计算机专业英语阅读材料 What is a computer

计算机科学专业介绍Bachelor of ComputerScienceHaving ample knowledge of computer science is something which can give you an insight into a whole new technological world. If you want to gain the same, you can go for bachelor of computer science. Pursuing this course will give you exactly what you need:A strong base to build your career wall.A graduate course in CS will open new doors to you.Try to give it your 100%. Don’t leave any cards unturned. Clear all the doubts you acquire, Ask the professors, discuss issues with the fellow mates or you can go for online assignment helpas well.I have come up with this article to tell you why and how a computer science degree can give benefits to you.The relevant topics that I am going to cover here are:1. What is computer science?2. Topics to study while pursuing a bachelor of computer science3. Why is it beneficial for your career?4. What are the job opportunities?Attention, please! The list is not over yet!I have something special and worth your time…Later in this post, you will get to know what every student who is pursuing bachelor in computer science should know. Interesting? Stick here for few more minutes and see what all you can know.A brief introduction to computer science studiesMoving back to the graduating course, I need to share that bachelors in computer science can provide you with too many opportunities. As a student of CS, you will have multiple options in your hands to choose from. you can see yourself as a software engineer. You can also grow to become an analyst. You can be a developer and list will go on… In all, bachelor of computer science is apt to go for. It will not only developyour skills but also make you an ideal candidate for a number of well-paying jobs.Sounds good? Continue to read and know many other things about computer science and bachelors of computer science.Let’s start by knowing the meaning of computer science.You may already know what computer science is but let me clear the concepts a little more. The field of computer science is breaking new records of popularity , and this is why you will get too many articles talking about CS.What makes this one different than others is the fact that I am dealing with the basics here. Even if you are a newbie to all these , you are going tounderstand every concept completely. By the end of this article, you will be well versed with all the below-mentioned facts relevant to Bachelor of computer science degreeWhat is computer science?Computer science is all about studying the computing and programming. The concept also includes computation in correspondence with a computer system. You will get to learn who computers work for varied concepts to design them, test them and analyze them. The thing that you need to possess before starting your computer science education is a strong command over mathematical concepts. This is because computer science has a mathematical base and to understand the topics in the right manner you will need to befriend mathematics.So, If maths is not your cup of tea, try to mould your interests and spend some more time on mathematics.Concept of STEM:Coming back to the meaning of computer science let me tell you what it is. You can understand it better with the help of an acronym, STEM. Computer science is a blend of STEM.S: Science T: Technology E: Engineering M: MathsIt includes the formation of software, resolving computing issues and developing various ways to use technology efficiently.Now, let’s move forward and know the subjects and topics which you will have to study in the bachelor of computer science…Here is all on which you need to focus immensely:Things on which you need to focus while opting for bachelor of computer scienceWell, let me tell you first that I cannot summarize the whole lot of topics here. Reason? The reason is that the topic of computer science is not limited to a set of five, ten or say fifteen topics. CS is not something which can be categorised so simply.It is a layered concept and consists of too many topics. So, this is the time for valuable advice, ifyou are going to start your way to a computer science degree, then be ready to work hard.Yes, it’s true that nothing is impossible. But, at the same, it is also a fact that to achieve anything you have to work with a proper strategy. If you are used to procrastination, change your habit right now!Be clear with a fact this is something which needs your:● Focus● Time● InterestSet your mind to devote these three things to computer science. Once you will do this, youcan pursue the whole bachelor of computer science easily. There are misconceptions among some students that Computer Science is a tough to do thing… Don’t get tangled in such things, just focus on the bright outcomes which you will receive after finishing your studies.If your thoughts are on the right track, nothing can stop you from carving out a way to success. Just focus, and let your knowledge do the work.So, here is a brief list of the topics which you may need to study keenly.Topics which Bachelor of Computer Science will make you studyIf you are seriously planning to get enrolled for doing bachelor of computer science, then below-mentioned topics are what you are going to study.● Database Management● Theory of Computation Micro Processors Software Engineering● Artificial Intelligence● Computer Networks● Soft Computing● Optimization Techniques● Data Compression● VLSI Design and Testing● Cloud Computing● Quantum Computing● Bio-informatics Algorithms● Embedded Systems● Probability Theory● Digital Electronics● Data Structures● Algorithm Design and Analysis.● Discrete Mathematics.● Graph Theory and combinatorics● Computer Organisation and Architecture Operating Systems● Compiler Design● Normal language and Automata Theory Cryptography and Network Security.● Parallel and Distributive Computing● Image Processing● Information and Coding Theory● Pattern Recognition● Data Mining● Information Retrieval● Machine Learning● Computational geometry● Complexity Theory●Wireless and Mobile Communication●Computer Graphics Simulation and Modelling arrghh!! ! Too much work to do?Don’t get panicked…Trust me , all the efforts which you will put into Bachelor of computer science is going to provide you immense benefits. Once you get yourbachelor degree, you will see yourself in an entirely new environment.You will have a whole set of job opportunities for you. There will be reputed companies to hire you. There will be chances to work in your dream industry… Don’t believe me? Wait, I will give you reasons to rely on my words.Below is a range of benefits of doing bachelor in computer science, read them out. I am sure it will clear all your doubts regarding computer science courses.Here’s the swing to the benefits of pursuing computer science coursesYou can contribute to making things better.Our world is growing more technological day by day. We are witnessing both the brighter and darker aspects of technology. On one side there are technology buffs who are dealing with all wrong things. Yes, you are getting it right- hackers! These are the ones who are creating havoc using their expertiseYou can be the exact opposite to such people. The right use of computer science can really bring noticeable changes around us. You can contribute a valuable part to make the world a better place. There are so many people from this field who have brought betterment in Arts & Science, medicine and engineering. You can create a difference too.You will be on the cutting-edge of ITAfter doing a bachelor of computer science, you will have a store of knowledge regarding Computer and IT. You can become a part of the journey of innovation. Want to know how? Let’s go back, say, 10 years ago. Do you see yourself with all these gadgets which you have now?Of course not! Who had imagined that those years are going to see such revolutionary changes? Well! The computer professionals knew. This is what you can see. Those who are active in this field are the ones who can build better things for future. Thus, they have idea of what kind of things can actually become a reality