江苏大学研究生英语学术论文写作样卷-推荐下载

江苏大学学术论文写作--- 试卷+答案+讲解Part IDirections: Answer the following question on the Answer Sheet. 10% What are the main strategies (listed at least Five) for international journal paper submission? P1491）Select an article published in your own field from your target journal and preferably written by a native speaker of English; analyze its structure and language characteristics.2）Read Instruction for Authors/Guide for Authors carefully to know more about its specific requirements. 3）Respect international readers by taking differences in culture, reading habits, and use of languages into consideration4）Tailor for the r eferee’s taste:learn about the referee’s requirements beforehand in order to meet the general review expectations.5）Pay attention to self-checklists to ensure that the manuscript has such academic merits as being original in content, standard in language, and consistent in style.6）Think about the research grants.7）Invite recommendations.8）Remember to express your gratitude to the people concerned.Part IIDirections: Judge the following statements about academic writing by giving T (True) or F (False). 10%1.A professional paper is a formal document in which professionals present their views and research findings on any deliberately chosen topic.2.A literature review chapter requires a number of structural elements, which help guide the reader from one sentence and paragraph to the next in a logical and seamless fashion.3.S ince the Acknowledgements part is highly personal, the language used in this part can be informal and colloquial.4.T he reader can see fully annotated references for each source used in one paper within its abstract.5.C areful note taking and an understanding of how to document sources will keep you from the reality and the appearance of plagiarism.6.D o not write results inconsistent with expectation.7.O ne should avoid, if possible, trade names, acronyms, abbreviations, or symbols in writing an abstract.8.T he Discussion part generally follows the same order of the research questions.9.H aving decided the target journal, you can read Introduction for Authors carefully to get more detailed information.10.The discussion section addresses the question “What was found or invented in the study”.1-5 TTFFT 6-10 FTTTFPart IIIDirections: Discuss the general linguistic features of English academic writing as demonstrated in the following article. Illustrate these features with examples from the article. 15% P6-9The grain drill is tractor propelled vehicle used primarily to sow grain seeds. In order to optimize the application of the grain drill, the width of the rollers may be adjusted manually. Therefore, the recent years have witnessed some new approaches to develop more controlled sowing metering systems. Despite these advancements in trying to improve the performance of the grain drill, a full system that provides a feedback from the seeds about their flow is yet to be tackled.In order to equip the grain drill with a feedback mechanism of its operation, it is necessary to develop a sensing system which can estimate the flow rate of grain seeds under the operational conditions. Therefore, there has been a need to test these systems outdoors, so as to adapt any sensing system developed indoors to the outdoors operational conditions where environmental effects may beuncontrolled. Consequently,the objective of this research work was to adapt the sensing system developed by the authors to outdoor operational conditions. This could be achieved by installing the sensors on the grain drill, and modifying the mass estimation model and its governing algorithm算法、运算法则to the outdoor operational conditions including machine vibration, dust, and different tractor running speeds. (An excerpt from The Age of Revolution by Eric Friedman, 2015:55)Formality, complexity, explicitness, accuracy, conciseness, objectivity/hedging, responsible此问题，回答要点，并举例说明，比如：Formality：There are no contractions, no colloquialisms, no abbreviations, no phrasal verbs and second person pronouns. Complexity：In order to ….conditions. a long sentence Explicitness：The objective isAccuracy：Algorithm, terminologyConciseness：ConsequentlyObjectivity:Hedging: may, might …Responsible: the author should acknowledge the source he/she consults in the paper, such as (An excerpt from the Age of Revolution by Eric Friedman, 2015:55)Part IVDirections: Read the following abstract and analyze its structural elements. Write your answers on the Answer Sheet. 15% P117ABSTRACT1 The main aim of this study was to determine if there was a positive relationship between prosocial忠于社会道德准则video game use and prosocial behaviour in children and adolescents.2 This study had a cross-sectional correlational design. 3Data were collected from 538 9—15 year old children and adolescents between March and December 2014. 4 Participants completed measures of empathy同理心, prosocial behaviour and video game habits. 5 Teachers rated the prosocial behaviour of participants. 6 The socioeconomic status of participants was also gathered. 7Multiple linear regressions回归、复原、退化were conducted on these data. 8 Prosocial video game use was positively associated with the tendency to maintain positive affective情感relationships, cooperation and sharing as well as empathy. 9This association remained significant after controlling for gender, age, school type (disadvantaged/ non-disadvantaged), socioeconomic status, weekly game play and violent video game use. 10 These findings provide evidence that prosocial video game use could develop empathic concern and improve affective relationships in a diverse population ofyoung people.Objective: 1 The main aim of this study was to determine if there was a positive relationship between prosocial video game use and prosocial behaviour in children and adolescents.Method: 2-6 This study had a cross-sectional correlational design. 3 Data were collected from 538 9—15 year old children and adolescents between March and December 2014. 4 Participants completed measures of empathy同理心, prosocial behaviour and video game habits. 5 Teachers rated the prosocial behaviour of participants. 6 The socioeconomic status of participants was also gathered.Results: 7-9 Multiple linear regressions were conducted on these data. 8 Prosocial video game use was positively associated with the tendency to maintain positive affective relationships, cooperation and sharing as well as empathy. 9 This association remained significant after controlling for gender, age, school type (disadvantaged/ non-disadvantaged), socioeconomic status, weekly game play and violent video game use.Conclusions: 10These findings provide evidence that prosocial video game use could develop empathic concern and improve affective relationships in a diverse population of young people.Part VDirections: The following sentences are taken from the introduction to a research paper. The sentences are not presented in their proper order. Number the sentences in the order you think they appeared in the original introduction. 10% P81A.T he present study explored how BIM (with its 3D visualization and data storage capabilities) can facilitate fire safety management, which is frequently carried out in a two-dimensional (2D) environment. Purpose/objectiveB.C urrently, researchers worldwide are considering potential applications of BIM. Latest researchC.H owever, many possible applications require further investigation to examine the relevant benefits/challenges of using BIM, including integration with simulations of operations for scheduling purposes, structural safety analysis, and fire safety management. Research questionD.S ome BIM-based applications are mature and have been widely used in practice, such as for construction interference detection, four-dimensional (4D) schedule visualizations, and quantity take-offs. Topic/importanceE.Building information modeling (BIM)首次出现is effective in three dimensional (3D) visualization and data/information storage for planning, constructing and operating/maintaining building construction projects.Background information EDBCAPart VIDirections: A: What purposes does Discussion Section have?4% P46B: Read the following discussion section and complete the following tasks. 11%1.W hat is the objective of this research?2.F ind out the sentences relating the findings to similar studies.3.D oes the section mention any limitations of the study? If yes, point them out.总结、关键信息4.W hat is the main take-home message of the study? DISCUSSIONThe study tested the mediational assumptions implied by Pekrun’s (2006) control-value theory of achievement emotions in more direct ways. Specifically, the study examined the link between critical thinking and trigonometry三角学achievement for engineering students with negative academic emotions as the mediating variable.The five negative academic emotions (anger, shame, boredom, anxiety and hopelessness) were negatively correlated with final grade, but anxiety and hopelessness registered the highest negative correlation with final grade.Therefore, the more the engineering students get anxious and hopeless in performing their tasks (e.g., problem solving), the lower would be their final grade in trigonometry. As hypothesized, critical thinking was positively correlated with final grade. Thus, more critical thinking could result to higher final grade. This confirmed previous study (Eshel & Kohavi, 2003) that the use of cognitive strategies (e.g., critical thinking) was reported to have significant positive correlation with math achievement.Furthermore, anger, shame, boredom, anxiety and hopelessness negatively predicted engineering students’ final grade, whereas critical thinking positively predicted final grade. This supported extant theories (Linnenbrink & Pintrich, 2000; Pekrun, 1992) that negative emotions could interfere with the cognitive processing needed to do the academic task thus, inhibiting achievement.However, only two negative academic emotions (anxiety and hopelessness) significantly mediated the relation between critical thinking and final grade. Results of Sobel test showed that indirect effects of both anxiety (activating) and hopelessness (deactivating) do not equal the total effect, thus, the effect of critical thinking on final grade is completely mediated by anxiety and hopelessness.First, anxiety completely mediated the relation between critical thinking and achievement. It was expected that students who employ critical thinking strategy have deeper engagement and a positive approach to do the academic tasks. In doing so, they became less anxious about academic tasks they are completing, thus achieving high final grade. Consistent with previous research (Ellis & Ashbrook 1988; Levine & burgess, 1997) anxiety could reduce working memory resources leading to an impairment of performance of complex or difficult tasks. But the present finding implied that anxiety could be inhibited when students critically engage in thinking in doing challenging tasks.Second, hopelessness completely mediated the relation between critical thinking and achievement. The results suggested that when students engage in critical thinking, their cognitive resources are used appropriately for the task to be completed, making them less hopeless, hereby increasing their achievement.Therefore, it was favorable for students to think critically about academic tasks because that would inhibit them from experiencing negative emotions. Consequently, their performance would increase. In sum, students experienced less of anxiety and hopelessness when engaged in more task-relevant thinking, increasing cognitiveresources available for task purposes, prompt more analytical and detailed way of processing information, thereby increasing academic achievement. (Source: Villavicencio, F. T, (2001). Critical Thinking, Negative Academic Emotions, and Achievement: A Mediational Analysis. The Asia-Pacific Education Researcher, 20(1):118-126.)5.W hat purposes does Discussion Section have?4%The discussion section has four purposes: interpret the results; answer the research questions; justify the approach; and critically evaluate the study.6.W hat is the objective of this research? 3%The research question is “What is the link between critical thinking and trigonometry achievement for engineering students with negative academic emotions as the mediating variable?”7.F ind out the sentences relating the findings to similar studies. 3%This confirmed previous study (Eshel & Kohavi, 2003) that the use of cognitive strategies (e.g., critical thinking) was reported to have significant positive correlation with math achievement. (in Para. 2)This supported extant theories (Linnenbrink & Pintrich, 2000; Pekrun, 1992) that negative emotions couldinterfere with the cognitive processing needed to do the academic task thus, inhibiting achievement. (in Para. 3) Consistent with previous research (Ellis & Ashbrook 1988; Levine & burgess, 1997) anxiety could reduce working memory resources leading to an impairment of performance of complex or difficult tasks. (in Para. 4)8.D oes the section mention any limitations of the study? If yes, point them out. 2%No9.W hat is the main take-home message of the study? 3%In sum, students experienced less of anxiety and hopelessness when engaged in more task-relevant thinking, increasing cognitive resources available for task purposes, prompt more analytical and detailed way of processing information, thereby increasing academic achievement. (in Para. 6)Part VIIDirections: A: List the general structural features of conclusions (7%) P54B: Read the Conclusion Section of “Underlying Knowledge of Construction Management Consultants in China” and identify some of these features in this Conclusion Section. (8%)1CMS make a significant contribution to the rapid growth of China’s construction sector. In order to provide quality construction management services to clients/owners and maintain competitive advantage effectively, it is important for CMCS to possess a diverse, dynamic, and reasonable knowledge structure. In this study, a total of 22 important CMC knowledge areas were identified and grouped into four categories, namely, technology, economy, management and law. A Reference to the purpose 2Significantly, it is found that the perceived level of importance for each area is almost identical to the level of improvement needed in current practice in China, with knowledge of cost planning and project management, civil engineering construction, and engineering contract and law among the most highly rated. Furthermore, management-related knowledge such as cost planning and project management is gaining more and more importance for qualified CMCS as clients/owners tend to involve them in earlier stages of projects. Conclusion3The findings of this research offer a knowledge framework for CMCS to enhance their quality of service in China. For foreign CMCS, especially for those who are intended to enter the Chinese CMS market, there is an urgency to evaluate their current knowledge structure against those items identified here. Although theimportant role of CMCS knowledge in CMS has been acknowledged in the current study, the success of CMS might depend on some other potential factors, such as effective communication among CMSC and MCS professional ethics伦理学、道德标准. Arguably, these factors might play an increasingly important role in construction management programs as well as in practice in the future.Comments4This research has some limitations with respect to the lack of potential knowledge areas while designing the questionnaire, although extensive investigation was conducted to guarantee the comprehensiveness of indicators. The identified knowledge areas in the study are primarily based on the construction management curricula proposed by the Higher Education Advisory Panel, whereas the Chinese construction industry is undergoing a rapid change. Thus, future research is recommended to identify more comprehensive knowledge areas by taking into account the strong links between education and the development of the construction. Limitations1)The general features of conclusions:Conclusions based on sound evidenceA reference to the main purpose or hypothesis of the studyA brief summary of the main ideas in the paperComments on the main ideas in this paperPredictions for future developments of the topic Limitations of the work covered by the paperMention of further research2)Features of conclusion in this section:1.A reference to the main purpose or hypothesis of the study2.C onclusions based on sound evidence3.C omments on the main ideas in this paper4.L imitations of the work covered by the paper & Mention of further researchPart VIIIDirections: Identify the hedging expressions in the following sentences. 5%1.T here might be no difficulty in explaining how the structure contributes to the high survival rate.2.I t is possible to see that in our study short-time biochemical effects are also an important consideration.3.T here is experimental work to show that a week or 10 days may not be long enough and a fortnight to three weeks is probably the best theoretical period.4.C onceivably, smoking does not produce any impairment of cellular immunity.5.I n summary, GM technology could cause the transfer of a known allergen into new crops.1. might2. it is possible3. may4. probably5. conceivably6. couldPart IXDirections: Rewrite each of the following sentences, correcting any error in parallelism. 5%1.W e must either raise revenues or it will be necessary to reduce expenses.2.A company is not only responsible to its shareholders but also customers and employees as well.3.T he new instructor was both enthusiastic and she was demanding.4.I t is a truism that to give is more rewarding than getting.5.A battery powered by aluminum is simple to design, clean to run, and it is inexpensive to produce.1.W e must either raise revenues or reduce expenses.2.A company is not only responsible to its shareholders but also to customers and employees.3.T he new instructor was both enthusiastic and demanding.4.I t is a truism that to give is more rewarding than to get.5.A battery powered by aluminum is simple to design, clean to run, and inexpensive to produce.。

