drafting boardswith mechanical tools of varying sophistication and using technical pens and pencils.Today, many companies use CAD software packages exclusively, and all drafting is done in front of a computer screen. Once drafters were junior architects paying their dues at the drafting table, but the complexity and changing technologies of the CAD systems have bred a new profession of people who produce construction documents in support of the architect's work. This profession has also become increasingly independent of architects.As communication among constructors, specialty contractors, owners, suppliers, and architects has evolved. the need for CAD operators has also evolved. A person choosing CAD operation as a career will find many opportunities in a growing field.●Specification writers. Architects produce the drawings that explain in detail what thedesign should look like.As part of the complete contract set, a specification writer prepares a written document called the specifications. Done in conj unction with the drawings, this document lays out the level of performance requirements and qualityexpected on the project. It may spell out specific products and methods to be used.Specifiers are often trained as engineers or architects. although they may not be licensed.Key to success in this field are keeping up with the latest products and maintaining a data base of how products perform on projects over time. T o accomplish these goals, a specifier must meet with manufacturer representatives and use sources such as the Construction Specification Institute (CSI). He or she must also be able to write clearly and concisely, be organized and methodical about material. And have an extensive understanding of construction processes. In addition to supporting the work of architects, specification writers may be employed directly by engineers and manufacturers-for example. to write the specifications for a particular roofing system.●Interior designers. On large projects, architects sometimes use the services of interiordesigners. These professionals work on a project's non-structural interior spaces.While the architect lays out how the exterior elevations will work. where the core systems in the building will be located. and what primary materials will be used. the interior designer works out interior finishes: paint, window treatment, flooring, ceilings, furniture, and signs. Most interior designers are trained in a two- or four-year program that provides a certificate or degree. In addition to working with architects, they may have their own independent client base and specialize in a specific type of interior. For example, when a company leases space in an office building, it often hires an interior designer to lay out the space. Homeowners hire interior designers to specify materials and products. Hospitals and museums need specific products and spatial layouts. Thus, interior designers require expertise in space planning, acoustics, lighting, and telecommunications and must have a good understanding of the latest products on the market.●Landscape architects. Architects consult with landscape architects when a projectinvolves significant outdoor space or indoor planting areas. Large firms have landscape architects on staff. but many are outside consultants with their own practices. Landscape architects also work directly with owners, government agencies, and homeowners. Their work includes identification of plant species and location of trees and shrubs. They set grades: establish walkways, walls, and fences; and specify paving types. They also get involved with site design, pedestrian and vehicular circulation. park design, and conservation measures. A landscape architect is usually a degreed professional registered by the state.EngineersWith 25 t0 65 percent of construction costs going to engineered systems, engineers play an important role on projects. Sometimes they work within large A/E firms, but most often they are independent consultants. Engineers' responsibility on projects is varied. depending on theirdiscipline: but in all cases they must understand an owner's requirements: budget, operations. durability, and intended use of space. All of these factors contribute to how an engineer chooses structural support, air conditioning, level of lighting and power, and plumbing capacity. Engineering tasks include specifying large equipment such as air-handler units and electrical switchgear. They then lay out the necessary distribution (ductwork. electrical conduit. and piping systems) and specify and locate the termination devices-for example, radiation units, electrical outlets. and sink faucets. Because their work is detailed, communication within the design team is critical. Adjustments are ongoing in the design to accommodate the dimensional requirements of the building systems, and sometimes the work of the engineer can influence large shifts in the design approach. Engineers are regulated by professional licensing requirements that include a four- or five-year college program; a specific number of years of experience; the successful passing of two exams and Fundamentals of Engineering; and, after proper documented experience, the professional engineering exam. Although engineers have many career options, here are the most common ones:●Structural engineers calculate strengths and deflections, foundation sizes. beam thickness.and strength of floor slabs. They ensure that a building can withstand the forces of wind, gravity, and seismic activity.●Mechanical engineers design heating, cooling, water supply, and sanitary systems. Theywork with architects to make sure that enough room is provided for ducts and fans. They share information about equipment weight with structural engineers and power requirements with electrical engineers.●Electrical engineers calculate the overall electrical load required; size equipment accordingly;and supply drawings that show power lines.motors, transformers, switchgear, and telecommunications. They determine the amount of lighting required for the owner's intended use and design lighting layouts to meet an architect's criteria.●Civil engineers determine the location of a project on a site by studying the subsurface soilconditions and the topography of the land. They design roads, bridgesj tunnels, parking lots, storm water drainage, and sewage treatment plants.●Surveyors measure distances and elevations of land surfaces. They locate natural featuressuch as hills. valleys, vegetation, rock outcroppings, and water bodies. They also measure built features such as curbs, paved areas. utilities, structures, and property boundaries. This information is used as the basis for any site development.CONSTRUCTION PROFESSIONALSConstructorsConstructor is the general term used to define the professional responsible for all construction activities, whether he or she works as a general contractor or a constructionmanager. Of the three major participants on the project team. the constructor has changed most in terms of type and training of personnel. In the past, company executives rose through the industry's ranks, often starting as carpenters or laborers. Today, company heads are graduates of business schools or people with experience in the real estate or development industries. Their krtowledge of the details of construction is supported by the expertise of specialty subcontractors. This trend is also working its way into the field management of jobs. Many project managers have been trained in construction management programs, and superintendents may be recruited directly from civil engineering programs. Such professionalization of the management of construction has allowed the industry to broaden the scope of services it can offer to owners. Once constructors came on the job after the design was complete, but now they may be brought in before the architect to advise an owner. Where once their responsibility was confined to construction, they now work as part of a design/build team responsible for delivery of the entire project from concept to compjetion or as part of a build, operate. transfer (BOT) team that takes on short term responsibility for operation of a facility as well as design and construction. These capabilities are only possible with people who have expertise in areas outside construction combined with a solid base of construction knowledge.Like the other professions. construction offers many options. The traditional path is to become a construction manager for a large company or to strike out on your own and become a general contractor. Inside large companies, other distinct career paths have evolved to meet the specialized needs of complex projects. This evolution is similar to what has happened inside the architectural profession. People in these positions support the work of the construction manager but may also be hired directly by owners or architects for independent consulting. Here are some examples:●Estimators are pivotal to any construction company; jobs are won and lost by their efforts.Estimators work with design drawings andprepare a complete list of all job costs. They need to understand the construction process; be detail-oriented and well organized; and have a thorough knowledge of costs for labor. materials. and equipment. Estimating is a computerized activity; some companies have tbeir own specialized programs, while others purchase estimating packages off the shelf and then customize them with their own data.Estimators come under considerable pressure when bids are due on a project because they must ensure good coverage on all sub-bids. This coverage can win or lose a job. Although estimators may come from a variety of backgrounds and learn on the job, many start out as engineers. constructors, or designers. Large companies have in-house estimaring departments with customized data bases that combine historic data and information from subcontractors and material suppliers. Consujting companies specialize in providing estimating data, which is either developed for a specific project or provided as an off-the-shelf item. These companies may work for owners. architects, engineers. or constructors.●Schedulers work between the home office and the field office. Before construction begins,they are usually based at the home office but often move to the field during construction.Schedulers need to have a thorough understanding of the construction process as well as the ability to define distinct construction activities and understand the relationships among activities. Although schedulers need a strong background in construction. they often learn the actual skill on the job. A person with knowledge of pertinent computer software has an advantage. Successful schedulers monitor job progress, coordinate subcontractors, analyze changes and the impact of delays, and solve problems. Although large companies may have in-house schedulers, the task is often outsourced to consulting companies. Scheduling consultants may also be hired by owners to represent them in a dispute.●Purchasing agents buy subcontracts once a job is won. A person in this position negotiatesto get the best price while ensuring that all contract requirements are met. Typically, a purchasing agent meets with a subcontractor to review the conditions and scope of the job.Their conversation sometimes leads to a change in the bid price. To successfully negotiate with subcontractors, a purchasing agent must understand building materials, prices, and the construction process; have broad business sense: and be persuasive. Because the function is tightly aligned with a constructor's ability to make money on the job, it is usually an in-house task.Construction personnel are trained in a variety of ways. In the past. most started out in the trades and worked their way into management positions by either starting their own companies or joining others who had. As projects became more complex and companies larger, schools responded by offering degreed programs in related fields-for example, building construction and construction management. Supporting organizations also grew up, such as the American Institute of Constructors (AIC) and the Construction Management Association of America (CMAA). There is a movement toward professional certification similar to the registration process for engineers and architects.Specialty ContractorsGenerally known as subcontractors, these specialty firms include mechanical. electrical, excavation. and demolition contractors. They are usually hired by and work directly for a general contractor. Specialty firms supply most of the material and labor on the job. Once general contractors directly hired carpenters, laborers. bricklayers, ironworkers, and painters. Superintendents. foremen. and lead workers were on the permanent payroll and would hire, lay off, and rehire tradespeople as needed. Only the mechanical and electrical trades were subcontracted. Today, general contracting is very different. Builders hire specialty subcontractors to do all the tradework. A builder will typically carry superintendents on the permanent payroll to oversee the work and a small group of carpenters and laborers to perform general conditions work. Instead of directly hiring the trades. however, they bid the work out to subcontractors who。

