大学英语四级完形真题2011.12重点词汇

2011.12英语四级真题-附详解2011年12月大学英语四级考试真题Part I Writing (30 minutes)Directions：For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a short essay entitled How Should Parents Help Children to Be Independent? You should write at least 150 words following the outline given below.1. 目前不少父母为孩子包办一切2. 为了让孩子独立, 父母应该……How Should Parents Help Children to Be Independent?...Part II Reading Comprehension(Skimming and Scanning) (15 minutes)Directions: In this part, you will have 15 minutes to go over the passage quickly and answer the questions on Answer Sheet 1. For questions 1-7, choose the best answer from the four choices marked [A], [B], [C] and [D]. For questions 8-10, complete the sentenceswith the information given in the passage.A Grassroots RemedyMost of us spend our lives seeking the natural world. To this end, we walk the dog, play golf, go fishing, sit in the garden, drink outside rather than inside the pub, have a picnic, live in the suburbs, go to the seaside, buy a weekend place in the country. The most popular leisure activity in Britain is going for a walk. And when joggers (慢跑者) jog, they don’t run the streets. Every one of them instinctively heads to the park or the river. It is my profound belief that not only do we all need nature, but we all seek nature, whether we know we are doing so or not.But despite this, our children are growing up nature-deprived (丧失). I spent my boyhood climbing trees on Streatham Common, South London. These days, children are robbed of these ancient freedoms, due to problems like crime, traffic, the loss ofthe open spaces and odd new perceptions about what is best for children, that is to say, things that can be bought, rather than things that can be found.The truth is to be found elsewhere. A study in the US: families had moved to better housing and the children were assessed for ADHD—attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (多动症). Those whose accommodation had more natural views showed an improvement of 19%; those who had the same improvement in material surroundings but no nice view improved just 4%.A study in Sweden indicated that kindergarten children who could play in a natural environment had less illness and greater physical ability than children used only to a normal playground. A US study suggested that when a school gave children access to a natural environment, academic levels were raised across the entire school. Another study found that children playdifferently in a natural environment. In playgrounds, children create a hierarchy (等级) based on physical abilities, with the tough ones taking the lead. But when a grassy area was planted with bushes, the children got much more into fantasy play, and the social hierarchy was now based on imagination and creativity.Most bullying (恃强凌弱) is found in schools where there is a tarmac (柏油碎石) playground; the least bullying is in a natural area that the children are encouraged to explore. This reminds me unpleasantly of Sunnyhill School in Streatham, with its harsh tarmac, where I used to hang about in corners fantasising about wildlife.But children are frequently discouraged from involvement with natural spaces, for health and safety reasons, for fear that they might get dirty or that they might cause damage. So, instead, the damage is done tothe children themselves: not to their bodies but to their souls.One of the great problems of modern childhood is ADHD, now increasingly and expensively treated with drugs. Yet one study after another indicates that contact with nature gives huge benefits to ADHD children. However, we spend money on drugs rather than on green places.The life of old people is measurably better when they have access to nature. The increasing emphasis for the growing population of old people is in quality rather than quantity of years. And study after study finds that a garden is the single most important thing in finding that quality.In wider and more difficult areas of life, there is evidence to indicate that natural surroundings improve all kinds of things. Even problems with crime and aggressive behaviour are reduced when there is contactwith the natural world.Dr William Bird, researcher from the Royal Society for the Protection of Birds, states in his study, “A natural environment can reduce violent behaviour because its restorative process helps reduce anger and impulsive behaviour.” Wild places need encouraging for this reason, no matter how small their contribution.We tend to look on nature conservation as some kind of favour that human beings are granting to the natural world. The error here is far too deep: not only do humans need nature for themselves, but the very idea that humanity and the natural world are separable things is profoundly damaging. Human beings are a species of mammals (哺乳动物). For seven million years they lived on the planet as part of nature. Our ancestral selves miss the natural world and long for contact with non-human life. Anyone who has patted a dog, stroked a cat, satunder a tree with a pint of beer, given or received a bunch of flowers or chosen to walk through the park on a nice day, understands that.We need the wild world. It is essential to our well-being, our health, our happiness. Without the wild world we are not more but less civilised. Without other living things around us we are less than human.Five ways to find harmony with the natural worldWalk: Break the rhythm of permanently being under a roof. Get off a stop earlier, make a circuit of the park at lunchtime, walk the child to and from school, get a dog, feel yourself moving in moving air, look, listen, absorb.Sit: Take a moment, every now and then, to be still in an open space. In the garden, anywhere that’s not in the office, anywhere out of the house, away from the routine. Sit under a tree, look at water, feel refreshed,ever so slightly renewed.Drink: The best way to enjoy the natural world is by yourself; the second best way is in company. Take a drink outside with a good person, a good gathering: talk with the sun and the wind with birdsong for background. Learn: Expand your boundaries. Learn five species of bird, five butterflies, five trees, five bird songs. That way, you see and hear more: and your mind responds gratefully to the greater amount of wildness in your life.Travel: The places you always wanted to visit: by the seaside, in the country, in the hills. Take a weekend break, a day-trip, get out there and do it: for the scenery, for the way through the woods, for the birds, for the bees. Go somewhere special and bring specialness home. It lasts forever, after all.注意：此部分试题请在答题卡1上作答。

作文：Nothing succeeds without a strong willThere is a prevalent joke around young people saying that ‘quitting smoking is the easiest thing in the world, and I’ve done it for hundreds of times.’ This seemingly funny statement ironically reflects the fact that the determination of most youngsters is oftentimes started with enthusiasm, but the passion becomes increasingly weaker each day, and then diminishes as if there has been no such thing at all.It is obvious that their failure in ‘quitting smoking’ and decline of determination are all ascribed to their lack of will. Initially, every success involves several stages of setbacks and risks, and we need to summon up our will to conquer them. Moreover, there are enormous temptation in our path of pursuit of success. For instance, when we plan to quit smoking, our roommates may smoke freely in front of us; when we are eager to keep fit, our close friends may invite us to have late night snacks. Under these occasions, only strong will can assist us to resist the temptation, and persist in chasing our goals until we triumphantly realize them.In short, no dream will successfully come true if we do not have strong will. An old famous proverb says that ‘ where there is a will, there is a way’. Let us bear this motton in mind no matter how many thunders and thorns are on our roads ahead, then we will be successful with such precious and powerful spirit.[快速阅读]快速阅读1. A person of integrity not only sets high moral and ethical standards but also _______.A) sticks to them in their daily lifeB) makes them known to othersC) understands their true valuesD)sees that others also follow them选择sticks to them in their daily life定位在原文第一段，文中说正直(integrity)的关键是一致性(consistency)，不仅要有很多道德和伦理的准则，还要每天都坚守。

驾驶人考试一点通/驾驶员理论模拟考试_C1C2照说明：（1）驾照考试题《驾驶人考试一点通/驾驶员理论模拟考试_C1C2照》：只是所有题库中的部分试题，试题来源国家2011年题库，由考驾照网收集并整理。

要练习题库中的所有试题，请选择本站随机抽题模拟考试：小车驾照大中型客车驾照大中型货车驾照或按顺序练习题库中的所有试题：小车驾照类题库(725题) 大中型客车驾照类题库(782题) 大中型货车驾照类题库(793题)（2）答题提示，请在答题选项的左边的选择你认为正确的选项。

（3）当前默认是显示答案，您还可以选择：1、点击这里进行模拟练习（练习中你可以选择：解答模式，选择此项时为实时解答模式，不选择时为模拟打分，提交后显示结果) 2、点击这里直接显示答案1. 无论自动挡还是手动挡汽车，都必须用右脚踩踏制动踏板。

（A ）A.正确B.错误2. 行车中遇畜力车时，应（C ）。

A.急加速绕过B.临近时鸣喇叭C.在较远处鸣喇叭,并提前减速D.紧随其后行驶3. 机动车开关车门时，不得妨碍其他车辆和行人通行。

（A ）A.正确B.错误4. 行车中遇到接听手机等注意力高度集中的行人时，应（D ）。

A.临近时鸣喇叭B.从一侧加速绕过C.保持常速行驶D.减速、鸣喇叭提醒5. 机动车驾驶人、行人违反道路交通安全法律、法规关于道路通行规定的行为，属于（B ）。

A.违章行为B.违法行为C.过失行为D.过错行为6. 道路划分为机动车道、非机动车道和人行道的，机动车、非机动车、行人实行分道通行。

（A ）A.正确B.错误7. 如图所示为车道分界线，用来分隔（A ）。

A.同方向行驶的车辆B.反方向行驶的车辆C.机动车、非机动车和行人D.机动车和非机动车8. 车辆在高速公路行驶中，遇意外情况紧急停车时，可在行车道上直接停车。

（B ）A.正确B.错误9. 在泥泞路上制动时，车轮易发生侧滑或甩尾，导致交通事故。

（A ）A.正确B.错误10. 高速公路因发生事故造成堵塞时，可在右侧紧急停车带或路肩行驶。

2011年12月英语四级真题word 清晰版-2011年12月大学英语四级真题Part Ⅰ Writing (30 minutes)Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a short essayentitled Nothing Succeeds Without a StrongWill by commenting on the humoroussaying, "Quitting smoking is the easiestthing in the world. I've done it hundreds oftimes." You should write at least 120 wordsbut no more than 180 words.Nothing Succeeds Without a Strong WillWhy Integrity MattersWhat Is Integrity?The key to integrity is consistency- not only setting high personal standards for oneself (honesty, responsibility, respect for others, fairness) but also living up to those standards each and every day. One who has integrity is bound by and follows moral and ethical (道德上的) standards even when making life's hard choices, choices which may be clouded by stress, pressure to succeed, or temptation.What happens if we lie, cheat, steal, or violate other ethical standards? We feel disappointed in ourselves and ashamed. But a lapse (缺失) of integrity also affects our relationships with others. Trust is essential in any important relationship, whether personal or professional. Who can trust someone who is dishonest or unfair? Thus integrity must be one of our most important goals.Risky BusinessWe are each responsible for our own decisions, even if the decision, making process has been undermined by stress or peer pressure. The real test of character is whether we can learn from our mistake, by understanding why we acted as we did and then exploring ways to avoid similar problems in the future.Making ethical decisions is a critical part of avoiding future problems. We must learn torecognize risks, because if we can't see the risks we're taking, we can't make responsible choices. To identify risks, we need to know the rules and be aware of the facts. For example, one who doesn't know the rules a about plagiarism (剽窃) may accidentally use words or ideas without giving proper credit or one who fails to keep careful research notes may unintentionally fail to quote and cite sources as required. But the fact that such a violation is "unintentional" does not excuse the misconduct, Ignorance is not a defense."But Everybody Does It"Most people who get in trouble do know the rules and facts but manage to fool themselves about the risks they're taking by using excuses: "Everyone else does it." "I'm not hurting anyone", or "I really need this grade." Excuses can get very elaborate: "I know I'm look at another's exam, even though I'm supposed to keep my eyes on my own paper, but that's not cheating because I’m just checking my answers,not copying." We must be honest about our actions and avoid excuses, if we fool ourselves into believing we're not doing anything wrong, we can't see the real choice we're making - and that leads to bad decisions.To avoid fooling yourself, watch out for excuses and try this test: Ask how you would feel if your actions were public and anyone could be watching over your shoulder. If you'd rather hide your actions, that's an indication that you're taking a risk and rationalizing it to yourself.Evaluating RisksTo decide whether a risk is worth taking, you must examine the consequences, in the future as well as right now, negative as well as positive, and to others as well as to yourself. Those who take risks they later regret usually focus on immolate benefits and simply haven't considered what might go wrong. The consequences of getting caught are serious and may include a "O" on a test or assignment, an"F" in the class, suspension (暂令停学) or dismissal from school and a ruined reputation. In fact, when you break a role or law, you lose control over your life and give others the power to impose punishment that you have no control over. This is an extremely vulnerable (脆弱的) position. There may be some matters of life and death or highest principle, which might justify such a risk, but there aren't many things that fall in this category.Getting Away with it - Or NotThose who don't get caught pay an even higher price. A cheater doesn't learn from the test, which deprives (剥夺) him her of an education. Cheating undermines confidence and independence: the cheater is a fraud, and knows that without dishonesty, he/she would have failed. Cheating destroys self-respect and integrity, leaving the cheater ashamed, guilty and afraid of getting caught.Worst of all, a cheater who doesn't get caught the first time usually cheats again, not onlybecause he/she is farther behind, but also because it seems "easier." This slippery slope of eroding ethics and bigger risks leads only to disaster. Eventually, the cheater gets caught, and the later he/she gets caught, the worse the consequences.Cheating Hurts Other, TooCheaters often feel invisible, as if their actions "don't count" and don't really hurt anyone. But individual choices have an intense cumulative (累积的) effect. Cheating can spread like a disease. Recent statistics suggest 30％or more of college students cheat. If a class is graded on a curve, cheating hurts others' grades. Even if there is no curve, cheating "poisons" the classroom, and others may feel pressured to join in. ("If I don't cheat I can't compete with those who do") Cheating also has a destructive impact on teachers. The real reward of goof teaching is seeing students learn. But a cheater says. "I'm not interested in what you're trying to teach, all I care about is stealing a grade, regardless of theeffect on others." The end result is a destructive attack on the quality of your education. Finally, cheating can hurt the reputation of the university and harm those who worked hard for their degree.Why Integrity MartenIf cheating becomes the norm, then we are in big trouble. We must rely on the honesty and good faith of others, if not, we couldn't put money in the bank, buy food, clothing, or medicine from others, drive across a bridge, get on a plane, go to the dentist--the list is endless. There are many examples of the vast harm that is caused when individuals forget or ignore the effect their dishonesty can have. The savings and loan scandal, the stock market and junk bond swindles, and, of course, Watergate, have undermined the faith of many Americans in the integrity of political and economic leaders and society as a whole. Such incidents take a tremendous toll on our nation's economy and our individual well-being. For example, but forthe savings and loan debacle, there might be funds available to reduce the national debt and pay for education.In sum, we all have a common stake in our school, our community, and our society. Our actions do matter. It is essential that we act with integrity in order to build the kind of world in which we want to live.1. A person of integrity not only sets high moral and ethical standards but also _______.A) sticks to them in their daily lifeB) makes them known to othersC) understands their true valuesD) sees that others also follow them2. What role does integrity play in personal and professional relationships?A) It helps to create team spiritB) It facilitates communicationC) It is the basis of mutual trustD) It inspires mutual respect3. why must we learn to identify the risks we are going to take？A. To ensure we make responsible choices.B. To avoid being overwhelmed by stress.C. So tha t we don’t break any rules.D. S o that we don’t run into trouble.4. Violation of a rule is misconduct even if_______?A. it has caused no harm.B. it is claimed to be unintentional.C. it has gone unnoticed.D. it is committed with good intentions.5. What should one do if he doesn’t wish to fool himself?A. Avoid making excuses.B. Listen to other people’s advice.C. Make his intensions public.D. Have others watch over his shoulder.6. Those who take risks they regret later on_______.A. will often become more cautiousB. are usually very aggressiveC. value immediate benefits most.D. may lose everything in the end7. According to the author, a cheater who doesn’t get caught right away will _______.A) pay more dearlyB) become more confidentC) be widely admiredD) feel somewhat lucky8. Cheaters at exam don’t care about their education, all they care about is how to__________.9. Integrity matters in that all social activities rely on ___________.10. Many Americans lost faith in the integrity of their political leaders as a result of __________.Part III Listening Comprehension (35 minutes)11. A) Read the notice on the window.B) Go and ask the staff.C) Get a new bus schedule.D) Board the bus to Cleveland.12. A) He was looking forward to seeing the giraffes.B) He enjoyed watching the animal performance.C) He got home too late to see the TV special.D) He fell asleep in the middle of the TV program.13. A) She wants to take the most direct way.B) She may be late for the football game.C) She is worried about missing her flight.D) She is currently caught in a traffic jam.14. A) At a restaurant. B) In a fish shop. C) At a clinic. D) On a fishing boat.15. A) He is an experienced sales manager.B) He is being interviewed for a job.C) He is a close friend of the woman.D) He is good at answering tricky questions.16. A) The man should consider his privacy first.B) The man will choose a low-rent apartment.C) The man is not certain if he can find a quieter place.D) The man is unlikely to move out of the dormitory.17. A) The woman is going to make her topic more focused.B) The man and the woman are working on a joint project.C) One should choose a broad topic for a research paper.D) It took a lot of time to get the man on the right track.18. A) They went camping this time last year.B) They didn’t quite enjoy their last picnic.C) They learned to cooperate under harsh conditions.D) They weren’t experienced in organizing picnics.Questions 19 to 22 are based on the conversation you have just heard.19. A) He likes Sweden better than England.B) He prefers hot weather to cold weather.C) He is an Englishman living in Sweden.D) He visits London nearly every winter.20. A) The bad weather. B) The gloomy winter. C) The cold houses. D) The long night.21. A) Delightful. B) Painful. C) Depressing. D) Refreshing.22. A) They often stay up late reading.B) They work hard and play hard.C) They like to go camping in summer.D) They try to earn more and spend more.Questions 23 to 25 are based on the conversation you have just heard.23. A) English Literature. B) Management. C) French. D) Public Administration.24. A) English teaching. B) Staff training.C) Careersguidance. D) Psychological counseling.25. A) Its generous scholarship. B) Its worldwide fame.C) Its well-designed courses. D) Its pleasant environment.Passage One26. A) Characteristics of Japanese artists.B) Some features of Japanese culture.C) The art of Japanese brush painting.D) The uniqueness of Japanese art.27. A) To calm themselves down.B) To enhance concentration.C) To show their impatience.D) To signal lack of interest.28. A) How listeners in different cultures show respect.B) How speakers can win approval from the audience.C) How speakers can misunderstand the audience.D) How different Western and Eastern art forms are.Passage TwoQuestions 29 to 32 are based on the passage you have just heard.29. A) Directing personnel evaluation.B) Buying and maintaining equipment.C) Drawing up plans for in-service training.D) Interviewing and recruiting employees.30. A) Some of his equipment was damaged in a fire.B) The training program he ran was a failure.C) Two of his workers were injured at work.D) Two of his employees committed theft.31. A) A better relationship with his boss.B) Advancement to a higher position.C) A better-paying job in another company.D) Improvement in the company’s management.32. A) She has more self-confidence than Chris.B) She works with Chris in the same division.C) She has more management experience than Chris.D) She is competing with Chris for the new job.Passage ThreeQuestions 33 to 35 are based on the passage you have just heard.33. A) They help us see the important values of culture.B) They guide us in handling human relationship.C) They help us express ourselves more effectively.D) They are an infinite source of human knowledge.34. A) Their wording may become different.B) The values they reflect may change.C) Their origins can no longer be traced.D) They may be misinterpreted occasionally.35. A) Certain values are shared by a large number of cultures.B) Some proverbs are assuming more and more importance.C) Old proverbs are constantly replaced by new ones.D) Certain values have always been central to a culture.Our lives are woven together. As much as I enjoy my own (36) _____, I no longer imagine Ican get through a (37) _____ day much less all my life, (38) _____ on my own. Even if I am on (39) _____ in the mountains, I am eating food someone else has grown, living in a house someone else has built, wearing clothes someone else has (40) _____ from cloth woven by others, using (41) _____ someone else is distributing to my house. (42) _____ of interdependence is everywhere; we are on this (43) _____ together. As I was growing up, (44)_________________________________________ __________. “Make your own way”,” Stand on your own two feet” or my mother’s favorite remark when I was face-to-face with consequences of some action: Now that you’ve made your bed, lie on it. Total independence is a dominant thing in our culture. I imagine that (45) ___________________________________________________________. But the teaching was shaped by our cultural imagines. And instead, I grew up believing that I was supposed to be totally independent andconsequently became very reluctant to ask for help.(46)_________________________________________ ___________________________.Part Ⅳ Reading Comprehension (Reading in Depth) (25 minutes)With the world's population estimated to grow from six to nine billion by 2050, researchers. businesses and governments are already dealing with the impact this increase will have on everything from food and water to infrastructure (基础设施) and jobs. Underling all this 47 will be the demand for energy, which is expected to double over the next 40 years. Finding the resources to meet this demand in a __48__ sustainable way is the cornerstone (基石) of our nation's energy security, and will be one of the major __49__ of the 21st century.Alternative forms of energy- bio-fuels, wind and solar, to name a few are __50__ being funded and developed, and will play a growing __51__ in the world's energy supply. But experts say that even when __52__, alternative energy sources will likely meet only about 30% of the world's energy needs by 2050.For example, even with __53__ investments, such as the $93 million for wind energy development __54__ in the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act, important alternative energy sources such as wind and bio-fuels__55__ only about 1% of the market today. Energy and sustainability experts say the answer to our future energy needs will likely come from a lot of __56__ both traditional and alternative.注意：此部分试题请在答题卡2上作答。

