华北石质山区乔、灌木耗水特征比较
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华北石质山区乔、灌木耗水特征比较1史文兵1,刘春鹏2,马长明3,司国玉1,孙双印1(1 河北省塞罕坝机械林场,河北围场 068450;2河北省林业科学研究院,河北石家庄050061;3 河北农业大学林学院,河北保定 071000;)摘要:本研究采用热扩散式液流探针(TDP)法对华北石质山区黄连木(Pistacia chinensis)、刺槐(Robinia pseudoacac)酸枣(Zizyphus jujuba)、荆条(Vitex negundo var. heterophylla)的树干液流进行了监测。
结果表明:(1)四树种的树干液流均呈现“几”字形,其中黄连木呈单峰型,刺槐呈宽峰型,酸枣荆条呈波动状;液流启动黄连木的最早,酸枣和荆条的居中,刺槐最晚;液流停滞黄连木和刺槐晚于酸枣和荆条;液流速度大小为:黄连木>酸枣>荆条>刺槐,日均耗水量为:黄连木>刺槐>酸枣>荆条。
(2)四树种树干液流变化阴天时要比晴天时平缓, 液流启动晴天早于阴天,而停滞则晴天晚于阴天。
(3)不同树干直径的各树种树干液流变化波形基本一致;黄连木树干液流直径大的启动晚,而停滞早,而刺槐则相反;酸枣和荆条不同直径的液流启动与停滞时间几乎一致;除刺槐外,各树种树干液流速度均表现为直径大的小于直径小的,而刺槐则相反;各树种日均耗水量均表现树干直径大的耗水量大。
关键词:树干液流;热扩散式探针法(TDP);耗水量The Comparison of S hrub’s and A rbor’s Water-Consumption Characteristics in the Rocky Mountainous Area of North ChinaShi Wen-bing1,Liu Chun-peng2,Ma Chang-ming3,Si Guo-yu1,Sun shuang -Yin1(1 Saihanba Mechanical Forest Farm, Weichang 068450 Hebei, China;2 Forest Academy ofSciences of Hebei, Shijiazhuang 050061 Hebei, China;3 College of Forestry, Agriculture Universityof Hebei,Baoding 071000 Hebei, China;)Abstract:In this research, to sdudy water-consumption Characteristics of native trees arbor Pistacia chinensis,Robinia pseudoacacia and shrub Zizyphus jujuba,Vitex negundovar.heterophylla, stem sap flow was continuously detected with the thermal dissipation probe (TDP) in the rocky mountainous area of north China. The result was: (1) the variation of stem sap flow velocity of four trees can be all described as “n”shaped curve; the diurnal variations of sap flow veloeity showed as a single-peaked curve for Pistacia chinensis, broad-peaked curve for Robinia pseudoacacia and many-peaked curve for Zizyphus jujube and Vitex negundo var. heterophylla; the sap flow of Pistacia chinensis started earlist, Zizyphus jujube and Vitex negundo var. heterophylla were the next, Robinia pseudoacacia was the last; the sap flow of Pistacia chinensis and Robinia pseudoacacia stopped later than Zizyphus jujube and Vitex negundo var.heterophylla;the order of the sap flow velocity was: Pistacia chinensis >Zizyphus jujuba>Vitex资金项目:河北省林业科研指导计划项目(课题编号:1126419)作者简介:史文兵,女(1982-),满族,林业助理工程师,主要从事森林经营与管理。
责任作者:马长明,男(1980-),主要研究方向为森林培育。
negundovar.heterophylla > Robinia pseudoacacia, and the order of the average of daily water consumption was: Pistacia chinensis > Robinia pseudoacacia > Zizyphus jujuba > Vitex negundovar.heterophylla. (2) The variation extent of stem sap flow of four trees was smaller in cloudy days than in sunny days; the sap flow started earlier and stopped later in sunny days than in sunny days. (3) For four trees with different diameter, the variation extent of stem sap flow was similar; the sap flow of Pistacia chinensis started later and stopped earlier with larger diameter than with smaller diameter; the sap flow of Robinia pseudoacacia started earlier and stopped later with larger diameter than with smaller diameter; for Zizyphus jujube and Vitex negundo var. heterophylla with different diameter, Sap flow started and stopped similarly; being very contrary to Robinia pseudoacacia, the sap flow velocity was smaller with larger diameter than with smaller diameter for all trees; the average of daily water consumption was larger with larger diameter than with smaller diameter for all trees.Key words:sap flow; thermal dissipation probe method (TDP); water consumption;水在植物生命活动中有着极其重要的作用,植物根系吸收土壤中的水分,通过树干运输到叶片中,其中约95%的水分通过蒸腾作用散失到大气中,仅有极少部分被植物吸收储存于细胞中,用于各种代谢活动或其他过程[1]。
尤其在水资源日益匮乏的当今世界,树木耐旱和耗水问题越来越受到国内外相关专家及学者的关注[2-5]。
因此研究植物的耗水特征对于了解植物的生命活动过程及植物与环境之间相互作用的生态关系至关重要。
黄连木(Pistacia chinensis)和刺槐(Robinia pseudoacacia)都耐干旱瘠薄,又能很好的改良土壤,是干旱缺水地区植被恢复的首选树种,同事也是我国北方干旱地区乡土树种。
酸枣(Zizyphus jujuba)和荆条(Vitex negundo var. heterophylla)是太行山区常见的灌木,生长力极强,常与乔木结合,起到水土保持的作用。
因此,研究黄连木、刺槐、酸枣、荆条的耗水特征,对于我国北方干旱区域的植被建设具有重要的意义。
目前研究蒸腾作用的方法很多,有整树容器法、称重法、蒸渗仪法、稳态气孔计法、热扩散式液流探针(TDP)法等[6],本实验采用国内北京雨根科技有限公司设计生产的RR-8210茎流仪(TDP),对乔木树种刺槐、黄连木和灌木树种酸枣、荆条进行树干液流的监测(乔木对胸径大的采用30探针,对于直径小的灌木树种采用10探针),通过比较分析,进而了解乔木与灌木水分利用机制的区别,为我国北方干旱区域造林提供理论依据和技术支持。
1 研究区概况试验区设在河北省平山县岗南镇寺家沟村,属于暖温带半干旱半湿润季风型大陆性气候,年平均气温12.7℃,全年太阳辐射量为131~136千卡·cm-2,全年有效辐射为65.4 kcal·cm-2,多年平均日照时数2600~2750h,年平均降水量609mm,多年平均蒸发量1815.4mm,年平均干燥度为1.38。
多年平均风速2.2m·s-1,土壤为石灰性褐土。
试验地位于阳坡坡中,周围植被乔木有黄连木(Pistacia chinensis)、刺槐(Robinia pseudoacacia)、柿树(Diospyros kaki)、君迁子(Diospyros lotus)、山杏(Prunus sibirica)等;灌木有酸枣(Zizyphus jujuba)、荆条(Vitex negundo var. heterophylla);草本有白羊草(Bothrtochtoa)、黄背草(Themeda triandra)等。