LSAT阅读真题汇总(一)

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LSAT逻辑题考查内容及题型(一)

LSAT逻辑题考查内容及题型(一)LSAT逻辑题考查内容及题型(一)LSAT逻辑题考查内容及题型(一)逻辑推理题主要考查以下推理能力：1）进行论证的能力2）评价论述的能力3）形成或评价行动方案的能力按照美国ets命题人员的说法，逻辑推理题主要考查考生在以下三个方面能否进行有效推理的能力。

一、论点构建（argumentconstruction）这一方面产问题主要让你去识别或找到：（一）论述的基本结构（thebasicstructureofanargument）（二）正确得到的结论（properlydrawnconclusion）（三）基于的假设（underlyingassumption）（四）被强有力支持的解释性假说（well-supportedexplanatoryhypotheses）（五）结构上相似的论点的平行结构（parallelsbetweenstructurallysimilararguments）二、论点评价（argumentevaluation）这一方面的问题主要让你在分析既定的论点基础之上去识别：（一）加强或削弱既定论点的因素（factorsthatwouldstrengthen,orweaken,thegivenargume nt）（二）在进行论述时所犯的推理错误（reasoningerrorscommittedinmakingthatargument）（三）进行论述所使用的方法（themethodbywhichtheargumentproceeds）三、形成并且评价行动方案（formulatingandevaluatingaplanofaction）这方面的问题主要让你去识别：（一）不同行动方案的相对合适性、有效性或效率（therelativeappropriateness,effectiveness,orefficiencyofdifferentplansofaction）（二）加强或削弱拟议行动方案成功可能的因素（factorsthatwouldstrengthen,orweaken,theprospectsofsuccessforaproposedplanofaction）（三）拟议行动计划所基于的假设（assumptionsunderlyingaproposedplanofaction）根据逻辑推理题的考查内容，我们认为熟悉逻辑推理的主要题型对你大有裨益，下面是我们在考试中将遇到的十一类逻辑推理题。

【雅思】北京朗阁雅思2013年5月18日雅思阅读考题回顾

英文原文阅读
The scientific literature on the dangers of driving while sending a text message from a mobile phone, ortexting while driving, is limited. A simulation study at theMonash UniversityAccident Research Centre has provided strong evidence that both retrieving and, in particular, sending text messages has a detrimental effect on a number of critical driving tasks. Specifically, negative effects were seen in detecting and responding correctly to road signs, detecting hazards, time spent with eyes off the road, and (only for sending text messages) lateral position. Surprisingly, mean speed, speed variability, lateral position when receiving text messages, and following distance showed no difference. A separate, yet unreleased simulation study at theUniversity of Utahfound asixfoldincrease in distraction-related accidents when texting.