Unit 1general contractor 总承包商material dealer 材料经销商equipment distributor 设备经销商geographical scope 地理范围technological dimension 技术尺度；技术因素site condition （建筑）工地条件in harmony 和谐peak period 高峰阶段working efficiency 工作效率residential construction 住宅建设concrete mixer 水泥搅拌车，混凝土搅拌车urban design 市区规划construction supervision 工程监理site investigation 现场调查foundation design 基础设计development permit 开发许可申请financial evaluation 财务评估Unit 2project delivery systems 项目建设模式contract package 合同包design-bid-build 设计-招标-建造模式design-build 设计-建造总承包模式construction management 建筑工程管理模式design-manage 设计-管理模式lowest bidder 最低投标construction drawing 建筑图纸federal procurement statute 联邦采购法规budget constraint 预算限制unit cost 单位成本delivery speed 运输速度Unit 3 project planning 项目计划project scope 项目范围activity network diagram 工序网络图critical path 关键路径Gantt chart 甘特图work breakdown structure 任务分解结构triple constraint 三角形约束resource utilization 资源利用back-loaded work plan 后置工作计划Unit 4 construction management 建筑管理civil engineering 土木工程civil engineers 土木工程师senior manager 高层管理人员middle manager 中层管理人员financial issue 融资问题geographic area 地域范围human resources management 人力资源管理project scheduling 工程的进度计划in-house training 机构内部培训staff size 人员规模on-the-job training 在职培训accounting 会计学bargaining and negotiation 议价和谈判engineering law 工程法规Unit 5 international competitive bidding 国际竞争性招标reverse auction 逆向竞拍official regulation 官方监管proposed contract 合同草案approval process 审批手续；批准流程equipment installation 设备安装invitation to bid 投标邀请书Unit 6progress management 进度管理project life cycle 项目生命周期feasibility study 可行性研究stand-alone project 独立的项目prior to 在···前schedule compression 进度表压缩intermediate phase 中间阶层；中间阶段application area 应用领域conceptual development 理念上的进展project manager 项目经理a single design phase 单一设计阶段cost and staffing levels 成本和员工水平stakeholder 股东；利益相关者Unit 7cost management 成本管理search out 寻找到；查出cash flow 现金流量；现金流Integrated Change Control 综合变量控制vigorous competition 激烈的竞争financial transaction 财务事项fixed price 标价；不二价list price 价格表；价目表bid price 出价；递价blanket price 一揽子价格nominal price 名义价格floor price 最低价格import price 进口价export price 出口价current price 时价；现行价contract price 合同价competitive price 竞争价格official price 公定价格；官方定价Unit 8 quality management 质量管理quality control 质量控制quality assurance 质量保证shrinkage characteristics 收缩特性freeze and thaw property 冻融性能concrete structure 混凝土结构final product 建成物well-dimensioned 尺寸完备的working drawing 施工图optimal design procedure 最佳设计程序at the outset 在开始water/cement ration 水灰比cement content 水泥用量reinforced concrete 钢筋混凝土materials selection 选材；材料选择Total Quality Control 全面质量控制Unit 9 safety management 安全管理walk through 步行穿过hard hat 安全帽safety goggle 防护眼镜safety boot 防护靴work glove 工作手套ear plug 耳塞face mask 面罩Unit 10 project risk management 项目风险管理issue management 问题管理white paper 白皮书risk identification 风险识别risk quantification 风险量化risk response 风险对策；风险应对risk monitoring and control风险监控avoid the risk 规避风险transfer the risk 转移风险mitigate the risk 减轻风险accept the risk 接受风险risk response plan 风险应对计划Unit 3 工程项目计划Text A参考译文：Para.3甘特图是一个说明项目进度计划的条形图。

1. A decision whether to pump or to transport concrete in buckets will directly affect the cost and duration of tasks involved in building construction.用泵送混凝土还是用吊斗浇筑混凝土的决定将直接影响建筑物施工中各项任务的成本和时间2.In selecting among alternative methods and technologies, it may be necessary to formulate a number of construction plans based on alternative methods or assumptions. 在选择施工方法和技术时，有必要根据各种备选的施工方法和假设制订若干套施工计划。

3.This examination of several alternatives is often made explicit in bidding competitions in which several alternative designs may be proposed or value engineering for alternative construction methods may be permitted这种对几个备选方案之间的评比在公开招标中表现的十分明显：在设计招标中会要求提交数个设计方案；在施工招标中会用到价值工程的方法4. In this case, potential constructors may wish to prepare plans for each alternative design using the suggested construction method as well as to prepare plans for alternative construction methods which would be proposed as part of the value engineering process.在这个案例中，潜在的承包商需要针对每个备选设计方案根据被建议的施工方法来制定具体的计划；也需要针对每个备选施工方法制定具体计划，而这些施工方法选择会被推荐应用价值工程方法5.In forming a construction plan, a useful approach is to simulate the construction process either in the imagination of the planner or with a formal computer based simulation technique.根据施工计划人员的想象或者利用以计算机为工具的仿真技术队施工过程进行模拟。

1.1T he Project Life Cycle1段：Project managers or the organization can divide projects into phases to provide better management control with appropriate links to the ongoing operations of the performing organization. Collectively, these phases are known as the project life cycle. Many organizations identify a specific set of life cycles for use on all of their projects.项目经理或组织可以把每一个项目划分成若干个阶段，以便有效地进行管理控制，并与实施该项目组织的日常运作联系起来。

这些项目阶段合在一起称为项目生命期。

许多组织识别出一套具体的生命期供其所有的项目使用。

2段：For example, from the perspective of an owner, the project life cycle for a constructed facility may be illustrated schematically in Figure1-1.从业主的角度来看，建设项目的生命周期可用图1-1表示。

Essentially, a project is conceived to meet market demands or needs in a timely fashion.从本质上讲，一个项目试图及时满足市场需求。

in a timely fashion. 及时meet market demands or needs 满足市场需求Various possibilities may be considered in the conceptual planning stage, and the technological and economic feasibility of each alternative will be assessed and compared in order to select the best possible project.在项目规划阶段，很多不同的方案都可能被考虑，同事每一天备选方案的技术可行性都经过评估和比较，以选出最优方案。

