The Study of Administration读后感
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威尔逊行政学读书笔记行政管理专科读书笔记20000字在现代社会中,行政管理学,或称公共行政,既是一个新兴的社会管理领域,也是一门发展速度非常快的学科。
为什么?一个最主要的原因就是现代人类社会需要民-主、高效的行政管理。
一般说来,人类社会可以分成私人与公共两大领域。
就公共领域而言,多元价值的 -使得其行政管理行为更为复杂。
行政管理学,或称公共行政正是探索这一领域客观规律的实践性学科。
其目的就是保障社会公共领域的公平、秩序、效率和发展。
不论是教师、学生或各级行政管理人员,在步入行政管理领域时首先应该明确地认识这一基本概念的含义。
从历史发展来看,公共行政学的产生可以追溯到19世纪末期。
1887年伍德罗?威尔逊发表《行政学研究》一文,由此揭开了西方国家行政管理研究的序幕。
根据伍德罗?威尔逊观点,在现代人类社会发展过程中,政治的职能是如何保障在多元价值条件下公平地制定公共政策,而如何有效地执行公共政策和保障政策目标的实现则是行政的职能。
因此,政治学应该以公共政策为研究中心,分析各种法律、政令的产生、发展和变化。
但是,社会政治关系包含着复杂的价值认识,无法进行科学性的研究,而作为研究政策执行的公共行政学则可以不受价值判断的影响,根据科学的方法客观地决定如何高效率地执行公共政策。
随着现代社会的发展,公共行政不断地得到新学者们的释义更新和补充,公共行政领域中所包含行政决策因素的这一特征越来越明显,这也就使得伍德罗?威尔逊所阐释的公共行政概念的内涵和外延不断产生一些变化。
西方行政管理理论构成西方行政思想史建构的基本要素,对西方历史中形成的各种行政管理理论进行梳理,搞清楚这些行政管理理论的形成、它们和行政管理实践之间复杂的互动关系、它们各自的特点、作用和地位,是西方行政管理思想史研究的一个基矗每一种特定的行政管理理论的形成与产生,都有着它自身的时代原因和思想源流。
是时代的发展、环境的改变和挑战的变化,使行政管理的实践对行政管理理论提出新的要求,而正是这种新的要求推动和促使着人们在实践中对社会中既成的行政管理模式和管理理论进行再认识、再思考,从而导致行政管理的思想与理论的内涵以及行政管理模式产生相应的变化。
美国作文之美国行政法读书笔记美国行政法读书笔记【篇一:一把打开美国行政法宝库的金钥匙——对王名扬先生《美国行政法》一书迟到的评论】杨海坤朱中一:一把打开美国行政法宝库的金钥匙——对王名扬先生《美国行政法》一书迟到的评论由于历史原因,我国比较行政法学的研究工作起步很晚,以至80年代之前几乎无人丛书这方面的工作。
[1]进入80年代以后,由于中国社会的迅猛发展,行政法学研究的蓬勃兴起,迫切需要借鉴国外行政法的实践与理论。
然而,最初的研究只是停留在引用少的可怜的第二手资料或转述台湾地区学者观点的阶段。
因此,就总体而言,我国行政法学的比较研究目前还处于拓荒时期。
王名扬先生在这关键时期迈出了坚实的三大步,为我国比较行政法学的研究做出了巨大的贡献。
他的三步曲——《英国行政法》、《法国行政法》、《美国行政法》为我们分别介绍了英国、法国、美国这三个行政法制化程度较高国家的行政法,可称为我国比较行政法学的拓荒之作和奠基之作。
其中,最引人注目的,当属三步曲中最新的一部——《美国行政法》。
该书的出版可以说是一个里程碑,它标志着我国学者对美国行政法已开始进入全面叙述与评价阶段。
同时,由于该书篇幅巨大、内容丰富、资料详实(上下两卷,共100万字),从学术价值来看,要胜过《英国行政法》与《法国行政法》两书。
另外,与译成中文的美国学者施瓦茨所著之《美国行政法》相比,该书在语言的表达与材料的选择整理上更适合中国读者的口味,也更有益于中国读者比较全面的了解美国行政法。
朴实无华是王名扬先生一贯的学术风格。
《美国行政法》一书也是这样。
从表面上看,该书有多叙述、少评论的特点,但透过这些平实的叙述和精致的评论,读者会深有感悟,收获非浅王名扬先生写作此书的首要目的在于为我国研究美国行政法提供广泛而且可靠的资料,正如王名扬先生在序言一开头所表达的那样,“本文写作的目的是为了满足对外国行政法学的学习和教学的需要。
”[2]正因为如此,《美国行政法》一书经过一番评析之后,采用了中国读者习惯使用的广义行政法的概念,即认为行政法公共行政的全面的法律。
《行政学研究》威尔逊读后感英文版Reflections on "The Study of Administration" by Woodrow WilsonUpon completing my reading of "The Study of Administration" by Woodrow Wilson, I found myself immersed in a profound understanding of the intricacies and complexities of public administration. Wilson's insights into the field, delivered through a blend of theoretical analysis and practical experience, offer a unique perspective on the art and science of governance.Wilson begins his treatise by establishing a clear definition of administrative studies, highlighting its importance in the modern era of bureaucracy. He argues that the efficient and effective functioning of government agencies is crucial for the welfare and progress of society. This is achieved through the meticulous study of administrative principles and practices,enabling bureaucrats to make informed decisions and implement policies effectively.One of the key takeaways from Wilson's work is the emphasis on the separation of political and administrative functions. He believes that politicians should be responsible for setting policies while administrators should focus on their efficient execution. This division of duties ensures that the political will of the electorate is translated into practical measures without being hindered by bureaucratic red tape.Wilson also underscores the importance of careerism in public service. He advocates for the development of a professional bureaucracy, where officials are appointed based on merit and expertise, rather