GMATGRELSAT所有阅读全真题与答案

使用说明 (1)GMAT阅读117篇 (1)一、GMAT新题63篇 (1)Passage 1 (1/63) (1)Passage 2 (2/63) (4)Passage 3 (3/63) (6)Passage 4 (4/63) (9)Passage 5 (5/63) (11)Passage 6 (6/63) (14)Passage 7 (7/63) (17)Passage 8 (8/63) (20)Passage 9 (9/63) (23)Passage 10 (10/63) (26)Passage 11 (11/63) (29)Passage 12 (12/63) (32)Passage 13 (13/63) (35)Passage 14 (14/63) (38)Passage 15 (15/63) (41)Passage 16 (16/63) (44)Passage 17 (17/63) (47)Passage 18 (18/63) (50)Passage 19 (19/63) (53)Passage 20 (20/63) (56)Passage 21 (21/63) (59)Passage 22 (22/63) (62)Passage 23 (23/63) (65)Passage 24 (24/63) (68)Passage 25 (25/63) (70)Passage 26 (26/63) (73)Passage 27 (27/63) (76)Passage 28 (28/63) (78)Passage 29 (29/63) (81)Passage 30 (30/63) (84)Passage 31 (31/63) (87)Passage 32 (32/63) (90)Passage 33 (33/63) (92)Passage 34 (34/63) (95)Passage 35 (35/63) (97)Passage 36 (36/63) (100)Passage 37 (37/63) (103)Passage 38 (38/63) (105)Passage 39 (39/63) (107)Passage 40 (40/63) (109)Passage 41 (41/63) (112)Passage 43 (43/63) (117)Passage 44 (44/63) (120)Passage 45 (45/63) (122)Passage 46 (46/63) (125)Passage 47 (47/63) (127)Passage 48 (48/63) (129)Passage 49 (49/63) (131)Passage 50 (50/63) (134)Passage 51 (51/63) (137)Passage 52 (52/63) (140)Passage 53 (53/63) (142)Passage 54 (54/63) (144)Passage 55 (55/63) (146)Passage 56 (56/63) (149)Passage 57 (57/63) (151)Passage 58 (58/63) (153)Passage 59 (59/63) (155)Passage 60 (60/63) (157)Passage 61 (61/63) (159)Passage 62 (62/63) (161)Passage 63 (63/63) (163)二、GMAT补充22篇 (165)Passage 64 (1/22) (165)Passage 65 (2/22) (168)Passage 66 (3/22) (171)Passage 67 (4/22) (173)Passage 68 (5/22) (176)Passage 69 (6/22) (179)Passage 70 (7/22) (182)Passage 71 (8/22) (185)Passage 72 (9/22) (187)Passage 73 (10/22) (190)Passage 74 (11/22) (193)Passage 75 (12/22) (196)Passage 76 (13/22) (199)Passage 77 (14/22) (202)Passage 78 (15/22) (205)Passage 79 (16/22) (208)Passage 80 (17/22) (211)Passage 81 (18/22) (213)Passage 82 (19/22) (216)Passage 83 (20/22) (219)Passage 84 (21/22) (222)三、GMAT考古题15篇 (227)Passage 86 (1/15) (227)Passage 87 (2/15) (231)Passage 88 (3/15) (234)Passage 89 (4/15) (237)Passage 90 (5/15) (240)Passage 91 (6/15) (244)Passage 92 (7/15) (246)Passage 93 (8/15) (250)Passage 94 (9/15) (253)Passage 95 (10/15) (256)Passage 96 (11/15) (259)Passage 97 (12/15) (262)Passage 98 (13/15) (264)Passage 99 (14/15) (267)Passage 100 (15/15) (269)四、OG新增17篇 (272)Passage 101 (1/17) (272)Passage 102 (2/17) (274)Passage 103 (3/17) (277)Passage 104 (4/17) (279)Passage 105 (5/17) (282)Passage 106 (6/17) (283)Passage 107 (7/17) (285)Passage 108 (8/17) (287)Passage 109 (9/17) (290)Passage 110 (10/17) (292)Passage 111 (11/17) (293)Passage 112 (12/17) (295)Passage 113 (13/17) (297)Passage 114 (14/17) (298)Passage 115 (15/17) (300)Passage 116 (16/17) (301)Passage 117 (17/17) (304)GRE阅读(No. 2—No. 9) (306)No. 2-1 (306)SECTION A (306)SECTION B (309)No. 2-2 (313)SECTION A (313)SECTION