which is impossible for common mass.So, if you earn a bachelor in computer science, there are chances that you may know about thenext revolutionary changes. Sounds fascinating! Isn’t it?You will join a rapidly growing industryIf we will talk about facts and figures, this industry was at its peak in the 1990s. Since then the employment rate has not seen a major boost. But the fact is that computer-related industry is still at an excellent position. This field is growing a bit every passing day. As per the surveys, computer systems design and related services industry is counted among the top ten fastest growing industries. The computer and IT professionals have the best job and career prospects. The growth scale for software professionals and computer science-related professionals is also increasing. Isn’t this is something to be happy?You can get a chance to work in different industriesWhile pursuing bachelor of computer science, you will get to study multiple topics. By the end of the course, you will have enough knowledge to explore and work in different industries. This means that there will be a wide range of options for you to choose from, not for jobs only but for industries as well.What can be better than this? This is yet another reason which is ample to go for computer science studies. Just focus and choose the best one from the computer science courses. It will develop your skills by providing you with sound analytical and theoretical knowledge.You will get the high-salaried jobWell, this is something everyone aspires for? Right? If you are also on the same thought process, then computer science courses are perfect for you. They can let you have some of the highest salaried jobs. This is not a hidden fact that computer-related jobs are paying better.So, if you are also yearning to grab a job which can enhance your lifestyle, going for a bachelor of computer science is the best choice. There are numerical records available stating that computer science students have been offered better salary packages than others.You will have better job prospects to growAs I already mentioned you would get chances to work in a wide range of industries which ultimately means more jobs. Computer sciencejobs are always available in a large number for students like you. You can also say that there are ample jobs for computer science freshers. This means there are “0” chances that you will not find a job. In fact, you are going to get the freedom to choose the best one for you. So what are you waiting for? Opportunities will be there at your doorstep after a few semesters. All you need to do is to find yourself the best of everything. The right university, college and the right way to study.Expert advice: The journey to completion of your cour se can be hectic. Don’t lose your calm and try hard.Ask for help whenever you need it. Never let hesitation hamper when it comes to gain knowledge Clear your queries.. with yourteachers or friends… In all, you should learn better and move further…By now, you know what computer science is, the three factors on which you need to focus for carrying out the course with perfection, the topics to study in computer science, and what are the benefits of studying computer science is.Now, this is the time to step towards the second most awaited part, i.e., the job opportunities. Let’s move further and know what all you can become with the help of your computer science degree.Job opportunities after studying computer scienceAs you already know there is a multitude of jobs to enter into, I am stating few most trendy ones here. Go through them and set a goal accordingly. There must be one or two of them which will attract you the most.Software DeveloperAs a software developer, you will be responsible for the thorough development, testing, and maintenance of software. ‘The main job is to create software to enable end users to carry out different tasks on different devices.Database administratorBeing a database administrator one has to analyze and assess the data requirements of users. The job includes developing andimproving data resources to facilitate storing and retrieval of critical information.Computer Hardware EngineerIf you will become a Computer Hardware Engineer you be designing, developing and testing computer components including routers, memory devices, and circuit boards. To excel, you will need to develop a blend of expertise and creativity in you.Computer Systems AnalystA system analyst needs to possess a zest to learn the latest trends in technology and research cutting-edge systems. If you want to become one, you will have to analyze an organization’s computer systems andrecommend the needed changes in software and hardware.Computer Network ArchitectThese professionals design, implement and maintain the data communication and networking systems which include LANs ( Local Area Networks, WANs (Wide Area Networks), Extranets and Intranets. As a computer network architect, you will have to develop analytical skills to evaluate networks with perfection.Web DevelopersThese professionals have to assess the requirements of users for information-based resources. They build a technical structure for sites and ensure that all web pages are easilyaccessible and easy-to-download over a number of interfaces and browsers.Information Security AnalystAs an information security analyst, you will create systems to protect websites and information networks from cyber threats and attacks and other breaches. Your major responsibilities would be to research trends and anticipate problems.Computer ProgrammerComputer programmers have to create code that makes the software able to operate as per the intention of software developers. They also debug issues in programs and modify them.Computer and Information systems managerBeing a computer and information systems manager means being able to analyze the technological needs of the company or organization. One has to implement appropriate data systems. If you want to be one you need to master evaluation of software, hardware and networking, and other resources.Project ManagerIn the IT sector, the project managers coordinate the efforts of the whole team which consists of analysts and programmers to complete projects. By growing to the position of project manager, you will have to analyse technical issues and provide tips to increase productivity.Time to unleash the silver card.What every student who is pursuing a bachelor of computer science should know?The answer is every student must know how to get a dream job and ensure lifetime employment. Sounds like another question? Indeed it is. Hey! Don’t get confused… To avoid boredom and confusions, I have kept the answer as short as possible. Read them and find out whether they are apt or not.Following are few things which you need to keep in mind:●Always keep an eye on the latest trends of technology.●Know the right way to present your skills.●Try to learn and understand concepts which are related to computer science.A keen focus on the following will surely help you to be standalone:●Portfolio●Technical Communication●The Unix Concept●Data structures and algorithms●Theory and architecture●Cryptography●Networking & Security●Visualization●Parallelism●Graphics and simulation●Robotics & Machine learning●Languages & DialectsLastly, I would like to remind you the 100% focus thing… remember ? Just give your fullest to your studies. You can ask for help from your seniors, friends, fellow students, etc. If in case reaching the professor seems difficult you can approach online tutors who provide assignment help online and get guidance.Conclusion:Bachelor of computer science is the best start which you can give yourself. It can give you immense benefits on both personal and career fronts. On the one hand, it comes with ample jobopportunities. On another hand, it enriches your knowledge to a notable extent. When you get experts to guide you over issues you get to become better than before. Check out all the aspects of bachelor of computer science degree course and pursue it. You will see the difference and adore it as well.。