Reading Comprehension (Skimming and Scanning)be clouded by 使…变黑暗，使…产生阴影a lapse of integrity缺失诚实undermine vt.在...下面掘地道; 削弱...的基础; 用阴险手段毁损, 伤害(健康等); 暗中破坏peer pressure 同年人带来的压力critical adj. 关键的plagiarism n. 剽窃unintentionally adv.无意的misconduct n.不当行为ignorance n.无知，愚昧defense n.防卫elaborate vt. 详尽说明adj.精心整理的fool ourselves into believing 骗自己相信watch out 小心rationalize vt. 使合理化suspension：dismissal from schoolruin reputation 毁坏名声break a law/rule 违法/违规impose vt. 强迫，强加(impose sth. on sb.强加于)deprive sb. of sth. 剥夺fraud n.欺诈worst of all 特别糟糕的是slippery slope 灾难性的急剧下降erode v. 侵蚀，腐蚀invisible adj. 看不见的scandal n. 丑闻Watergate Scandal 水门事件in sum 总之facilitate vt. 使便利，减轻…的困难overwhelm vt. 压倒，制服，打败cautious a.小心的，谨慎的dearly a. 昂贵的Listening Comprehensiongiraffe n. 长颈鹿allergic a. 过敏narrow the topic down 缩小论文题目Sweden n.瑞典Swedish 瑞典人/语administrative a. 行政的，管理的administration n. 行政，管理administrator n.管理者disrespectful a. 不礼貌的，不恭敬的（respectful a.礼貌的，恭敬的respectable a 可敬重的，有身份（名望）的respective a 各自的，各个的）approval n. 赞同，同意insult v&n 侮辱enhance concentration 高度集中注意力interdependence a. 互相依赖的Reading Comprehension(reading in depth)Underlying adj. 在下面的，基础的sustainable a. 合理利用的，可持续的alternative a. 两者择一的，供替代的alternative energy 替代能源combine A and B 使A和B结合/联合comprise vt. 包括，Twelve departments comprise this university.12个系组成了这所大学。

2011年12月英语四级真题word 清晰版-2011年12月大学英语四级真题PartⅠ Writing (30 minutes)Directions:For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a short essayentitled Nothing Succeeds Without a StrongWill by commenting on the humoroussaying, "Quitting smoking is the easiestthing in the world. I've done it hundreds oftimes." You should write at least 120 wordsbut no more than 180 words.Nothing Succeeds Without a Strong WillWhy Integrity MattersWhat Is Integrity?The key to integrity is consistency- not only setting high personal standards for oneself (honesty, responsibility, respect for others, fairness) but also living up to those standards each and every day. One who has integrity is bound by and follows moral and ethical (道德上recognize risks, because if we can't see the risks we're taking, we can't make responsible choices. To identify risks, we need to know the rules and be aware of the facts. For example, one who doesn't know the rules a about plagiarism (剽窃) may accidentally use words or ideas without giving proper credit or one who fails to keep careful research notes may unintentionally fail to quote and cite sources as required. But the fact that such a violation is "unintentional" does not excuse the misconduct, Ignorance is not a defense."But Everybody Does It"Most people who get in trouble do know the rules and facts but manage to fool themselves about the risks they're taking by using excuses: "Everyone else does it." "I'm not hurting anyone", or "I really need this grade." Excuses can get very elaborate: "I know I'm look at another's exam, even though I'm supposed to keep my eyes on my own paper, but that's notcheating because I’m just checking my answers, not copying." We must be honest about our actions and avoid excuses, if we fool ourselves into believing we're not doing anything wrong, we can't see the real choice we're making - and that leads to bad decisions.To avoid fooling yourself, watch out for excuses and try this test: Ask how you would feel if your actions were public and anyone could be watching over your shoulder. If you'd rather hide your actions, that's an indication that you're taking a risk and rationalizing it to yourself.Evaluating RisksTo decide whether a risk is worth taking, you must examine the consequences, in the future as well as right now, negative as well as positive, and to others as well as to yourself. Those who take risks they later regret usually focus on immolate benefits and simply haven't considered what might go wrong. The consequences of getting caught are serious andmay include a "O" on a test or assignment, an "F" in the class, suspension (暂令停学) or dismissal from school and a ruined reputation. In fact, when you break a role or law, you lose control over your life and give others the power to impose punishment that you have no control over. This is an extremely vulnerable (脆弱的) position. There may be some matters of life and death or highest principle, which might justify such a risk, but there aren't many things that fall in this category.Getting Away with it - Or NotThose who don't get caught pay an even higher price. A cheater doesn't learn from the test, which deprives (剥夺) him her of an education. Cheating undermines confidence and independence: the cheater is a fraud, and knows that without dishonesty, he/she would have failed. Cheating destroys self-respect and integrity, leaving the cheater ashamed, guilty and afraid of getting caught.Worst of all, a cheater who doesn't get caught the first time usually cheats again, not only because he/she is farther behind, but also because it seems "easier." This slippery slope of eroding ethics and bigger risks leads only to disaster. Eventually, the cheater gets caught, and the later he/she gets caught, the worse the consequences.Cheating Hurts Other, TooCheaters often feel invisible, as if their actions "don't count" and don't really hurt anyone. But individual choices have an intense cumulative (累积的) effect. Cheating can spread like a disease. Recent statistics suggest 30％or more of college students cheat. If a class is graded on a curve, cheating hurts others' grades. Even if there is no curve, cheating "poisons" the classroom, and others may feel pressured to join in. ("If I don't cheat I can't compete with those who do") Cheating also has a destructive impact on teachers. The real reward of goof teaching is seeing students learn. But a cheater says. "I'mnot interested in what you're trying to teach, all I care about is stealing a grade, regardless of the effect on others." The end result is a destructive attack on the quality of your education. Finally, cheating can hurt the reputation of the university and harm those who worked hard for their degree.Why Integrity MartenIf cheating becomes the norm, then we are in big trouble. We must rely on the honesty and good faith of others, if not, we couldn't put money in the bank, buy food, clothing, or medicine from others, drive across a bridge, get on a plane, go to the dentist--the list is endless. There are many examples of the vast harm that is caused when individuals forget or ignore the effect their dishonesty can have. The savings and loan scandal, the stock market and junk bond swindles, and, of course, Watergate, have undermined the faith of many Americans in the integrity of political and economic leaders and society as a whole. Such incidents take atremendous toll on our nation's economy and our individual well-being. For example, but for the savings and loan debacle, there might be funds available to reduce the national debt and pay for education.In sum, we all have a common stake in our school, our community, and our society. Our actions do matter. It is essential that we act with integrity in order to build the kind of world in which we want to live.1. A person of integrity not only sets high moral and ethical standards but also _______.A) sticks to them in their daily lifeB) makes them known to othersC) understands their true valuesD) sees that others also follow them2. What role does integrity play in personal and professional relationships?A) It helps to create team spiritB) It facilitates communicationC) It is the basis of mutual trustD) It inspires mutual respect3. why must we learn to identify the risks we are going to take？A. To ensure we make responsible choices.B. To avoid being overwhelmed by stress.C. So tha t we don’t break any rules.D. S o that we don’t run into trouble.4. Violation of a rule is misconduct even if_______?A. it has caused no harm.B. it is claimed to be unintentional.C. it has gone unnoticed.D. it is committed with good intentions.5. What should one do if he doesn’t wish to fool himself?A. Avoid making excuses.B. Listen to other people’s advice.C. Make his intensions public.D. Have others watch over his shoulder.6. Those who take risks they regret later on_______.A. will often become more cautiousB. are usually very aggressiveC. value immediate benefits most.D. may lose everything in the end7. According to the author, a cheater who doesn’t get caught right away will _______.A) pay more dearlyB) become more confidentC) be widely admiredD) feel somewhat lucky8. Cheaters at exam don’t care about their education, all they care about is how to__________.9. Integrity matters in that all social activities rely on ___________.10. Many Americans lost faith in the integrity of their political leaders as a result of __________.Part III Listening Comprehension (35 minutes)11. A) Read the notice on the window.B) Go and ask the staff.C) Get a new bus schedule.D) Board the bus to Cleveland.12. A) He was looking forward to seeing the giraffes.B) He enjoyed watching the animal performance.C) He got home too late to see the TV special.D) He fell asleep in the middle of the TV program.13. A) She wants to take the most direct way.B) She may be late for the football game.C) She is worried about missing her flight.D) She is currently caught in a traffic jam.14. A) At a restaurant. B) In a fish shop. C) At a clinic. D) On a fishing boat.15. A) He is an experienced sales manager.B) He is being interviewed for a job.C) He is a close friend of the woman.D) He is good at answering tricky questions.16. A) The man should consider his privacy first.B) The man will choose a low-rent apartment.C) The man is not certain if he can find a quieter place.D) The man is unlikely to move out of the dormitory.17. A) The woman is going to make her topic more focused.B) The man and the woman are working on a joint project.C) One should choose a broad topic for a research paper.D) It took a lot of time to get the man on the right track.18. A) They went camping this time last year.B) They didn’t quite enjoy their last picnic.C) They learned to cooperate under harsh conditions.D) They weren’t experienced in organizing picnics.Questions 19 to 22 are based on the conversation you have just heard.19. A) He likes Sweden better than England.B) He prefers hot weather to cold weather.C) He is an Englishman living in Sweden.D) He visits London nearly every winter.20. A) The bad weather. B) The gloomy winter. C) The cold houses. D) The long night.21. A) Delightful. B) Painful. C) Depressing. D) Refreshing.22. A) They often stay up late reading.B) They work hard and play hard.C) They like to go camping in summer.D) They try to earn more and spend more.Questions 23 to 25 are based on the conversation you have just heard.23. A) English Literature. B) Management. C) French. D) Public Administration.24. A) English teaching. B) Staff training.C) Careersguidance. D) Psychological counseling.25. A) Its generous scholarship. B) Its worldwide fame.C) Its well-designed courses. D) Its pleasant environment.Passage One26. A) Characteristics of Japanese artists.B) Some features of Japanese culture.C) The art of Japanese brush painting.D) The uniqueness of Japanese art.27. A) To calm themselves down.B) To enhance concentration.C) To show their impatience.D) To signal lack of interest.28. A) How listeners in different cultures show respect.B) How speakers can win approval from the audience.C) How speakers can misunderstand the audience.D) How different Western and Eastern art forms are.Passage TwoQuestions 29 to 32 are based on the passage you have just heard.29. A) Directing personnel evaluation.B) Buying and maintaining equipment.C) Drawing up plans for in-service training.D) Interviewing and recruiting employees.30. A) Some of his equipment was damaged in a fire.B) The training program he ran was a failure.C) Two of his workers were injured at work.D) Two of his employees committed theft.31. A) A better relationship with his boss.B) Advancement to a higher position.C) A better-paying job in another company.D) Improvement in the company’s management.32. A) She has more self-confidence than Chris.B) She works with Chris in the same division.C) She has more management experience than Chris.D) She is competing with Chris for the new job.Passage ThreeQuestions 33 to 35 are based on the passage you have just heard.33. A) They help us see the important values of culture.B) They guide us in handling human relationship.C) They help us express ourselves more effectively.D) They are an infinite source of human knowledge.34. A) Their wording may become different.B) The values they reflect may change.C) Their origins can no longer be traced.D) They may be misinterpreted occasionally.35. A) Certain values are shared by a large number of cultures.B) Some proverbs are assuming more and more importance.C) Old proverbs are constantly replaced by new ones.D) Certain values have always been central to a culture.Our lives are woven together. As much as I enjoy my own (36) _____, I no longer imagine I can get through a (37) _____ day much less all my life, (38) _____ on my own. Even if I am on (39) _____ in the mountains, I am eating food someone else has grown, living in a house someone else has built, wearing clothes someone else has (40) _____ from cloth woven by others, using (41) _____ someone else is distributing to my house. (42) _____ of interdependence is everywhere; we are on this (43) _____ together. As I was growing up, (44)_________________________________________ __________. “Make your own way”,” Stand on your own two feet” or my mother’s favorite remark when I was face-to-face with consequences of some action: Now that you’ve made your bed, lie on it. Total independence is a dominant thing in our culture. I imagine that (45) ___________________________________________________________. But the teaching was shaped by our culturalimagines. And instead, I grew up believing that I was supposed to be totally independent and consequently became very reluctant to ask for help.(46)_________________________________________ ___________________________.PartⅣ Reading Comprehension (Reading in Depth) (25 minutes)With the world's population estimated to grow from six to nine billion by 2050, researchers. businesses and governments are already dealing with the impact this increase will have on everything from food and water to infrastructure (基础设施) and jobs. Underling all this 47 will be the demand for energy, which is expected to double over the next 40 years. Finding the resources to meet this demand in a __48__ sustainable way is the cornerstone (基石) of our nation's energy security, and will be one of the major __49__ of the 21st century. Alternative forms of energy- bio-fuels, wind and solar, to name a few are __50__ being funded and developed, and will play a growing __51__ in the world's energy supply. But experts say that even when __52__, alternative energy sources will likely meet only about 30% of the world's energy needs by 2050.For example, even with __53__ investments, such as the $93 million for wind energy development __54__ in the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act, important alternative energy sources such as wind and bio-fuels__55__ only about 1% of the market today. Energy and sustainability experts say the answer to our future energy needs will likely come from a lot of __56__ both traditional and alternative.注意：此部分试题请在答题卡2上作答。