Concrete Construction matterT. Pauly, M. J. N. PriestleyAbstractViewed in terms of accepted practices, concrete construction operations leave much to be desired with respect to the quality, serviceability, and safety of completed structures. The shortcomings of these operations became abundantly clear when a magnitude 7.6 earthquake struck northern Paki-stan on October 8, 2005, destroying thousands of buildings, damaging bridges, and killing an esti-mated 79,000 people. The unusually low quality of construction operations prevalent was a major cause of the immense devastation.Keywords: Concrete Placing Curing Construction TechnologyPlacing ConcreteIf concrete is placed in the surface, the sur-face should be filled with water sufficiently to prevent it from absorbing the concrete of its water. If fresh concrete is to be placed on or nearby to concrete that has solidified, the surface of the placed concrete should be cleaned absolutely, preferably with a high-pressure air or water jet or steel-wire brushes. The surface should be wet, but there should be no much water. A little quantity of cement grout should be brushed over the whole area, and then followed immediately with the application of a 1/2-in Layer of mortar. The fresh concrete should be placed on or against the mortar.In order to decrease the disintegration re-sulting from carriage after it is placed. The con-crete should be placed as nearly as probably in itsfinal point. It should be placed in layers to permit uniform compaction. The time interval between the placing of layers should be limited to assure perfect bond between the fresh and previously placed concrete.In placing concrete in deeper patters, a ves-sel should be used to limit the free fall to not over 3 or 4 ft, in order to prevent concrete disintegra-tion. The vessel is a pipe made of lightweight metal, having adjustable lengths and attached to the bottom of a hopper into which the concrete is deposited. As the patters are filled, sections of the pipe may be removed.Immediately after the concrete is placed, it should be compacted by hand pudding or a me-chanical vibrator to eliminate voids. The vibrator should be left in one position only long enough to reduce the concrete around it to a plastic mass; then the vibrator should be moved, or disintegra-tion of the aggregate will occur. In general, the vibrator should not be permitted to penetrate concrete in the prior lift.The mainly advantage of vibrating is that it permits the use of a drier concrete, which has a higher strength because of the reduced water content. Among the advantages of vibrating con-crete are the following:1.The decreased water permits a reduction in the cement and fine aggregate because less cement paste is needed.2.The lower water content decreases shrinkage and voids.3.The drier concrete decreases the cost of finishing the surface.4.Mechanical vibration may replace three to eight hand puddles.5.The lower water content increases the strength of the concrete.6.The drier mixture permits theremoval of some patters more quickly, which may reduce the cost of patters.Curing ConcreteIf concrete is to gain its maximum strength and other desirable properties, it should be cured with adequate moisture and at a favorable tem-perature. Failure to provide these conditions may result in an inferior concrete.The initial moisture in concrete is adequate to hydrate all the cement, provided it is not should replace the moisture that does evaporate. This may be accomplished by many methods, such as leaving the patters in place, keeping the surface wet, or covering the surface with a liquid curing compound, which comes being to a water-tight membrane that prevents the escape of the initial water. Curing compounds may be applied by brushes or pressure sprayers. A gallon will cover 200 to 300 sq ft.Concrete should be placed at a temperature not less than 40 or more than 80°F.A lower tem-perature will decrease the rate of setting, while ahigher temperature will decrease the ultimate strength.Placing Concrete in Cold WeatherWhen the concrete is placed during cold weather, it is usually necessary to preheat the water, the aggregate, or both in order that the ini-tial temperature will assure an initial set and gain in strength .Preheating the water is the most ef-fective method of providing the necessary tem-perature. For this purpose a water reservoir should be equipped with pipe coils through which steam can be passed, or steam may bedischarged directly into the water, several outlets being used to given better distribution of the heat.When the temperatures of the mixtures are known, some specific charts may be used to cal-culate the temperature of concrete. A straight line pass all three scales, passing through every two known temperatures, will assure the determina-tion of the third temperature. If the surface of sand isdry, the fact lines of the scales giving the temperature of concrete should be used. However, if the sand contains about 3 percent moisture, the dotted lines should be used.Specifications usually demand that freshly placed concrete shall be kept at a temperature of not less than 70°F for 3 days or 50°F for 5 days after it is placed. Some proper method must be provided to keep the demanded temperature when the cold weather is estimated.Reinforcing steels for concreteCompared with concrete, steel is a high strength material. The useful strength of ordinary reinforcing steels in tension as well as compres-sion, i.e., the yield strength, is about 15 times the compressive strength of common structural con-crete, and well over 100 times its tensile strength. On the other hand, steel is a high-cost material compared with concrete. It follow that the two materials are the best used in combination if theconcrete is made to resist the compressive stresses and the compressive force, longitudinal steel reinforcing bars are located close to the ten-sion face to resist the tension force., and usually additional steel bars are so disposed that they re-sist the inclined tension stresses that are caused by the shear force in the beams. However, rein-forcement is also used for resisting compressive forces primarily where it is desired to reduce the cross-sectional dimensions of compression members, as in the lower-floor columns of multi-story buildings. Even if no such necessity exits , a minimum amount of reinforce- ment is placed in all compression members to safeguard them against the effects of small accidental bending moments that might crack and even fail an unre-inforced member.For most effective reinforcing action, it is essential that steel and concrete deform together, i. e., that there be a sufficiently strong bond be-tween the two materials to ensure that no relative movements of the steel bars and the surrounding concrete occur. This bond is provided by the rela-tively large chemical adhesion which develops at the steel-concrete interface, by the natural roughness of the mill scale of hot-rolled rein-forcing bars , and by the closely spaced rib-shap-ed surface deformations with which reinforcing bars are furnished in order to provide a high de-gree of interlocking of the two materials.Steel is used in two different ways in con-crete structures: as reinforcing steel and as prestressing steel .reinforcing steel is placed in the forms prior to casting of the concrete. Stresses in the steel, as in the hardened concrete, are caused only by the loads on the structure, except for possible parasitic stresses from shrinkage or similar causes. In contrast, in priestesses concrete structures large tension forces are applied to the reinforcement prior to letting it act jointly with the concrete in resistingexternal.The most common type of reinforcing steel is in the form of round bars, sometimes called rebars, available in a large range of diameters,from 10 to 35 mm for ordinary applications and in two heavy bar sizes off 44 and 57 mm these bars are furnished with surface deformations for the purpose of increasing resistance to slip be-tween steel and concrete minimum requirements for these deformations have been developed in experimental research. Different bar producers use different patterns, all of which satisfy these requirements.Welding of rebars in making splices, or for convenience in fabricating reinforcing cages for placement in the forms, may result in metal-lurgical changes that reduce both strength and ductility, and special restrictions must be placed both strength and ductility, and special restric-tions must be placed both on the type of steel used and the welding procedures the provisions of ASTM A706 relatespecifically to welding.In reinforced concrete a long-time trend is evident toward the use of higher strength materi-als, both steel and concrete.Reinforcing bars with 40ksi yield stress , almost standard 20 years ago , have largely been replaced by bars with 60ksi yield stress , both because they are more economical and because their use tends to reduce congestion of steel in the forms .The ACI Code permits reinforcing steels up to Fy=80ksi. Such high strength steels usually yield gradually but have no yield plateau in this situation the ACI Code requires that at the speci-fied minimum yield strength the total strain shall not exceed 0.0035 this is necessary to make cur-rent design methods, which were developed for sharp-yielding steels with a yield plateau, appli-cable to such higher strength steels. there is no ASTM specification for deformed bars may be used , according to the ACI Code , providing they meet the requirements stated under special circumstances steel in this higher strength range has its place, e.g., in lower-story columns of high-rise buildings.In order to minimize corrosion of rein-forcement and consequent spelling of concrete under sever exposure conditions such as in bridge decks subjected to deicing chemicals , galvanized or epoxy-coated rebars may be specified.Repair of Concrete StructuresReinforced concrete is generally a very du-rable structural material and very little repair work is usually needed. However, its durability can be affected by a variety of causes, including those of design and construction faults, use of inferior materials and exposure to aggressive en-vironment. The need for a repair is primarily dic-tated by the severity of the deterioration as de-termined from the diagnosis. Good workmanship is essential if any thing more than just a cosmetic treatment to the creation is required.1. performance requirements of repair systemHaving established the causes of the defect by carefully diagnosing the distress, the next step should be to consider the requirements of the re-pair method that will offer an effective solution to the problem (see fig.).①DurabilityIt is important to select repair materials that provide adequate durability. Materials used for the repair job should be at least as durable as the substrate concrete to which it is applied.②Protection of steelThe mechanism of protection provided to the reinforcing depends on the type of repair ma-terials used. For example, cementations materials can protect the steel from further corrosion by their inhibitive effect of increasing the alkalinity of the concrete, whereas epoxy resin mortars can give protection against the ingress of oxygen,moisture and other harmful agents.③Bond with substrateThe bond with the substrate must produce an integral repair to prevent entry of moisture and atmospheric gases at the interface. With most re-pair materials, the bond is greatly enhanced with the use of a suitable bonding aid such as an un-filled epoxy resin systems and slurry of Portland cement, plus any latex additives for a Portland cement-based repair system. Precautions should also be takento remove all loose and friable ma-terials from the surfaces to be bonded.④Dimensional StabilityShrinkage of materials during curing should be kept to a minimum. Subsequent dimensional change should be very close in the substrate in order to prevent failure⑤Initial Resistance to Environmentally In-duced DamageSome initial exposure conditions may lead to premature damage lo repairs. For example, partially cured Portland cement repairs can dete-riorate from hot weather preventing full hydration of the cement. To prevent this from happening extra protection during curing time may be nec-essary.⑥Ease of ApplicationMaterials should be easily mixed and ap-plied so that they can be worked readily into small crevices and voids. Ideally, the material should not stick to tools, and should not shear while being trowel led nor slump after placement.⑦AppearanceThe degree to which the repair material should match the existing concrete will depend on the use of the structure and the client' s re-quirements. A surface coating may be required when appearance is important or when cover to reinforcement is small.2. Selection of Repair MethodsA suitable repair counteracts all the defi-ciencies which are relevant to the use of the structure.The selection of tile correct method and material for a particular, application requires careful consideration, whether to meet special requirements for placing strength, durability or other short-or long-term properties. These con-siderations include:1. Nature of the DistressIf alive crack is filled with a rigid material, then either the repair material will eventually fail or some new cracking will occur adjacent to the original crack. Repairs to live cracks must either use flexible materials to accommodate move-ments or else steps must be taken prior to the re-pair to eliminate the movement.2. Position of the CrackTechniques which rely on gravity to intro-duce the material into the crack are more suc-cessfully carried out on horizontal surfaces but are rarely effective on vertical ones.3. EnvironmentIf moisture, water or contaminants are found in the crack, then it is necessary to rectify the leaks Repair to slop leaks may be further com-plicated by the need to make the repairs while the structure is in service and the environment is damp.4. WorkmanshipThe skill the operatives available to carry put the repairs is another relevant factors. Some-times this can mean the difference between a permanent repair and premature failure of the re-pair material.5. CostThe cost of repair materials is usually small compared with the costs of providing access, preparation and actual labor.6. AppearanceThe repair surface may be unsightly, par-ticularly when it appears on a prominent part of the building. In this case, the repair system will include some form of treatment over the entire surface.Reference[1]Philip Jodidio, Contemporary European Architecture, Taschen, Koln, pp.148-153[2]Ann Breen & Dick Rigby, Waterfronts, McGraw-Hill, Inc. New York, 1994, pp.297-300[3]Ann Breen & Dick Rigby, The New Waterfront, Thames and Hudson, London, 1996, pp.118-120[4]Ann Breen & Dick Rigby, The New Waterfront, Thames and Hudson, London, 1996, pp.52-55[5]Robert Holden, International Landscape Design, Laurence King Publishing, London, 1996, pp.10-27[6] A new concept in refrigerant control for heat pumps ,J.R.Harnish,IIR Conference Pa-per,Cleveland,Ohio.May,1996[7]Carrier Corporation-Catalog 523 848,1997[8]Waste Heat Management Handbook, Na-tional Bureau of Standardc Handbook 121, Pub-lica-tion PB 264959, February,1997Ten design principles for air to air heat pumps,Allen Trask,ASHRAE Journal,July,1997重庆科技学院学生毕业设计（论文）外文译文学院建建筑工程学院专业班级工管103学生姓名李学号201044241附件1：外文资料翻译译文混凝土施工事项T.Pauly, M.J.N.Priestley摘要：根据一般承认的惯例看,巴基斯坦的混凝土结构建筑物在结构上的质量，效用和安全需要上都留下了很多值得关注的问题。