Unit 7 The Fundamentals of ComputerSoftwareText 1 Data StructureA data structure is a data type. Its values are composed of component elements that are related by some structure.Since a data structure is a data type, it has a set of operations on its values. In addition, there may be operations that act on its component elements. The operations of a structured data type might not only act on the values of the data type, they might also act on component elements of the data structure.The data type’s arrays and record s are native to many programming languages. By using the pointer data type and dynamic memory allocation, many programming languages also provide the facilities for constructing linked structures. The first two higher-level abstract data types are stacks and queues. They are extremely important to computing.A stack is a data type. Its major attributes are the way the insertion and deletion of its elements. The only element that can be deleted or removed is the one that was inserted most recently. Such a structure is said to have a last-in/first-out (LIFO) behavior.Queues are familiar to us. The line of people waiting for service at a bank is an example of queues. The main feature of queues is that they follow a first-come/first-served rule. In queues, the earliest element inserted is the first served. In social settings, the rule appeals to our sense of equality and fairness.There are many applications of the first-in/first-out (FIFO) protocol of queues in computing. For example, the line of I/O requests waiting for access to a disk drive might be a queue. The line of computing jobs waiting to be run on a computer system might also be a queue.参考译文数据结构数据结构是一种数据类型，其值是由通过某种结构相互关联的组成元素所构成的。

Unit 3Text 11.Match each of the words or phrases with their Chinese meaning.disk 磁盘modem 调制解调器driver 驱动器printer 打印机display 显示器mouse 鼠标keyboard 键盘computer 计算机2.Fill a correct word learned in this text in each of the blanks.(1)The display of the computer is also called______.Screen(2)The function of a ____ is to print the information or data on a piece of paper.printer(3)The keyboard is one of the _____devices.input(4) A modem plays an important role when you want to use the ______.internet3. Translation.(1)我是一个操作员。

I am a computer programmer.(2)什么是电子计算机？What is a electronic computer?(3)我有一个键盘。

I have a keyboard(4)It costs me 4000 Yuan to buy a computer.买一台电脑需要花费我4000元人民币。

(5)I am now finding a file that was deleted by mistake.我正在找一个不小心被我误删的文件。

(6)There was some problems with my mouse. Maybe it’s not clean.我的鼠标器有点问题，也许是它不干净了。

计算机专业英语全部答案(第三版)Unit1EX11 F2 T3 T4 F5 T6 F7 T 8 T 9 T 10FEX2Input hardware, storage hardware, processing hardware, output hardware power, speed, memorycentral processing unitinternal, primary, memorykeyboard, central processing unit, main memory, monitorEX3 PARTA1 F2 D3 G4 C5 B6 A7 E 8 HEX3 PART B1 F2 E3 G4 B5 A6 C7D 8 HEX41 input device2 screen3 manipulates4 instructions5 retrieve6 codes7 hardcopy8 functionEX51 T2 T3 F4 F5 T6 F7 T 8 TUNIT2EX11 T2 F3 T4 F5 T6 F7 T 8 FEX21 sizes, shapes, processing capabilities2 supercomputers, mainframe computers, minicomputers, microcomputers3 mainframe computer4 microcomputer, storage locations5 portables, laptop computers, desktop workstations6 semiconductor7 CPU, memory, storage, devices, processing, users8 microprocessor chipEX3 PARTA1 C2 A3 H4 I5 E6 F7 G 8 JEX3 PARTB1 capacity2 device3 laptop computer4 Portable computers5 Silicon6 semiconductor7 workstation8 Voltage, voltage9 RAM10ROMEX41 portable2 access3 main memory4 sophisticated programs5 processing capabilities6 instructions7 computation8 computer professionalEX51 T2 T3 F4 F5 F6 T7 F 8 T 9 T 10T11F 12T 13 T 14 TUNIT3EX11 T2 F3 T4 T5 T6 T7 F 8 F 9 T 10 F11T 12F 13F 14TEX21 microprocessor2 bus3 register 4control unit5 processor6 binary7 arithmetic, logic 8 milliseconds, microseconds9 instruction 10execution 11megahertz 12wordsize EX3 PARTA1 F2 A3 J4 C5 D6 E7 H 8 I 9 B 10GEX3 PARTB1 Storage 2chip3 buses4 ALU5 register 6control unit7 machine language 8 binary system 9 bits 10computer programEX41 configuration2 decodes3 data bus4 characters5 converts6 synchronize7 circuitry8 internal clockEX51 T2 F3 F4 T5 F6 F7 T 8 T 9 F 10 FUNIT4EX11 F2 T3 T4 F5 F6 T7 F 8 T 9 T 10 F11T 12T 13F 14F 15T 16F17T 18F 19T 20F21T 22FEX2memoryRAMdiskettes, diskschipsparityexpanded, extendedmonochromecacheROMupdatedEX3 PART A1 B2 E3 C4 J5 I6 H 7A 8 F 9 G 10DEX3 PART Bsecondary storagebufferaccesscodedisketteslotterminalsmotherboardbytescreenEX4desktopsoftwareanimationtransferredsophisticatedcompatiblecacheupgradeEX51 T2 F3 F4 T5 T6 T7 T8 F9 T 10 F11T 12F 13F 14T 15T 16F17F 18F 19F 20T21T 22TUnit 5Ex1:1 T2 T3 F4 T5 F6 F7 F 8 T 9 T 10 T11F 12T 13F 14F 15T 16T17F 18T 19F 20F21T 22T 23TEX2mail, courierhub, starlocal area networkpacketsEthernetkilobits per second, megabits per second, gigabits per second circuit switchingreassembledinternet protocol, transmission control protocol datagramsframesbinary, decimalEX3 part A1 C2 E3 B4 F5 A6 D7 H 8 GEX3 part Bhubzippeddecimalframebinary numberinternetpacketbandwidthEX4forwardedreassembledare encapsulatedcableburstysubmitare retransmittedprotocolEX5IP addressnotationdotted-decimalcomputer networkbackgroundsharedgeographicprivacyExercise to the Passage for ReadingEX6有意为维修技师使用所留被弃的、丢失的或损坏了的数据都进了数据桶。