作文：Where There Is a Will There Is a Way1．坚强的意志是成功的重要保证。

2．意志坚定的人才能完成伟大的使命，3．学生也是这样，不刻苦学习，终究不会成为有用之才用。

【参考范文】Nothing Succeeds Without a Strong Will“Where there is a will,there is way”is an old proverb which almost everyone knows,but not all understand it so well.Actually,it means that if you are really resolved to do something,no matter how difficult it might be,never give up.In fact,strong will is a kind of good quality which successful people should own.A great man is always one who has a firm resolution and an inflexible spirit. One will never succeed all his life without a firm will to get the final victory. As a rule,great tasks are accomplished by men of strong will.For example,Dr.Sun Yatsen,the founder of the Republic of China,set the Chinese people free from the Manchurian rule through a long period of hard struggle.Many of his attempts failed and many of his followers were killed,but he had an inflexible spirit and stuck to his cause.Finally,he made the revolution of1911a success.The same is true of men in all walks of life.It is quite obvious that there is nothing difficult in the world,if you make up your mind to do it,you will certainly accomplish your end.That stands to reason. So as for students like us,we should have a good attitude towards failure.Facing with difficulties and failures,keep heads up and never give up.Besides,we should make full preparation,though strong will help us overcome the difficulties,it is not for person who has no preparation.Part I Writing【标准版】Nothing Succeeds Without a Strong WillNothing runs smoothly in our life.To achieve things successfully,a strong will is essential.Life is like a Marathon.Many people can’t get to the terminal.This is not because they are lack of vitality but because their will of success is not strong enough.To take quitting smoking as an example,some regard it as a piece of cake.They make up their minds to quit it in the morning,but in the evening they feel that the smell of cigarettes is tempting.Their throats are sore,their mouths are thirsty,and their hands are shaking.After the painful mental struggle,they tell themselves that“One cigarette is enough.Just take one,and the next day I will quit it.”By doing this,they surrender to their weak will.In the end,they have quitted smoking“a hundred times”,but in no time they succeed.Just like quitting smoking,nothing succeeds without a strong will.To be successful in one’s life,a strong will means that you know where you go and you will persist on the road you choose.Undoubtedly success belongs to those who overcome their weak will and who hang in there until the last minute.【文章点评】本文属于话题类作文，只看题目“Nothing Succeeds without a strong will”考生会觉得比较抽象，难以下手。