2022年江苏大学821英语语言学基础与英文写作考研试题和答案分析2022年江苏大学《821英语语言学基础与英文写作》考研全套内容简介•全国名校英语语言学考研真题详解•全国名校英语翻译与写作考研真题汇总说明：本科目考研真题不对外公布（暂时难以获得），通过分析参考教材知识点，精选了有类似考点的其他院校相关考研真题，部分真题提供了答案详解。

2．教材教辅•戴炜栋《新编简明英语语言学教程》（第2版）笔记和课后习题（含考研真题）详解•戴炜栋《新编简明英语语言学教程》（第2版）配套题库【考研真题精选＋章节题库】说明：以上为本科目参考教材配套的辅导资料。

•试看部分内容第一部分考研真题精选一、选择题1. Derivational morpheme contrasts sharply with inflectional morpheme in that the former changes the _____ while the latter does not.（北二外2017研）A. meaningB. word classC. formD. speech sound【答案】B查看答案【解析】morpheme语素，分为自由语素和黏着语素，其中黏着语素包括词根和词缀两种类型，词缀分为派生词缀（derivational affixes）和屈折词缀（infl ectional affixes）。

派生词缀黏附在词根语素上构成新词，也即增加了新的词汇义内容或改变了词的类别归属。

屈折词缀只能改变一个词的形式，不能构成新词。

也即屈折词缀增加的是表示句法范畴的意义，并且总是不改变词的类别归属。

即两者重要区别在于是否改变了词的类别，故B为正确答案。

2. Which of the following are homographs?（对外经贸2015研）A. lead, leadB. rest, wrestC. lie, lieD. beat, bit【答案】C查看答案【解析】homographs同形异义词，指在语法形式上拼写和发音完全相同，而意义不同的词。

江苏大学XXXX级硕士研究生英语期末考试样卷考试科目：文献阅读与翻译 考试时间：XXXXXXDirections:Answer the following questions on the Answer Sheet.1. How many kinds of literature do you know? And what are they? (5%)2. How many types of professional papers do you know? And what are they? (5%)3. What are the main linguistic features of Professional Papers? (10%)4. What are the purposes of abstracts? How many kinds can theabstracts be roughly classified into? And what are the different kinds? (10%)5.What is a proposal? How many kinds of proposals do you think are there? What are the main elements of a proposal? (10%)6.Give your comments on the linguistic features of the following passage. (15%)Basic Point-Set TopologyOne way to describe the subject of Topology is to say that it isqualitative geometry. The idea is that if one geometric object can be continuously transformed into another, then the two objects are to be viewed as being topologically the same. For example, a circle and a square are topologically equivalent. Physically, a rubber band can be stretched into the form of either a circle or a square, as well as many other shapes which are also viewed as being topologically equivalent. On the other hand, a figure eight curve formed by two circles touching at a point is to be regarded as topologically distinct from a circle or square. A qualitative property that distinguishes the circle from the figure eight is the number of connected pieces that remain when a single point is removed: When a point is removed from a circle what remains is still connected, a single arc, whereas for a figure eight if one removes the point of contact of its two circles, what remains is two separate arcs, two separate pieces.The term used to describe two geometric objects that are topologically equivalent is homeomorphic. Thus a circle and a square are homeomorphic. Concretely, if we place a circle C inside a square S with the same center point, then projecting the circle radially outward to the square defines a function f :C→S, and this function is continuous: small changes in x produce small changes in f(x). The function f has an inverse f -1:S→C obtained by projecting the square radially inward to the circle, and this is continuous as well. One says that f is a homeomorphism between C and S.One of the basic problems of Topology is to determine when two given geometric objects are homeomorphic. This can be quite difficult in general.Our first goal will be to define exactly what the ‘geometric objects’are that one studies in Topology. These are called topological spaces. The definition turns out to be extremely general, so that many objects that are topological spaces are not very geometric at all, in fact.7. Match the phrase in the first column with its translation in the second column.(10%)1. Full length paper a.征稿启事2. Sponsoring organization b.会务组3. Call for papers c.全文4. Submission of papers d.提交论文5. Conference venue and fees e.信息牌/布告栏6. Conference editorial board f.主办单位7. Review g.研讨会8. Limousine service h.评审、审稿9. Message board i.客车设施10. Audio visual facilities j.会址和会费11. Colloquia k.视听设施8. How do you understand Yan Fu’s three-word guide xing, da,ya? What’s youropinion on the principles of translation? (10%)9. It is very common that one word has more than one meaning.The proper choice of word meaning is essential to translation.Choose the correct meaning of the word “story ” in thefollowing sentences. (5%)(1) This war is becoming the most important story of thisgeneration.(2) It is quite another story now.(3) Some reporters who were not included in the session broke thestory.(4) He'll be very happy if that story holds up.(5) The Rita Haywoth story is one of the saddest.[The meanings of STORY: a. situation; b. inside information; c. experience; d. law case; e. statement; f. event]10. Put the following abstract into Chinese. (10%)Environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) is a major source of indoorair pollution. A major point stressed in both the Surgeon General’s Report and the National Academy of Science’s Report is that methods used to determine the exposure of the nonsmoking population to ETS must be improved. In this dissertation, a semi-real time system for monitoring ETS are proposed and compared with other systems. Several new tracers for ETS are proposed. The generalization and decay of ETS in an indoor environmental laboratory is studied. A new technique for analyzing microgram and sub microgram amount of nicotine is developed. A unique exposure study to ETS is to carry out wherein never-smokers are exposed to ETS. Much evidence has accumulated that fine particulate matter in the atmosphere affects human health and atmospheric properties. To monitor airborne particles, it is necessary to separate various particle sizes in the atmosphere and to determine the chemical compositions of the particles. A new high flow rate, multichannel parallel plate denuder sampling system has been developed which is capable of determining the particle size distributions and the semi-volatile organic compounds which can be lost from particles during sampling.11.Put the following passage into English. (10%)在本《国际标准》中，”文摘”一词的意义是：对原文献内容准确、扼要而不加解释或评论的表述。