than political affiliation or patronage. This approach ensures that the best minds are retained within the administrative machinery, enabling it to function efficiently and independently.Furthermore, Wilson emphasizes the role of centralization in administrative organization. He argues that a strong centralauthority is necessary to coordinate and control the activities of various departments and agencies. This centralized approach ensures that policies are implemented uniformly across the bureaucracy, minimizing conflicts and ensuring a coherent approach to governance.In conclusion, "The Study of Administration" by Woodrow Wilson provides a comprehensive and insightful analysis of the principles and practices of public administration. His ideas on the separation of political and administrative functions, the importance of careerism, and the role of centralization offer valuable insights for modern bureaucracies. Wilson's work remains relevant and influential, serving as a foundation for further exploration and understanding of the field of administrative studies.《行政学研究》威尔逊读后感读完伍德罗·威尔逊的《行政学研究》后,我深感公共行政学的复杂性和深奥之处。
我对管理学的认识英语作文Management: A Comprehensive Overview.Management, a multifaceted discipline, encompasses the art of planning, organizing, leading, and controlling resources to achieve specific goals within an organization or system. It involves the effective utilization of human, financial, material, and informational resources to maximize efficiency, productivity, and overall performance.Historical Evolution of Management.The origins of management can be traced back to ancient civilizations, where rulers and leaders employed various techniques to organize and direct their societies. However, the systematic study of management as a distinct discipline emerged during the Industrial Revolution, driven by the need to manage large-scale factories and industries effectively. Notable figures such as Frederick Taylor, Henry Gantt, and Frank Gilbreth pioneered scientificmanagement techniques, focusing on optimizing production processes and worker efficiency.Key Principles of Management.1. Planning: Determining the goals, objectives, and strategies to achieve desired outcomes.2. Organizing: Arranging and allocating resources, responsibilities, and authority to create an efficient organizational structure.3. Leading: Motivating, guiding, and inspiring individuals and teams to accomplish their goals.4. Controlling: Monitoring performance, identifying deviations, and taking corrective actions to ensure adherence to plans and standards.Management Functions.1. Planning: Strategic planning, budgeting, forecasting,and decision-making.2. Organizing: Job design, departmentalization, chain of command, and resource allocation.3. Leading: Communication, motivation, team building, and conflict resolution.4. Controlling: Performance measurement, feedback, corrective action, and continuous improvement.Levels of Management.Management can be classified into three primary levels:1. Top Management: Responsible for overall strategic direction, policy development, and long-term decision-making.2. Middle Management: Oversees specific departments or divisions, implementing strategies and coordinating with lower-level managers.3. Lower Management: Supervises day-to-day operations, directs employees, and ensures compliance with organizational policies.Management Skills.Effective