B (317)No. 2-3 (321)SECTION A (321)No. 3-1 (328)SECTION A (328)SECTION B (332)No. 3-2 (336)SECTION A (336)SECTION B (340)No. 3-3 (344)SECTION A (344)SECTION B (347)No. 4-1 (351)SECTION A (351)SECTION B (355)No. 4-2 (359)SECTION A (359)SECTION B (363)No. 4-3 (367)SECTION A (367)SECTION B (371)No. 5-1 (375)SECTION A (375)SECTION B (379)No. 5-2 (382)SECTION A (382)SECTION B (386)No. 5-3 (390)SECTION A (390)SECTION B (394)No. 6-1 (398)SECTION A (398)SECTION B (401)No. 6-2 (405)SECTION A (406)SECTION B (410)No. 6-3 (414)SECTION A (414)SECTION B (417)No. 7-1 (421)SECTION A (421)SECTION B (425)No. 7-2 (429)SECTION A (429)SECTION B (433)No. 7-3 (437)SECTION B (441)No. 8-1 (446)SECTION A (446)SECTION B (450)No. 8-2 (454)SECTION A (454)SECTION B (458)No. 8-3 (462)SECTION A (462)SECTION B (466)No. 9-1 (469)SECTION A (469)SECTION B (473)No. 9-2 (478)SECTION A (478)SECTION B (481)No. 9-3 (485)SECTION A (485)SECTION B (489)No. 9-4 (493)SECTION A (493)SECTION B (497)No. 9-5 (501)SECTION A (501)SECTION B (504)No. 9-6 (508)SECTION A (509)SECTION B (512)GRE国题全部阅读 (516)1990年04月 (516)SECTION A (516)SECTION B (520)1990年10月 (524)SECTION A (524)SECTION B (529)1991年02月 (533)SECTION A (533)SECTION B (537)1991年04月 (541)SECTION A (541)SECTION B (545)1991年10月 (549)SECTION A (549)1992年02月 (557)SECTION A (557)SECTION B (561)1992年04月 (565)SECTION A (565)SECTION B (569)1992年10月 (573)SECTION A (573)SECTION B (577)1993年02月 (581)SECTION A (581)SECTION B (584)1993年04月 (588)SECTION A (588)SECTION B (592)1993年10月 (600)SECTION A (600)SECTION B (603)1994年02月 (608)SECTION A (608)SECTION B (611)1994年04月 (615)SECTION A (615)SECTION B (619)1994年10月 (623)SECTION A (623)SECTION B (627)1995年04月 (631)SECTION A (631)SECTION B (636)1995年10月 (640)SECTION A (640)SECTION B (644)1996年04月北美 (648)SECTION A (648)SECTION B (652)1996年04月 (656)SECTION A (656)SECTION B (660)1996年10月 (664)SECTION A (664)SECTION B (668)1997年04月 (672)SECTION B (676)1997年11月 (680)SECTION A (680)SECTION B (684)1998年04月 (688)SECTION A (688)SECTION B (692)1998年11月 (696)SECTION A (696)SECTION B (700)1999年04月 (704)SECTION A (704)SECTION B (708)LSAT第01套SECTION III (713)LSAT第02套SECTION I (723)LSAT第03套SECTION II (735)LSAT第04套SECTION IV (746)LSAT第05套SECTION III (758)LSAT第06套SECTION I (770)LSAT第07套SECTION III (782)LSAT第08套SECTION III (794)LSAT第09套SECTION III (805)LSAT第10套SECTION I (816)LSAT第11套SECTION III (827)LSAT第12套SECTION III (838)LSAT第13套SECTION III (850)LSAT第14套SECTION III (861)LSAT第15套SECTION III (872)LSAT第16套SECTION I (884)LSAT第17套SECTION I (895)LSAT第18套SECTION III (906)LSAT第19套SECTION IV (915)LSAT第20套SECTION IV (926)LSAT第21套SECTION I (938)LSAT第22套SECTION IV (949)LSAT第23套SECTION III (961)LSAT第24套SECTION II (972)LSAT第25套SECTION I (983)LSAT第26套SECTION IV (994)LSAT第27套SECTION I (1005)LSAT第28套SECTION IV (1017)LSAT 2002年SECTION III (1029)使用说明1、各题答案均隐藏在(D)选项后（放在这里主要是避免下一题答案也被显示从而影响做题），显示的方法是鼠标左键单击“常用”工具栏“显示/隐藏编辑标记”按钮（只有WORD 才有此按钮，写字板没有）。