江苏大学研究生英语总结--下学期考试题型：一．回答问题二．文体对比stylistic features: subjective(主观的)/objective(客观的)三．语篇分析---textual development /analogy 四．语篇改写句子和句子之间衔接词语少了There are numerous reasons for……atfirst, …….secondly, ….In addition, /additionally, /furthermore, …/what is more,Unit 1 General Introduction to Professional Paper Writing1.1 Classification of professional paperA professional paper is a formal printed document in which professionals present their views and research findings on any deliberately chosen topic.1)Report paper读书报告2)Research paper 研究论文3)Course paper课程论文4)Thesis paper(Dissertation)学术论文1.2 General Characteristics of English Academic Writing StyleGenerally, English Academic writing is:1) complex(复杂)--Written language is relatively more complex than spoken language2) formal(正式)--Academic writing is relatively formal. Formal writing doesn’t use contractions, colloquialisms and slang.3) impersonal and objective(客观)--Written language is in general objective rather than personal. It therefore has fewer words that refer to the writer or the reader. This means that the main emphasis should be on the information that you want to give and the arguments you want to make, rather than you.4) explicit(清楚)--Academic writing is explicit about the relationships in the text. Furthermore, it is the responsibility of the writer in English to make it clear to the reader how the various parts of the text are related.5) accurate(准确)--Academic writing uses vocabulary accurately. Most subjects have words with narrow specific meanings.6) cautious or tentative(用词谨慎)7) responsible(负责)---Academic writingrefers to information from a range of print, digital and other sources, all of which must be clearly referenced in your text references other writers’ work.Question & Exercises：Read the following two passages and try to find out the stylistic features of each.Answer:Compared with these two passages, I find that there are differences in styles,passage 1 is informal, subjective, for example: “I’m......”，“don’t......”While the second passage is a scientific research paper, it’s formal, objective and complex, for example,(长句，被动语态等）(subjective---objective, simple---complex, for example......)Unit 2 Title, Author/Affiliation and Keywords2.1 Titles2.1.1. General functions1). Generalizing the Text (总结全文)2). Attracting the Reader (吸引读者)3). Facilitating the Retrieval (方便检索)2.1.2.Linguistic Features做分析题时候，可以根据下面的格式进行分析。

Unit 1 General Description of Literature Reading and Translation 1. Definition of LiteratureLiterature is a general term for professional writings in the form of books, papers, and other documentations.2. Classification of Literature1) Textbooks(教科书)：In general, a textbook is a kind of professional writing specially designed for the students in a given branch of learning.2) Monographs(专著)：A monograph is an artide or short book on one particular subject or branch of a subject that the writer has studied deeply.3) Papers(论文)：A complete paper is usually composed of the following elements: title, author, affiliation, abstract, keywords, introduction, theoretical analysis and/or experimental description, results and discussion or conclusion, acknowledgments, references, etc.4) Encyclopedias(百科全书)：An encyclopedia is a book or set of books dealing with every branch of knowledge, or with one particular branch, in alphabetical order.5) Periodicals(期刊)：A periodical is a series of publications that appear at regular intervals.6) Special Documentation(特别文件)：Special documentation refers to all the printed materials that are non-books or non-periodicals.3. Linguistic Features of Scientific Literature1) Stylistically(在文体上), literature is a kind of formal writing.2) Syntactically(在语句构成上), scientific literature has rigorous grammatical structures, andin most cases is rather unitary.3) Morphologically(在词法上), scientific literature is featured by high specialization, the useof technical terms and jargons, unambiguous implication and the fixed sense of the word.4) Besides, non-verbal language is also very popular in various literatures such as signs, formulas, charts, tables, photos, etc.4. Discussion4. How do you understand Mr. Yan’s three-word guide xin, da, ya ? What’s your opinion onthe principles or criteria of translation?Xin, da, ya namely, “faithfulness (信), expressiveness (达), and elegance (雅)”. The principles and criteria of translation are actually the two sides of the same coin. On the part of the translator, he or she should follow them while translating; whereas on the part of the reader or critic, he or she may use the principles and criteria to evaluate translation works.Accuracy (准确) and smoothness (流畅).5. What are literal translation（直译）and free translation（意译）? And what principles should a translator abide by in applying them?Literal translation means not to alter the original words and sentences. To keep the sentencesand style of the original .Free translation is an alternative approach which is used mainly to convey the meaning andspirit of the original without trying to reproduce its sentence patterns or figures of speech.In the application of literal translation, we should endeavor to rid ourselves of stiff patterns and rigid adherence to translation rules, trying to be flexible; while in the practice of free translation, we should be cautious of subjectivity, avoiding groundless affirmation or arbitrary fabrication.Unit 2 Professional Papers1. Definition of professional papersA professional paper is a typewritten paper in which professionals present their views and research findings on a chosen topic.2. Classification of professional papers1) Report Paper：The report paper summarizes and reports the findings of another on a particular subject.2) Research paper：A research paper can be intelligent, well informed, interesting, and original in its conclusions.3) Course Paper：Course papers are written after a specific course is learned or are designed at the end of a term, also called “term paper”.4) Thesis Paper：Unlike report papers, the thesis paper takes a definite stand on an issue. A thesis is a proposition or point of view that a writer or speaker is willing to argue against or defend.3. Linguistic Features of Professional Papers1) Formal Style（正式性）：A professional paper deals with the study of some objective facts or problems, and the conclusion that is drawn should be based on relevant data, not on personal likes and dislikes. Generally speaking, formal writing sets an unusually high value on objectivity, meticulousness, accuracy, and restraint.2) Specialized Terms（专业性）：The terms in professional papers are typically specialized.3) Rigid Sentence Structure（严谨的句式结构）：The arguments in professional papers will be concisely and concretely.4) Formatted Elements（固定的内容格式）：A complete professional paper usually has a regular format composed of the following elements: the title, author(s), affiliation(s), abstract, keywords, introduction, body of the paper (theoretical description including calculation, inference, reasoning, conclusion, etc. or experimental description including techniques, methods, materials, results and analysis, etc.), acknowledgments, appendices, references or bibliography, etc.5. Diction(1)This war is becoming the most important story of this generation.（event）这场战争将成为这一代人经历的最重大的事件。