大连理工大学城市学院本科外文翻译互联网在房地产业的应用The Internet is Applicated in Real Estaten学院（系）：建筑工程学院专业：工程管理学生姓名：成宝学号：200834009指导教师：徐冰冰完成日期：2012年5月10日大连理工大学程城市学院DalianUniversityofTechnologyCityInstitutThe Internet is Applicated in Real EstateThe Real Estate Industry and the World Wide Web: Changing Technology, Changing Location.The Internet, in its Web based graphics version, has captured the imagination of both consumers and businesses. Its convenience, speed, low cost and versatility are being exploited on a daily basis in ever-changing ways. Together with its capacity to transform existing businesses, promote new businesses and facilitate exchange of information and data, its other striking attribute has been the speed with which this new technology has spread throughout the global economy.Keywords:The internet;Real Estate;ApplicatedThe number of computer hosts grew by more than ten-fold between 1995 and early 1999. The number of Web sites increased almost 100-fold, to over two million, between 1995 and 1998.Ｂy the year 2000, there will be approximately 400-500 million Internet users in the world, and the total number of Web sites will exceed five million.This new technology has the potential for affecting the real estate industry directly and indirectly. Directly, it may become a tool that allows a real estate business to expand its information and sales network. Indirectly, it may change the location equation where and how firms do business which in turn will affect the role of firms involved in real estate development, investment and transactions. Measuring the Spread of the WebThere are few reliable published statistics on Internet or Web use, and statistics reported by different analysts are often inconsistent. Our discussion of the Web and real estate is based on limited informationfrom surveys and on examination of Web sites rather than on more comprehensive data. We have built our overview of the role of the World Wide Web and real estate by examining a variety of sources(including trade publications, existing Web sites, and our own survey of selected real estate firms)From E-mail to E-commerceBefore the advent of the World Wide Web, the Internet existed mostly for the purposes of e-mail, data transfers, newsgroups and bulletin boards, and its reach was limited primarily to the academic and the defense community. The technology itself was not particularly user-friendly, the network speed was not very high, the medium was limited to text and data, and accessing information was cumbersome and time-consuming. The browser technology greatly simplified usage, enabled multimedia information, and created interactive possibilities. The technology brought together TV entertainment, library information, news bulletins, communication and data in one desktop machine.Although initially the greatest patrons of the Internet were the academic community, the commercial sector quickly caught on to the potential of the Web. The private sector saw in the Web an opportunity to widen its marketing reach, lower costs of information dissemination, improve customer relations, and ultimately to conduct sales. Existing private sector Web sites can be roughly categorized into three types, as summarized. The most basic level is for simple information dissemination. The firm registers a Web site and develops a page giving basic company information. The second stage is an expansion of information, marketing goods and services or providing other customer information. The third stage is the addition of transactions to the activities possible on the Web site.Most business sites at present are in Stage 2. The use of theWorld Wide Web for detailed information dissemination, and marketing has had several advantages. For the firm, marketing, information dissemination and customer services on the Web can be monitored and analyzed with some details unavailable from conventional methods of marketing using other media. Internet tools can now provide a firm with data on who accessed the site, which pages were visited most, heavily, from where and for how long. This information contributes to improved measures of the results of promotional efforts. The promotional costs associated with the Internet have also been very low. For example, in direct mail marketing, to send a one-page color brochure to 5,000 random addresses will cost upwards of $2,500. The cost of setting up a Web site could be one-tenth of this amount or less (although tracking and analysis can quickly add to the cost)?Many different sectors, including real estate, have found the Internet to be both efficient and cost-effective as a marketing device.The next logical step - a full-fledged office/store on the Web with transaction capability and commerce on the Internet is now being attempted in varying degrees depending on the firm's area of business. Retail sites selling products between $10 and $100, the kind that are traditionally part of a direct mail sales catalog, seem to be the ones having the greatest success(although 4% of sites sell products over $10,000 and another 13% sell products ranging from $100 to$9,999)?A number of retail sites have also harnessed a secondary revenue stream from advertising. Advertising revenues on the Web have crossed the billion-dollar mark and total Internet generated revenue will approach$100 billion this year.Consumers' Use of the WebSurveys of consumers using the Web suggest that a Web site does not substitute for the more traditional forms of business, but cangreatly facilitate the run-up to the final transaction. The most common use of the Web is for information searching, closely followed by work-related uses, education, and entertainment. A significant majority of those that use the Web for shopping do so to carry out detailed research on product information（90%）and to do price comparisons（85%）. This more often leads to purchases through normal channels（67%）. Most of the online purchases tend to be of items that are standardized-four of the five top items bought on the Web, according to survey, are software, books, hardware and music (the fifth is travel). More than half of consumers who make purchases on the Web spend less than $500 in a six-month period.The demographics of Web users vary widely in age and income. Surveys by Georgia Tech, Active Media and Web indicate that the average age of Web users is 35 years, with average household income $67,000. Most are college educated (65%). A high proportion of the respondents (42%) has accessed real estate sites.Limits to the Web - Some "Catches" to the New Technology New technology is frequently a mixed blessing, and the World Wide Web is no exception. Apart from the teething troubles that any new technology faces and the time, as well as resources needed to learn, adapt and master it, the Web poses some unique issues and problems of its own. Consumers today are facing information overload of taxing proportions. It is not always easy, or even possible, to locate the relevant information on the Web, despite sophisticated search engines. Once the site is located, fancy graphics, complex linkages, labyrinthine routings, and a lot of irrelevant information may overwhelm the consumer - in short, poor and confusing site design can reduce the site's effectiveness.From the point of view of the business, there are two commonly heard complaints. First, the business may find that its site does notfigure prominently on search results, limiting the number of customers reached. Second, for many firms, Web initiated leads are as yet few and far between.Real Estate Web SitesReal Estate firms and related businesses were among the early private sector pioneers of Internet use and have had a fast growing presence on the Web. presence on the Web. One example of the real estate sector's presence on the Internet in its pre-World Wide Web incarnation was the real estate classified bulletin board of Prodigy, the online service, which had listings for homes and other real estate.A few real estate related Web sites started in 1994 (generally regarded as the inaugural year of the Web). The New York City Real Estate Guide Web site, created in the summer of 1994, was one of the first to offer free access to the latest New York real estate information. By the summer of 1995, the site was receiving more than 100,000 inquiries a month.The real estate industry registered its entry on the Web in a dramatic way in 1995. By the end of that year there were close to 4,000 real estate Web sites. The content matter of the sites, as well as the mix of real estate related firms on the Web have changed over time. Initially, quite a few of the sites were residential real estate brokerages and listing guides, but fairly rapidly the list expanded to include commercial and retail listings, mortgage brokers,appraisers, architects, real estate attorneys, developers, construction firms, and suppliers. As investment vehicles for real estate expanded, REITs, publicly held firms, and investment advisors also added Web sites.The early real estate broker Web sites quickly took advantage of the unique features of the Web. Prospective customers could find out what properties were for sale or rent, look up detailed descriptions of each listing, view photographs and floor plans, and contact the brokerby e-mail. Viewers could also look up statistical and data reports on conditions in various geographical areas and on emerging macroeconomic trends.Ever since then, the real estate industry has been among the most enthusiastic users of the Web, by some measures accounting for 4% to 6% of commercial Web sites. A survey conducted by Real Estate Broker's Insider in early 1998 confirmed that nearly 95% of the respondents/brokers had a Web site, and more than 90% of the housing stock on sale at a given time is now listed on the Web. Indeed, because of the dispersed, localized nature of the role of information in real estate, the prospective gains from information dissemination, comparability, and Web links were particularly significant in real estate.For much of the real estate sector, the Internet generates not so much the actual transactions themselves, but creates initial leads that are later followed by transactions, purchases and sales. Web sites frequently lead to contacts that are then nurtured through telephone and person-to-person meetings. For residential real estate, Web activity includes residential searches, housing details, and pricing information (both on houses and mortgages), with follow-up contact with brokers. Real estate-related transactions are seen in the hospitality industry (making reservations for hotels and vacation homes and in online mortgage applications). Mortgage and home loan finance companies report both inquiries from mortgage shoppers who obtained initial information from their Web sites, as well as closing of loans through the Web, lead to great savings in time and overhead costs.It is not just the real estate professionals who are enthusiastic about their Internet presence, judging it to be as effective as print and radio advertising. Mortgage shoppers, homebuyers and vacationrental seekers as well applaud, in particular, the convenience it brings to the entire process of searching, researching, comparing, communicating and transacting business.Beyond these sectors, many other types of real-estate related firms are using the Web to broaden their market areas, increase the depth of their marketing, and to provide a range of services to existing customers. Commercial brokers provide not only information on available sites but also on market conditions for different locations and sometimes more in-depth economic analysis of a region. REITs and other investment firms provide detailed information on their products as well as background market or economic information. Public companies provide up-to-date stock quotes and quarterly and annual reports on the Web.Web Penetration and Use: The Experience of Leading Real Estate FirmsWe conducted a limited survey of a sample of leading real-estate related firms in the US and California. Responses from approximately 60 of these firms showed that over four-fifths had Web Sites by March 1999. 2 Of those with Web sites, one-third had inaugurated their sites by the end of 1996. Among the earliest with a Web presence were brokers, investment firms, lenders, business and financial services firms, law firms, residential developers, and a trade organization. Another third of the group were newcomers, with sites inaugurated in 1998 or early 1999. Commercial developers were prominent among this group, with residential developers, consultants and advisors, lenders, REITs and investment firms also among this group. Those without sites were more likely to be privately held firms with a relatively narrow base of activity (for example, a commercial developer centered in the San Francisco Bay Area)?Most with Web sites used their site to provide information aboutthe company and to market services. In addition, about one-third marketed property from their site, providing detailed information on the characteristics of buildings available, surrounding communities, and other related data. Other Web site uses include employee recruiting, providing information for members or investors, and disseminating related information on topics such as regulations or real estate markets.What does the Web specifically do for Real Estate?According to Activemedia, an internet research company, some of the sectors experiencing the greatest growth in terms of their presence on the Web in 1998 were computer hardware and software, real estate, publishing and information, finance and Internet services.A significant initial motivation for this rush for the Web is provided by, what can be termed, the "tiptoe" effect. The first ones on the Web had an additional advantage over those who did not; information on their services, products, home listings now be accessed conveniently by those with computers. The low setup cost, however, and the potential disadvantage of not having a Web presence has propelled others in the profession to set up their own sites.Real estate shares in some of the basic advantages of the Web mentioned earlier, such as ease of marketing, communication and feedback from clients, lowered costs of operations and convenience of customer service and support. In addition, the Web provides positive features specific to the real estate industry.Key elements include the following.1.Increased geographic reach.The Web has dramatically increased the geographic reach of both buyers and sellers. Although the "local" aspect of real estate will perhaps never be whittled away completely, there is no doubt that inquiries about properties can now emanate from far away to a muchgreater degree than before. This, in turn, potentially increases the size and "depth" of the market and makes it more efficient.2.Capability of visualization.In some sense, increased geographic reach has become possible due to the other emergent feature of the Web, the capability of visualization. In its most state-of-the-art form, Web sites now allow prospective buyers to take virtual tours of homes, resorts, hotels and convention centers.3.Reduced transaction costs.The Web may reduce transactions costs. This has been particularly apparent in the case of mortgages. According to Fannie Mae, 1.5% of all mortgages were handled online this past year. The Web-attributable features that make this kind of a transaction possible are instantaneous comparability, interactive capability, online calculation, online applications, and continuous updating of the sites.4.Improved information dissemination.The Web offers broad opportunities for increasing the scope and depth of information provided by many different types of firms. A well constructed home page gives an overview of a firm's range of services or activities. Links allow the customer or client to learn much more detail about the selected items of most interest, while ignoring less relevant pieces of information. A number of sites take advantage of the ability to link to resources beyond the company's Web pages, linking customers and clients to related Web resources.Unlike retail sectors, such as books and computer hardware, the Web as yet has not become a threat to the "middle man" role of many real estate firms. Instead, it is more likely to be used as a means of expanding services offered or locations served. However, in the long term, the Web and related Internet technology have the potential to change the structure of business activity, which in turn will affect thedemand for real estate in type if not in quantity. For example, some retailers already have closed stores while expanding sales on the Web. Also, the Internet has been seen as one factor allowing the decentralization of office space. These trends to date have not led to a decline, but rather to a redistribution in the demand for office, retail and warehouse space.These are summarized .Speculation on Potential Impact of Internet on Real Estate Industry.1.Shortening of Transaction Cycle2.Precise Market Targeting3.Transformed Competition4.Cost savings:a)Marketing,b)Sales,c)Operation5.Possibility of Disintermediation;Lowering of Commissionsbination of Comparison Shopping and Direct Sales7.Access to MBS Secondary MarketHow to Find the Real Estate Sector on the WebThere are a few key sites that can be used to access the broad range of real-estate related Web sites. These include:-Site sponsored by the National Association of Realtors, linking users to realtor, home sales and market information.-Site sponsored by the National Association of Home Builders, providing a wide range of market information.-Directory to commercial real estate sites, including brokers,developers, investors and analysts. and , two sites that provide users with information about mortgage rates, mortgage brokers and with the opportunity to submit an application online. (National Association of Real Estate Investment Trusts) and (Real Estate InvestmentAdvisory Council), two associations related to real estate investment trusts.-The California Association of Realtors site.the site for the Urban Land Institute, with information on the organization, programs, conferences, and publications related to real estate and land use. has three online magazines including National Real Estate Investor, Shopping Center World, and Midwest Real Estate News. An additional real estate online magazine, can available at .Ashok Deo BardhanRESEARCH FELLOWCynthia A. KrollREGIONAL ECONOMIST互联网在房地产业的应用摘要：互联网，仅仅它的网页图形版本，就已经吸引了众多消费者和商家的目光。