managers possess a diverse range of skills, including:1. Technical Skills: Knowledge and expertise in a specific area or industry.2. Interpersonal Skills: Ability to communicate, collaborate, and build relationships effectively.3. Conceptual Skills: Capacity to think strategically, analyze situations, and make sound judgments.4. Decision-Making Skills: Ability to gather information, evaluate alternatives, and make informed decisions.5. Problem-Solving Skills: Ability to identify, analyze, and resolve issues efficiently.Management Theories.Numerous management theories have emerged over time, providing frameworks and insights into managing organizations effectively. Some prominent theories include:1. Scientific Management Theory: Emphasizes the optimization of production processes and worker efficiency.2. Human Relations Theory: Focuses on the importance of employee motivation, satisfaction, and teamwork.3. Contingency Theory: Proposes that the most effective management approach depends on the specific situation and organizational context.4. Systems Theory: Views organizations as open systems that interact with their external environment.5. Total Quality Management: Emphasizes continuous improvement and customer satisfaction.Importance of Management.Effective management plays a crucial role in the success and sustainability of organizations. It enables:1. Goal Achievement: Alignment of individual efforts towards common organizational objectives.2. Resource Optimization: Efficient allocation and utilization of resources to maximize productivity.3. Improved Performance: Continuous monitoring and improvement to enhance organizational performance.4. Motivation and Engagement: Creation of a positive work environment that fosters employee motivation and engagement.5. Innovation and Adaptation: Encouragement ofcreativity and adaptability to changing circumstances.Conclusion.Management is an essential discipline that involves the planning, organizing, leading, and controlling of resources within organizations. It encompasses a wide range of principles, functions, and skills, and has evolved significantly throughout history. Effective management is crucial for goal achievement, resource optimization, improved performance, motivation, innovation, and overall organizational success.。
科学管理理论的读后感英文回答:After reading about the scientific management theory, I found it to be a fascinating approach to improving productivity and efficiency in organizations. The theory, developed by Frederick Taylor in the late 19th and early20th centuries, emphasizes the use of scientific methods to study work processes and determine the most efficient ways to perform tasks.One aspect of the scientific management theory that stood out to me is the focus on breaking down tasks into smaller, more manageable components. This allows for a more systematic approach to work, where each task is analyzed and studied in order to identify the most efficient way to complete it. For example, in a manufacturing setting, the theory suggests that tasks should be divided into smaller steps, and each step should be carefully analyzed to determine the most efficient way to perform it. This canlead to significant time and cost savings, as well as improved quality and productivity.Another key concept of scientific management is theidea of selecting and training workers based on their abilities