Writing1.Directions: You are allowed 30 minutes to write a short essay entitled “Leading Childrenin the Right Direction”. An outline has been given below.1)中国许多儿童优越的生活环境2)媒体对儿童造成的不利影响3)我们应该如何引导和教育儿童Leading Children in the Right DirectionSince the reform and opening up of China, our country has made great progress. Our world is now full of different colors and opportunities, especially for children. Children who have been regarded as flowers of our motherland are now taken better care of. They are really living in a very comfortable environment.This is good but it is sometimes bad for them since the golden age of innocence seems to have disappeared. The new generation of Chinese live in a culture saturated with Hollywood movies, rock music, and media which confronts them with sex and violence. As Children are naturally vulnerable both emotionally and spiritually, these things affect children most seriously.What shall we do so as to protect children from the media which seems to be seeping into every aspect of our lives. Obviously, there is no sense in trying to protect children from exposure to it because it is almost inevitable. We should teach them from an early age how to interpret what they are seeing. Teach them to dismiss sex and violence as tasteless trash. We can also use media at our disposal and show children the wonders of the world, inspire and stimulate them. It is our responsibility to lead them in the right direction.2.Directions: You are allowed 30 minutes to write a short essay entitled “Health, Wealthand happiness”. An outline has been given below.1)不同的人对健康、财富和幸福的不同看法2)健康、财富和幸福之间的相互关系3)保持乐观的心态十分重要Wealth, health and happinessAs to what are the elements of happiness, the answers can be varied greatly. Yet, it is universally acknowledged that the most essential constituent is health. Without a fit body and sound mentality, how can you take on genuine smiles everyday? Then what about health, can it bring you happiness? It may be not. It is true that if a person possesses large sums of money, he or she is allowed to buy a wide range of articles, such as books, clocks, houses, but by no means will he or she be able to exchange them for knowledge, time and home. Without this spiritual fulfillment, they would still find it hard to be truly immersed in happiness.Nowadays, health has become an increasingly concerned topic among people from all walks of life. Different people adopt different measures to obtain health. Usually those who spend generous amount of money on exotic gourmet food and beauty saloons are anything but happy, because those fat-laden food may build up on their waist and years may still wrinkle their face and they may easily regain their weight by the smallest cheese burg. These can be the best proof of the truth that money can not buy health. But happiness, on the contrary, may generate health to some extent. A happy mind can take you everywhere. So long as you maintain a jocund mood, health will no longer be far away.Wealth, health and happiness are the common aspirations of everyone, but only those wise enough can achieve them at the same time. So try to strike a balance.3.Directions: You are allowed 30 minutes to write a short essay entitled “Which Is Better,Working in a Multinational or as a Civil Servant?”. An outline has been given below.1)现在有人选择到跨国公司做白领，有人则到政府部门当公务员2)在跨国公司做白领或在政府部门当公务员的利弊3)我的选择Working in a Multinational Company or as a Civil Servant?A Decision to Make Before Graduation.Today, seeking a job in a large joint venture company is still one of the best choices for many university graduates. And yet, there is also a growing trend for graduating students to prepare for civil servant recruitment examinations to work for the government office.To be a white-collar in a multinational company or to be a civil servant, each has advantages and disadvantages of its own.First, a job with the former means high pay but longer working hours. They have to weigh the loneliness of being away from home against the opportunity to make new friends.Second, one might be able to develop his or her abilities rapidly and fully in a high competitive environment, which of course also makes his or her jobs an extremely tiring and stressful one. However, in my hometown, sheltered by family influence and surrounded by good friends, one might never meet the challenge of developing his or her unknown potential.Third, promotion in a multinational company is based largely on one’s merits and contributions, therefore one does not have to worry too much about strained relations, though it is by no means easy to get promoted in such companies.Despite all the advantages of being a white-collar, I have a strong desire to be a civil servant.For one thing, it is a stable job and has little risk in work and life in general.For another, the pay rises for civil servant has shown that working for the government is getting very desirable. Most important of all, I enjoy working for people, for the general public. So instead of being my mother’s baby all my life, I’ll make parents feel proud of me.Working in a multinational Company or as a civil Servant?Today, seeking a job with a multinational company is still one of the best choice for many university graduates. And yet, there is also a growing trend for graduating students to prepare for civil servant recruitment examinations. To be a white-collar in a multinational company or to be a civil servant , each has advantages and disadvantages of its own. First, a job with the former means high pay but longer working hours. Second , one might be able to develop his or her abilities rapidly and fully in a highly competitive environment, which of course also makes his or her job an extremely tiring and stressful one. Third , promotion in a multinational company is based largely on one's merits; therefore one does not have to worry too much about strained relations , though it is by no means easy to get promoted in such companies.Despite all the advantages of being a white-collar, I have a strong desire to be a civil servant. For one thing, it is a stable job. For another, the pay rises for civil servant has shown that working for the government is getting very desirable. Most important of all, I enjoy working for people, for the general public.4．Directions: In the information age, computers and internet come to transform the way people live and work , and shopping over the internet has become popular. In this part, you are allowed 40 minutes to write a composition of no fewer than 150 words on the title: Shopping over the internet or in stores. Your composition should be based on the following outline:1. 网上购物渐渐流行起来。