阅读材料参考译文第1章计算机的种类和基本特征数字计算机分为专用型和通用型，从字面意义可以看出，设计专用计算机是用来完成某一个特殊任务的。

指令程序可以串入或永远储存在机器中，虽然缺乏灵活性，但却可以快速有效地完成某一项单独的任务。

为解决复杂的航海问题而设计的专用处理器已经在国外的美国原子潜水艇中建立。

然而，就在不久以前，对绝大多数的应用来说专用计算机都太昂贵了。

只有一些机构需要很少数量的专用计算机，并且专用模型有可能根本不会产生任何效果。

但是现在，定制的微型计算机已经被大量制造来完成诸如监视家庭设备、控制燃料和点火装置、汽车装置系统运行等任务。

并且，快速处理器已经可以用来发展自动设计工具，工程师可以为了专门的目的从经济的角度考虑生产少量的复杂微型计算机芯片。

通用计算机可以存储不同的程序，因此可以在无数的应用中使用。

可以发现，使用不同的指令，计算机可以在前一分钟处理工资表，而在下一分钟处理帐单申请。

可以编写新程序，旧程序可以修改或删除。

限制通用系统灵活性的仅仅是人类的想象能力。

所以，除非特别指出，之后所讨论的“计算机”都是通用数字系统。

人们关心的所有计算机系统都很相似，包括硬件输入、中央处理器和输出。

计算机存储的程序可以快速变化来允许不同申请流的处理，在这些存储程序的指令下，计算机系统可以完成基本的机器指令。

当然，更广泛的不同种类的应用需要不同的系统资源来处理之。

也就是说，用于玩太空侵略的家用个人计算机不可能用于完成美国国家航天航空总署2 计算机专业英语（NA SA）的任务，比如控制监视真实太空中航天飞机的发射。

现代计算机的物理大小各不相同，从可以装满房间到只有一角银币大小的中央处理器（CPU）。

一般来说，系统越大，处理速度越快，存储容量越大，当然价钱也越高。

除此之外，较大的系统能够更好地控制大量更加强大的输入和输出装置。

尺寸达到最小下界的系统可以称为微型计算机或小型计算机。

微型计算机或个人计算机是最小的通用系统。

计算机专业英语课后答案（清华⼤学出版社第⼆版）第⼀章Computer system overview(操作系统概述)I. Pre-reading Questions1.What is a digital computer?The digital computer is a digital system that performs various computational tasks. The word “digital”implies that theinformation in the computer is represented by variables that take a limited number of discrete values. These values are processed internally by components that can maintain a limited number of discrete states. Digital computer is also called electronic computer or computer.2.Are there any differences between the binary number system and the common decimal number system?The decimal digits has ten digits: 0,1,2,,, and 9. The binary number system has two digits: 0 and 1. The binary numbers use a base 2. The decimal digits use a base 10.3.How many types of computers do you know? Name at least four of them. Computers are usually classified into four broad categories: microcomputers, minicomputers, mainframe computers and supercomputers.II Fill in the following blanks.1.Application software is designed to accomplish real-world tasks in fields.2. An 8-bit signed integer can have any value between -128 and 1273. System software controls the computer and enables it to run the hardware and applications software.4. A computer system consists of hardware system and software system .5. List four types of computers: microcomputers, minicomputers , mainframe computers,and s upercomputers .III True or False.1. The software system is the physical equipment that you can see and touch. 1.F2. Typically, a data value is set to zero to represent FALSE and 1 value forTRUE. 2.F3. In the earliest general-purpose computer, most input and output media were magnetic disks. 3. F4.T4. Supercomputers are largest, fastest, and most expensive computer available.5. A computer system consists of hardware system and software system. 5. T IV Matching terms.1、(b) CPUThe processing unit is at the heart of a computer.2、(c) bit A unit of information conveyed by a single binary digit.3、(a) integrated circuit (IC)A complete electronic circuit that packages transistors and other electronic components on a small silicon chip.4、(d) ASCII A system for encoding characters as binary digits.V Translating Terms.(1) coding techniques 编码技术(2) application software 应⽤软件(3) floating point data 浮点数据(4) timesharing 分时，分时技术(5) storage capacities 存储容量VI Choose the best one of the four answers given to fill in each blank.This chapter introduces digital computer, data types, the evolution of computers, and types of computers. 1 is known to all, it’s hard to find a field in 2 computers are not being used. Digital computer, also called electronic computer or computer, is a digital system that 3 various computational tasks. Digital computers use the 4 number system, which has two digits: 0 and 1.By usingvarious coding 5 , groups of bits can be made to represent not only binary numbers 6 other discrete symbols, such as decimal digits or letters of the alphabet. A computer system consists of hardware system and software system. Programs tell the hardware what to do. 7 software is designed to accomplishreal-world tasks in fields such as accounting, entertainment, and engineering. Computers are usually 8 into four broad categories: microcomputers, minicomputers, mainframe computers, and supercomputers. It’s hard to give a 9 definition to each type because computer speeds and storage 10 change rapidly.1. A. As B. It C. As it D. That2. A. what B. which C. where D. when3. A. performs B. carries C. makes D. integrates4. A. decimal B. binary C. Arabian D. American5. A. technique B. Technology C. techniques D. technologies6. A. instead of B. rather than C. but also D. as well7. A. Application B. System C. Word D. Excel8. A. put B. made C. conducted D. classified9. A. precious B. progress C. proceeding D. precise10. A. capacities B. capable C. capabilities D. capacity1.A2. B3. A4. B5. C6. C7. A8. D9. D 1 0.CVII. Translate the following into English.1.By using various coding techniques, groups of bits can be made to represent not only binary numbers but also other discrete symbols.通过应⽤各种编码技术。