In the modern era of globalization and rapid technological advancements, effective engineering project management has become crucial for the success of any construction, infrastructure, or development endeavor. This article delves into the intricacies of engineering project management, exploring its key components, challenges, and best practices.Introduction to Engineering Project ManagementEngineering project management is the application of knowledge, skills, tools, and techniques to project activities to meet the project requirements. It involves the coordination of various resources, including human resources, materials, equipment, and finances, to achieve project objectives within the defined constraints of time, cost, and quality.Key Components of Engineering Project Management1. Project Initiation: This phase involves defining the project scope, objectives, and stakeholders. It is crucial to identify the project's purpose, desired outcomes, and the resources required to achieve them.2. Project Planning: In this phase, the project manager develops a comprehensive plan that outlines the project's scope, schedule, budget, resources, and risks. This plan serves as a roadmap for the project execution.3. Project Execution: This phase involves executing the project plan, coordinating resources, and managing the project activities. Effective communication, teamwork, and problem-solving skills are essential during this phase.4. Project Monitoring and Control: In this phase, the project manager tracks the project's progress, compares it to the plan, and takes corrective actions as needed. This includes managing risks, changes, and issues that may arise during the project lifecycle.5. Project Closure: This phase involves completing all project activities, delivering the final product or service, and ensuring thatall project documentation is up-to-date. It also includes evaluating the project's success and documenting lessons learned.Challenges in Engineering Project Management1. Complexity: Engineering projects are often complex, involvingmultiple disciplines, stakeholders, and interdependencies. Managing this complexity requires advanced skills and expertise.2. Risk Management: Identifying, assessing, and mitigating risks is a critical aspect of engineering project management. Failure to manage risks effectively can lead to project delays, cost overruns, and quality issues.3. Resource Allocation: Efficiently allocating resources, including human resources, materials, and equipment, is crucial for project success. Challenges in resource allocation can lead to inefficiencies and delays.4. Communication: Effective communication is essential for successful project management. Miscommunication can lead to misunderstandings, delays, and conflicts among stakeholders.5. Regulatory Compliance: Engineering projects are subject to various regulations and standards. Ensuring compliance with these regulations is crucial for project success and the safety of stakeholders.Best Practices in Engineering Project Management1. Stakeholder Engagement: Engaging with stakeholders throughout the project lifecycle is essential for understanding their expectations and ensuring their satisfaction.2. Risk Management: Develop a comprehensive risk management plan and regularly review and update it to address new risks and changes in the project environment.3. Effective Communication: Establish clear communication channels and maintain open and transparent communication with all stakeholders.4. Use of Project Management Tools: Utilize project management software and tools to streamline project activities, track progress, and manage resources effectively.5. Continuous Improvement: Continuously evaluate and improve project management processes and practices to enhance project success and efficiency.ConclusionEngineering project management is a dynamic and challenging field that requires a comprehensive understanding of various aspects of project management. By following best practices, addressing challenges effectively, and utilizing the right tools and techniques, project managers can ensure the successful completion of engineering projects, contributing to the growth and development of societies worldwide.。