Unit 2. Title, Author/Affiliation and Keywords（2hrs）The information about title &affiliation of an academic paper is often on the head page of a dissertation, but it may occupy different places of a periodical paper. The title is always at the very beginning of a periodical paper, with the author’s name and affiliation below the title, and a brief introduction to the author is always at the bottom of a front page of a periodical paper, or at the end ofthe paper.2.1. Titles2.1.1. General functionsA. Generalizing the TextA title should summarize the central idea of the paper concisely and correctly. By glancing at the title, the reader will immediately know, incorporating with the abstract, what is mainly dealt with in the paper.B. Attracting the ReaderIf a title is accurate, concise and distinct, it will attract readers a lot and stimulate readers to read the whole text. An interesting title may draw particular attention among professionals, for only when readers are interested in the title will they decide to read the whole paper.C. Facilitating the RetrievalA title usually provides leads for the international information retrieval organizations to choose the appropriate keywords contained in it when they organize index and secondary documents. So, a title serves as an important index of information retrieval to meet the needs of extensive paper communication and information dissemination.2.1.2 Linguistic FeaturesA. Using More Nouns, Noun Phrases and GerundsThe words or phrases used in a title are very often nouns, noun phrases or gerunds, nominalization, which usually are keywords for the paper, having the ability to sum up the whole text. Nouns or noun phrases used in a title can be added with pre-modifiers or/and post-modifiers. Therefore, a title can normally be composed of nouns or noun phrases, adjectives, prepositions, articles and conjunctions, and occasionally,pronouns. If a verb should be used in a title, it should be changed into its infinite verbal forms, for instance, present participles, past participles or gerunds. For example, we may easily find such titles as:(1) Civilization's Source and Its Implication.(2) A Multi-perspective Account of Met linguistic Negation.(3) Research on the Motivations of Lexis and Vocabulary Learning Strategies.(4) Emotional Therapeutics: New Rectifying App- roaches for Children's Behavior Problems.B. Using Incomplete SentencesA title is just a label of appellation of the paper, reflecting the main idea of the content, so even when there is a need to give a title in the form of a sentence, it does not need to be a complete sentence. A complete declarative sentence usually makes a title containing determining implication. Meanwhile, it appears lacking brevity and clarity.For example, the title Nitrendipine Is Effective on Severe Hypertension is not a standard one. It is a complete declarative sentence that contains the author's determining implication of the effect of the medicine Nitrendipine. So it should be revised into Effects of Nitrendipine on Severe Hypertension.2.1.3 Writing RequirementsA. ABC Principles for TitlesA is for accuracy,B is for brevity andC is for clarity, which is the so-called ABC principles. Accuracy means that a title can appropriately express and fit in the reality of the paper. Brevity asks the writer to summarize the necessary content with the most limited words. Clarity means a title should clearly reflect the distinguishing features of the paper.For example, Research and Development of Sound- transmitted Technology is not a title to express the specific content accurately. By analyzing the original writing material, we know it is a paper about sound-transmitted technology used in on-line monitoring for machine tools. So it should be corrected into On-line Monitoring for Cutting on Machine Tools by Using Sound-transmitted Technology.B. Being Brief and ConciseGenerally, a title is composed of no more than twenty words. If a title is too long, it will be difficult for readers to catch the meaning of the content and remember it. If the writer fails to state his idea clearly in a few words, he can use a subtitle. To be brief and concise, professional papers seldom use such decorative locutions as “on the ....” “regarding ....” “investigation on..., .... the method of..., .... some thoughts on..., .... aresearch of...,” and etc., which lead to redundancy. Of course, the title must be long enough to describe the content of the paper. Too short a title, sometimes, may bring about confusion.C. Being SpecificIn preparing the title of a paper, a general and abstract title should be avoided. For example, such a title as Computer Simulations of the Measurement will be regarded as too general and global, vague and empty, telling the reader nothing specific. It would be better to change the title into something like Computer Simulations of the Measurement of Quadratic Electro-optic Coefficients Associated with Rotations of the Principal Axes of the Optical Permittivity Tensor (Journal of Optics A: Pure Appl. Opt. 5, 2003,147), according to the content of the paper. The revised title can greatly highlight the emphasis and particularity of the work.D. Avoiding Question TitlesA question title means a complete sentence in the question form. Such titles are usually not used in an academic paper (especially in natural sciences), because they always include some redundant question words and marks, for example, “Is there....* .... When does...?” “Should the...? .... Is it...?” and so on. What is worse, such a title creates inconvenience for information retrieval. If your title really contains an interrogation, you may adopt the form of “the question words + infinitive,” for example, How to Prepare the Title, Authors/Affiliations and Keywords. The title When Should Nerve Gaps Be Grafted? An Experimental Study on Rats should be changed into Optimal Time for Nerve Gaps Grafting: An Experimental Study on Rats.E. Being UnifiedThe parallel parts of a title should be grammatically symmetrical. That is to say, nouns should be matched with nouns, gerunds with gerunds, etc. In general, nouns and gerunds should not be mixed in a given title. For instance, the title Digital Laser Microinterferometer and Its Applying should be changed into Digital Laser Microinterferometer and Its Applications and the title Measuring of Surface Shape and Deformation by Phase-Shifting Image Digital Holography should be replaced by Measurement of Surface Shape and Deformation by Phase-Shifting Image Digital Holography (2003 Society of Photo-Optical Instrumentation Engineers, 1267).F. Being StandardIn general, nonstandard abbreviations and symbols and/or any terms or phraseology intelligible only to the specialist should be avoided, because the use of them could be very unfavorable to efficient information retrieval.Prepositions used in titles should be correct. Prepositions are flexible. It should be noticed that they are usually used in some certain expressions. Preposition of should be paid more attention to because it is frequently used in some expressions. But readers will be bored if they find more than two of’s appearing in one title subsequently. If possible, prepositions on or for can replace of. Sometimes apostrophe can be used in a title. Additionally, with the development of language, it is common to use a noun to modify another noun.Recently, titles tend to be brief. So articles should be omitted when they are not necessary enough.2.1.4 Some Other Requirements for TitlesA. Words' Number LimitationGenerally, the number is limited within 10 words and shouldn't be over the limitation of 15 words. Certainly, the limitation is not absolute. If necessary, it can be exceeded. Here are only some referent figures. The general regulation is fixed: based on an accurate, brief and clear title, the fewer of the words we use, the better the title is.B. How to Name a TitleA title should give prominence to the central idea of the research paper. The most important key words, which show the main idea of a paper, are normally fixed first in a title. That will draw readers' attention.Recently, some authors like to crown a title with such words as:(1) Observation on, Comparison between, Improvement of, and etc. to show the aim of writing the paper.(2) Nuclear Energy in China, AIDS in the United States, Patients with Breast Cancer, Depression in Elderly, and etc. to tell readers the object of the research.(3) Experimental Study of Laser Processing of Analysis of, and etc. to tell the research method.(4) Results of, Verification of, Follow-up of, and etc. to show the result of the research.(5) Realizing the Importance of, Is Regression Analysis Necessary for... ? and etc. to introduce the thesis.It ought to be noticed that we should not apply the above expressions mechanically. But we should use them according to the certain situation. In general, the ABC principles are applicable forever.C. Abbreviations in TitlesWith the development of science and technology, a great amount of technological terms come intobeing. All these terms consist of nouns. It is inconvenient to be written and printed or recounted orally. Thus, they are expressed by the abbreviations of the formation of nouns, and most of them are the acronym formed by the first letter of every noun. But we should severely use the abbreviations in titles--only those abbreviations, whose full terms are rather long and which are generally acknowledged in the scientific field and very familiar to readers, can be used, such as:(1) LASER (light amplification by stimulatedemission of radiation, 激光).(2) DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid, 脱握拳核糖核酸).(3) AIDS (acquired immune deficiency syndrome,(4) CT (computerized tomography, 电子计算机断(5) NMR (nuclear magnetic resonance, 核磁共振).(6) BCG (Bacilli Calmette-Guerin, 卡介苗).(7) SARS (severe acquired respiration syndrome,严重获得性呼吸道综合征，”非典”)Reader groups also restrict the using extent of abbreviations. Take the above abbreviations as examples, generally speaking, LASER, CT, AIDS and SARS are generally recognized and familiar in the whole scientific field and can be used in the titles in all sorts of learned journals; DNA, NMR, and BCG are normally known and familiar in the whole medical world and can be utilized in the titles in all medical journals. All in all, it is especially noticed that the use of abbreviations should be selected according to the various branches of learning and specialized subjects.D. Writing Patterns for TitlesWhether all the first letters of the principal words in a title should be capitalized or not, may depend upon the specific requirements set forth by the journal to which your manuscript is to be submitted. In general, there are three patterns for writing a title.(1) All the letters are capitalized, for instance, INTEGRATED MODEL FOR PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS OF MULTIPLE CLASS-OF-SER VICE INTERNET. But if pH, α,β,γ, and etc. are contained in a title, p, α,β,γ and etc. are not capitalized. For instance, α-RAY,γ-RAY,β-PARTICLE.(2) The first letter of every notional word in a title should be capitalized, such as, A Comparison of an OFDM System and a Single Carrier System Using Frequency Domain Equalization, Array Antenna Assisted Doppler Spread Compensator for OFDM, Capacity Optimization in MC- CDMA Systems, and etc. Notes:a. The first letters of articles like a, an and the, conjunctions like and, but, or and nor and the prepositions containing less than four letters like of in, on, to, for, and etc. in a title are not capitalized. But the first letters of all the examples mentioned above should be capitalized when they are at the beginning or end of a title, or they are behind a colon or the first word of a sub-title. For instance, Scope of the Investigations: The First Phase, A New Broadband Uniform Accuracy DOA Estimator and The Research of Nuclear Structure Going On.b. The first letters of the prepositions containing four or more letters are capitalized. For instance, with, about, between, through, and etc. For example, The Relation Between the View of Scientific Development and the Strategy of Revitalizing China Through Talents.c. The infinitive mark to in a title should be written as To.* For instance, Compounds To Be Tested.d. The first letter of the word ray should not be capitalized when it is used in X-ray in a title.e. The first letter of the name for a genus should be capitalized, whereas the one of the name for a species is not capitalized, such as, Novel Metabolites of Siphonaria pectinata Bacillus Subtil Pneumo-coccus Aureus.f. The first letters of the two words in a compound in a title should be capitalized if it is used as an entirety to modify the other words, for instance, Laser-Produced Protons and Their Application as a Particle Probe and Wide-Angel Achromatic Prism Beam Steering for Infrared Countermeasure Applications.g. The abbreviation for measure unit should not be capitalized. But the first letter of the full form for it should be. Such as, Analysis of Milligram Amounts →...of 2mg.