Homework of Chapter One1. Chapter 1 Multiple ChoiceSelect the best answer for each question below. When you are finished, check your answers by clicking the 'Check Answers' button at the bottom of the page.1. People, procedures, software, hardware, and data are the five parts of a(n)competency systemcomputer systeminformation system✔software system2. Procedures are typically documented in manuals written bycomputer specialists✔end usersMicrosoftservice providers3. Which of the following is an example of connectivity?datahard diskInternet✔power cord4. Windows 7 is an example of a(n)application softwarebrowseroperating system✔shareware5. The most powerful type of computer.mainframe computersmicrocomputersminicomputerssupercomputers✔6. The system component that controls and manipulates data in order to produce information is called thekeyboardmicroprocessor✔monitormouse7. These devices translate data and programs that humans can understand into a form that the computer can process.displayinput✔outputpointer8. A DVD is an example of a(n)hard diskoptical disc✔output devicesolid-state storage device9. This type of file is created by word processors.worksheetdocument✔databasepresentation10. Many experts are predicting that this revolution is expected to dramatically affect the way we communicate and use computer technology.graphicsinputmemorywireless✔2. Chapter 1 MatchingMatch the definitions with the terms in the box to the right by entering the letter for each term next to its correct definition below.1. e Guidelines people follow when using software.2. f Consists of the step-by-step instructions that tell the computer how to do its work.3. i Software that enables the application software to interact with the computer hardware.4. h The most powerful type of computer.5. a The least powerful and most widely used type of computer.6. c Translates the processed information from the computer into a form that humans can understand.7. g Holds data and programs even after electrical power to the system has been turned off.9. d A type of handheld computer.10. j The largest network in the world.3. Chapter 1 Open-Ended Questions⑴. Explain the five parts of an information system. What part do people play in this system?An information system typically consists of: people, procedures, software, hardware, data, and connectivity. Information systems are used by people in order to increase productivity. Procedures are rules or guidelines for people to follow when using software, hardware, and data. Software is a program that contains the step-by-step instructions that tell the computer how to do its work. Hardware consists of the physical equipment that processes the data to create information. Data consists of raw unprocessed facts, including text, numbers, images, and sounds. Almost all of today's computer systems add an additional part to the information system. This part, called connectivity,typically uses the Internet and allows users to greatly expand the capability and usefulness of their information systems.⑵. What is system software? What kinds of programs are included in system software?System software is “background” software that enables the application software to interact with the computer. System software consists of the operating system, utilities, device drivers, and language translators. It works with application software to handle the majority of technical details.⑶. Define and compare basic and specialized application software.- Describe some different types of basic applications.- Describe some types of specialized applications.Basic or general-purpose applications are widely used in a large number of careers. One of these general-purpose applications is a browser to navigate, explore, and find information on the Internet.Other basic a pplications are word processors, spreadsheets, database management systems, and presentation graphics.Specialized applications are programs that are narrowly focused on specific disciplines and occupations. Some of the best known are multimedia, Web authoring, graphics, virtual reality, and artificial intelligence.⑷. Describe the different types of computers.- What is the most common type?- What are the types of microcomputers?There are four types of computers: supercomputers, mainframe computers, midrange and microcomputers.Microcomputers are the least powerful, yet the most widely used type of computer.There are four types of microcomputers: desktop computers, notebooks, tablets, and handheld computers.⑸. What is connectivity? What are wireless devices and the wireless revolution? What is a computer network? What are the Internet and the Web? What is cloud computing?Connectivity is the capability of the microcomputer to use information from the world beyond one’s desk. Data and information can be sent over telephone or cable lines and through the air so that computers can talk to each other and share information.Wireless devices are wireless mouse, wireless network card and wireless modem etc.Wireless revolution is a revolution that is expected to dramatically affect the way we communicate and use computer technology.Computer network is a communication system connecting two or more computers and their peripheral devices to exchange information and share resources.Internet is a huge computer network available to everyone with a microcomputer and a means to connect to it. It is the actual physical network made up of wires, cables, and satellites as opposed to the Web, which is the multimedia interface to resources available on the Internet.Cloud computing is that data are stored at a server on the Internet and available anywhere the Internet can be accessed.4. Chapter 1 True / False Questions1. The parts of an information system are: people, procedures, software, hardware, data, and connectivity.True False2. The purpose of software is to convert data into information.True False3. Software is another name for a program or programs.True False4. To be a competent computer user, you must understand the essentials of information technology (IT).True False5. Application software is "background" software which helps the computer manage its own internal resources.True False6. System software is a collection of programs.True False7. Antivirus software is a Windows utility that is unnecessary as long as you are careful browsing the Internet.True False8. System software might be described as end user software.True False9. A browser is an example of system software.True False10. Another name for a midrange computer is server.True False5. Chapter 1 Fill in the Blank Questions1. Computer _competency_ refers to acquiring computer-related skills.2. In an information system, the rules or guidelines for people to follow are called _procedures_.3. _Hardware_ is the component of the information system that is described as the equipment that processes data to create information.4. The component of the information system that is described as raw, unprocessed facts, including text, numbers, images, and sounds, is called _ data_.5. _ System software_ is a collection of programs that helps the computer manage its own resources and enables application software to interact with computer hardware.6. _Device drivers_ are classified under system software and are specialized programs designed to allow input or output devices to communicate with the rest of the computer system.7. Application software can be categorized as either general-purpose applications, specialized applications or _ mobile_ applications.8. The general-purpose application used to navigate, explore, and find information on the Internet is called a _ browser_.9. _Mainframe_ computers are not nearly as powerful as supercomputers, but are capable of great processing speeds and data storage.10. The four types of microcomputers are: _desktop_ computers, notebooks, tablets, and handheld computers.。