TOEFL托福阅读理解真题

TOEFL托福阅读理解真题为了让大家更好的预备托福考试，我给大家整理一些托福阅读真题，下面我就和大家共享，来观赏一下吧。

托福阅读真题1It is estimated that over 99 percent of all species that ever existed have become extinct. What causes extinction? When a species is no longer adapted to a changed environment, it may perish. The exact causes of a species death vary from situation to situation. Rapid ecological change may render an environment hostile to a species. For example, temperatures may change and a species may not be able to adapt. Food resources may be affected by environmental changes, which will then cause problems for a species requiring these resources. Other species may become better adapted to an environment, resulting in competition and, ultimately, in the death of a species.The fossil record reveals that extinction has occurred throughout the history of Earth. Recent analyses have also revealed that on some occasions many species became extinct at the same time — a mass extinction. One of the best-known examples of mass extinction occurred 65 million years ago with the demise of dinosaurs and many other forms of life. Perhaps the largest mass extinction was the one that occurred 225 million years ago, when approximately 95 percent of all species died,mass extinctions can be caused by a relatively rapid change in the environment and can be worsened by the close interrelationship of many species. If, for example, something were to happen to destroy much of the plankton in the oceans, then the oxygen content of Earth would drop, affection even organisms not living in the oceans. Such a change would probably lead to a mass extinction.One interesting, and controversial, finding is that extinctions during the past 250 million years have tended to be more intense every 26 million years. This periodic extinction might be due to intersection of the Earths orbit with a cloud of comets, but this theory is purely speculative. Some researchers have also speculated that extinction may often be random. That is, certain species may be eliminated and others may survive for no particular reason. A species survival may have nothing to do with its ability or inability to adapt. If so, some of evolutionary history may reflect a sequence of essentially random events.1. The word it in line 3 refers to(A) environment(B) species(C) extinction(D) 99 percent2. The word ultimately in line 8 is closest in meaning to(A) exceptionally(B) dramatically(C) eventually(D) unfortunately3. What does the author say in paragraph 1 regarding most species in Earths history(A) They have remained basically unchanged from their original forms.(B) They have been able to adapt to ecological changes.(C) They have caused rapid change in the environment.(D) They are no longer in existence.4. Which of the following is NOT mentioned in paragraph 1 as resulting from rapid ecologicalchange?(A) Temperature changes(B) Availability of food resources(C) Introduction of new species(D) Competition among species5. The word demise in line 12 is closest in meaning to(A) change(B) recovery(C) help(D) death6. Why is plankton mentioned in line 17?(A) To demonstrate the interdependence of different species.(B) To emphasize the importance of food resources in preventing mass extinction.(C) To illustrate a comparison between organisms that live on the land and those that live in theocean.(D) To point out that certain species could never become extinct.7. According to paragraph 2, evidence from fossils suggests that(A) Extinction of species has occurred from time to time throughout Earths history.(B) Extinctions on Earth have generally been massive(C) There has been only one mass extinction in Earths history.(D) Dinosaurs became extinct much earlier than scientists originally believed.8. The word finding in line 20 is closest in meaning to(A) published information(B) research method(C) ongoing experiment(D) scientific discovery9. Which of the following can be inferred about the theory mentioned in Line 21-23?(A) Many scientists could be expected to disagree with it.(B) Evidence to support the theory has recently been found.(C) The theory is no longer seriously considered.(D) Most scientists believe the theory to be accurate.10. In paragraph 3, the author makes which of the following statements about a species survival?(A) It reflects the interrelationship of many species.(B) It may depend on chance events.(C) It does not vary greatly from species to species(D) It is associated with astronomical conditions.11. According to the passage , it is believed that the largest extinction of a species occurred(A) 26 million years ago(B) 65 million years ago(C) 225 million years ago(D) 250 million years agoPASSAGE 77 BCDCD AADAB C托福阅读真题2Archaeological discoveries have led some scholars to believe that the first Mesopotamian inventors of writing may have been a people the later Babylonians called Subarians. According to tradition, they came from the north and moved into Uruk in the south. By about 3100 B.C.,they were apparently subjugated in southern Mesopotamia by the Sumerians, whose name became synonymous with the region immediately north of the Persian Gulf, in the fertile lower valleys of the Tigris and Euphrates. Here the Sumerians were already well established by the year 3000 B.C. They had invented bronze, an alloy that could be cast in molds, out of which they made tools and weapons. They lived in cities, and they had begun to acquire and use capital. Perhaps most important, the Sumerians adapted writing (probably from the Subarians) into a flexible tool of communication.Archaeologists have known about the Sumerians for over 150 years. Archaeologists working at Nineveh in northern Mesopotamia in the mid-nineteenth century found many inscribed clay tablets. Some they could decipher because the language was a Semitic one (Akkadian), on which scholars had already been working for a generation. But other tablets were inscribed in another language that was not Semitic and previously unknown. Because these inscriptions made reference to the king of Sumer and Akkad, a scholar suggested that the new language be called Sumerian.But it was not until the 1890s that archaeologists excavating in city-states well to the south of Nineveh found many thousands of tablets inscribed in Sumerian only. Because the Akkadians thought of Sumerian as a classical language (as ancient Greek and Latin are considered today),they taught it to educated persons and they inscribed vocabulary, translation exercises, and other study aids on tablets. Working from known Akkadian to previously unknown Sumerian, scholars since the 1890s have learned how to read the Sumerian language moderately well. Vast quantities of tablets in Sumerian have been unearthed during the intervening years from numerous sites.1. According to the passage , the inventors of written language in Mesopotamia were probablythe(A) Babylonians(B) Subarians(C) Akkadians(D) Sumerians2. The word subjugated in line 4 is closest in meaning to(A) distinguished(B) segregated(C) concentrated(D) conquered3. The phrase synonymous with in line 5 is closest in meaning to(A) equivalent to(B) important for(C) respected in(D) familiar with4. According to the passage , by the year 3000 B.C. the Sumerians had already done all of thefollowing EXCEPT:(A) They had abandoned the area north of the Persian Gulf.