2011年大学英语四级词汇表abandon vt.丢弃；放弃，抛弃ability n.能力；能耐，本领abnormal a.不正常的；变态的aboard ad.在船(车)上；上船abroad ad.(在)国外；到处absence n.缺席，不在场；缺乏absent a.不在场的；缺乏的absolute a.绝对的；纯粹的absolutely ad.完全地；绝对地absorb vt.吸收；使专心abstract a.抽象的n.摘要abundant a.丰富的；大量的abuse vt.滥用；虐待n.滥用academic a.学院的；学术的academy n.私立中学；专科院校accelerate vt.(使)加快；促进acceleration n.加速；加速度accent n.口音，腔调；重音acceptable a.可接受的，合意的acceptance n.接受，验收；承认access n.接近；通道，入口accessory n.同谋，从犯；附件accident n.意外的；事故accidental a.偶然的；非本质的accommodate vt.容纳；供应，供给accommodation n.招待设备；预定accompany vt.陪伴，陪同；伴随accomplish vt.达到(目的)；完成accord vt.使一致；给予accordance n.一致；和谐；授予accordingly ad.因此，所以；照着account n.记述；解释；帐目accumulate vt.积累vi.堆积accuracy n.准确(性)；准确度accurate a.准确的，正确无误的accuse vt.指责；归咎于accustom vt.使习惯accustomed a.惯常的；习惯的achieve vt.完成，实现；达到achievement n.完成；成就，成绩acid n.酸；酸的，酸性的acquaintance n.认识；了解；熟人acquire vt.取得；获得；学到acre n.英亩(=6.07亩)act vi.行动；见效n.行为action n.行动；作用；功能active a.活跃的；积极的activity n.活动；活力；行动actress n.女演员actually ad.实际上；竟然acute a.尖的，锐的；敏锐的adapt vt.使适应；改编add vt.添加，附加，掺加addition n.加，加法；附加物additional a.附加的，追加的address n.地址；演说；谈吐adequate a.足够的；可以胜任的adjective n.形容词a.形容词的adjust vt.调整，调节；校正administration n.管理管理部门admire vt.钦佩，羡慕，赞赏admission n.允许进入；承认admit vt.承认；准许…进入adopt vt.收养；采用；采取advance vi.前进；提高n.进展advanced a.先进的；高级的advantage n.优点，优势；好处adventure n.冒险；惊险活动adverb n.副词advertisement n.广告；登广告advisable n.明智的；可取的advise vt.劝告；建议；通知aeroplane n.飞机affair n.事情，事件；事务affect vt.影响；感动affection n.慈爱，爱；爱慕afford vt.担负得起…；提供African a.非洲的n.非洲人agency n.经办；代理；代理处agent n.代理人，代理商aggressive a.侵略的；好斗的agony n.极度痛苦agreement n.协定，协议；同意agriculture n.农业，农艺；农学aid n.帮助，救护；助手aircraft n.飞机，飞行器airline n.航空公司；航线airplane n.飞机airport n.机场，航空站alarm n.惊恐，忧虑；警报alcohol n.酒精，乙醇allow vt.允许，准许；任alloy n.合金；(金属的)成色alone a.单独的ad.单独地alphabet n.字母表，字母系统alter vt.改变，变更；改做alternative n.替换物；取舍抉择although conj.尽管，虽然altitude n.高，高度；高处altogether ad.完全；总而言之aluminium n.铝amaze vt.使惊奇，使惊愕ambition n.雄心，抱负，野心ambulance n.救护车；野战医院amongst prep在…之中(=among)amount n.总数；数量；和ampere n.安培amplify vt.放大，增强；扩大amuse vt.逗…乐；给…娱乐analyse vt.分析，分解，解析analysis n.分析，分解，解析ancestor n.祖宗，祖先anchor n.锚vi.抛锚，停泊ancient a.古代的，古老的angel n.天使，神差，安琪儿anger n.怒，愤怒vt.使发怒angle n.角，角度angry a.愤怒的，生气的ankle n.踝，踝节部announce vt.宣布，宣告，发表announcer n.宣告者；播音员annoy vt.使恼怒；打搅annual a.每年的n.年报anticipate vt.预料，预期，期望anxiety n.焦虑，忧虑；渴望anxious a.忧虑的；渴望的anyway ad.无论如何apart ad.相隔；分开；除去apartment n.一套公寓房间apologize vi.道歉，谢罪，认错apology n.道歉，认错，谢罪apparatus n.器械，仪器；器官apparent a.表面上的；明显的appeal vi.&n.呼吁；申述appear vi.出现；来到；似乎appearance n.出现，来到；外观appetite n.食欲，胃口；欲望appliance n.用具，器具，器械applicable a.能应用的；适当的application n.请求，申请；施用apply vt.应用，实施，使用appoint vt.任命，委任；约定appointment n.任命；约定，约会appreciate vt.欣赏；领会；感谢approach vt.向…靠近n.靠近appropriate a.适当的，恰当的approval n.赞成，同意；批准approve vt.赞成，称许；批准approximately ad.近似地，大约Arabian a.阿拉伯的arbitrary a.随心所欲的；专断的architecture n.建筑学；建筑式样argument n.争论，辩论；理由arise vi.出现；由…引起arithmetic n.算术，四则运算arouse vt.引起，唤起；唤醒arrangement n.整理，排列；安排arrest vt.逮捕，拘留；阻止arrival n.到达；到来；到达者arrive vi.到达；来临；达到arrow n.箭；箭状物artificial a.人工的；娇揉造作的artist n.艺术家，美术家artistic a.艺术的；艺术家的ash n.灰，灰末；骨灰ashamed a.惭愧(的)；羞耻(的)asleep a.睡着的，睡熟的aspect n.方面；样子，外表assemble vt.集合，召集；装配assembly n.集合；集会；装配assess vt.对(财产等)估价assign vt.指派；分配；指定assignment n.任务，指定的作业assist vt.援助，帮助；搀扶assistant n.助手，助理；助教associate vi.交往n.伙伴，同事association n.协会，团体；联合assume vt.假定；承担；呈现assure vt.使确信；向…保证astonish vt.使惊讶，使吃惊astronaut n.宇宙航行员，宇航员athlete n.运动员；田径运动员Atlantic a.大西洋的n.大西洋1atmosphere n.大气；空气；气氛atmospheric a.大气的；大气层的atom n.原子；微粒；微量atomic a.原子的；原子能的attach vt.缚，系，贴；附加attack vt.&vi.&n.攻击，进攻attain vt.达到，获得，完成attempt vt.尝试，试图n.企图attend vt.出席；照顾，护理attention n.注意，留心；注意力attentive a.注意的；有礼貌的attitude n.态度，看法；姿势attract vt.吸引；引起，诱惑attraction n.吸引；吸引力；引力attractive a.有吸引力的attribute vt.把…归因于n.属性audience n.听众，观众，读者August n.八月aural a.耳的，听觉的Australia n.澳大利亚Australian a.澳大利亚的author n.作者，作家authority n.当局，官方；权力auto n.(口语)汽车automatic a.自动的；机械的automation n.自动，自动化automobile n.汽车，机动车auxiliary a.辅助的；附属的available a.可利用的；通用的avenue n.林荫道，道路；大街average n.平均数a.平均的aviation n.航空，航空学avoid vt.避免，躲开；撤消await vt.等候，期待awake a.醒着的vt.唤醒award n.奖，奖品；判定aware a.知道的，意识到的awful a.令人不愉快的awfully ad.令人畏惧的；很awkward a.笨拙的；尴尬的ax n.斧子axis n.轴，轴线；中心线bacteria n.细菌badminton n.羽毛球baggage n.行李bake vt.烤，烘，焙；烧硬balance vt.使平衡；称n.天平band n.乐队；带；波段bang n.巨响，枪声；猛击banner n.旗，旗帜，横幅bar n.酒吧间；条，杆；栅barber n.理发师bare a.赤裸的；仅仅的bargain n.交易vi.议价；成交bark n.吠叫声vi.吠，叫barn n.谷仓；牲口棚barrel n.桶；圆筒；枪管barrier n.栅栏，屏障；障碍basic a.基本的，基础的basically ad.基本上basin n.盆，洗脸盆；盆地basis n.基础，根据bat n.球拍；短棍；蝙蝠bath n.浴，洗澡；浴缸bathe vt.给…洗澡；弄湿bathroom n.浴室；盥洗室battery n.电池；一套，一组battle n.战役；斗争vi.作战bay n.湾；山脉中的凹处B.C. (缩)公元前beach n.海滩，湖滩，河滩beam n.梁；横梁；束，柱bean n.豆，蚕豆bear n.熊；粗鲁的人bear vt.容忍；负担；生育beard n.胡须，络腮胡子beast n.兽，野兽；牲畜beat vt.&vi.打，敲；打败beautiful a.美的，美丽的beef n.牛肉；菜牛beg vt.&vi.乞求；请求beggar n.乞丐，穷人behalf n.利益，维护，支持behave vi.表现，举止；运转behavior n.行为，举止，态度being n.存在；生物；生命belief n.信任，相信；信念believe vt.相信；认为bell n.钟，铃，门铃；钟声belong vi.属于，附属beloved a.为…的爱的n.爱人belt n.带，腰带；皮带；区bench n.长凳，条凳；工作台bend vt.使弯曲vi.弯曲beneath prep.在…下方beneficial a.有利的，有益的benefit n.利益；恩惠；津贴berry n.浆果(如草莓等)beside prep.在…旁边besides ad.而且prep.除…之外bet vt.&vi.&n.打赌betray vt.背叛；辜负；泄漏beyond prep.在…的那边Bible n.基督教《圣经》bill n.账单；招贴；票据billion num.万亿(英)bind vt.捆绑；包扎；装钉biology n.生物学；生态学birthday n.生日，诞生的日期biscuit n.(英)饼干；(美)软饼bite vt.咬，叮，螫；剌穿bitter a.痛苦的；严寒的bitterly ad.苦苦地；悲痛地blade n.刀刃，刀片；叶片blame vt.责备，把…归咎于blank a.空白的n.空白blanket n.毛毯，毯子，羊毛毯blast n.爆炸，冲击波vt.炸blaze n.火；闪光vi.燃烧bleed vi.出血，流血；泌脂blend vt.&vi.&n.混和bless vt.为…祝福blind a.瞎的；盲目的block n.街区vt.堵塞，拦阻bloom n.花；开花，开花期blossom n.花，开花vi.开花blow vi.吹，吹动；吹响boast vi.自夸vt.吹嘘bold a.大胆的；冒失的bolt n.螺栓；插销vt.闩门bomb n.BoB!!! vt.轰炸bond n.联结，联系；公债bone n.骨，骨骼boot n.靴子，长统靴booth n.货摊；公用电话亭border n.边，边缘；边界bore vt.使厌烦；钻，挖born a.天生的；出生的bosom n.胸，胸部；内心boss n.老板，上司vt.指挥bother vt.烦扰，迷惑n.麻烦bough n.树枝bounce vi.反跳，弹起；跳起bound a.一定的；有义务的boundary n.分界线，办界bow n.弓；蝴蝶结；鞠躬bowl n.碗，钵；碗状物box n.箱，盒；包箱；拳击vi.打拳brain n.脑，脑髓；脑力brake n.闸，刹车vi.制动branch n.树枝；分部；分科brand n.商品；烙印vt.铭刻brandy n.白兰地酒brass n.黄铜；黄铜器breadth n.宽度，幅度；幅面breathe vi.呼吸vt.呼吸breed n.品种vt.使繁殖breeze n.微风，和风brick n.砖，砖块；砖状物brief a.简短的；短暂的brighten vt.使发光；使快活brilliant a.光辉的；卓越的brim n.边，边缘；帽沿brisk a.活泼的；清新的bristle n.短而硬的毛；鬃毛Britain n.不列颠，英国British a.不列颠的，英联邦的brittle a.脆的；易损坏的broadcast n.广播，播音broken a.被打碎的，骨折的bronze n.青铜；青铜制品brood n.同窝幼鸟vt.孵(蛋)brook n.小河，溪流broom n.扫帚brow n.额；眉，眉毛brown n.褐色，棕色bruise n.青肿，伤痕；擦伤brush n.刷子，毛刷；画笔brute n.禽兽，畜生bubble n.泡vi.冒泡，沸腾bucket n.水桶；吊桶；铲斗bud n.芽，萌芽；蓓蕾bulb n.电灯泡；球状物bulk n.物体，容积，大批2bull n.公牛；雄的象bullet n.枪弹，子弹，弹丸bunch n.束，球，串；一群bundle n.捆，包，束；包袱burden n.担子，重担；装载量bureau n.局，司，处；社，所burst vt.使爆裂vi.&n.爆炸bury vt.埋葬，葬；埋藏butcher n.屠夫；屠杀者butter n.黄油；奶油butterfly n.蝴蝶button n.扣子；按钮vt.扣紧cabbage n.洋白菜，卷心菜cabin n.小屋；船舱，机舱cabinet n.橱，柜；内阁cable n.缆，索；电缆；电报cafeteria n.自助食堂calculate vt.计算；估计；计划calculator n.计算器，计算者calendar n.日历，历书；历法camel n.骆驼camera n.照相机，摄影机camp n.野营，营地，兵营campaign n.战役；运动campus n.校园，学校场地Canada n.加拿大Canadian a.加拿大的canal n.运河；沟渠；管cancel vt.取消，撤消；删去cancer n.癌，癌症，肿瘤candidate n.候选人；投考者candle n.蜡烛；烛形物；烛光candy n.糖果；砂糖结晶cannon n.大炮，火炮；榴弹炮canoe n.独木舟，皮艇，划子canteen n.小卖部；临时餐室canvas n.粗帆布；一块油画布capable a.有能力的，有才能的capacity n.容量；能力；能量capital n.资本，资金；首都captain n.陆军上尉；队长captive n.俘虏，被监禁的人capture vt.捕获，俘获；夺得carbon n.碳care vi.关心，介意n.小心career n.生涯，职业，经历careful a.仔细的；细致的careless a.粗心的，漫不经心的cargo n.船货，货物carpenter n.木工，木匠carpet n.地毯，毡毯，毛毯carriage n.客车厢；四轮马车carrier n.运输工具；运载工具carrot n.胡罗卜carry vt.携带；运载；传送cart n.二轮运货马车carve vt.刻，雕刻；切开case n.情况；事实；病例case n.箱(子)，盒(子)，套cash n.现金，现款cassette n.盒式录音带；盒子cast vt.投，扔，抛；浇铸castle n.城堡；巨大建筑物casual a.偶然的；随便的catalog n.目录，目录册catch vt.捉住；赶上；领会cathedral n.总教堂；大教堂cattle n.牛；牲口，家畜cause n.原因，理由；事业cave n.山洞，洞穴，窑洞cease vi.&vi.&n.停止，停息ceiling n.天花板，顶蓬celebrate vt.庆祝；歌颂，赞美cell n.细胞；小房间cellar n.地窑，地下室cement n.水泥；胶泥vt.粘结centigrade a.百分度的centimetre n.公分，厘米central a.中心的；主要的centre n.中心；中枢vt.集中century n.世纪，百年ceremony n.典礼，仪式；礼节certainly ad.一定，必定；当然certainty n.必然；肯定certificate n.证书，证件，执照chain n.链，链条，项圈challenge n.挑战；要求，需要chamber n.会议室；房间；腔champion n.冠军，得胜者chance n.机会，机遇；可能性change n.改变，变化；零钱channel n.海峡；渠道；频道chapter n.章，回，篇character n.性格；特性；角色characteristic a.特有的n.特性charge vt.索价；控告n.费用charity n.施舍；慈善事业charming a.迷人的，可爱的chart n.图，图表；海图chase n.追逐，追赶，追求cheap a.廉价的；劣质的cheat vt.骗取；哄vi.行骗check vt.检查；制止n.检查cheek n.面颊，脸蛋cheer vt.使振作；欢呼cheerful a.快乐的，愉快的cheese n.乳酪，干酪chemical a.化学的n.化学制品chemist n.化学家；药剂师chemistry n.化学cheque n.支票cherry n.樱桃；樱桃树chess n.棋；国际象棋chest n.胸腔，胸膛；箱子chew vt.咀嚼，嚼碎chicken n.小鸡，小鸟；鸡肉chief a.主要的；首席的childhood n.童年，幼年；早期childish a.孩子的；幼稚的chill vt.使变冷n.寒冷chimney n.烟囱，烟筒；玻璃罩chin n.颏，下巴china n.瓷器，瓷料chocolate n.巧克力；巧克力糖choice n.选择，抉择choke vt.使窒息；塞满choose vt.选择，挑选；情愿chop vt.砍，劈；切细vi.砍Christian n.基督教徒；信徒Christmas n.圣诞节cigarette n.香烟，纸烟，卷烟cinema n.电影院；电影，影片circuit n.电路；环行；巡行circular a.圆的；循环的circulate vt.使循环vi.循环circumference n.圆周，周长，圆周线circumstance n.情况，条件；境遇citizen n.公民；市民，居民civil a.公民的；文职的civilization n.文明，文化；开化civilize vt.使文明；教育claim vt.声称，主张；索取clap vi.拍手vt.拍，轻拍clarify vt.澄清，阐明clasp n.扣子，钩子；别针classical a.古典的；经典的classification n.分类分级；分类法classify vt.把…分类classmate n.同班同学classroom n.教室，课堂claw n.爪，脚爪，螯clay n.粘土，泥土；肉体clean a.清洁的；纯洁的clear a.清晰的vt.清除clearly ad.明白地，清晰地clerk n.店员；办事员，职员clever a.聪明的；机敏的cliff n.悬崖，峭壁climate n.气候；风土，地带climb vi.攀登，爬vt.爬cloak n.斗篷；覆盖(物)closely ad.紧密地，接近地clothe vt.给…穿衣服clue n.线索，暗示，提示clumsy a.笨拙的；愚笨的coach n.长途公共汽车coal n.煤，煤块coarse a.粗的，粗糙的coast n.海岸，海滨(地区)cock n.公鸡；雄禽；旋塞code n.准则；法典；代码coffee n.咖啡，咖啡茶coil n.(一)卷；线圈vt.卷coin n.硬币；铸造(硬币)collapse vi.倒坍；崩溃，瓦解collar n.衣领，项圈colleague n.同事，同僚collect vt.收集vi.收款collection n.搜集，收集；收藏品collective a.集体的；集合性的college n.学院；大学collision n.碰撞；冲突3colonel n.陆军上校；中校colony n.殖民地；侨居地color n.颜色，彩色；颜料column n.柱，支柱，圆柱comb n.梳子vt.梳理combination n.结合，联合；化合combine vt.使结合；兼有comfort n.舒适；安慰vt.安慰comfortable a.舒适的，安慰的command vt.命令，指挥；控制commander n.司令官，指挥员comment n.评论，意见；注释commerce n.商业，贸易；社交commercial a.商业的；商品化的commission n.委任状；委员会commit vt.犯(错误);干(坏事) committee n.委员会；全体委员common a.普通的；共同的commonly ad.普通地，一般地communicate vi.通讯；传达；传播communication n.通讯；传达；交通communism munist主义communist munistparty员community n.社区；社会；公社companion n.同伴；共事者；伴侣company n.公司，商号；同伴comparative a.比较的，相对的compare vt.比较，对照；比作comparison n.比较，对照；比似compass n.罗盘，指南针；圆规compel vt.强迫，迫使屈服compete vi.比赛；竞争；对抗competent a.有能力的；应该做的competition n.竞争，比赛compile vt.编辑，编制，搜集complain vi.抱怨，拆苦；控告complaint n.抱怨；怨言；控告complete a.完整的；完成的completely ad.十分，完全地complex a.结合的；复杂的complicate vt.使复杂；使陷入complicated a.复杂的，难懂的component n.组成部分；分；组件compose vt.组成，构成；创作composition n.构成；作品；写作compound n.化合物；复合词comprehension n.理解；领悟comprehensive a.广泛；理解的compress vt.压紧，压缩comprise vt.包含，包括；构成compromise n.妥协，和解compute vt.计算，估计，估算computer n.计算机，电脑comrade n.同志，亲密的同伴conceal vt.把…隐藏起来concentrate vt.集中；聚集；浓缩concentration n.集中；专注；浓缩concept n.概念，观念，设想concern n.关心，挂念；关系concerning prep.关于concert n.音乐会，演奏会conclude vt.推断出；结束conclusion n.结论，推论；结尾concrete n.混凝土；具体物condemn vt.谴责，指责；判刑condense vt.压缩，使缩短condition n.状况，状态；环境conduct n.举止，行为；指导conductor n.售票员；(乐队)指挥conference n.会议，讨论会confess vt.供认，承认；坦白confidence n.信任；信赖；信心confident n.确信的，自信的confine vt.限制；禁闭confirm vt.证实，肯定；批准conflict n.争论；冲突；斗争confuse vt.使混乱，混淆confusion n.混乱；骚乱；混淆congratulate vt.祝贺，向…道喜congratulation n.祝贺；祝贺词congress n.大会；国会，议会conjunction n.接合，连接词connect vt.连接，连结；联系connection n.连接联系；连贯性conquer vt.征服，战胜；破除conquest n.攻取，征服；克服conscience n.良心，道德心conscious a.意识到的；有意的consciousness n.意识觉悟；知觉consent n.同意，赞成vi.同意consequence n.结果，后果consequently ad.因此，因而，所以conservation n.保存，保护；守恒conservative a.保守的n.保守的人consider vt.认为；考虑；关心considerable a.相当大的；重要的considerate a.考虑周到的；体谅的consideration n.考虑，思考；体贴consist vi.由…组成；在于consistent a.坚持的，一贯的constant a.经常的；永恒的constitution n.章程；体质；构造construct vt.建造；建设；构筑construction n.建造；建筑；建筑物consult vt.请教，查阅consume vt.消耗，消费；消灭consumption n.消耗量；消耗contact vt.使接触；与…联系contain vt.包含，容纳；等于container n.容器；集装箱contemporary a.当代，同时代的contempt n.轻蔑；藐视；受辱content n.内容，目录；容量content a.满意的，满足的contest vt.争夺，争取；辩驳continent n.大陆；陆地；洲continual a.不断的；连续的continue vt.继续，连续；延伸continuous a.连续不断，持续的contract n.契约，合同；婚约contradiction n.不一致否认contrary a.相反的n.相反contrast n.对比，对照，悬殊contribute vt.捐献，捐助；投稿control vt.控制，克制n.控制convenience n.便利，方便；厕所convenient a.便利的；近便的convention n.习俗，惯例；公约conventional a.普通的；习惯的conversation n.会话，非正式会谈conversely ad.相反地conversion n.转变，转化；改变convert vt.使转变；使改变convey vt.传送；运送；传播convince vt.使确信，使信服cook vt.烹调，煮vt.烧菜cooperate vi.合作，协作；配合coordinate vt.使协调，调节cope vi.对付，应付copper n.铜；铜币，铜制器copy n.抄件vt.抄写，复制cord n. 细绳，粗线，索cordial a.真诚的，诚恳的core n.果实的心，核心corn n.谷物；(英)小麦corner n.角；犄角；边远地区corporation n.公司，企业；社团correct a.正确的vt.纠正correction n.改正，纠正，修改correspond vi.相符合；相当correspondent n.通信者；通讯员corresponding a.相应的；符合的corridor n.走廊，回廊，通路cost n.价格，代价；成本costly a.昂贵的；价值高的cottage n.村舍，小屋cotton n.棉；棉线；棉布council n.理事会，委员会count vt.计算vi.数，计数counter n.柜台；计数器county n.英国的郡，美国的县course n.课程；过程；一道菜court n.法院，法庭；庭院cousin n.堂(或表)兄弟(姐妹)coward n.懦夫；胆怯者crack n.裂缝，裂纹vi.爆裂craft n.工艺；手艺，行业crane n.起重机，摄影升降机crash vi.碰撞，坠落n.碰撞crawl vi.爬，爬行crazy a.疯狂的，荒唐的cream n.奶油，乳脂；奶油色create vt.创造；引起，产生4creative a.创造性的，创作的creature n.生物，动物，家畜credit n.信用贷款；信用creep vi.爬行；缓慢地行进crew n.全体船员cricket n.板球；蟋蟀crime n.罪，罪行；犯罪criminal n.犯人，罪犯，刑事犯cripple n.跛子；残废的人crisis n.危机；存亡之际critic n.批评家，爱挑剔的人critical a.决定性的；批评的criticism n.批评；批判；评论criticize vt.批评；评论；非难crop n.农作物，庄稼；一熟crow n.鸦，乌鸦vi.啼crowd n.群；大众；一伙人crown n.王冠，冕；花冠crude a.简陋的；天然的cruel a.残忍的，残酷的crush vt.压碎，碾碎；镇压crust n.面包皮；硬外皮crystal n.水晶，结晶体；晶粒cube n.立方形；立方cubic a.立方形的；立方的cucumber n.黄瓜cultivate vt.耕；种植；培养culture n.文化，文明；教养cunning a.狡猾的，狡诈的cupboard n.碗柜，碗碟橱；食橱cure vt.医治；消除n.治愈curiosity n.好奇，好奇心；珍品curious a.好奇的；稀奇古怪的curl n.卷毛；螺旋vi.卷曲current a.当前的；通用的curse n.诅咒，咒骂；天谴curtain n.帘，窗帘；幕(布) curve n.曲线；弯vt.弄弯cushion n.垫子，坐垫，靠垫custom n.习惯，风俗；海关customer n.顾客，主顾cycle n自行车，循环daily a.每日的n.日报dairy n.牛奶场；乳制品dam n.水坝，水堤；障碍物damage vt.损害，毁坏n.损害damp a.潮湿的，有湿气的dangerous a.危险的，不安全的daring a.大胆的，勇敢的darling n.亲爱的人；宠儿dash vt.使猛撞；溅n.猛冲data n.数据; 资料dawn n.黎明；开端vi.破晓deadly a.致命的，死一般的deal n.买卖；待遇vt.给予dear a.亲爱的int.啊death n.死，死亡；灭亡debate n.&vi.争论，辩论debt n.债，债务，欠债decade n.十年，十年期decay vi.腐烂；衰败n.腐烂deceit n.欺骗，欺诈deceive vt.欺骗，蒙蔽，行骗December n.十二月decent a.正派的；体面的decide vt.决定，决心；解决decision n.决定，决心；果断deck n.甲板；舱面；层面declare vt.断言；声明；表明decorate vt.装饰，装璜，修饰decrease vi.&n.减少，减少deduce vt.演绎，推论，推断deed n.行为；功绩；契约deepen vt.加深vi.深化defeat vt.战胜，击败；挫败defect n.缺点，缺陷，欠缺defence n.防御；防务；辩护defend vt.保卫，防守define vt.给…下定义；限定definite a.明确的；肯定的definitely ad.一定地，明确地definition n.定义，释义；定界degree n. 程度；度；学位delay vt. 推迟；耽搁；延误delete vi. 删除vt.删除；擦掉delegation n.代表团delicate a.纤细的；易碎的delicious a.美味的，怡人的delight n.快乐vt.使高兴deliver vt.投递，送交；发表delivery n.投递；交付；分娩demand vt.要求；需要；询问democracy n.民主，民主制democratic a.民主的民主政体demonstrate vt.说明论证；表露dense a.密集的；浓厚的density n.密集，稠密；密度deny vt.否定；拒绝相信depart vi.离开，起程；出发department n.部，司局，处，系departure n.离开，出发，起程depend vi.依靠，依赖；相信dependent a.依靠的，依赖的deposit vt.使沉淀；存放depress vt.使沮丧；按下depth n.深度；深厚；深处derive vt.取得vi.起源descend vi.下来，下降；下倾describe vt.形容；描写，描绘description n.描写，形容；种类desert n.沙漠vt.离弃；擅离deserve vt.应受，值得design vt.设计n.设计；图样desirable a.值得相望的；可取的desire vt.相望；要求n.愿望despair n.绝望vi.绝望desperate a.拼死的；绝望的despise vt.鄙视，蔑视despite prep.不管，不顾destination n.目的地，终点；目标destroy vt.破坏；消灭；打破destruction n.破坏，毁灭，消灭detail n.细节；枝节；零件detect vt.察觉，发觉；侦察detection n.察觉，发觉；侦察determination n.决心；决定；确定determine vt.决定；查明；决心develop vt.发展；形成；开发development n.发展；开发；生长device n.器械，装置；设计devil n.魔鬼，恶魔devise vt.设计，发明devote vt.将…奉献，致力于dew n.露，露水diagram n.图解，图表，简图dial n.钟面；拨号盘vt.拨dialect n.方言，土语，地方话dialog n.对话，对白diameter n.直径diamond n.金钢石，钻石；菱形diary n.日记，日记簿dictate vt.&vi.口授；命令dictation n.口授笔录，听写dictionary n.词典，字典differ vi.不同，相异difference n.差别；差；分歧different a.差异的；各种的difficult a.困难的；难对付的difficulty a.困难；难事；困境digest vt.消化；领会n.文摘digital a.数字的，计数的diligent a.勤勉的，勤奋的dim a.昏暗的；朦胧的dimension n.尺寸，尺度；面积dinner n.正餐，主餐；宴会dip vt.浸，蘸vi.浸一浸direct a.直接的；直率的direction n.方向，方位；指导directly ad.直接地；立即director n.指导者；理事；导演dirt n.尘，土；污物，污垢dirty a.脏的；下流的disable vt.使无能，使伤残disadvantage n.不利，不利地位disagree vi.有分歧；不一致disappear vi.不见，失踪；消失disappoint vt.使失望，使受挫折disaster n.灾难，灾祸；天灾disk n.圆盘，唱片；磁盘discard vt.丢弃，抛弃，遗弃discharge vt.释放；排出n.释放discipline n.纪律；训练vt.训练disclose vt.揭开，揭发；透露discourage vt.使泄气，使灰心discover vt.发现；暴露，显示discovery n.发现；被发现的事物discuss vt.讨论，谈论；论述disease n.病，疾病；病害disguise vi.隐瞒，掩埋n.假装disgust n.厌恶，憎恶dish n.碟，盘子；菜肴5dishonour n.不光彩；丢脸的人dismiss vt.不再考虑；解雇disorder n.混乱，杂乱；骚乱display vt.陈列，展览；显示disposal n.丢掉，处理，销毁dispose vi.去掉，丢掉；销毁displease vt.使不愉快，使生气dispute vi.争论，争执n.争论dissatisfy vi.使不满，使不平dissolve vt.使溶解；解散distance n.距离，间距；远处distant a.在远处的，疏远的distinct a.与其他不同的distinction n.差别，不同，区分distinguish vt.区别，辨别，认别distress n.忧虑，悲伤；不幸distribute vt.分发，分送；分布distribution n.分发，分配；分布district n.区；地区，区域disturb vt.打扰，扰乱；弄乱ditch n.沟，沟渠，渠道dive vi.跳水；潜水；俯冲diverse a.不一样的，相异的divide vt.分；分配；分开division n.分，分配；除法divorce n.离婚，离异vi.离婚dock n.船坞；码头；船厂domestic a.本国的；家庭的donkey n.驴；笨蛋dorm n.宿舍dormitory n.集体寝室；宿舍dose n.剂量，用量；一剂dot n.点，圆点vt.打点于doubt n.怀疑；疑虑vt.怀疑doubtful a.难以预测的；怀疑的doubtless ad.无疑地；很可能downward a.向下的ad.向下地dozen n.一打，十二个draft n.草稿；汇票vt.起草drag vt.拖，拉；拖曳dragon n.龙；凶暴的人drain vt.排去；放水n.耗竭drama n.一出戏剧，剧本dramatic a.引人注目的，戏剧的draw vt.画，划；拖；拨出drawer n.抽屉drawing n.图画，素描；绘图dread n.畏惧；KB vt.惧怕dream n.梦；梦想vi.做梦dress n.女服，童装；服装drift vi.漂流，漂泊n.漂流drill n.钻头；操练vi.钻孔drink vt.饮vi.喝n.饮料drip vi.滴下；漏水n.水滴drop vt.使落下；降低drought n.旱灾，干旱drown vi.淹死，溺死drug n.药，药物，药材drum n.鼓；鼓状物，圆桶drunk a.醉的；陶醉的dry a.干的，干燥的due a.预期的；应给的dull a.枯燥的；不鲜明的dumb a.哑的；无言的dump vt.倾卸，倾倒；倾销durable a.耐久的，耐用的duration n.持续，持久during prep.在…期间dwelling n.住处，寓所dye vt.染n.染料；染色dying a.垂死的；临终的dynamic a.有活力的；动力的each pron.各，各自a.各eager a.渴望的，热切的eagle n.鹰ear n.耳朵；听力，听觉early ad.早a.早的，早期的earn vt.赚得，挣得；获得earnest a.认真的，诚恳的earthquake n.地震；大震荡ease n.容易，舒适vt.缓和easily ad.容易地；舒适的eastern a.东方的；朝东的echo n.回声，反响vi.重复economic a.经济的，经济学的economical a.节约的；经济学的economy n.经济；节约，节省edge n.边缘，边；刀口edition n.版，版本，版次editor n.编辑，编者，校订者educate vt.教育；培养；训练education n.教育训导；教育学effect n.结果；效果，效力effective a.有效的；有影响的efficiency n.效率；功效，效能efficient a.效率高的，有能力的effort n.努力；努力的成果elaborate a.复杂的；精心制作的elastic n.松紧带a.有弹性的elbow n.肘，肘部；弯管elect vt.选举，推选；选择election n.选举，选择权；当选electric a.电的，电动的electrical a.电的，电气科学的electricity n.电，电学；电流electron n.电子electronic a.电子的electronics n.电子学element n.成分；要素；元素elementary a.基本的；初级的elephant n.象elevator n.电梯；升降机eliminate vt.消灭，消除，排除elimination n.消灭，排除，消除else ad.其它，另外a.别的elsewhere ad.在别处，向别处embarrass vt.使窘迫，使为难embrace vt.拥抱；包括；包围emerge vi.出现，涌现；冒出emergency n.紧急情况，突然事件emit vt.散发；发射；发表emotional a.感情的，情绪的emperor n.皇帝emphasis n.强调，重点，重要性emphasize vt.强调，着重empire n.帝国employ vi.雇用；用；使忙于employee n.受雇者，雇员，雇工employer n.雇佣者，雇主employment n.工业；雇用；使用enclose vt.围住，圈起；附上encounter vt.遭遇，遇到n.遭遇encourage vt.鼓励，支持，助长endure vt.忍受；容忍enemy n.敌人；仇敌；敌兵energy n.活力；精力；能enforce vt.实施，执行；强制engage vt.使从事于；聘用engine n.发动机，引擎；机车engineer n.工程师，技师engineering n.工程，工程学enlarge vt.扩大，扩展；放大enormous a.巨大的，庞大的ensure vt.保证；保护；赋予entertain vt.使欢乐；招待enthusiasm n.热情，热心，热忱enthusiastic a.热情的，热心的entire a.全部的，整个的entitle vt.给…权利(或资格)entrance n.入口，门口；进入entry n.入口处；登记；进入envelope n.信封；封套；封皮environment n.环境，外界；围绕envy vt.&n.妒忌；羡慕equal a.相等的；平等的equality n.等同，平等；相等equation n.方程(式)；等式equip vt.装备，配备equipment n.装备，设备，配备equivalent a.相等的；等量的era n.时代，年代；纪元erect vt.建造；使竖立error n.错误，谬误；差错escape vi.逃跑；逸出n.逃跑especially ad.特别，尤其，格外essay n.短文，散文，小品文essential a.必要的，本质的establish vt.建立，设立；确立establishment n.建立，设立，确立estimate vt.估计，评价n.估计European a.欧洲的n.欧洲人evaluate vt.评价，估…的价evaporate vt.使蒸发vi.蒸发eve n.前夜，前夕，前一刻even ad.甚至；甚至更，还even a.均匀的；平的event n.事件，大事；事变eventually ad.终于；最后ever ad.在任何时候；曾经evidence n.根据；证据，证人evident a.明显的，明白的evil n.邪恶；祸害a.坏的evolution n.进化，演化；发展evolve vt.使进化；使发展6exactly ad.确切地；恰恰正是exaggerate vt.&vi.夸大，夸张examination n.考试；检查，细查examine vt.检查，仔细观察example n.例子，实例；模范exceed vt.超过，胜过；超出exceedingly ad.极端地，非常excellent a.优秀的，杰出的except prep.除…之外exception n.例外，除外excess n.超越；过量；过度excessive a.过多的，极度的exchange vt.交换；交流n.交换excite vt.使激动；引起exciting a.令人兴奋的exclaim vi.呼喊；惊叫exclude vt.把…排除在外exclusively ad.专门地excursion n.远足；短途旅行excuse vt.原谅；免除n.借口execute vt.将…处死；实施executive a.执行的n.执行者exercise n.锻炼，训练vi.练习exert vt.尽(力)，运用exhaust vt.使筋疲力尽；用尽exhibit vt.显示；陈列，展览exhibition n.展览，陈列；展览会exist vi.存在；生存，生活existence n.存在，实在；生存exit n.出口；退场vi.退出expand vt.扩大；使膨胀expansion n.扩大，扩充；扩张expect vt.预料，预期；等待expectation n.期待，期望，预期expense n.花费，消费；费用expensive a.昂贵的，花钱多的experience n.经验，感受；经历experiment n.实验；试验experimental a.实验的，试验的expert n.专家a.熟练的explain vt.解释；为…辩解explanation n.解释，说明；辩解explode vt.使爆炸vi.爆炸exploit vt.剥削；利用；开拓explore vt.&vi.探险，探索explosion n.爆炸，爆发，炸裂explosive n.de-tona-tor a.爆炸的export vt.输出，出口；运走expose vt.使暴露；揭露exposure n.暴露；揭露；曝光express vt.表示n.快车，快递expression n.词句；表达；表情extend vt.延长；扩大；致extension n.延长部分；伸展extensive a.广阔的；广泛的extent n.广度；范围；程度exterior a.外部的；对外的external a.外部的，外面的extra a.额外的ad.特别地extraordinary a.非同寻常的，特别的extreme a.极度的；尽头的extremely ad.极端，极其，非常eyesight n.视力，目力facility n.设备；容易；便利factor n.因素；因子，系数faculty n.才能，能力；系，科fade vi.褪色；逐渐消失Fahrenheit n.华氏温度计failure n.失败；失败的人faint a.微弱的；虚弱的fair n.定期集市；博览会fairly ad.相当；公平地faith n.信任，信心；信仰faithful a.忠诚的；如实的false a.不真实的；伪造的fame n.名声，名望familiar a.熟悉的；冒昧的famine n.饥荒；严重的缺乏famous a.著名的，出名的fan n.(运动等)狂热爱好者fan n.扇子，风扇vt.扇fancy n.想象力；设想；爱好fare n.车费，船费，票价farewell int.再会n.告别fashion n.样子，方式；风尚fashionable a.流行的，时髦的fasten vt.扎牢，扣住fatal a.致命的；命运的fate n.命运，天数father n.父亲；神父；创始人father-in-law n.岳父；公公fatigue n.疲劳，劳累fault n.缺点；过失；故障faulty a.有错误的，有缺点的favour n.好感；赞同；恩惠favourable a.有利的；赞成的favourite a.特别受喜爱的fear n.害怕；担心vt.害怕fearful a.害怕的，可怕的feasible a.可行的；可能的feast n.盛宴，筵席；节日feather n.羽毛；翎毛；羽状物feature n.特征，特色；面貌February n.二月federal a.联邦的；联盟的fee n.费，酬金；赏金feeble a.虚弱的；微弱的feed vt.喂(养) vi.吃饲料feedback n.回授，反馈，反应feel vi.有知觉vt.触，摸feeling n.感情；感觉，知觉fellow n.人，家伙；伙伴female n.雌性的动物；女子fence n.栅栏fertile a.肥沃的；多产的fertilizer n.肥料festival n.节日；音乐节fetch vt.拿来；请来，接去fever n.发热，发烧；狂热fibre n.纤维，纤维质fiction n.小说；虚构，杜撰fierce a.凶猛的，狂热的figure n.数字；外形；人物file n.档案vt.把…归档fill vt.装满，盛满；占满film n.影片；胶卷；薄层filter vt.过滤n.滤纸final a.最后的；决定性的finally ad.最后；不可更改的finance n.财政，金融；财源financial a.财政的，金融的find vt.找到；发觉；找出finding n.发现；调查的结果fine a.美好的；纤细的；罚金，罚款finger n.手指；指状物finish vt.完成，结束n.结束fireman n.消防队员；司炉工firm n.商行，商号，公司first num.第一ad.最初fish n.鱼，鱼肉vi.钓鱼fisherman n.渔民，渔夫，打鱼人fist n.拳(头)fit vt.适合；安装vi.适合fix vt.使固定；决定flag n.旗，旗帜；旗舰旗flame n.火焰；光辉；热情flare vi.闪耀vt.使闪亮flash n.闪光vi.闪，闪烁flat a.平的，扁平的flat n.一套房间；单元住宅flavour n.味，味道；风味fleet n.舰队；船队，机群flesh n.肉，肌肉；肉体flexible a.易弯曲的；灵活的flight n.航班；飞行；逃跑float vi.漂浮vt.使漂浮flock n.羊群，群；大量flood n.洪水vt.淹没flour n.面粉，粉；粉状物质flourish vi.繁荣，茂盛，兴旺flow vi.流动；飘垂；涨潮flower n.花，花卉；开花flu n.流行性感冒fluent a.流利的，流畅的fluid n.流体，液体flush vi.奔流；(脸)发红focus vi.聚焦，注视n.焦点fold vt.折叠；合拢n.褶folk n.人们，家属，亲属follow vt.跟随；结果是following a.接着的；下列的fond a.喜爱的；溺爱的food n.食物，食品，养料fool n.蠢人，傻子vt.欺骗foolish a.愚蠢的；鲁莽的forbid vt.禁止，不许；阻止force vt.强迫n.力，力量forecast n.预测，预报vt.预示forehead n.额头，前部foreign a.外国的；外来的foreigner n.外国人foremost a.最初的；第一流的forest n.森林；森林地带forever ad.永远，总是，老是forget vt.忘记，遗忘forgive vt.原谅，饶恕，宽恕fork n.餐叉；叉；分叉form n.形式；形状vt.形成formal a.正式的；礼仪上的formation n.形成；构成；形成物former a.在前的n.前者formula n.公式，式forth ad.向前；向外，往外fortnight n.两星期，十四天fortunate a.幸运的，侥幸的fortunately ad.幸运地，幸亏fortune n.命运，运气；财产forty num.四十，第四十forward ad.向前；今后，往后found vt.创立，创办；建立foundation n.基础；地基；基金fountain n.泉水，喷泉；源泉four num.四，四个，第四fourteen num.十四，第十四fourth num.第四，四分之一fox n.狐狸；狡猾的人fraction n.小部分；片断；分数fragment n.碎片，破片，碎块frame n.框架，框子；构架framework n.框架，构架，结构France n.法国，法兰西frank a.坦白的，直率的freedom n.自由；自主freely ad.自由地；直率地freeze vi.冻；结冻vt.使结冰freight n.货运；货物；运费French a.法国的n.法国人frequency n.屡次；次数；频率frequent a.时常发生的；经常的frequently ad.时常，常常fresh a.新的；新鲜的friction n.摩擦，摩擦力fridge n.电冰箱friendly a.友好的，友谊的friendship n.友谊，友好frighten vt.使惊恐，吓唬frog n.蛙frontier n.边境；边疆；新领域frost n.冰冻，严寒；霜frown vi.皱眉，蹙额fruit n.水果；果实；成果fruitful a.多产的；肥沃的fry vt.油煎，油炸，油炒fuel n.燃料vt.给…加燃料fulfil vt.履行；满足；完成full a.满的；完全的fun n.乐趣，娱乐；玩笑function n.功能；职务；函数fund n.资金；基金；存款fundamental a.基础的，基本的funeral n.葬礼，丧礼，丧葬funny a.古怪的；滑稽的fur n.软毛；毛皮，裘皮furious a.狂怒的；狂暴的furnace n.炉子，熔炉；鼓风炉furnish vt.供应，提供；装备furniture n.家具；装置，设备further ad.更远地a.更远的furthermore ad.而且，此外future n.将来，未来；前途gain vt.获得；增加n.增进gallery n.长廊，游廊；画廊gallon n.加仑game n.游戏；比赛；猎物gang n.一帮，一伙gap n.缺口；间隔；差距garage n.车库；加油站garbage n.垃圾，污物，废料gardener n.园丁，花匠gas n.煤气；气体；汽油gaseous a.气体的，气态的gasoline n.(美)汽油gasp vi.气喘，喘息gauge vt.量，测量n.量器7。