网址一：/hub/save-computer-from-Hackers网址二：/hub/What-is-Phishing姓名：**学号：************分校：通州（一）原文1.What is Computer Hacking?Computer hacking is a malicious act, so it is important for your computer and data to protect from Hacking. Computer Hacking refers to the process of making malicious modifications to a software or hardware to accomplish an aim outside the original creator's objective. Hackers are usually expert programmers who usually see hacking as a real life application of their skills.Hacking has become a nuisance in recent times and the protection from hacking has become more complex. Infact, the hackers have become so good that even the software giants are feeling a headache. Nintendo recently reported a loss of $975 million due to privacy and Microsoft has lost an estimated $900 million in five years.Well, the Giants are not the only targets of these hackers, even common individuals are not safe. The dangers range from little thefts to sponsored terrorism. These include stealing personal information and spying your activities. They can get to your secrets and destroy your credit. The dangers are possibly endless.How to protect from HackingPrevention is Better Than Cure. The problem of computer hacking has become really serious. But there are some basic methods which are usually the best to guarantee a Hacker-free system. Here, I am going to introduce some basic tips to save your computer and data from hackers.Using Antivirus SoftwareAntivirus software are one of the basic tools for your data and computer to protect from hacking. Antivirus software act as a protecting net that catches any potential threat before it reaches your system. They can prevent unauthorized access to your computer, protects your system from viruses and cloaks your data ports from intruders searching for any opening. The dangers range from little thefts to sponsored terrorism. These include stealing personal information and spying your activities.Nowadays anti virus software are completely automated. Go for the best when choosing anti virus software and make sure that you scan your system for viruses atleast once a week. Norton antivirus from Symantecis one of the leading products in the industry. Avastis another great antivirus tool to protect from hacking.Using FirewallWhat is a Firewall?A firewall is a set of programs located at the network gateway server which protects a private network from unauthorized access from other networks. The term firewall is originally referred to a wall intended to confine a fire.A firewall protects your computer from offensive websites and potential hackers. It keeps your data and information safe from unwanted intruders. Firewalls are designed to prevent unauthorized access to your network, much like a locked door.Thus firewall is a vital tool for your strategy against hackers so don't forget to set up one for your system. Microsoft has a built-in firewall software but you can also try the Symantec firewall.Using Anti Spyware SoftwareWhat is a Spyware?A spyware is a self installing software which secretly gathers information about a person's computing activities such as surfing habits and viewed sites. Spywares are truly a hacker's tool, not only collecting personal information but also interfering with user control by installing additional software and redirecting web browsers.Anti spyware software are designed to save your computer from hackers. They not only protect your computer by detection and removal of spywares but also preventing automatic installation of these malicious programs. Spysweeperis a great anti spyware software to guarantee a spyware free computer.Email SecurityEmail is one of the leading hacker's tools. Hackers use emails to transmit malicious software to your computer. Emails are usually very cheap which gives the hackers loads of opportunities. One of the basic tips to prevent hacking is to be extra careful with emails. The most important tip is that you should never hand out your real email address to a stranger. Never open an email arriving from an unknown source and never try to open an attachment with an email if you don't know the sender. Aviraantivirus is a useful tool to filter your emails for potential threats as well as provide premium protection for your computer.Software updatesHackers are always searching for security gaps in your system. Anti virus and anti spyware software usually lose their effectiveness with time as new and more advanced malicious programs are created by hackers.Its important to go for the latest security software in the market to guaranteemaximum security from threats. Make sure you frequently check out for software updates or set your software to update automatically.Internet SecurityBeing extra careful while surfing is the best way to protect your computer from hackers. Simple precautions can mean the difference between a secure and vulnerable system. A great way to save yourself from hackers is to avoid visiting hacker controlled sites usually committed to porn, free downloads and online gaming. Also be extra careful while downloading something from an unknown source. Never ignore a security warning about a site. Its better to be safe than sorry.Educate YourselfWhen working for an offensive against hackers, the most important step is to educate yourself. Hacking is a dynamic topic with developments arising every moment. Hackers are intelligent and innovative and you should be prepared for it.Computers are vulnerable. No matter what you do, its impossible to be 100% save. Important data like personal detail and credit card information should never be saved directly on a computer. A password protector is a great way to protect this data.Another great way to secure your computer is to use a password on your computer. Well, it can't really save you if your computer gets stolen (in case of a laptop) but can save you from unauthorized people who can reach to your computer.Windows updateMicrosoft Windows is the best OS which comes with almost all the tools to protect you and your computer from hacking. To make the most of this, it is important to keep your windows updated. An easy way to do this is by checking for updates at Microsoft Windows Update. You can also set your windows security software to check for updates automatically so you don't miss anything. ...2. What is a Phishing Attack?Identity theft has become the new white collar crime and it has grown tremendously. Criminals that steal identities use them in a number of ways. One of the most common tricks is to use a stolen identity to open a line of credit. The line of credit is then depleted by the thief and the actual person receives the bill. Identities are also stolen for malicious intent, such as stealing a military officer’s email credentials in hopes of carrying out fictitious orders to troops.Phishing is a relatively new term to describe ploys used by criminals trying to steal identities. Phishing scams are on the rise:"During 2004, close to 2 million U. S. citizens had their checking accounts raided by cyber-criminals. With the average reported loss per incident estimated at $1200, total losses were close to $2 billion. The incidence of phishing e-mails―e-mails thatattempt to steal a consumer’s user name and password by imitating e-mail from a legitimate financial institution –has risen 4,000 percent over the past six months."•What is Phishing VideoThe term “phishing” is based on the term “fishing”. With fishing you bait a hook and try to catch fish. If you do not receive a bite, you often change the type of bait until you start catching fish. With phishing, the bait is typically an email that appears legitimate. The email typically asks for a bank customer to validate their information, however, the email redirects the customer to a fictitious bank site made to look like the legitimate bank site (James, 2005). The criminals hope the customer will not notice the redirected bank site is fictitious and that they will validate their account information. There are numerous phishing emails used as bait and criminals hope the more bait they use, the greater chances someone will fall for the scam.The key to preventing identity theft is awareness. Financial institutions typically do not ask for account information validation. Any emails that ask for account validation or social security numbers, should be validated. The link contained within the email can be checked for legitimacy. These links often go to bogus sites that can easily be determined by the website link. For example, if you bank at and you receive an email that has a link and takes you to .customer.cz, this should raise suspicion. Phishing scams not only use email, but the telephone is also used. A typical scam involves a telephone call with someone impersonating your credit card company and asking you to validate your social security number, date of birth, etc. Credit card companies already have this information and do not need you to validate it. A simple line of defense is to ask the caller for the credit card company’s number and call them back。