On improving the quality of project cost managementAbstractProject cost is an important part of project construction management, it can take effective measures in the whole process of engineering construction, the construction of full cost control within the approved limit, and correct the deviation at any time, to ensure that completed the investment estimate, design budget and final accounts, etc, to achieve the goal of management to achieve the rational use of manpower, material resources, financial resources, the purpose of the largest investment benefit. Is the core content of the project cost estimates of investment estimation, design, modification and construction drawing budget, engineering settlement, completion final accounts, and so on. The task of the project cost is according to the drawings, norm and listing standards, calculate the project included in the direct fee (all the branch of engineering, subdivisional work of labor, materials, mechanical stage class expense, etc.), indirect fees, fees and taxes, and so on.Engaged in engineering cost personnel mainly involves the ability should include: the project has a strong ability of calculation of quantities, to prepare the accounting settlement of construction cost control, the bill of quantities, prices, bid price quotations, engineering settlement, skilled application software cost, have certain ability of data management and so on.Keywords: construction cost; The status of the construction project cost management; The project cost; Benefits.Project cost is a pay all the expenses of construction projects completed and put into operation combined. Engineering cost in addition to the related to project content, it also with the construction of regional economic development level, the management of builders, and technical level, national and local government policies, laws and other external conditions is intimately involved. The uniqueness of the project determines the project cost also has uniqueness. Preparation of project cost correctly for the government and the owner's decision has an irreplaceable role. In our country has been under the situation of "WTO", study how to improve the level of project cost establishment, scientifically reflect the engineering actual expense, is already in front of our construction cost professionals has become a major topic. Combined with practical work and thinking about the problem now, talk about the following experience and advice.1. the current situation of engineering cost management in our countryOur country the current engineering cost management system is formed in the 50 s, eighty s perfect. Due to historical reasons, the former Soviet union's basically overall introduction of the basic construction of budget system. The system is the product of highly centralized planned economic system. Directly involved in the form of country and management of economic activities. Regulation in different design stage must prepare the estimate or budget and shall be responsible for the government; Relevant departments to formulate the budget compilation principle, content, methods and measures for examination and approval, the cost budget quota, quota and equipment material budget price establishment, examination and approval, management authority, etc. Along with the historical process, after recovery, reform and development, formed a relatively complete system of budget quota management. But with the development of the socialist market economy, many of the problems in the system has been exposed.In recent years, the developed countries in the world is predicted in advance, matter to the requirement of engineering investment control. And the practice of our country traditional decision objectively cause light, heavy, light the economy and technology, after construction, first get the consequences. Due to the engineering technical personnel's technical and economic ideas and weak consciousness of costcontrol, cost management personnel's quality is difficult to improve. The project cost control goal difficult to achieve for a long time.According to the above situation, our country academic circles in the eighty s first puts forward the concept of whole process cost management and control, relevant departments are the feasibility study of construction projects and the budget to the relevant requirements of both ends to extension, the our country cost management ideas and methods mentioned a new height. We should now the task is the modern cost management and target market economic system which accords with the situation of China, draw lessons from the advanced experience of developed countries, to establish a set of perfect market economy law system of engineering cost management, efforts to improve the level of project cost of.2. change the backward idea, establish consciousness of the whole process of investment controlProject cost control and management, it is in the project decision-making stage, design stage and construction stage of project implementation, the study of project cost, the construction project cost control in the range of scientific and reasonable, according to the project progress at any time the deviation correction, to ensure the implementation of project management investment objectives, strive for in every stage of the construction of the project reasonable use of manpower and material resources, financial resources, in order to obtain better investment benefit and social benefit. According to the scientific connotation of engineering construction, and cost control problems in each stage. Interconnected each stage of cost control, this requires that we should establish a scientific and perfect engineering cost management system, make the project valuation, review, determine, settlement and final accounts of standardization institutionalization, establish a set of powerful supervision and inspection mechanism and rewards and punishments measures. At the same time, how to reasonably determine the cost and make full and reasonable match of the various resources, in order to obtain better investment benefit and social benefit, is also need to study the problem.Because the project construction period is longer, usually influenced by a variety of external factors and constraints, the beginning of the project is difficult to determine the correct cost. With the development of the project and the thorough,understanding of the project is more comprehensive, thus cost estimate is more reasonable. Such as estimation, budget, budget and final accounts of compilation is done in different stages of the construction, its precision is becoming more and more deep. Therefore, reasonable and effective control of engineering cost, should consider the following issues:(1) because of the large scale of construction projects, construction cycle is long, complex technology, financial and material resources is used up big, considering the factors such as economic benefits after put into use, once decision-making error, will cause huge economic loss beyond retrieve, in order to reasonable cost, must be in the whole construction process, according to the characteristics of different stages of multiple valuation, namely according to construction procedure reasonable accuracy of the various stages of construction cost, to fully embody the rationality of the cost. Historical experience tells us that the sequencing of construction project is the basic premise for reasonable cost.(2) over the years, our country the construction of the project is generally ignored the importance of prophase project construction stage, the cost control mainly focus on the project of the construction of the late stage and even in the final stage, so often appear the phenomenon of investment overrun. Some programs even in after the completion of investment has more than plan, bad engineering so as to build a lot of benefits. , so we must renew the idea, summed up a complete set of engineering cost control and management methods.(3) the project cost control should run through the whole process of construction projects, but in the early period of the control key should be transferred to the project construction, is transferred to the project decision-making and design stage, but once the investment decision, the control should focus on the design stage.(4) all construction project implementation stage is subject to supervision and engineering cost control system, all can obtain satisfactory economic benefits and social benefits, but at present our country construction project prophase stage has not yet adopted this system. Because on the premise of meet the specifications, designs the cost will be because of the influence of the experience, level, or other factors, the difference is bigger, conservative design thought, and makes the project cost is high, so, the whole process of construction project management and cost control system is very necessary.3, to effectively control the project costEffectively control the project cost, it is necessary to do the following: first, at the early stage of the project construction phase must be carried out on the supervision system of supervision (including cost). It should be said that this is a relatively objective and fair way. Through the supervision of the design process, make a design more reasonable, the construction cost control within the scope of the limit, but also can make design units to improve management, optimize structure, improve the design level, truly with minimal funds for maximum output. On the other hand is actively promoting "limit design method, which is proved an effective way, it is not just an economic problem, more accurately, a technical and economic problems. Will not assimilation of the whole project by facilities sites or function is divided into several units, design personnel according to the limited quota for selection and design. The limitation of "design" can effectively control the project cost of the project. For the aim of "design" the limit to, should be involved in the designer must be experienced designers understand the technical and economic. The results of their design must be practical, advanced and reasonable cost. To control the engineering cost on the other hand is a must for scheme comparison, because design achievements is a process of gradually improve, not can determine down at the beginning, so much more is to measure the practicality, advancement and economy.Effectively control the project cost, should be measures in many aspects: from the organizational measures is clear project organization structure, clear cost controller and its mission to make the cost of each part is responsible for personnel; Take measures from the technology's strict inspection supervise each stage of design, design review, in terms of technical and economic research may save investment; Take measures is to dynamically from the economic comparative cost plan value and the actual value, audit strictly the expense, adjust the design according to the design progress.Engineering design field in China for a long time do not do the optimization combination of technology and economy. Technical personnel lack of economic idea, conservative design, make the design results of economy get fully embody. And budget personnel because of not familiar with engineering technology, also less understanding of the project progress in various relations, difficult to effectively control the project cost. Therefore, we should solve the problem now is to enhance economic efficiency as the goal, in the heart of the project construction process organically organization, technology and economy. Through economic analysis, the comparison of the technology, and the effect evaluation, correctly handle the unity ofopposites between the economic and reasonable and advanced technology, strive to advanced technology under the condition of economic and reasonable, in the economic and reasonable on the basis of advanced technology.In the process of project cost control is very important. Cost engineer should comprehensively to master and apply the bidding documents, the contract agreement and the relevant design, construction documents. Was based on reasonable of the bill of quantities, grasp measurement pay this key link, carefully examine and verify the payment application, so that each of the funds to jindu can get reasonable control and payment. Cost engineer except for what had happened in the process of project implementation of cost control, also need to know the national related aspects of the project cost in the laws and regulations, collect all kinds of price information, understand price is dynamic, after analyzing all kinds of cost data, etc. Obviously, there is no solid knowledge of economic and technical strength is difficult to finish the work. It puts forward higher requirements on cost engineer.The core content of the project cost control is based on the market as the center of cost dynamic control and management. The complexity of construction project determines its valuation for many times, and the construction process in different stages of the corresponding cost is dynamically reflect the total cost of the project. Especially in the project implementation stage, due to the changes of external conditions, the design phase is not considered factors are often exposed, lead to design changes, the cost changes. This will require a cost engineer for timely research and analysis of problems in the operation of the construction project, and take timely corrective measures, to achieve the target. This stage is the most concentrated cost dynamic control process. Cost engineer is the large amount of work should be done at this time.4, develop a team having both ability and political integrity of the project costProject cost management is a comprehensive discipline. It to the relevant national guidelines and policies as the norms of engineering construction, and other technical and economic disciplines, it is a policy, technical, economy and practicality are very strong work. Cost engineer in addition to our professional knowledge, therefore, have a deep understanding and the understanding, also deal with design content, design process, construction technology, project management, economic lawsand regulations, computer application, construction of the external environment and so on, have a comprehensive understanding. Shall also have rich practical experience, with its technical and economic knowledge. Cost engineer is a multi-level talent of knowledge. In market economic system gradually perfected, investment increasingly diverse today, urgent need a large number of provide scientific decision basis for project investment cost engineer. To meet the above requirements, should begin from the following aspects:(1) to establish a truly independent of engineering cost consulting agencies, intermediary role between the owner and the contractor. In the management of government investment project, consultancy activities that the government need not go directly to the project management, and to rely on indirect means to achieve the purpose of regulating the management. In the process, cost engineers and other professional engineers have the same status and restrict and influence each other and play a positive role in engineering construction; This not only can let the government officials from multifarious economic activity, can give full play to the project cost professional work initiatives and creativity. They both for the owners to provide quality, convenient, comprehensive cost management services, and provide professional engineering cost consultation service for government departments.(2) to set up for the general association of engineering cost personnel of the service organization or academic organizations. These institutions: is the main task of the use of education and the scientific method, cost engineering science. To cultivate new engineering cost to provide convenient conditions; Research project cost management problems, promote the development of engineering cost engineering science and technology; Provide academic BBS and communication tool, to project cost practice () personnel to provide the field of communication, publishing of cost engineering theory and technology journal, published for relevant personnel research experiences and exchange work experience; This industry and promote the social concern; Advance the project cost professional terminology standardization process, applicable standard methods: encourage add people cost engineering course in engineering college and university education is to train the professional senior talents, promote our main goal; To promote the cooperation with other related organizations, promote the development of the public interest.(3) strengthen the accumulation of engineering cost data analysis. Engineering cost is a practical major. If there is no experience but only control method, the work is carried out. Therefore, to improve the level of project cost for both organizations andindividuals, must attach great importance to data accumulation and analysis. Simple data accumulation is just a pile of data. Can only be called after finishing analysis data. In developed countries, all kinds of cost of basic data, including the consumption of labor, materials, machines and prices, and even the land price, raise interest rates, the benefit is generally not make uniform or norm, completely determined by markets or actual needs, by cost management professionals and professional organizations to manage. However, the country has to go through a series of all aspects of the law to regulate market behavior, protect the legitimate interests of all parties, achieve the goal of macroeconomic regulation and control. The engineering cost consultation company has its own years of accumulation, the full cost data. They put the cost data collection, and the analysis in the archives. If necessary, to bring up from the computer at any time, and then adjusted according to the concrete situation, can be used for new project. Many engineering cost consulting company or institute and academic groups also insisted on for many years to the cost of public offering all the latest information and price information, achieve cost social sharing of information resources. The main content in addition to the purpose of people, material, machine, consumption and price, rate, the profits thereof, and all kinds of engineering of annual price index and price index between the cities. These after decades of experience in developed countries proved to be effective methods, we should draw lessons from and fully developed the data collecting and anally sing system suitable for China's national conditions.(4) improve the project cost professional senior education and on-the-job personnel's continuing education activities. Due to the engineering cost management in construction projects and closely related to the economic interests of the parties, and to the economic activities of the whole society plays a very important guiding role, we should according to the market to the quality requirement of the cost management talent, prompting courses in project cost professional education institutions, formal training project cost professional senior talents. The professional curriculum setting, should also be completely according to the requirement of the market needs and talent quality to decide. Both due and structures, machinery and other engineering, should also be open economy, finance, cost, probability and mathematical statistics and other basic courses. At the same time should also open systems engineering, value engineering, technology, economy, econometrics, computer, management science, such as expanding knowledge and enlightenment thinking emerging course. As industry management, engineering cost society should periodically on-the-jobpersonnel to continue education. In academic exchanges, short-term training, and other areas of the form of the cost of the latest theory, technology promotion and reference case. Two aspects of education institutions and industry management institutions constitute a complete education system. To engineering to create conditions for the growth of senior talents.(5) construction cost professionals to learn and improve. Overall, at present we are engineering cost industry personnel quality and distance from the social demands. Therefore, we should take learning and keep up with the pace of The Times. In addition to our professional knowledge is updated to improve, work should also be combined with extensive understanding and preliminary master relevant knowledge of engineering. Only has a comprehensive grasp of project content, in order to increase the project cost control work. Just think, if we don't know for the preparation of the cost of engineering, the professional knowledge is very fuzzy, how can invest control? Construction cost professionals should be the first professional experts, at the same time, it should be an expert in the field of engineering. Only a high level of talent to develop the high levels of the project cost. The role of the professional status and professional is proportional to the. We should improve the level of individual manpower from, and gradually raise the level of the industry's work, for our country modernization play our role.In short, the project cost control is a whole process control, it should be said that each link cannot be ignored, and every link is very important also. With China's accession to the WTO, China's investment must be diversified, investors to reduce the cost, control costs, improve the investment benefit is becoming more and more attention. So, change the original project cost estimation, budget, budget, and the contract price settlement price, the final accounts of the traditional mode, improve the control level, investment projects for the development of comprehensive control system, can promote the development of the socialist market economy in our country, and adapt to the global economic integration process improve the level of project cost establishment is a systems engineering. It not only needs a high quality team of experts, must have the form a complete set of government policy and social environment. In this paper, combined with the author's working practice, made some Suggestions on relevant issues. In view of the author's theoretical level and practical experience is insufficient, Hard to avoid some negligence . Here is only for reference.。