Part Ⅰ Writing (30 minutes)注意：此部分试题在答题卡1上． For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a short essay entitled Nothing Succeeds Without a Strong Will by commenting on the humorous saying, "Quitting smoking is the easiest thing in the world. I've done it hundreds of times." You should write at least 120 words but no more than 180 words.Part II Reading Comprehension (Skimming and Scanning)Why Integrity MattersWhat is Integrity? The key to integrity is consistency--not only setting high personal standards for oneself (honesty, responsibility, respect for others, fairness) but also living up to those standards each day. One who has integrity is bound by and follows moral and ethical standards even when making life's hard choices, choices which may be clouded by stress, pressure to succeed, or temptation. What happens if we lie, cheat, steal, or violate other ethical standards? We feel disappointed in ourselves and ashamed. But a lapse of integrity also affects our relationships with others. Trust is essential in any important relationship, whether personal or professional. Who can trust someone who is dishonest or unfair? Thus, integrity must be one of our most important goals. Risky Business We are each responsible for our own decisions, even if the decision-making process has been undermined by stress or peer pressure. The real test of character is whether we can learn from our mistake, by understanding why we acted as we did, and then exploring ways to avoid similar problems in the future. Making ethical decisions is a critical part of avoiding future problems. We must learn to recognize risks, because if we can't see the risks we're taking, we can't make responsible choices. To identify risks, we need to know the rules and be aware of the facts. For example, one who doesn't know the rules about plagiarism may accidentally use words or ideas without giving proper credit, or one who fails to keep careful research notes may unintentionally fail to quote and cite sources as required. But the fact that such a violation is "unintentional" does not excuse the misconduct. Ignorance is not a defense."But Everybody Does It" Most people who get in trouble do know the rules and facts, but manage to fool themselves about the risks they're taking by using excuses: "Everyone else does it," "I'm not hurting anyone,” or "I really need this grade." Excuses can get very elaborate: "I know I'm looking at another's exam, even though I'm supposed to keep my eyes on my own paper, but that's not cheating because I'm just checking my answers, not copying." We must be honest about our actions, and avoid excuses. If we fool ourselves into believing we're not doing anything wrong, we can't see the real choice we're making--and that leads to bad decisions. To avoid fooling yourself, watch out for excuses and try this test: Ask how you would feel if your actions were public and anyone could be watching over your shoulder. Would you feel proud or ashamed of your actions? If you'd rather hide your actions, that's a good indication that you're taking a risk and rationalizing it to yourself.Evaluating Risks To decide whether a risk is worth taking, you must examine the consequences, in the future as well as right now, negative as well as positive, and to others as well as to yourself. Those who take risks they later regret usually focus on immediate benefits ("what's in it for me"), and simply haven't considered what might go wrong. The consequences of getting caught are serious, and may include a "0" on a test or assignment; an "F" in the class; suspension or dismissal from school; transcript notation; and a tarnished reputation. In fact, when you break a rule or law, you lose control over your life, and give others the power to impose punishment: you have no control overwhat that punishment might be. This is an extremely precarious and vulnerable position. There may be some matters of life and death, or highest principle, which might justify such a risk, but there aren't many things that fall in this category.Getting Away With It--Or Not Those who don't get caught pay an even higher price. A cheater doesn't learn from the test, depriving him/herself of an education. Cheating undermines confidence and independence: the cheater is a fraud, and knows that without dishonesty, he/she would have failed. Cheating destroys self-esteem and integrity, leaving the cheater ashamed, guilty, and afraid of getting caught. Worst of all, a cheater who doesn't get caught the first time usually cheats again, not only because he/she is farther behind, but also because it seems "easier." This slippery slope of eroding ethics and bigger risks leads only to disaster. Eventually, the cheater gets caught, and the later he/she gets caught, the worse the consequences. Students have been dismissed from school because they didn't get this simple message: Honesty is the ONLY policy that works.Cheating Hurts Others, Too Cheaters often feel invisible, as if their actions "don't count" and don't really hurt anyone. But individual choices have a profound cumulative effect. Cheating can spread like a disease, and a cheater can encourage others just by being seen from across the room. Recent statistics suggest 30% or more of college students cheat. If a class is graded on a curve, cheating hurts others' grades. Even if there is no curve, cheating "poisons" the classroom, and others may feel pressured to join in. ("If I don't cheat, I can't compete with those who do.") Cheating also has a destructive impact on teachers. The real reward of good teaching is seeing students learn, but a cheater says, "I'm not interested in what you're trying to teach; all I care about is stealing a grade, regardless of the effect on others." The end result is a blatant and destructive attack on the quality of your education. Finally, cheating can hurt the reputation of the University, and harm those who worked hard for their degree.Why Integrity Matters If cheating becomes the norm, then we are in big trouble. We must rely on the honesty and good faith of others every day. If not, we couldn't put money in the bank, buy food, clothing, or medicine from others, drive across a bridge, get on a plane, go to the dentist--the list is endless. There are many examples of the vast harm that is caused when individuals forget or ignore the effect their dishonesty can have. The savings and loan scandal, the stock market and junk bond swindles, and, of course, Watergate, have undermined the faith of many Americans in the integrity of political and economic leaders and society as a whole. Such incidents take a tremendous toll on our nation's economy and our individual well-being. For example, but for the savings and loan debacle, there might be funds available to reduce the national debt and pay for education. In sum, we all have a common stake in our school, our community, and our society. Our actions do matter. It is essential that we act with integrity in order to build the kind of world in which we want to live.1. A person of integrity not only sets high moral and ethical standards but also _______。