What is a computer ∙Computer: A computer is simplya machine. A computer takes dataand turns it into information.∙Data: Data includes facts.Types of data: Text( letters), Numbers,Pictures, Sounds, Video.∙Information: Information is datathat has been given meaning byhumans or a machine. Informationis useful because it producesknowledge and can be used to makedecisions.∙Information Processing Cycle:Stores information or data for lateuse.Describe Each Computer Function ∙Input: Computer accepts data. Youcan input data using a keyboard,clicking a mouse, pointing a stylus,and speaking into a microphone.∙Processing: Computerprocesses(changes) data tocomplete a task you have given it.For example: Performs calculations.∙Output: Computer presents data“after” processing. For example:Screen Display, Printed Report.∙Storage: Saves data/output forlater use. Example: Floppy disk,CD, DVD, Hard Disk, USB Stick. Parts of a computer ∙Hardware: Physical componentsof the computer. If you can touch it,it’s h ardware. Examples: screen,mouse, keyboard.∙Peripherals: Those componentsthat are attached to the computerthrough cables or wirelesstechnology. For example: Printer,Projector, speakers.∙Application Software:Programs (Set of instructions)which tell th e computer “step bystep” what to do. Programs performa specific task/activity. Example:Microsoft Word, Excel.∙Operating System: The mainprogram which runs the computersystem. Examples: Windows XP. Input devices ∙Input device is accepts data. Movesinformation inside the computer for“processing”. Examples: Keyboard,Joystick, Flat-bed Scanner,Magnetic Tape, USB MemoryStick.Output devices ∙Output device is the device thatprocessed data into useful form.Examples: Monitor, Magnetic Disk,CD, Speakers.Types of Output ∙Hard Copy: Output printed onpermanent media. Examples: paper,transparency, film.∙Softcopy: Output that is inelectronic form. Examples:Computer Screen.Forms of Output ∙Text: reports, letters∙Graphic: graphs, pictures∙Audio: Music, speech∙Multimedia: Combination of test,graphics, video, audio.CPU ∙CPU processes instructions,processes data, manages the flow ofinformation in the computer.∙Megahertz: Megahertz representsmillions of CPU cycles per second.∙Gigahertz: represents billions ofCPU cycles per second.∙Moore’s Law:Moore’s Law wasdeveloped in 1965 by GordonMoore. It states that computerprocessing power doubles every 18months. This law has led true forthe last few decades.Storage Devices ∙Storage devices are materials wheredata is stored (saved)∙Floppy Disk: A floppy disk is amagnetic disk that is made a 3 ½square plastic case.∙Hard Drive: A hard disk is amagnetic disk. It is usually inside acomputer. Each hard drive is builtinto a sealed container to preventcontamination by dust and water.∙CD: CDs are optical disks. RedLasers read the data off of the CD.CDs can store data such as music,programs, and data files.∙DVD: DVDs are optical disks. RedLasers read the data off the DVD.DVDs have more storage spacethan CDs. DVDs are mostly usedfor storing movies (multimedia)∙USB: USB stands for UniversalSerial Bus. It is a portable drivewhich can be attached to a key-ring.It is plugged into a USB socket onthe computer. USB sticks use FlashMemory chips. Data stored on flashmemory chips can be erased, andreprogrammed.∙Magnetic Tape: Magnetic Tape ismainly used for backup data oncomputers. When you back up data,you are making an extra copy. Thishelps to avoid data loss when thecomputer stops working.∙Floppy disk's advantages:Small, light, and easy to carry.Inexpensive.∙Hard Drive's advantages:Extensive storage space. Very easyto access information. Fast access.∙CD's advantages: Significantstorage space (600+MB). Sturdy,not easily destroyed. Small, light,and easy to carry. Reads dataquickly.∙DVD's advantages: Extensivestorage space (4.7GB to 17GB).Sturdy, not easily destroyed. Small,light, and easy to carry. Reads dataquickly.∙USB's advantages: Significant storage space. Easily portable. Read and save data relatively quickly.∙Magnetic Tape's advantages: You can back up you computer'sdata, this helps to avoid data losswhen the computer stops working.Stores large amounts of data.