(3)The first letter of the only first word is capitalized while the others are not. For instance, Pair production via crossed laser, Dual-frequency sounder for UMTS frequency-division duplex channels, and etc.Note:a. Proper nouns should be capitalized whether they are at the beginning or not, for instance, Health care in the United States.b. The first letter of a noun to show directions of a country or an area is capitalized, but the adjective for the noun is not, such as, Northeast→ northeastern and Midwest→ midwestern.c. The first letter of the word earth used to denote a planet in the universe is capitalized.The last point should be noticed: Nowadays, some important international retrieval organizations have their own different requirements for titles. For instance, EI has the following requirements for titles:a. Try to avoid using articles (the, a and an) at the very beginning of a title;b. The first letter of the first word in a title is capitalized while the others are not except the first letters of proper nouns, every letter in abbreviations, the first letter of Germany nouns and the first letter of any word after the punctuation period in a title;c. The main title and the subtitle must be separated by period but not colon, semicolon or dash.d. Try to avoid using abbreviations in a title. If they have to be used, the full forms of them should be given in brackets;e. Try to avoid using some particular characters such as numbers and Greek letters in a title or use them less.Commonly used phrases and structures in titles:An analysis of…An assessment of…A comparison of …A description of…An evaluation on…An explanation of…An outline of…An overview of…Study of…A tentative study of…Experiments of…Experimental study of…Effect of…on…A preliminary report of…Observation on…Comparison between …and..Improvement of…Experimental research of…LASER processing of…Clinical analysis of…Results of…Verification of…Follow-up of…2.2. Author and Affiliation2.2.1.AuthorsWho should be an author? This question concerns ethic issue of academic authorship of published study. Conceptually, an “author” is generally considered to be someone who has made substantive intellectual contributions to the published study. In practice, there is no problem to provide one name of a single author, but providing the name of two authors often requires resolution in terms of who comes first. The problem gets more difficult as the number of authors increases. Given that, in the real world , academic authorship is a primary basis on which many academics are evaluated for employment, promotion, and tenure; such academic and financial implications of authorship have often resulted in the inappropriate inclusion of “honorary” authors or the exclusion of junior authors. Consequently, incorrect application of authorship rules occasionally leads to charges of academic misconduct and sanctions for the violator.There are many guidelines for assigning authorship that can help writers keep away from academic misconduct but the criteria for authorship vary between institutions and disciplines. The American Psychological Association (APA) gives clear criteria for authorship of publication in social science. The International Committee of Medical Journal Editors (ICNJE) and the Journal of American Medical Association (JAMA) regularly update the criteria for authorship and contributorship in medi- cal science. The criteria for authorship developed by Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America (PNAS) are widely accepted in the disciplines of natural science.2.2.1.1 Authorship in the Social SciencesTo social science publications, neither the Modern Languages Association (MLA) nor the Chicago Manual of Style defines requirements for authorship, but the APA Publication Manual (APA, 2010) gives clear advice on allocating credit for authorship. It states that “Authorship” is not limited to the writing of manuscripts, but must include those who have made substantial contributions to a study, such as, formulating the problem or hypothesis, structuring the experimental design, organ-izing and conducting thestatistical analysis, interpreting the results, or writing a major portion of the paper. Specifically, in a journal article, the name of authors should be listed according to the following rules:~ The sequence of names of the authors to an article must reflect the relative scientific or professional contribution of the authors, irrespective of their academic status.~ The general rule is that the name of the principal contributor should come first, with subsequent names in order of decreasing contribution.~ Mere possession of an institutional position on its own, such as Head of the Research team, does not justify authorship.~ A student should be listed as a principal author on any multi- authored article that is substantially based on the student’s dissertation or thesis.While the APA guidelines list many other forms of contributions to a study that do not constitute authorship, it does state that combinations of these and other tasks may justify authorship. Like medicine, the APA considers institutional position, such as Department Chair, insufficient for attributing authorship.2. 2. 1.2. Authorship in Medical ScienceIn medical science, a total of 876 journals follow The Uniform Requirements for Manuscripts Submitted to Biomedical Journal (The Uniform Requirements) a). The Uniform Requirement was initiated by a group of editors of general medical journals in 1978 and was adopted by ICM-JE in 1979. Since then, the ICMJE has gradually broadened its concerns to include ethical principles related to publication in biomedical journals. In May 2001, in the revised sections related to potential conflict of interest, the committee clearly defined the criteria for author-ship. In the latest version (April 2010)~, the criteria for “authorship and contributorship’ are listed under the issue of “Ethical Considerations in the Conduct and Reporting of Research”.The ICJME has recommended following criteria for authorship:1) Authorship credit should be based on (1)substantial contributions to conception and design, acquisition of data, or analysis and interpretation of data; (2)drafting the article or revising it critically for important intellectual content; and (3)final approval of the version to be published. Authors should meet conditions (1), (2) and (3).2)When a large, multicenter group has conducted the work, the group should identify the individuals who accept direct responsibility for the manuscript. These individuals should fully meet the criteria forauthorship/contributorship defined above, and editors will ask these individuals to complete journal-specific author and conflict-of-interest disclosure forms. When submit- ting a manuscript authored by a group, the corresponding author should clearly indicate the preferred citation and identify all individual authors as well as the group name. Journals generally list other members of the group in the Acknowledgments. The NLM indexes the group name and the names of individuals the group has identified as being directly responsible for the manuscript; it also lists the names of collaborators if they are listed in Acknowledgments.3) Acquisition of funding, collection of data, or general supervision of the research group alone does not constitute authorship.4)All persons designated as authors should qualify for authorship, and all those who qualify should be listed.5)Each author should have participated sufficiently in the work to take public responsibility for appropriate portions of the content. All contributors who do not meet the above criteria for authorship should be listed in an acknowledgments section. Examples of those who might be acknowledged include a person who provided purely technical help, writing assistance, or a department chairperson who provided on- ly general support.2. 2. 1.3 Authorship in the Natural SciencesThe natural sciences have no universal standard for authorship, but some major multi-disciplinary journals and institutions have established guidelines for work that they publish. The journal Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America (PNAS)~defines the authorship in its editorial policy. It states that “Authorship should be limited to those who have contributed substan-tially to the work” and “The corresponding author must have obtained permission from all authors for the submission of each version of the paper and for any change in authorship.” Furthermore, “Authors must indicate their specific contributions to the published work” as a foot-note. Such introduction of credit states exactly what each person did in the study and probably makes the ranking of authors less important (Gustavii, 2008). Nature journals do not require all authors of a research paper to sign the letter of submission, nor do they impose an order on the list of authors. Submission to a Nature journal is taken by the journal to mean that all the listed authors have agreed all of the contents. The corre- sponding (submitting) author is responsible for having ensured that this agreement has been reached, and for managing all communication between the journal and all co-authors, before and after publication.Any changes to the author list after submission, such as a change in the order of the authors, or the deletionor addition of authors, needs to be approved by a letter signed by every author.The above guidelines for authorship give clear criteria to distinguish authors and contributors to a study. Irrespective of the nature of their contributions -- intellectual (creative) or practical (doing the experi-ments) -- all members of the research team are usually acknowledged in the author byline and the contributors are listed in the acknowledge section.2.2.1.4. AffiliationJust below the author’s name lies affiliation, which makes it convenient for the readers to communicate with the author affiliation includes the author’s working place , address and postal code. Samples are given below.Sample 1:(source:姚吉刚.从语言模糊性看英语委婉语的语用功能.黄山学院学报，2008：131-133)Analysis of Pragmatic Functions of English Euphemism from the Perspective of Language Vagueness Yao Jigang(Department of Foreign Studies, Anhui Institute of Architecture and Industry, Hefei 230601,China)If there are more than one author affiliated with different working units for an academic paper, the authors and their respective affiliations should be made clear, as the flowing sample shows.Sample 2:(source: Patrick R. Thomas , Jacinta B. Mckay. Cognitive Styles and Instructional Design in University Learning. Learning and Individual Differences, 2010(20): 197-202)Cognitive Styles and Instructional Design in University LearningPatrick R. Thomas1 , Jacinta B. Mckay2(1.School of Education and Professional Studies, Griffith University, Brisbane, Australia2.School of Psychology, Griffith University, Brisbane, Australia)The above two samples are of periodical papers, whose Title and Author/ Affiliation part is slightly different from that of the thesis or dissertation, which includes the information about:●the author’ s supervisor●the degree to be acquired●submission universitysubmission dateThe following sample is from a postgraduate student’s dissertation .Sample 3:(研究生学位论文)A Study of Translation of Mao Zedong’s Poetry from the Perspective of Translation EthicsBy Geng TiantianUnder the Supervision ofProfessor XXXSubmitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirementsfor the Degree of Master of ArtsSchool of Foreign LanguagesJiangsu UniversityZhenjiang, ChinaJune, 20122. 3. KeywordsKeywords are the identification for science and technology research papers to be retrieved as documents. They are the natural language vocabulary to show the thematic concept of the documents. Keywords, the same with abstract, are a part of a research paper, but not the part of the main body of the paper.2.3.1 General FunctionsA. Easiness of RetrievalAs the name implies, keywords are the most important words and phrases representing the theme or subject matter of the paper, and frequently used in a paper. Readers can find out the theme of the paper by looking at the keywords.B. Easiness of HighlightingThe function of keywords is to facilitate the information retrieval and accentuate the gist of the paper. It is easy for the information retrieval clerks to make up the index and secondary document.2.2.2 Linguistic FeaturesA. NominalizationKeywords are usually used in the form of nouns, not verbs. For example, “investigation” is used instead of “investigate”; “fabricate” should be replaced by “fabrication”; and “educate” ought to be replaced by “education.”B. Limited NumberThe number of the keywords for a paper should be limited. Four to six keywords are the average. In general, there should be at least 2 and at most 8.C. Designated Choice(1) The keywords of a paper usually come from the title and/or the abstract, where the key terms of words and phrases are usually contained.(2) But some free terms can be chosen in the following cases.a. Some other key terms which are obviously ignored in the keyword bank;b. Some new concepts that stand for new subject, new theory, new technology, new material, and etc.;c. The name for area, person, document, product, and etc. which are not contained in the word bank and the important data.d. Some concepts being collocated together may lead to polysemy. So the concepts can adopt free terms.2.3.3 Writing RequirementsA. Using Required TermsThe terms of “keywords” should be consistent with the requirements of the journal to which you submit your paper. The section “keywords” is also variously called “keywords index,” “keywords and phrases,” “indexing terms,” and etc.B. Placing in Right LocationThough keywords can be either above or below the abstract of a paper, they are yet, in most cases, placed below the abstract.C. Spacing the KeywordsKeywords are not necessarily all capitalized, except the first letter of keywords as a heading. Use comma (,) or semicolon (;) to separate the words. Larger partition or space can also be used instead of punctuation.。