and skills. Taylor believed that workers shouldbe carefully selected and trained to perform specific tasks, and that they should be matched with the tasks that best utilize their skills. This can lead to higher levels of job satisfaction and motivation, as workers are able to perform tasks that they are skilled at and enjoy. Additionally, the theory suggests that workers should be given clear instructions and guidelines on how to perform their tasks, which can reduce errors and improve overall performance.In addition to task analysis and worker selection, scientific management also emphasizes the use of time and motion studies to identify and eliminate unnecessary movements and inefficiencies in work processes. Bycarefully observing and measuring how workers perform tasks, managers can identify areas for improvement and implement changes to streamline processes. For example, through timeand motion studies, managers may discover that a particular step in a process is taking longer than necessary due to poor layout or equipment placement. By making adjustments, such as rearranging workstations or investing in better equipment, time and cost savings can be achieved.Overall, the scientific management theory offers valuable insights into how organizations can improve productivity and efficiency. By applying scientific methods and principles to work processes, managers can identify and eliminate inefficiencies, improve worker satisfaction and motivation, and ultimately achieve higher levels of performance.中文回答:阅读了关于科学管理理论的资料后,我发现这是一种令人着迷的提高组织生产力和效率的方法。
共和行政读后感篇一:行政学研究读后感《The Study of Administration 》读书报告1887年,曾任普林斯顿大学校长的美国第28届总统威尔逊发表了《行政学研究》一文第一次明确提出把行政管理作为一门独立学科来进行研究。
该文开行政学研究理论之先河,被认为是行政学的开山之作。
在整个20世纪公共行政理论与实践的发展中,《行政学研究》一文提出的基本思想都是一个绕不开的主题,一切关于公共行政的理论思考和实践安排,都必须考虑政治与行政二分的框架。
但是,威尔逊的行政学成就所代表的是工业社会的政治文明,十九世纪末,资本主义突飞猛进的发展给世界引入了一个全新的高度,当人类开始走向后工业社会的时候,关于公共行政的新理论及其实践也进入了一个新的纪元,美国政治在世界舞台上也越来越让人为之瞩目,影响了世界发展新的格局。
从时间维度看,威尔逊架设了沟通19世纪和20世纪行政学演变的桥梁;从空间维度看,他架设了欧洲大陆特别是法国、德国行政研究与美国行政研究的越洋的桥梁;从学科维度,他架设了政治学、管理学、历史学、法学、经济学等交叉领域间的桥梁。
他认为政治与行政既有联系又有区别。
行政活动是政治活动的一个组成部分。
但是行政活动领域是一种事务性的领域,属于技术范畴,而政治活动则重大且复杂得多,政治领域内充满混乱和冲突,这远非行政活动所能相比。
文章中还旁征博引政治、经济、文化、哲学等方面的内容,对行政问题有深入探讨和突破性的贡献。
光从美国的背景和世界发展的趋势上来看,不足以探究清楚文章的全部内容,但它给了我们很多借鉴。
在工业化和城市化的进程中,暴富起来的工业资本巨头利用手中的财富进行“权钱交易”,希望用政治来更大作用于经济的发展,再从中获利,这是资本主义发展的弊端,而这对于二^一世纪的中国,具有重要的研究价值,中国经济的快速健康发展必然要带来政治体制的改革,使行政更加高效,对行政学研究的必要性和目的的研究,为我们今天的行政改革和发展打下了坚实的理论基础,指明了改革的方向,对当代行政学发展有十分重要的借鉴意义。
of study 英文版读后感studying is a fundamental aspect of human development and growth it is a process of acquiring knowledge skills and understanding through various means such as formal education individual research and practical experience the act of studying encompasses a wide range of activities including reading attending lectures participating in discussions and completing assignments the importance of studying cannot be overstated as it lays the foundation for personal growth career advancement and societal progressone of the primary benefits of studying is the expansion of knowledge and understanding by delving into various subjects and disciplines individuals can broaden their perspectives gain new insights and develop a deeper appreciation for the complexities of the world around them this intellectual growth can lead to enhanced critical thinking and problem-solving skills which are invaluable in both personal and professional settings