∙Floppy Disk's disadvantages: Little storage space (1.44MB).Easily damaged by magnets, heat,cold, or liquid. Slow to save or readinformation.∙Hard Drive's disadvantages: Once it is full, you either have topurchase another hard drive ordelete files. Expensive. Notremovable or portable.∙CD's disadvantages: Moreexpensive than floppy disks. If youhave already saved information on a CD and want to erase thatinformation in order to copy newinformation on the CD, you need topurchase special CDs and havespecialized software.∙DVD's disadvantages:Relatively expensive. Requiresspecial software and disks to copyover data.∙USB's disadvantages:Expensive. Easily damaged bymagnets, heat, cold, or liquid.∙Magnetic Tape'sdisadvantages: Easily damagedby magnets, heat, cold, or liquid.Not portable.∙Optical disks: Optical disks use laser to read and save the data.∙Backup storage: When youbackup data, you are making anextra copy. This helps to avoid dataloss when the computer stopsworking.Flash Memory: Data stored onflash memory chips can be erased,and reprogrammed.Types of Computers ●Mainframes: Used by very largeorganization, like the government,army, police departments, stockmarkets. Large memory, and very fastprocessing speeds. Most powerful andmost expensive computer system.●Minicomputer: Used by largecompanies (For examples: The bay,Toronto District School Board,Canadian Tire). These computers arenormally "network" throughout theorganization.●Microcomputers: Used by schools,small businesses, and at home forpersonal use. Also called "PC". Theprice is affordable (cheap to buy). Itmay also be networked.●Portable computer: Includes laptop,note book, and net book, computer.The word portable means that thecomputer is light and easy to carryaround. It is often used by "travelling"business people and university/collegestudents.●Handheld computer: Thesecomputers fit the size of your hand. ItIncludes: Blackberry Devices. IPad,IPods. They are portable.●Computers that use Mac/OS platformare personal computer. Company:Apple.●Computers that use Windows platformare personal computer. Company:Dell&IBM.Computer Memory ●Binary Digit: Binary Digit are usedto measure the size of a computer'smemory.●Bits: It represented by (1) or (0)●Bytes: (B)Equals 8 bytes.●Kilobyte: (KB)Equals 1024 bytes.●Megabyte: (MB)Equals 1,048,576bytes.●Gigabyte: (GB)Equals 1,073,741,824bytes.●Terabyte: (TB)Equals1,099,511,627,776 bytes.●Petabyte: (PB)Equals1,125,899,906,842,624 bytes.●ASCII: ASCII stands for AmericanStandard Code for InformationInterchange. Most computers use thesame system so data can be transferredfrom one computer to another. Usingthe ASCII system of coding eachcharacter is stored as a unique 8-bitpatten.●Volatile: Volatile means all datastored in it is lost (erased) if the poweris switched off.●Storage device is the thing that cansave the data. Memory means howmany data can save into the storagedevice.Computer Networks ●Network: Network is a group ofcomputers connected together.Networks let people work together toshare information and resources suchas printers, storage device, and Internetconnection.●Network Server: A network serveris a powerful computer that lets usersshare storage space and applications.●Client Computer: A client computersends and receives information to andfrom a server.●LAN: (local-area networks)A LAN isa small network that covers a smallarea, such as an office or school.●WAN: (wide-area network)A WANcovers a large geographic area, such asan international corporation.●Internet: The Internet is the biggestnetwork there is, connecting millionsof computers around the world.●Intranet: An intranet works like theInternet, but allows only people in thesame organization or business to shareinformation.File Management ●File Management is the file that youneed to organize.●What type of program is used tomanage files? Program files and Datafiles or documents.●Drive: Drive is a device that writesdata onto or reads data from a storagemedium.●Folder: One smart way to organizeyour files is to create separate foldersfor groups of similar documents oritems that have a similar theme. Youcan create folders and subfolders insideof folders.●File: Electronic files are created bysaving information on the computer.。