Chapter 2 Organizing for Project Management 2.1What is Project Management?The management of construction projects knowledge of modern management as well as an understanding of the design and construction process. Construction projects have a specific set of objectives and constraints such as a required time frame for completion. While the relevant technology, institutional arrangements or processes will differ, the management of such projects has mush in common with the management of similar types of projects in other specialty or technology domains such as aerospace，pharmaceutical and energy developments.[1]Generally, project management is distinguished from the general management of corporations by the mission-oriented nature of a project [2]. A project organization will generally be terminated when the mission is accomplished. According to the Project Management Institute, the discipline of project management can be defined as follows [3]:Project management is the art of directing and coordinating human and material resources throughout the life of a project by using modern management techniques to achieve predetermined objectives of scope, cost, time, quality and participation satisfaction.By contrast, the general management of business and industrial corporations assumes a broader outlook with greater continuity of operations[4].Nevertheless, there are sufficient similarities as well as difference between the two so that modern management techniques developed for general management may be adapted for project management.The basic ingredients for a project management framework may be represented schematically in Figue2-1. A working knowledge of general management and familiarity with the special knowledge domain related to the project are indispensable. Supporting disciplines such as computer science and decision science may also play an important role. In fact, modern management practices and various special knowledge domains have absorbed various techniques or tools which were once identified only with the supporting discipline [5]. For example, computer-based information systems and decision support systems are nom common-place tools for general management. Similarly, many operations research techniques such as linear programming and network analysis are now widely used in many knowledge or application domains[6]. Hence, the representation in Figure 2-1 reflects only the sources from which the project management framework evolves.Figure 2-1 Basic Ingredients in Project Management Specifically, project management in construction encomprasses a set of objectives which may be accomplished by implementing a series of operations subject to resource constraints [7].There arePotential conflicts between the stated objectives with regard to scope, cost, time and quality, and the constraints imposed on human, material and financial resources. These conflicts should be resolved at the onset of a project by making the necessary tradeoffs or creating new alternatives.Subsequently, the function of project management for construction generally include the following1.Specification of project objectives and plans including delineation of scope, budgeting, scheduling, setting performance requirements, and selecting project participants.2.Maximization of efficient resource utilization through procurement of labor,materials and equipment according to the prescribed schedule and plan[8].3.Implementation of various operations through proper coordination and control of planning, design, estimating, contracting and construction in the entire process [9].4.Development of effective communication and mechanisms for resolving conflicts among the various participants.The Project management Institute focuses on nine distinct areas requiring project management knowledge and attention:1.Project integration management to ensure that the various project elements areeffectively coordinated.2. Project scope management to ensure that all the work required(and only the required work ) is included.3. Project time management to provide an effective project schedule .4. Project cost management to identify needed resources and maintain budget control .5. Project quality management tu ensure functional requirements are met .6. Project human resource management to development and effectively employ project personnel .7. Project communications management to ensure effective internal and external communications .8. Project risk management to analyze and mitigate potential risks .9. Project procurement management to obtain necessary resources from external sources .These nine areas form the basis of the Project Management Institute’s certification program for project managers in any industry .Wordsdomain 领域aerospace 航天pharmaceutical 医药的distinguish 区别，区分mission-oriented 以目标（任务）为导向的predetermined 预定的continuity 连续的ingredient 组成部分，成分indispensable 不可或缺的framework 框架，构架discipline 纪律scope 范围common-place 常见的linear programming 线性规划onset 开始trade off 均衡，权衡schedule 进度delineation 叙述，说明maximization 最大化utilization 使用communication 沟通integration 综合，整合certification 认证Notes[1] in common with 指“有共同之处”。