2011年12月全国大学英语四级等级考试试题及答案Part I WritingDirections: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a short essay on the topic of Where There I a Will There Is a Way. You should write at least 120 words following the outline given below: Where There Is a Will There Is a Way 1．坚强的意志是成功的重要保证。

．坚强的意志是成功的重要保证。

2．意志坚定的人才能完成伟大的使命，3．学生也是这样，不刻苦学习，才用。

才用。

注意：此部分试题在答题卡1上．For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a short essay entitled Nothing Succeeds Without a Strong Will by commenting on the humorous saying, "Quitting smoking is the easiest thing in the world. I've done it hundreds of times." You should write at least 120 words but no more than 180 words. Part II Reading Comprehension (Skimming and Scanning) Why Integrity Matters What is Integrity? The key to integrity is consistency--not only setting high personal standards for oneself (honesty, each day. One who has responsibility, respect for others, fairness) but also living up to those standards integrity is bound by and follows moral and ethical standards even when making life's hard choices, choices which may be clouded by stress, pressure to succeed, or temptation. What happens if we lie, cheat, steal, or violate other ethical standards? We feel disappointed in ourselves and ashamed. But a lapse of integrity also affects our relationships with others. Trust is essential in any important relationship, whether personal or professional. Who can trust someone who is dishonest or unfair? Thus, integrity must be one of our most important goals. Risky Business We are each responsible for our own decisions, even if the decision-making process has been undermined by stress or peer pressure. The real test of character is whether we can learn from our mistake by understanding why we acted as we did, and then exploring ways to avoid similar problems in the future. Making ethical decisions is a critical part of avoiding future problems. We must learn to recognize risks, because if we can't see the risks we're taking, we can't make responsible choices. To identify risks, we need to know the rules and be aware of the facts. For example, one who doesn't know the rules abouto keep plagiarism may accidentally use words or ideas without giving proper credit, or one who fails careful research notes may unintentionally fail to quote and cite sources as required. But the fact that such a violation is "unintentional" does not excuse the misconduct. Ignorance is not a defense. "But Everybody Does It" Most people who get in trouble do know the rules and facts, but manage to fool themselves about the risks they're taking by using excuses: "Everyone else does it," "I'm not hurting anyone," or "I really need this grade." Excuses can get very elaborate: "I know I'm looking at another's exam, even though I'm supposed to keep my eyes on my own paper, but that's not cheating because I'm just checking my answers not copying." We must be honest about our actions, and avoid excuses. If we fool ourselves into believing we're not doing anything wrong, we can't see the real choice we're making--and that leads to bad decisions. To avoid fooling yourself, watch out for excuses and try this test: Ask how you would feel if your actions were public, and anyone could be watching over your shoulder. Would you feel proud or ashamed of your actions? If you'd rather hide your actions, that's a good indication that you're taking a risk and rationalizing it to yourself. Evaluating Risks To decide whether a risk is worth taking, you must examine the consequences, in the future as well as right now, negative as well as positive, and to others as well as to yourself. Those who take risks the later regret usually focus on immediate benefits ("what's in it for me"), and simply haven't considered what might go wrong. The consequences of getting caught are serious, and may include a "0" on a test o assignment; an "F" in the class; suspension or dismissal from school; transcript notation; and a tarnished reputation. In fact, when you break a rule or law, you lose control over your life, and give others the power to impose punishment: you have no control over what that punishment might be. This is an life and death, or highest extremely precarious and vulnerable position. There may be some matters of principle, which might justify such a risk, but there aren't many things that fall in this category. Getting Away With It--Or Not Those who don't get caught pay an even higher price. A cheater doesn't learn from the test, depriving him/herself of an education. Cheating undermines confidence and independence: the cheater is a fraud, and knows that without dishonesty, he/she would have failed. Cheating destroys self-esteem and integrity, leaving the cheater ashamed, guilty, and afraid of getting caught. Worst of all, a cheater who doesn't get caught the first time usually cheats again, not only because he/she is farther behind, but also because it seems "easier." This slippery slope of eroding ethics and bigger risks leads only to disaster. Eventually, the cheater gets caught, and the later he/she gets caught, the worse the consequences. Students have been dismissed from school because they didn't get this simple message: Honesty is the ONLY policy that works. Cheating Hurts Others, Too Cheaters often feel invisible, as if their actions "don't count" and don't really hurt anyone. But individual choices have a profound cumulative effect. Cheating can spread like a disease, and a cheater can encourage others just by being seen from across the room. Recent statistics suggest 30% or more of college students cheat. If a class is graded on a curve, cheating hurts others' grades. Even if there is n curve, cheating "poisons" the classroom, and others may feel pressured to join in. ("If I don't cheat, I can't compete with those who do.") Cheating also has a destructive impact on teachers. The real reward of good teaching is seeing students learn, but ⑧.a cheater says, "I'm not interested in what you're trying to teach; all I care about is stealing a grade, regardless of the effect on others." The end result is a blatayour education. Finally, cheating can hurt the reputation of the and destructive attack on the quality of University, and harm those who worked hard for their degree. Why Integrity Matters If cheating becomes the norm, then we are in big trouble. ⑨.We must rely on the honesty and good faith of others every day. If not, we couldn't put money in the bank, buy food, clothing, or medicine from others, drive across a bridge, get on a plane, go to the dentist--the list is endless. There are many example of the vast harm that is caused when individuals forget or ignore the effect their dishonesty can have. The savings and loan scandal, the stock market and junk bond swindles, and, of course, ⑩.Watergate, have undermined the faith of many Americans in the integrity of political and economic leaders and society as a whole. Such incidents take a tremendous toll on our nation's economy and our individual well-being. For example, but for the savings and loan debacle, there might be funds available to reduce the national debt and pay for education. In sum, we all have a common stake in our school, our community, and our society. Our actions do matter. It is essential that we act with integrity in order to build the kind of world in which we want live. 1. A person of integrity not only sets high moral and ethical standards but also _______。