furthermore studying can foster a sense of curiosity and a lifelong love of learning as individuals continue to explore new areas of interest and seek out opportunities for continuous self-improvementin addition to the intellectual benefits studying also plays a crucial role in personal development the discipline and focus required to engage in sustained study can cultivate valuable traits such as patience perseverance and self-discipline these qualities can translate into other areas of life and contribute to overall success and well-being moreover the process of studying can instill a sense of accomplishment and self-confidence as individuals overcome challenges and achieve their learning goals this can have a positive impact on an individual's self-esteem and motivation to continue pursuing their educational and personal aspirationsthe benefits of studying extend beyond the individual and can have a significant impact on society as a whole as individuals acquire knowledge and skills they can contribute to the advancement of their communities and the world at large this can manifest in various ways such as the development of new technologies the implementation of innovative solutions to societal problems and the dissemination of knowledge and ideas that can inspire and empower others furthermore the pursuit of higher education can lead to the emergence of specialized professionals who can drive progress in their respective fields and contribute to the overall well-being of societyhowever it is important to recognize that the act of studying is notwithout its challenges the demands of studying can be physically and mentally taxing requiring significant time effort and dedication students may face difficulties such as information overload time management issues and the stress of balancing academic responsibilities with other aspects of their lives these challenges can be particularly daunting for individuals who may have limited access to educational resources or face additional barriers such as financial constraints or learning disabilitiesto overcome these challenges it is crucial for individuals to develop effective study habits and strategies that cater to their unique learning styles and needs this may involve techniques such as active reading note-taking group study sessions and the utilization of various learning aids and technologies additionally seeking support from teachers mentors and peers can be invaluable in navigating the challenges of studying and maintaining motivation and resilience in the face of adversityultimately the act of studying is a multifaceted and complex process that holds immense value for both individuals and society as a whole by embracing the challenges and opportunities of studying individuals can unlock their full potential expand their knowledge and skills and contribute to the betterment of the world around them the pursuit of knowledge through studying is a lifelong journeythat can lead to personal growth professional success and the advancement of human civilization。
《行政学研究》的读书报告
一、概述
1887年,美国著名学者伍德罗•威尔逊(Woodrow Wilson)在《政治学季刊》上发表了著名的《行政学研究》,这篇文章被认为标志着近代行政学的开端。
文章没有长篇大论,但却清晰地阐释了行政学的诸多方面,对近现代行政学的发展产生了里程碑式的影响。
由于先前学者们在行政学领域的长期空白,威尔逊的文章提出的许多概念使人耳目一新,在此,有必要对文章的脉络和概念进行一下简单的梳理和重构。
对于这篇文章,我从两个方面去理解,即行政学的内涵和外延。
二、内涵部分
1.目的。
威尔逊指出,行政学研究的目的,在于“了解:首先,政府能够适当地和成功地进行什么工作。
其次,政府怎样才能以尽可能高的效率及在费用或能源方面用尽可能少的成本完成这些适当的工作。