Unit 4. Introduction （4hs）Topical HighlightsGeneral Functions of Introduction:introducing the subject, limiting the research scope, stating the general purpose, showing the writing arrangementStructural Features of Introduction and Some Idiomatic Expressions: starting with the research background, transiting to the existing problem, focusing on the present researchSpecial Attention: sentence structureindicative sentences, imperative sentences, complex sentences, “It + be + adj./participle + that clause…”Theme Presentation1. General Functions of IntroductionEvery professional paper should have at least one or two introductory paragraphs with or without a particular subtitle. The length or the degree of formality of a paper may decide whether the introduction should be a separate-labeled section. Regarding the function of an introduction, a well-known professional writer once said that it “may be thought of as a preliminary conference in which the writer and prospective reader …go into a huddle‟ 1 and agree in advance on the exact limits of the subject, the terms in which to discuss it, the angle from which to approach it, and the plan of treatment that will be most convenient to both.” (J. Raleigh Nelson, Writing the Technical Report, 3rd ed. McGraw-Hill, New York, 1952, p. 36) This gives us a vivid illustration of the function an introduction performs.Generally speaking, the successful introduction of a paper should have the following four functions to facilitate the communication process.1.1 Introducing the SubjectWhen retrieving information, a reader always first skims the title, the abstract and the introduction of a paper to determine whether or not the document is worth reading. The author ishere to supply sufficient background information to relieve the readers who are not well-informed in this field of troubles in understanding and evaluating the results of the given study without referring to previous publications on the topic. Since the topic in this section is what the paper is going to deal with, the readers, then, can get a preliminary but overall impression before going on with the full text of the paper.1.2 Limiting the Research ScopeOnly when an introduction clearly defines the limits of the research scope (the limits within which you treat the subject) can readers retrieve the information efficiently provided that the subject is introduced correctly. Since there are so many perspectives to be dealt with2 and your research could proceed in any one of them, narrowing down the scope of work and delimiting the boundary of your study3 becomes entirely necessary. The definition of scope may include such items as the range of parameters dealt with, the exact sphere of the general subject covered by the paper, and whether the work described is experimental or theoretical, etc. The readers, thus, can be directed to a specific focus.There are a number of expressions used to limit the scope of work:●The problem is within the scope of...●The problem under discussion is within the scope of...●Studies of these effects covered various aspects of...●Our studies with this technique are confined to only one particular aspect...●The problem described previously was directed to the example off.., which differsfrom...●This subject is concerned chiefly with the study of...●The author has limited his studies to the related aspects of...●The approach under study is only applied to...●The problem I have referred to falls within the field of...●The problem we have just outlined seems to be inside of the province of...●The theory can not apply to other cases of...●The emphasis of this paper is to survey...1.3 Stating the General PurposeIf the first two functions of introduction, i. e. introducing the subject and limiting the researchscope, are to usher the reader where to start and what to talk about in the paper, then the function of stating the general purpose is aimed at telling the reader why to where to start or where to guide. Here the task of the abstract drafter is to inform the reader of the general purpose of the paper and illustrate the primary objectives of his research. In doing so, he can guide his reader to avoid any misunderstanding of his inclination and make clear what the reader himself can expect to gain from the abstract drafter.1.4 Showing the Writing ArrangementThe logical arrangement of the writing enables the reader to understand the paper more easily when further reading is necessary. The best place for this information can be found at the end of the introduction. In very short papers, such information is easy to grasp. In papers of any appreciable length or complexity, however, it has the advantage of enabling the reader to know in advance of information to expect and in what order to get it. Thus a clear arrangement of your paper will make the reader feel convenient and active in their further reading.Expressions used to indicate the organization of the information include:●This paper is divided into five major sections as follows...●Section one of this paper opens with...●Section three develops the second hypotheses on...●In this paper, data and results are presented under the major heading of...●Section four shows (introduces, reveals, treats, develops, deals with, etc.)...●The result of... is given in the last section.●The 5th section provides an exposition that places the primary emphasis on...●In the following, a wide range of test data is reported...Notes1. go into a huddle: discuss something privately so that others cannot hear2. so many perspectives to be dealt with: so many points of view ahead to be treated properly in the front3. delimiting the boundary of your study: defining your sphere of research2. Structural Features of Introduction and Some Idiomatic Expressions2.1 Starting with the Research BackgroundTo orient the reader, the pertinent literature should be reviewed in writing a professional paper. The research background is usually given in the section of introduction accompanied by the recent development in this field. That is to answer the question, “What have been done?” The best way to present this information depends on what the reader already knows. For example, it may or may not be necessary to include historical background, definition of certain terms, data, etc. Let us take a paper in the field of translation for example. The author starts the introduction with the following:Ex. 5-1The Behavior Translating English-to-Chinese Machine Translation System is the first of its kind in Taiwan. And it is also among the first commercialized E-to-C systems in the world. The research began as a joint effort.., in May 1985...Further examples can be seen from the sections of introduction of the two complete papers attached in the Appendixes.Here are some expressions used to introduce the background of the subject in an introduction:●Over the past several decades....●Somebody reported...●The previous work on... has indicated that...●Recent experiments by... have suggested...●Several researchers have theoretically investigated...●In most studies of ....... has been emphasized with attention being given to...●Industrial use of... is becoming increasingly common.●There have been a few studies highlighting...●It is well known that...2.2 Transiting to the Existing ProblemAuthors usually transit to the main problems to be discussed or weak points remaining in the previous work to be further studied and/or improved. That is to answer the question: “What have not been done?” The existing problems or weak points of such nature may be something that has not yet been found before, the methods that have not been adopted so far, materials that have not yet been discovered in the past, and/or the factors that were previously ignored, and so on. Let ustake a paper published in the journal of Physics Review Letter as an example:Ex. 5- 2Research on the mobility and diffusion of ions in neutral gases began more than 75 years ago but very accurate data on these quantities have appeared only since about 1960...Recent experiments by Grover and by V olk, Kwon, and Mark have suggested that large nuclear-spin polarization can be produced in Xe nuclei by spin polarization with optically pumped rubidium atoms. However, no direct measurements of the xenon spin polarization have been reported as yet...The following are a number of expressions used to present existing problems:●Great progress has been made in this field, but (however, nevertheless, etc.)...●Also, the consideration of... alone cannot explain the observed fact that...● A part of the explanation could lie in... However ....●The study of... gives rise to two main difficulties: one is...; the other is...●Despite the recent progress reviewed in .... there is no generally accepted theoryconcerning...●From the above discussion, it appears that at present neither.., nor.., are known.● A major problem.., is the harmful effect exerted by...●An experiment of the kind has not been made.●The kind of experiment we have in mind has not been carried out until now.●Until now no field experiments of... have been reported.●Not any experiment in this area has suggested that...●More than one experiment must be initiated to substantiate...●The method we used differs greatly from the one reported ten years ago.●The method of making.., was not invented till the existence of...●No clear advancement has so far been seen in...●No direct outcome was then reported in...●No such finding could be available in...●So far there is not enough convincing evidence showing...●The data available in literature failed to prove that...●The theory of... did not explain how much modifications arose.2.3 Focusing on the Present ResearchOn the basis of reviewing the previous research, especially unfolding or displaying the weak points of the previous work to be overcome or existing problems to be solved, the author may gradually an d naturally turn the reader‟s attention to the present research, by stating his primary research objectives, novel ideas, advanced methods, new materials, fresh factors, etc. That is to answer the question: “What I am going to do?” For example:Ex. 5- 3... In this paper, a simplified state selector is considered, both theoretically and experimentally, for use in a molecular beam ammonia maser system. 3Ex. 5- 4... Then, we shall focus both analytically and numerically on the following topics: (1) the influence of polarization gradients on the behavior of surface modes in the vicinity of the limiting surface; (2) the existence of a coupling between displacement components and electric-polarization components; (3) ...Sometimes, a specific study on a certain subject itself can imply the existing problem to be solved. In this case, the specific problems may not be literally mentioned. (See Introduction 3 of Exercises 1I in Reflections and Practice (1) below)Putting together the structure and content mentioned above, you must form general picture of an introduction. Now, let us look at a sample introduction of a paper entitled Innovation and the materials revolution by Felix H. A. Janszen and Marc P. F. Vloemans, published in Technovation V ol. 17 No. 10, 1997 pp.549-556.Ex. 5-5IntroductionThe present literature on strategy and innovation pays a considerable amount of attention to industrial competition within a specific industry, between several industries and even between geographical areas (Porter, 1990; Hamel and Prahalad, 1994; Kodama, 1991). Each author emphasizes the importance of technological development but quite often uses the cases taken from relatively new so-called high-tech industries, such as telecommunications, information technology and biotechnology. However, the result of this bias is a certain lack of attention to the information of the technological developments of more mature industries. A likely explanation could be that asubstantial amount of strategic research has been conducted by technologists themselves. Faced with less visible developments in mature industries as well as the requirements of a deeper understanding of the underlying technologies, this last group seems rather well equipped for the task. Ultimately a more technological approach would enable stakeholders to acquire a more complete picture as well as an increased understanding of the management of innovation. Those in mature industries especially could benefit from this approach.Mature industries are those products, markets and possibly-underlying technologies are more or less at the end of their life cycle. Competition is conducted mainly on price. As a result the innovative activities deal principally with process technologies to arrive at higher levels of efficiency (Abemathy and Utterback, 1975). Examples of mature industries are the construction, petrochemical, metals, car and ship building industries. From this list it can be concluded that this group consists of a wide variety of industries, more often than not characterized by an emphasis on so-called economies of scale. This is largely dependent on the characteristics of process technologies in use, existing market infrastructure 4 and market conditions. This phase of maturity can vary in length, but will often last for several decades. The relatively stable business environment of such a mature industry creates a sense of security within, with myopic tendencies and a heavy reliance on problem solving murines that proved successful in the past. Core competences have become core rigidities5 (Leonard Barton, 1992). As a result, new technological developments are discerned 6 too late, which can have disastrous effects for the industry (Foster, 1986). The commercial battlefield is littered with companies that could not adapt quick enough--for example, the shipbuilding industry in the 19th century which ignores the electronics industry in the 1950s that was superseded 7 by the transistor (1947) and ICs (1959). The American electronics industry and the Swiss watch industry have found this out to their detriment. 