School of International Business Administration，ZISUSolutions to Assignment A(Note: Assignment A should be finished and handed in on May 2, 2012)I. Interpret the following terms and concepts. (5x3 =15 points)1. Economics: Economics is the study of how individuals and societies choose to use the scarce resources that nature and previous generations have provided.2. Equilibrium: The condition that exists when quantity supplied and quantity demanded are equal.3. Price elasticity of demand: The ratio of the percentage of change in quantity demanded to the percentage of change in price; measures the responsiveness of demand to changes in price.4. Opportunity cost: The best alternative that we give up when we make a choice or decision.5. Marginal benefit: The benefit of a one-unit increase in an activity, or it is what you gain when you get one more unit of something.II. Answer the following questions briefly. (4x5 =20 points)1. What are the three basic questions that microeconomics must answer?Answer: what gets produced? How is it produced? Who gets what is produced?2. What are the five types of elasticity?Answer: Perfectly inelastic, inelastic, unitarily elastic, elastic, perfectly elastic.3. List several key factors that influence the quantity of a product demanded by a single household. Answer: The price of the product, the income available to the household, the household’s accumulated wealth, the prices of other products available to the household, the household’s tastes and preferences, the household’s expectations about the future income, wealth and prices.4. How to distinguish between a change in quantity demanded and a shift of demand?Answer: Change in price of a product leads to change in quantity demanded, ceteris paribus, which is some movement along a demand curve. Change in income, preferences, or prices of other products leads to change in demand, holding price constant, which is a shift of the demand curve.III. Problems solved by calculation (10 + 10 + 10 + 10 + 10 = 50 points)1. Suppose the demand and supply curves for eggs in United States are given by the following equations: Q d =100 -20P; Q s =10 +40P, where Q d = millions of dozens of eggs Americans would like to buy each year; Q s = millions of dozens of eggs U.S farms would like to sell each year; P=price per dozen eggs. (10 points)b. Use the information in the table to find the equilibrium price and quantity.c. Graph the demand and supply curves, and identify the equilibrium price and quantity.Answer:b. Equilibrium means quantity demanded equals quantity supplied. From Q d =100 -20P = Qs =10 +40P, we obtain the equilibrium price P $1.50 and equilibrium quantity Q = 70 million dozen eggs.c.1.50Quantity5.002. By using the midpoint formula, calculate elasticity for each of the following changes in demand by a household. Judge the household ’s demand for each of the following good or service is elastic, inelastic or unit elastic. (10 points)第3页Answer:a. 5.02/4.01.0-=-=∆P P ；667.02/900300==∆Q Q 33.15.0667.0==∆∆=PP Q Q e d >1 So t he household’s dem and for long-distance telephone is elastic.b. 237.069.14.0==∆P P ；154.0132-=-=∆Q Q 65.0237.0154.0==∆∆=PP Q Q e d <1 So t he household’s demand for orange juice is inelastic.c. 286.05.103==∆P P ；286.075.15.0-=-=∆Q Q1=∆∆=PP Q Q e dSo t he household’s demand for cooked shrimp is unit elastic.3. The following table gives a hypothetical total utility schedule for Tom (a person ’s name) to consume cookies. (10 points)a. Calculate Tom ’s marginal utility schedule.b. Draw a graph of total and marginal utilityc. Suppose Tom knows his total utility schedule for him to consume cookies. If cookies cost Tom 5 cents each, what is the maximum number of cookies he would most likely buy?Answer: a.450Number of cookies10015020025030035040010Number of cookies2030405060708090100c. The maximum that he would most likely buy would be 6 because the seventh yields no marginal utility.4. Assume that Jim is a rational consumer who consumes only two goods, good X and good Y .Jim ’s utility function is , where X and Y represent the quantities consumed of goods X and Y , respectively. (10 points)a. Assume that Jim ’s income is $90, the price of good X is $5 per unit, and the price of good Y is $10 per unit. What is Jim ’s consumer equilibrium? Sketch the equilibrium point on an indifference curve graph.b. If the price of good X is increased to $10 per unit while the price of good Y is decreased to $5 per unit, what is Jim ’s consumer equilibrium? Sketch the equilibrium point on an indifference curve graph.c. If Jim ’s income is increased to $180 while the prices of the two goods do not change, what is Jim ’s consumer equilibrium? Sketch the equilibrium point on an indifference curve graph.Answer:a . The utility-maximizing combination is called consumer equilibrium.First, Jim ’s consumer equilibrium is achieved when there existsSecond, Jim ’s consumer equilibrium must be made on his budget line which is given by the equation ，where and represent prices of good X and good Y, respectively; represents Jim ’s income.Marginal utility function for good X is equal to utility function ’s partial derivative to good X, i.e., Similarly, marginal utility function for good Y is given by(1)4/12/14Y X U =yyx x P MU P MU =M Y P X P y x =+x P y P M()4/12/14/12/124Y X X Y X X U MU x -=∂∂=∂∂=()4/32/14/12/14-=∂∂=∂∂=Y X YY X Y U MU y y y x x P MU P MU =Y X Y X Y X 410524/32/14/12/1=⇒=⇒--第5页(2)By solving equations (1) and (2), we gain Jim ’s consumer equilibrium:So Jim would buy 12 units of good X and 3 units of good Y to maximize his utility 。

为你的作文加分：英语四级六级写作亮眼词汇1. 认为，主张argue, maintain, hold, believe2. 考虑take…sth. into consideration, consider, ponder, meditate, contemplate, think over, reflect on/ upon, meditate on the matter(思考这问题), ponder over3. 下结论，断定come into conclusion, arrive at the conclusion, draw the conclusion, conclude, decide, assert(宣称)4. 获得acquire, obtain, attain, reap5. 赢得，取得earn, gain, procure6. 支持，赞成approve of, in favor of, uphold, stand by one's side, agree with, give one's assent7. 提倡advocate, recommend8. 反对opposite, object to9. 抵制resist10. 意义深远的，重大的far-reaching, profound, significant, eventful(变故多的,重要的)11. 重要的，有决定性的vital, crucial, critical, decisive12. 充分运用optimize, make best use of, make full use of,13. 使用employ, utilize(vt.)14. 应用apply15. 后来，然后afterwards, later on, later, after all16. 高兴的，心情好的be in a good mood, happy, cheerful, joyful, Joyous, pleased, delighted17. 当前，目前nowadays, at present, currently, presently18. 表达voice, convey, express, deliver, communicate19. 描绘，描述，描写depict, describe, picture20. 勤奋的，勤勉的diligent, studious(慎重的), industrious, assiduous21. 认真的，谨慎的conscientious, cautious22. 冷静的，清醒的sober, reasonable, sensible, rational23. 聪明的，有才智的intelligent，bright，wise，brilliant24. 疲惫不堪的exhausted，fatigued，run-down，worn-out，weary25. 适应be adapted to，be accustomed to，be adjusted to26. 阻碍，阻止hinder(后面的), curb(路边), hamper, restrain, prevent, ward off, avoid27. 好处，优点advantage，merit，benefit28. 坏处，缺点disadvantage, defect, flaw, drawback, deficiency29. 参加participate in, attend, take part in, go in for, engage in30. 集中精力于focus on, center on, concentrate on31. 专心于set one's mind on32. 抽出时间做set aside, put aside, spare33. 依赖，依靠rely on, lean on34. 沮丧的，失意的frustrated, discouraged, depressed, down-hearted, disheartened, low-spirited35. 努力做，尽力做attempt to, make efforts to, endeavor(尽力) to, manage to do36. 进步，成就，成绩advancement, achievement, accomplishment, feat, fulfillment, progress (v)37. 志气，抱负，渴望aspiration, ambition, yearning, thirst, long for, aspire after/ aspire to sth./ aspire to do sth.38. 禁止ban, disallow(不接受), prohibit, forbid, ban sth./ ban sb. from doing39. 除……之外apart from, in addition to, along with40. 开展，实施，做practice, carry on, conduct, perform, implement (Bring into effect, put in practice.)41. 强调，突出lay/ place emphasis on, attach emphasis to, stress on, highlight, underline(划线, 强调)42. 优秀的outstanding, perfect, brilliant, remarkable, distinguished, excellent, splendid, first-rank, first-class43. 实现，完成achieve, accomplish, fulfill, complete44. 把……看作，当作regard as , consider as, look on….as, treat… as, view …as45. 珍爱，珍惜，重视cherish, treasure, value, attach importance to46. 全面的，彻底的sheer, utter, thorough47. 注定be doomed to, be destined to48. 解释account for , illustrate, clarify49. 起作用play a role, perform, function, serve, play a part50. 证实，证明testify, confirm, verify, turn out51. 遇到，碰到come across, meet with, encounter, confront52. 粗俗的，不雅的vulgar, unrefined, obscene, improper, foul, crude, coarse, rough53. 教育性的，启发性的instructive, educational, enlightening54. 难以置信的，惊人的fantastic, incredible, unusual, unbelievable, exceptional, extraordinary, marvelous, notable, noteworthy, striking, amazing, appalling(令人震惊的, 骇人听闻的), shocking, astonishing, surprising55. 迷人的，吸引人的enchanting, charming, appealing, alluring, fascinating, attractive, fetching(动人的), absorbing(有趣的), pretty, beautiful56. 扩展，扩大expand, broaden, widen, extend, enlarge, spread57. 请教，咨询consult, return to , resort to(诉诸于)58. 等不及，渴望can't wait to , be eager to/for , long for, yearn for/to/after, hunger for/after, look forward to59. 忧虑的，不安的anxious, uneasy, troubled, concerned, restless60. 有机会stand a chance of , have an opportunity to, have a chance to61. 有偏见的，偏心的biased, prejudiced, partial, discriminative62. 为了for the sake of, in order to ,so as to, on the purpose of63. 事实上in reality, in effect , as a matter of fact ,practically, virtually, actually64. 低等的，次要的inferior, junior, minor, secondary, lesser, insignificant65. 明智的，合理的advisable, sensible, rational, sane, logical, reasonable66. 提高improve, increase, enhance, raise, elevate, grow67. 给予，捐赠，赠予impart(传授), denote, contribute, give68. 使信服convince, persuade, assure, confirm69. 有敌意的，反对的hostile, adverse, aggressive70. 方法，手段method, approach, means, measure, mode71. 减少，削弱reduce, decrease, diminish, lessen, lower72. 全部的，全面的entire, overall, comprehensive73. 唯一的，仅有的sole, single, unique74. 教授tutor, coach, educate75. 显示point to , indicate, demonstrate, reflect, manifest76. 缩短，减少shorten, cut down77. 滋生，产生breed, cultivate, develop, produce78. 节约的，节俭的economical, thrifty, frugal, prudent(谨慎的), saving, sparing(节俭的，保守的)79. 建立construct, build, set up, put up, found, establish80. 迟早，最终eventually, sooner or later, at length, ultimately, finally81. 遭受，遭遇be subjected to, sustain, encounter, suffer82. 在我看来，就我而言in my view, in my belief, as far as I can see, in my mind, as far as I am concerned, in my opinion83. 想出，想到come up with, cross one's mind, occur to sb, put forward, point out84. 与……相联系be connected with, be linked to ,be relevant to, have sth to do with85. 需要call for, require, demand, need86. 真诚的，诚实的，正值的sincere, truthful, genuine, upright87. 轻视，藐视despise, contempt(n), belittle(vt), distain(v. 使变脏, 伤害名誉)88. 假的，伪造的fake, deceptive(欺骗性的), disguised(伪装), cheating89. 涌入flood into, overflow into, crowd into, swarm(v./n. 涌往，挤满) in90. 合作cooperate, join forces, work side by side, make joint efforts91. 建设性的，有益的constructive, helpful, valuable, useful92. 遵守abide by(vi. 坚持, 遵守vt. 容忍), observe, conform93. 目的，目标purpose, objective, aim94. 易于，倾向于be prone to, be liable to, tend to, incline to, be likely to95. 重复的repetitively, repeatedly, over and over, time and again, again and again96. 失业的unemployed, laid-off, jobless, workless97. 熟悉，知道be acquainted with, be familiar with, be informed of98. 解决，处理resolve, settle, deal with, cope with, manage, work on99. 必要的，不可缺少的indispensable, essential, necessary100. 影响affect, impact, have effect on101. 意识到be aware of, be conscious of, realize, recognize102. 消费consume, expend103. 专心于set one's mind on sth, concentrate on, be absorbed in, be engrossed in, be lost in, be occupied in, be attentive on, pay attention to104. 决心做be determined to do, make up one's mind to do, decide to do105. 足够的，充足的sufficient, adequate, ample106. 吸收，消化assimilate, digest, grasp, absorb, comprehend107. 永久的，长期不变的permanently, enduringly, lastingly, constantly108. 过时的go out of style, go out of fashion109. 抛弃，放弃desert, abandon, quit110. 吸引allure(v.), captivate, fascinate ,tempt111. 因为due to, owing to, thanks to, result from, because of112. 巨大的tremendous, immense, huge, gigantic, giant, enormous113. 不计其数的countless, endless, unlimited, innumerable, immeasurable,incalculable, numberless, numerous114. 具体的，明确的concrete, specific, particular, definite, special115. 逐步的，逐渐的step by step, little by little, bit by bit, gradually116. 令人厌倦的boring, dull, monotonous, annoying, irritating117. 熟人acquaintance118. 伙伴associate, companion119. 密友，知己intimate, confidant120. 坚持不懈地perseverant, persistent, relentless(无情的)121. 不屈服的unyielding122. 坚持的insistent123. 有决心的determined, resolute, resolve124. 坚决的firm125. 教育性的，启发性的instructive, educational, enlightening126. 有意义的meaningful, significative127. 有价值的valuable128. 占有，持有，拥有occupy, hold, own, possess129. 珍贵的，昂贵的precious, valuable, valued, prized, cherished, treasured, dear, costly, high-priced130. 上升increase, ascend to(追溯到), go up, rise, mount, on the rise, roar131. 提前ahead of time, ahead of schedule, beforehand, in advance, prior to132. 冷淡的，漠不关心的indifferent, unconcerned, uninterested, chilly(寒冷的) 133. 恢复restore, recover, regain(v. 恢复, 重新获得), resume134. 迷人的，吸引人的enchanting, charming, appealing, alluring, fascinating, attractive135. 强烈的，激烈的keen, intense, fierce, violent, strong (heavy)136. 繁荣的，兴旺的prosperous, flourishing, thriving, booming137. 富裕的affluent, wealthy, well-off138. 壮丽的，引人注目的splendid, grand, magnificent, superb, striking, impressive, grand, marvelous, wonderful139. 位于be located, be situated, stand, sit, lie140. 能力capability, competence, capacity, faculty, talent141. 各种各样的 a variety of, various, diverse, all kinds of, all sorts of142. 显示，反映demonstrate, reflect, manifest, indicate, point to, reveal143. 胜过，比……优越have the edge on144. 突然的，出其不意的abruptly, unexpectedly, suddenly145. 胜过，超过outweigh, exceed, surpass146. 空前的，无前例的unprecedented147. 罕见的exceptional, unusual, uncommon, rare148. 承受，经历undergo, endure, live with ,go through, experience149. (整体)由……组成be made up of, consist of, be comprised of, be composed of 构成(整体), constitute150. 毋庸置疑的，确信的unquestionably, indisputably, undeniably, out of question, going without saying, unsurprisingly, undoubtedly, It is no wonder that…definitely 151. 娱乐，乐趣entertainment, amusement。