”也就是说,政府行政的范围和合理方法。
我想,这里的范围应该解释一下。
威尔逊在本文中提出的一个重要观点,即行政-政治分离的观点,乍一看这里所说行政的范围可能属于政治所研究的领域,属于原则的问题。
但是,威尔逊的原文“what government can properly and successfully do”我个人理解为在政治原则的大框架内存在的一些模糊的领域(例如政府对经济的干预问题,无法确定是或否)。
这一类问题无法用政治的原则去准确地划分,这时就需要行政学的指导去评估政府行为的利弊做出决断,最终取得“properly”
和“successfully”的效果。
2.历史。
威尔逊说,行政学“是本世纪,几乎就是我们这一代的产物。
”因为他认为,在早期社会(奴隶或者封建社会),政府的结构和一些政治原则的问题,是人们研究的重点。
人们生活的简单带来了政府职能的简单,因此,行政问题不那么突出。
但是,到了工业文明社会,美国的政治制度日益完善,但是社会问题却层出不穷,因此,政府的行政能力问题逐渐得到了人们的重视,因此,也就推动了行政学的产生和发展。
而行政的来源却不是在美国,而是在欧洲。
因为“其各个组成部分是与一个组织严密的国家的需要相适应的”,显然法德更需要这种行政能力以维护其专制的统治。
值得一提的是,威尔逊将政府的发展分成了三个阶段:“绝对统治者”时期,废除专制制定宪法时期,人民统治时期。
他认为在第一个和第三个时期,行政会得到重视(这两个时期分别对应法德和英美)。
而在第二个时期,人们会因为政体的争论而忽视行政。
3.原因。
威尔逊清晰地阐明:“它将力求使政府不走弯路,使政府专心处理公务减少闲杂事务,加强和纯洁政府的组织机构,为政府的尽职尽责带来美誉。
”(关于原因,由于前面提到的目的和历史一定程度的解释了原因,这里就不再赘述。
)
4.研究方法。
威尔逊提出用比较的方法来研究和探求行政方法,其中突出指出了法德行政的优点。
然而他一再强调,美国作为了一个民主国家,只需要借鉴法德的行政领域的长处,而决不能收其专制思想的影响。
作者用了一个巧妙地比喻“我们便可以对外国政府进行解剖学
的观察,而不用害怕会把它们的任何疾病传染到我们的血管中来,可以详细解剖外国制度而不用害怕血液中毒。
”在字里行间,无不体现出他对美国制度的赞美和对专制的嫌恶。
5.发展的阻碍因素。
威尔逊在文中明确提到了行政学发展的阻碍因素,我在此将其粗略归纳为三点:(1)人民主权和公众舆论的存在(2)依然完善并日趋僵化的民主制度(3)美国社会的文化多样性。
其中有必要将一二两点提及一下,那就是,在威尔逊等大多数美国人看来,他们的民主制度是世界上最优越的政治制度(这一点在前文中已有提到)。
但是从另一个角度来说,过分的民主制度和过于完美的政治体制反而对行政的发展起到了一定的阻碍作用。
因为“总而言之,为了取得任何进展,我们必须对于叫做公共舆论的由民众组成的君主进行训练和劝说——这跟影响叫做国王的单一君主比较起来,是一桩可行性极小的工作。
”而且存在民众对政治体制的盲目崇拜而丧失了改良它的热情和信心。
由此观之,威尔逊对美国的政体还是有着辩证的评论的态度。
6.文官制度改革。
威尔逊写这篇文章的时候恰逢美国进行文官制度改革,以建立一个稳定高效而又廉洁的行政队伍。
因此,在此文中威尔逊对文官制度的改革做了阐释:“我们的理想模式是通过某种方式建立一个有文化教养和自立精神的文官制度,它完全能够有理智有力量地展开活动,同时与公众的思想保持着非常紧密的联系。
这种方式就是选举和经常性的公开协商,它可以彻底排除武断和阶级态度。
”三、外延部分
威尔逊集中做了两对关系的对比,那就是政治与行政、法律与行政。
政治与行政问题的区分可以说是本文做出的巨大贡献之一,“The field of administration is a field of business.”将行政管理作为business来看待,这与后一段时期的科学管理理论的流行不无联系。
而谈及法律和行政,作者突出了法律的原则性和至高性以及其不可避免的滞后性,行政管理则带有灵活性和及时性,但是行政管理的灵活变通是建立在法律,也就是国家和人民的最高保障的基础上进行的,任何违背法律原则的行政行为,不管其目的是多么正当的合理,都是不被允许的。
至此,对于《行政学研究》的主要内容和分析就到此结束,不难看出,正如开篇所提到的那样,这篇不长的文章,将行政学的一些基本和基础问题解释的相当详尽。
四、评论
对于《行政学研究》的历史意义和地位,相信前人的解释和看法已然完备,在此也没有转述的必要。
我想谈谈个人对这篇文章的一些看法和启发。
因为这篇文章是在一片近乎空白的领域上建立的,因此,通过威尔逊的观点,我们可以看到行政学产生和最初发展的社会背景,及其原始形态,从而为以后的研究提供基础。
诚然《行政学研究》是那个特定的时代的产物,其观点在社会的变化当中也不断地被重构或者推翻,但是其中也留下了不少至今未有定论或者仍具相当价值的论点。
首先是行政学与公众舆论。
在文中,威尔逊对公众舆论做了特别的
评论。
一方面,他指出:“公共舆论将起权威性评判家的作用。
”另一方面,“自治并不意味着对每桩事情都要插上一手。
”而美国的民众却是“习惯于认为自己早已受到过十分充足的训练。
”公共舆论对于权力的监督作用是不言而喻的,尤其在当今这个媒体高度发达的社会中,公众舆论日益扮演着重要的作用。
威尔逊提出,在公共舆论的监督和质询下,一个人的权力越大,其行政能力和廉洁程度就越高。
这一点在很多地方都得到了验证,就拿中国的政坛来说,来自于基层的腐败现象远远比中央多,因为中央位于全国人民的监督下,其举动就要充分考虑在公共舆论中的影响,所以就更加高效廉洁。
而地方的政府,往往存在着不同程度舆论监督的缺失,同时自身也认为处于一个“安全”的环境下,因此贪腐现象屡禁不止。
同时这一理论也能说明中央的许多政策在地方没有得到有效地实行的现象(比如今年国家税收政策的调整在地方一度推迟和停滞)。
另一方面,从当下中国的公共舆论的现实情况考虑,一部分(很大一部分)没有或者不愿拥有话语权(包括网络话语权)的中国民众的民主意识尚未开启。
也许是因为中国传统的历史文化对民众思想的影响过于深刻,中国民众的公民意识较为淡泊,因而对行政的理解甚是模糊,也就无法提出实质性的建议和意见,同时对政府行政行为的不理解,也成为了政策实施过程中的巨大阻力;另一部分则是自以为是的民众(其中很大一部分抱有盲目的爱国情绪),对国家政策和政府妄加评判,而不考虑各方面的利益均衡以及行政的规律和法则,比如在对待中日问题上中国小部分人的不理智和不克制。
不得不说两种倾向都是当下中国政治发展的阻
力。
再就是政治-行政分离的著名观点。
前文已经提到,行政问题在古代社会被漠视而在近代却得到了广泛的关注,这使得行政再作为政治的附庸就会使双方都得不到进一步的发展,所以威尔逊的这个观点的提出可以说是顺应了学科发展的规律和社会发展的需要。
对于行政学而言,剥离了政治意味着行政管理可以摆脱政治上的原则纠纷而专注于管理技术及其成效,这样在政府被赋权之后进行决策时可以有更大的自由度。
再者,政治的领域需要协调整体与个人,国家和公民等等方面的利益关系,而行政作为管理则更多的是自上而下的行为,这种思维方式的不同要求行政学建立和完善自身的独立的体系。
同样将视线转回当下的中国,由于中国作为执政党的地位不会动摇,因此在政治上不会产生诸如英美等议会制国家的纷争和政策的相互矛盾,但是,在党内、政府内部已然存在着政治上的意见不统一。
比如在许多城市,一些市领导做出决策后离职,而原有的计划尚未建成,而下一任领导却不同意前任的计划,因此全盘推翻,这就造成了行政成本的极大增加和政府权威的下降。
因此,当下应做出调整,即政府的行政行为不是由领导个人意志决定,而是在科学分析和行政学规律的指导下做出,如此一来领导班子的更替对行政决策的影响就会减少很多,从而提高行政能力。
《行政学研究》虽然写在一百多年前,但其中的智慧给后人带来了许多启迪,这里限于我个人的水平,只表达了自己一些粗浅的看法,还望批评指正。