(B) They had established themselves in cities.(C) They had started to communicate through(D) They had created bronze tools and weapons.5. The word some in line 14 refers to(A) Archaeologists(B) Sumerians(C) years(D) clay tablets6. Which of the following can be inferred from the passage concerning the Sumerians?(A) They were descendants of the Persians.(B) They were the first people to cultivate the valley of the Tigris.(C) They were accomplished musicians.(D) They had the beginnings of an economy.7. According to the passage , when did archaeologists begin to be able to understand tabletsinscribed in Sumerian?(A) in the early nineteenth century(B) more than 150 years ago(C) after the 1890s(D) in the mid-eighteenth century8. According to the passage , in what way did the Sumerian language resemble ancient Greek andLatin?(A) It was invented in Mesopotamia.(B) It became well established around 3000 B.C.(C) It became a classical language.(D) It was used exclusively for business transactions.9. The word excavating in line 19 is closest in meaning to(A) living(B) digging(C) assembling(D) building10. According to the passage , how did archaeologists learn to read the Sumerian language?(A) by translating the work of the Subarians(B) by using their knowledge of spoken Semitic languages(C) by comparing Sumerian to other classical languages(D) by using their knowledge of AkkadianPASSAGE 78 BDAAD DCCBD托福阅读真题3Some animal behaviorists argue that certain animals can remember past events, anticipate future ones, make plans and choices, and coordinate activities within a group. These scientists, however, are cautious about the extent to which animals can be credited with conscious processing.Explanations of animal behavior that leave out any sort of consciousness at all and ascribe actions entirely to instinct leave many questions unanswered. One example of such unexplained behavior: honeybees communicate the sources of nectar to one another by doing a dance in a figure-eight pattern. The orientation of the dance conveys the position of the food relative to the suns position in the sky, and the speed of the dance tells how far the food source is from the hive. Most researchers assume that the ability to perform and encode the dance is innate and shows no special intelligence. But in one study, when experimenters kept changing the site of the food source, each time moving the food 25 percent farther from the previous site, foraging honeybees began to anticipate where the food source would appear next. When the researchers arrived at the new location, they would find the bees circling the spot, waiting for their food. No one has yet explained how bees, whose brains weigh four ten-thousandths of anounce, could have inferred the location of the new site.Other behaviors that may indicate some cognition include tool use. Many animals, like the otter who uses a stone to crack mussel shells, are capable of using objects in the natural environment as rudimentary tools. One researcher has found that mother chimpanzees occasionally show their young how to use tools to open hard nuts. In one study, chimpanzees compared two pairs of food wells containing chocolate chips. One pair might contain, say, five chips and three chips, the other four chips and three chips. Allowed to choose which pair they wanted, the chimpanzees almost always chose the one with the higher total, showing some sort of summing ability. Other chimpanzees have learned to use numerals to label quantities of items and do simple sums.1. What does the passage mainly discuss?(A) The role of instinct in animal behavior(B) Observations that suggest consciousness in animal behavior(C) The use of food in studies of animal behavior(D) Differences between the behavior of animals in their natural environments and in laboratoryexperiments.2. Which of the following is NOT discussed as an ability animals are thought to have?(A) Selecting among choices(B) Anticipating events to come(C) Remembering past experiences(D) Communicating emotions3. What is the purpose of the honeybee dance?(A) To determine the quantity of food at a site(B) To communicate the location of food(C) To increase the speed of travel to food sources(D) To identify the type of nectar that is available4. The word yet in line 15 is closest in meaning to(A) however(B) since(C) generally(D) so far5. What did researchers discover in the study of honeybees discussed in paragraph 2?(A) Bees are able to travel at greater speeds than scientists thought.(B) The bees could travel 25% farther than scientists expected.(C) The bees were able to determine in advance where scientists would place their food.(D) Changing the location of food caused bees to decrease their dance activity.6. It can be inferred from the passage that brain size is assumed to(A) be an indicator of cognitive ability(B) vary among individuals within a species(C) be related to food consumption(D) correspond to levels of activity7. Why are otters and mussel shells included in the discussion in paragraph 3?(A) To provide an example of tool use among animals(B) To prove that certain species demonstrate greater ability in tool use than other species(C) To illustrate how otters are using objects as tools(D) To demonstrate why mother chimpanzees show their young how to use tools8. The word rudimentary in line 20 is closest in meaning to(A) superior(B) original(C) basic(D) technical9. It can be inferred from the statement about mother chimpanzees and their young (lines 20-22)that young chimpanzees have difficulty(A) communicating with their mothers(B) adding quantities(C) making choices(D) opening hard nuts10. The phrase the one in line 24-25 refers to the(A) study(B) pair(C) chimpanzee(D) ability11. Scientists concluded from the experiment with chimpanzees and chocolate chips thatchimpanzees(A) lack abilities that other primates have(B) prefer to work in pairs or groups(C) exhibit behavior that indicates certain mathematical abilities(D) have difficulty selecting when given choicesPASSAGE 79 BDBDC AACDB C。