Unit 1 the owner’s perspective 第1单元业主的观点1.2 Major Types of Construction 1.2大建筑类型Since most owners are generally interested in acquiring only a specific type of constructed facility, they should be aware of the common industrial practices for the type of construction pertinent to them [1]. Likewise, the construction industry is a conglomeration of quite diverse segments and products. Some owners may procure a constructed facility only once in a long while and tend to look for short term advantages. However ,many owners require periodic acquisition of new facilities and/or rehabilitation of existing facilities. It is to their advantage to keep the construction industry healthy and productive. Collectively, the owners have more power to influence the construction industry than they realize because, by their individual actions, they can provide incentives for innovation, efficiency and quality in construction [2]. It is to the interest of all parties that the owners take an active interest in the construction and exercise beneficial influence on the performance of the industry.由于大多数业主通常只对获得特定类型的建筑设施感兴趣，所以他们应该了解与他们有关的建筑类型的常见工业实践[1]。

Unit 1general contractor 总承包商material dealer 材料经销商equipment distributor 设备经销商geographical scope 地理范围technological dimension 技术尺度；技术因素site condition （建筑）工地条件in harmony 和谐peak period 高峰阶段working efficiency 工作效率residential construction 住宅建设concrete mixer 水泥搅拌车，混凝土搅拌车urban design 市区规划construction supervision 工程监理site investigation 现场调查foundation design 基础设计development permit 开发许可申请financial evaluation 财务评估Unit 2project delivery systems 项目建设模式contract package 合同包design-bid-build 设计-招标-建造模式design-build 设计-建造总承包模式construction management 建筑工程管理模式design-manage 设计-管理模式lowest bidder 最低投标construction drawing 建筑图纸federal procurement statute 联邦采购法规budget constraint 预算限制unit cost 单位成本delivery speed 运输速度Unit 3 project planning 项目计划project scope 项目范围activity network diagram 工序网络图critical path 关键路径Gantt chart 甘特图work breakdown structure 任务分解结构triple constraint 三角形约束resource utilization 资源利用back-loaded work plan 后置工作计划Unit 4 construction management 建筑管理civil engineering 土木工程civil engineers 土木工程师senior manager 高层管理人员middle manager 中层管理人员financial issue 融资问题geographic area 地域范围human resources management 人力资源管理project scheduling 工程的进度计划in-house training 机构内部培训staff size 人员规模on-the-job training 在职培训accounting 会计学bargaining and negotiation 议价和谈判engineering law 工程法规Unit 5 international competitive bidding 国际竞争性招标reverse auction 逆向竞拍official regulation 官方监管proposed contract 合同草案approval process 审批手续；批准流程equipment installation 设备安装invitation to bid 投标邀请书Unit 6progress management 进度管理project life cycle 项目生命周期feasibility study 可行性研究stand-alone project 独立的项目prior to 在···前schedule compression 进度表压缩intermediate phase 中间阶层；中间阶段application area 应用领域conceptual development 理念上的进展project manager 项目经理a single design phase 单一设计阶段cost and staffing levels 成本和员工水平stakeholder 股东；利益相关者Unit 7cost management 成本管理search out 寻找到；查出cash flow 现金流量；现金流Integrated Change Control 综合变量控制vigorous competition 激烈的竞争financial transaction 财务事项fixed price 标价；不二价list price 价格表；价目表bid price 出价；递价blanket price 一揽子价格nominal price 名义价格floor price 最低价格import price 进口价export price 出口价current price 时价；现行价contract price 合同价competitive price 竞争价格official price 公定价格；官方定价Unit 8 quality management 质量管理quality control 质量控制quality assurance 质量保证shrinkage characteristics 收缩特性freeze and thaw property 冻融性能concrete structure 混凝土结构final product 建成物well-dimensioned 尺寸完备的working drawing 施工图optimal design procedure 最佳设计程序at the outset 在开始water/cement ration 水灰比cement content 水泥用量reinforced concrete 钢筋混凝土materials selection 选材；材料选择Total Quality Control 全面质量控制Unit 9 safety management 安全管理walk through 步行穿过hard hat 安全帽safety goggle 防护眼镜safety boot 防护靴work glove 工作手套ear plug 耳塞face mask 面罩Unit 10 project risk management 项目风险管理issue management 问题管理white paper 白皮书risk identification 风险识别risk quantification 风险量化risk response 风险对策；风险应对risk monitoring and control风险监控avoid the risk 规避风险transfer the risk 转移风险mitigate the risk 减轻风险accept the risk 接受风险risk response plan 风险应对计划Unit 3 工程项目计划Text A参考译文：Para.3甘特图是一个说明项目进度计划的条形图。