2011年12月英语四级真题及答案1作文真题范文及点评Nothing Scucceeds Without a Strong Will by commenting on the humorous saying, "Quitting smoking is the eaiest thing in the world. I'va done it hundreds of times." You should write at least 120 words but no more than 180 words.Part I WritingNothing Succeeds Without a Strong WillNothing runs smoothly in our life. To achieve things successfully, a strong will is essential. Life is like a Marathon. Many people can’t get to the terminal. This is not because they are lack of vit ality but because theirwill of success is not strong enough.To take quitting smoking as an example, some regard it as a piece of cake. They make up their minds to quit it in the morning, but in the evening they feel that the smell of cigarettes is tempting. Their throats are sore, their mouths are thirsty, and their hands are shaking. After the painful mental struggle, they tell themselves that “One cigarette is enough. Just take one, and the next day I will quit it.” By doing this, they surrender to th eir weak will. In the end, they have quitted smoking “a hundred times”, but in no time they succeed.Just like quitting smoking, nothing succeeds without a strong will. To be successful in one’s life, a strongwill means that you know where you go and you will persist on the road you choose. Undoubtedly success belongs to those who overcome their weak will and who hang in there until the last minute文章点评：本文属于话题类作文，只看题目“Nothing Succeeds without a strong will”考生会觉得比较抽象，难以下手。

临近四级考试还有一个月的时间，不妨将该月平均划分三期，前10天为第一期，中间10天为第二期，最后10天为第三期（可按自身情况制定不同时间间隔，但确保三阶段）。

之所以如此，是基于所谓的过程化管理理论，即将目标散化并合理置于各管理阶段中，以有效完成阶段性管理任务，从而实现最终目标。

而且，从实际操作角度来说，对三个10天的分别操控，难度上大大低于对一个30天的操控，考生可以在充实有效地复习过程中不知不觉完成最后的备考直至冲刺。

那么这三期中，前期重点为阅读和听力，中期重点为写作（含翻译）和听力。

最后一期为全套模拟题训练。

之所以如此安排，是因对阅读和写作而言，前者目标更难达至，故置前，只因阅读作为一种输入过程，不由己身，视输入对象而有不同心理感触和答题反应；而写作，作为一种输出过程，由己而发，得分高低跟内心句型储存量成正比，在模版盛行的今天，倒是可以通过多背记一些普适性优秀句型，从而得分，不会毫无斩获。

另外，这三期中听力是从始至终贯穿的，它除了起到良好的催眠作用外，每天坚持两个小时的精听和一个小时的泛听对提高听力成绩很有帮助，它最能证明坚持就是胜利的道理。

精听可以往年真题或模拟题（甚或六级听力题目）为材料，并做题，重点是长对话和短文听力，泛听即找来一些新闻类（BBC/VOA/CRI）或者网络下载听力材料进行训练，无需做题。

相信这样点面结合，坚持30天左右，会亲眼看到成效。

下面是具体的操作建议。

（1）前期----第一个10天期间，重点：阅读和听力。

上午：首先阅读然后听力。

题目来源即是往年真题，若已做过，再快速做一遍，对于曾做错的题目进行重复回看，教训要吸取，痛楚要记恨，如：“沉着气地将四个选项看完后再做选择，不可轻易选择着急付出”，并将此类教训醒目地贴于每天必看之处，（如床头，镜前等等）。

做完上述内容后若有时间，还可选择近几年的六级阅读进行训练。

其实阅读过程最是学习过程，很多人通过备考，英语水平提高了，这其中，大量阅读题目的练习，功不可没。

2011年12月大学英语四级真题及答案（仔细阅读部分）仔细阅读：Passage One ：Absence of girls removes pressure to conform to masculine stereotype ，claims US researcher美国研究者认为，男女分校有利于帮男生消除男性形象的压力美国研究者认为，男女分校有利于帮男生消除男性形象的压力Rachel Williams The Guardian ，Wednesday 20 January 2010 Boys' schools are the perfect place to teach young men to express their emotions and are more likely to get involved in activities such as art ， dance and music ， according to research released today ． 据今日发布的研究表示，男校是教育年轻男性表达情感最佳的地点，也更有可能让他们进行艺术、跳舞和音乐等活动。

进行艺术、跳舞和音乐等活动。

Far from the traditional image of a culture of aggressive masculinity in which students either sink or swim ，the absence of girlsgives boys the chance to develop without pressure toconform to a stereotype ， the US study says ．这项美国研究说明，与传统文化形象强调的凡事靠自己、与传统文化形象强调的凡事靠自己、进取向上的男性特征不同，进取向上的男性特征不同，进取向上的男性特征不同，学学校里没有女生，给了男生在没有典型形象压力下自主发展的机会。

2011年12月大学英语四级试题及答案汇总(完整版完整版) )Part I Writing 【标准版】Nothing Succeeds Without a Strong Will Nothing runs smoothly in our life. To achieve things successfully, a strong will is essential. Life is like a Marathon. Many people can’t get to the terminal. This is not because they are lack of vitality but because their will of success is not strong enough. To take quitting smoking as an example, some regard it as a piece of cake. They make up their minds to quit it in the morning, but in the evening they feel that the smell of cigarettes is tempting. Their Their throats throats throats are are are sore, sore, sore, their their their mouths mouths mouths are are are thirsty, thirsty, thirsty, and and and their their their hands hands hands are are are shaking. shaking. shaking. After After After the the the painful painful mental struggle, they tell themselves that “One cigarette is enough. Just take one, and the next day I I will will will quit quit quit it.” it.” it.” By By By doing doing doing this, this, this, they they they surrender surrender surrender to to to their their their weak weak weak will. will. will. In In In the the the end, end, end, they they they have have have quitted quitted smoking “a hundred times”, but in no time they succeed.Just like quitting smoking, nothing succeeds without a strong will. To be successful in one’s life, a strong will means means that that that you you you know where know where you you go go go and and and you will you will persist persist on on on the the the road road road you you you choose. choose. Undoubtedly success belongs to those who overcome their weak will and who hang in there until the last minute. 【文章点评】【文章点评】本文属于话题类作文，只看题目本文属于话题类作文，只看题目 “Nothing Succeeds without a strong will”考生会觉得比较抽象，难以下手。

名师何凯文：2012四六级四六级考试的作文题目无非就是两类：第一.和自己发展有关的个人成长成功话题;第二.和社会现象相关的学校社会热点话题;而四六级的写作结构很固定：第一段：引出话题第二段：阐释话题第三段：总结话题第一类话题需要大家说自己的认识，其实就是喊出一些无用的口号，并且的变了方的把这些口号喊的比较复杂，人在成长成功过程中的品质通常包括了：某种品质对成功很重要:可能出现的主题词：顺境与逆境( Favorable Circumstances and adverse Circumstances)勤奋(diligence; painstaking work)谨慎和坚毅(prudence and determination)热情和乐观(, enthusiasm and optimism)博学和求知(learnedness and seeking knowledge/pursuit of knowledge)绝望和坚持(Frustration and perseverance)独立性问(independence)感恩(gratitude)创新( creation and innovation)鼓励(encouragement)自满和谦逊(self-satisfied and modest)合作(cooperation)等：注意替换主题词就可以了.All in all, by cooperation among each other, we will be able to explore a wider world and reach further horizon. Furthermore, whatever difficulty or situation we are confronted with, those who have the spirit of cooperation and team work are nearer to success. Just as John Adams, the second U.S. president quoted from the ancient Greek Aesop’s Fables,“United we stand, divided we fall.”自信：(confidence)Take us youngsters born in the 1990s for example, without confidence/independence , how can we be through with the “GaoKao”, the toughest test in the world, and earn the opportunity to attend this test ? Without confidence, how can we plan to pursue a master or PHD degree?Without confidence, how can we contribute all our energy and enthusiasm to our academic study in the college life ? Obviously, a man is created to strive for excellence and challenge limit. As Martin Luther King put it, “ to hew out of the mountain of despair a stone of hope.”(可以把独立换成考场上需要你写的主题词，比如，the spirit of impendence等)以上两个例子字数也就是180个字，希望同学们背一下，即使这次四六级用不了，下次考研也能用的上的!社会和学校话题：对于学校社会话题同样是喊出口号，分析利弊，不可能写出太多实质的话题：常见的话题：1. 资源保护(Energy and Resource Saving)环境保护( Environmental protection)低碳环保(low-carbon life)旅游对环境的影响(2. 人口增长(The growth of China’s population)3. 家庭问题(The Problem of Domestic or Family Violence)4. 社会保障问题(Social security fund)5. 假冒伪劣产品问题( Counterfeits and unqualified products)食品安全(food safety)6. 消费者权益保护问题( The protection of consumers rights and interests)7. 社会诚信的缺失(Honest is the best policy . It pays to be honest.)It is not hard to notice that without honesty/credibility, hardly can individuals or organizations make money, take profits, let alone obtain wealth in the long term, especially in this fiercely competitive modern world, I argue.我认为，不难发现，要是没有诚信在这样一个竞争激烈的现代社会中，从长期来看个人和组织是很难赚到钱，赚到利润的，更不必说获得财富了。

2011年12月大学英语四级真题【试题完整版及答案完整版详解（包括听力原文详解）】Part Ⅰ Writing (30 minutes)Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a short essay entitled Nothing Succeeds Without a Strong Will by commenting on the humorous saying, "Quitting smoking is the easiest thing in the world. I've done it hundreds of times." You should write at least 120 words but no more than 180 words.Nothing Succeeds Without a Strong Will注意：此部分试题在答题卡1上。

Part Ⅱ Reading Comprehension (Skimming and Scanning) (15 minutes) Directions: In this part, you will have 15 minutes to go over the passage quickly and answer the questions on Answer Sheet 1. For questions 1-7 choose the best answer from the four choices marked A), B), C) and D). For questions 8-10, complete the sentence with the information given in the passage.Why Integrity MattersWhat Is Integrity?The key to integrity is consistency- not only setting high personal standards for oneself (honesty, responsibility, respect for others, fairness) but also living up to those standards each and every day. One who has integrity is bound by and follows moral and ethical (道德上的) standards even when making life's hard choices, choices which may be clouded by stress, pressure to succeed, or temptation.What happens if we lie, cheat, steal, or violate other ethical standards? We feel disappointed in ourselves and ashamed. But a lapse (缺失) of integrity also affects our relationships with others. Trust is essential in any important relationship, whether personal or professional. Who can trust someone who is dishonest or unfair? Thus integrity must be one of our most important goals. Risky BusinessWe are each responsible for our own decisions, even if the decision, making process has been undermined by stress or peer pressure. The real test of character is whether we can learn from our mistake, by understanding why we acted as we did and then exploring ways to avoid similar problems in the future.Making ethical decisions is a critical part of avoiding future problems. We must learn to recognize risks, because if we can't see the risks we're taking, we can't make responsible choices. To identify risks, we need to know the rules and be aware of the facts. For example, one who doesn't know the rules a about plagiarism (剽窃) may accidentally use words or ideas without giving proper credit or one who fails to keep careful research notes may unintentionally fail to quote and cite sources as required. But the fact that such a violation is "unintentional" does not excuse the misconduct, Ignorance is not a defense."But Everybody Does It"Most people who get in trouble do know the rules and facts but manage to fool themselves about the risks they're taking by using excuses: "Everyone else does it." "I'm not hurting anyone", or "I really need this grade." Excuses can get very elaborate: "I know I'm look at another's exam, even though I'm supposed to keep my eyes on my own paper, but that's not cheating because I’mjust checking my answers, not copying." We must be honest about our actions and avoid excuses, if we fool ourselves into believing we're not doing anything wrong, we can't see the real choice we're making - and that leads to bad decisions.To avoid fooling yourself, watch out for excuses and try this test: Ask how you would feel if your actions were public and anyone could be watching over your shoulder. If you'd rather hide your actions, that's an indication that you're taking a risk and rationalizing it to yourself.Evaluating RisksTo decide whether a risk is worth taking, you must examine the consequences, in the future as well as right now, negative as well as positive, and to others as well as to yourself. Those who take risks they later regret usually focus on immolate benefits and simply haven't considered what might go wrong. The consequences of getting caught are serious and may include a "O" on a test or assignment, an "F" in the class, suspension (暂令停学) or dismissal from school and a ruined reputation. In fact, when you break a role or law, you lose control over your life and give others the power to impose punishment that you have no control over. This is an extremely vulnerable (脆弱的) position. There may be some matters of life and death or highest principle, which might justify such a risk, but there aren't many things that fall in this category.Getting Away with it - Or NotThose who don't get caught pay an even higher price. A cheater doesn't learn from the test, which deprives (剥夺) him her of an education. Cheating undermines confidence and independence: the cheater is a fraud, and knows that without dishonesty, he/she would have failed. Cheating destroys self-respect and integrity, leaving the cheater ashamed, guilty and afraid of getting caught.Worst of all, a cheater who doesn't get caught the first time usually cheats again, not only because he/she is farther behind, but also because it seems "easier." This slippery slope of eroding ethics and bigger risks leads only to disaster. Eventually, the cheater gets caught, and the later he/she gets caught, the worse the consequences.Cheating Hurts Other, TooCheaters often feel invisible, as if their actions "don't count" and don't really hurt anyone. But individual choices have an intense cumulative (累积的) effect. Cheating can spread like a disease. Recent statistics suggest 30％or more of college students cheat. If a class is graded on a curve, cheating hurts others' grades. Even if there is no curve, cheating "poisons" the classroom, and others may feel pressured to join in. ("If I don't cheat I can't compete with those who do") Cheating also has a destructive impact on teachers. The real reward of goof teaching is seeing students learn. But a cheater says. "I'm not interested in what you're trying to teach, all I care about is stealing a grade, regardless of the effect on others." The end result is a destructive attack on the quality of your education. Finally, cheating can hurt the reputation of the university and harm those who worked hard for their degree.Why Integrity MartenIf cheating becomes the norm, then we are in big trouble. We must rely on the honesty and good faith of others, if not, we couldn't put money in the bank, buy food, clothing, or medicine from others, drive across a bridge, get on a plane, go to the dentist--the list is endless. There are many examples of the vast harm that is caused when individuals forget or ignore the effect their dishonesty can have. The savings and loan scandal, the stock market and junk bond swindles, and, of course, Watergate, have undermined the faith of many Americans in the integrity of politicaland economic leaders and society as a whole. Such incidents take a tremendous toll on our nation's economy and our individual well-being. For example, but for the savings and loan debacle, there might be funds available to reduce the national debt and pay for education.In sum, we all have a common stake in our school, our community, and our society. Our actions do matter. It is essential that we act with integrity in order to build the kind of world in which we want to live.注意：此部分试题请在答题卡1上作答。