8 During the second half of this century, within the basic materials industries, a new form of competition has emerged, an inter-material competition (Kaounides, 1990). Instead of companies competing within a certain material‟s sector, now the whole sectors compete directly with one another. In various markets the traditional metals are under the threat from polymers, composites and ceramics. This has considerably increased the scale and scope of strategic behavior within the basic materials industries.In this article we will systematically survey and clarify several changes in the businessenvironment of these industries. On the basis of a survey of developments in materials technology we will explain the effects these changes have on intra- and inter-industrial competition. On the basis of changing materials design in the car industry we will draw a dynamic picture of the aforementioned developments in mature industries as well as explain the interaction of the various rivers behind the developments.There are also a number of expressions used to introduce the present work:●In this paper .... is investigated (studied, discussed, presented, etc.)●The present work deals mainly with...●We report here.., in the presence of...●This paper reports on...●On the basis of existing literature data, we carried out studies in an effort to...●The present study will therefore focus on...●The primary goal of this research is...●The purpose of this paper (study, thesis, etc.) is...●In this paper, we aim at...Notes1. the mobility and diffusion of ions in neutral gases: 在中和气体中粒子的运动和扩散2. large nuclear-spin polarization: 大的核自旋极化偏振3. a molecular beam ammonia maser system: Maser (激射器) is the short form of thelong compound word microwave amplification by stimulated emission of radiation.So the whole phrase can be translated as 激射：分子射束铵激射器4. existing market infrastructure: 市场现有的基础设施5. Core competences have become core rigidities: 关键性的能力已经变成了关键生的6. discern: to see, notice, or understand, esp. with difficulty7. supersede: (often pass.) to take place of8. detriment: (finl.) the condition of suffering harm or damage9. aforementioned: mentioned above or before. This is an academic word.3. Reflections and Practice (1)3.1. Work with your partner to discuss the answers to the following questions.3.1.1. What are the general functions of an introduction?3.1.2. What is your understanding of the structural features of an introduction?3.1.3. How do you write an introduction?3.2. Analyze the following introductions, following the directions if possible.3.2.1. Underline the part stating the research background.3.2.2. Parenthesize the part pointing to the existing problem.3.2.3. Draw a box around the part focusing on the present research.Introduction 1According to Hannagan (1995: 18), “Modem management is essentially about managing people as well as processes, in a rapidly changing environment.” This seems especially important for a British Airways office set in a different culture, which is largely due to the fact that given the variety of cultural inheritance people under differentCultures may behave in diverging ways. The human behaviors affect the performance of people at work, as shown by the Hawthorne effect, and a careful analysis of such behavior under a multicultural context will be beneficial to the overall performance of the department as well as that of each individual.In this paper, I shall undertake an analysis of an issue. The department where I work is British Agency China, based in Beijing. In this place a British manager has to deal with over 20 Chinese employees. During the time that we have worked together, it has seemed to me (and the Manager) that there exists such a cultural difference and in many cases the communication between the employer and the employee cannot get through, thereby influencing the overall performance of the department. I shall analyze the issue in this context and attempt to formulate certain possible procedures to tackle the task.Introduction 2In this paper I attempt to show how a number of related concepts in Cognitive Grammar (Fillmore, 1982; Lakoff, 1982, 1987; Langacker, 1987,1988, 1990, 1991) can be applied to the analyses of discourse. Cognitive Grammar (CG) is well adapted not only to addressing issues concerning the relationship between language and cognition but also to constituting a potentially powerful sociolinguistic tool. I will focus on two related concepts: “profiling” (Langacker, 1990) and “radial category structure” (Lakoff, 1987; Br ugman, 1988; Taylor, 1989).AbstractIt has been more than fifty years since its appearance of the ligand theory (配位场理论). It was initiated in 1931 when Bethe‟s crystal field theory (晶体场理论) was proposed. The theory of complex spectra for atoms contributed by Racah has had an important effect on the development of the ligand field theory as it has influenced that of nuclear and elementary particle theories.In this article, the extension of the irreducible tensor method (不可约张量方法) to the ligand field theory which was originally performed by Tang Aoqing and his collaborators, is simplified by introducing the quasi-spin group (准自旋群) to give a theoretical analysis of the spectra of TbPsOl4. The theoretical analysis is in good agreement with the experimental result.As an example, the energy matrix elements of ground states terms (基态谱项的能量矩阵元) of TbPsOl4 crystal are calculated by the application of this theory, a serial spectrum data published by Bai Yubai are to be fitted by the use of five crystal-field parameters and eight relativistic parameters. The fitted results are satisfactory with 8 cm-1 at mean square root error and 17 cm-1 at the maximum absolution error of energy levels.3.3 Revise an introduction written prior to this unit by using the skills learned so far, and then give your comparison.4. Special Attention: Sentence StructureThe linguistic features of sentence structure in professional papers, is one of the key points for successful writing. Generally speaking, sentence structure of professional papers is comparatively monotonous and grammatically rigorous, which means that only certain sentence structures are preferable. The sentence structures often used in professional writing are summarized as follows:4.1. Indicative SentencesIn professional papers, authors often have to describe experiments or investigations conducted, state the quality or property of the matter used, confirm laws or principles they have worked out. For this purpose, they prefer to use indicative sentences rather than interrogative sentences, and exclamatory sentences are seldom used. For example:4.1.1 L stands for length, while W represents weight.4.1. 2 Distillation is helpful to separating water from dissolved salts and other substances.4.1.3 Computer language may range from detailed low level close to that immediately understood by the particular computer, to the sophisticated high level which can be automatically accepted by a wide range of computers.4.1.4 Gathering facts, confirming them, assuming theories, testing them, and organizing findings -- this is all the work of science.4.2 Imperative SentencesLook at the examples below:(1) Now let K equal to Zero, and then we obtain the following equation.(2) Fill in a tube with cold water, and then heat the tube to 100℃.(3) See Table 4.(4) To put into full play the incubation function of the high-tech development zone, we should pay enough attention to the following: First, cultivate a number of new high-tech enterprises; Second, promote a number of new high-tech products; Third, train a group of entrepreneurs.4.3 Complex SentencesAs we know, scientific research is a kind of activity aiming to disclose the law of nature, the change of natural objects and their applications. Such processes are complicated and mutually related. In order to reflect the complicated interrelations accurately, it is necessary more often than not to use various complex sentences.Now, analyze the following examples.(1) An electric current which reverses its direction at regular intervals, and which is constantly changing in magnitude is called an alternating current, which is usually abbreviated asa.c ....(2) Because nonverbal behavior is regarded as a more accurate measure of how an individual actually feels than what is said, it is reasonable to assume that the individual in conflict with the woman in the above example will respond to her gestures instead of to her words.In example (1), there are three subordinate clauses, while example (2) contains five subordinate clauses. They are both complex sentences though not very complicated ones.4) “It + be + adj. / participle + that clause...”In order to keep a sentence balanced, and avoid subjective coloring, the sentence structure “It+ be + adj. / participle + that clause” can often be encou ntered in professional writing. In this structure, “it” is the formal subject, and s “that clause” the real subject. For example:(1) It is evident from the foregoing discussion that basic research is applicable to the facts upon which a science is developed, and the principle or laws of science as compared to applied research directed toward using knowledge gained by basic research to make things that will servea practical purpose.(2) It is concluded that the behavior of a fluid flowing through a pipe is affected by a number of factors, including the viscosity of the fluid and the speed at which it is pumped.(3) It has been shown through the experiment that the charges of the nucleus and electrons are equal so that the atom is electrically neutral.5. Reflections and Practice (2)5.1. Translate the following sentences into Chinese, paying attention to thesentence structure of each.5.1.1. Strategy is an art of planning the best way to gain an advantage or to achieve success.5.1.2. Here the point of view is the term generally used to indicate the point from which the paper is written.5.1.3. Subordination is the technique of placing the less important thought in a subordinate position.5.1.4. This formula is developed on the basis of the previously discussed theory.5.1.5. It is concluded that some of the parameters cannot be obtained by using the method shown in Section IV.5.1.6. Connect the equipment to the machine. Turn off the switch. Adjust input voltage to 10V. And note down the output current.5.1.7. Such evidence of a positive effect in the Northern Hemisphere is something that all satellite observing system experiments still lack.5.1.8. Potentially more useful data have been flowing down from weather satellites for 25 years, but only recently have researchers been able to show that such data improve forecasts made by computers, the backbone of modem weather forecasting.5.1.9. Other technologies that have made slow progress are modem windmills and photo-voltaic cells that convert sunlight directly to electricity.5.1.10. Heaviside (海维赛) was not only a wonderful electrical engineer but also a mathematical genius. Owing to deafness he had to leave the telegraph office where he first worked and retired to Paignton (牌恩顿) in Devon (丹佛), where he lived alone. He wrote a number articles which were no doubt hard enough to understand before his editors made him condense them. They are far harder now.5.2. Put the following into English.5.2.1．从上例可以看出，作者通过气侯和地理方面的比较，客观地描述了这两个试验现场。