lsat infer题目

lsat infer题目LSAT（Logical Reasoning）推理题目是法学院入学考试（Law School Admission Test）中的一部分，主要考察考生的逻辑推理和批判性思维能力。

以下是几个LSAT推理题目的示例：1. A city has two hospitals: the General Hospital and the Children's Hospital. The General Hospital treats adults, while the Children's Hospital treats only children. Each hospital has a waiting room. One day, a family with three children enters the General Hospital's waiting room. Explain how this is possible.2. A police officer pulled over a speeding car and wrote a ticket for the driver. When the officer returned to his patrol car, he found that someone had set fire to it. Explain how this is possible.3. A restaurant owner claims that the best way to prepare a turkey is to roast it in the oven at 350 degrees Fahrenheit for two hours per pound. A customer challenges this claim, saying that a turkey should be cooked at 450 degrees Fahrenheit for one hour per pound. Who is correct? Explain why.4. A group of explorers enters a cave and finds a set of hieroglyphics on the wall. They cannot read them, so they take pictures and leave. Later, an Egyptologist examines the pictures and determines that the hieroglyphics say "Death to all who enter here." How did the Egyptologist know this? Explain why hieroglyphics were used by ancient Egyptians.这些题目都是基于现实生活中的场景或情境，要求考生通过逻辑推理和分析，找出合理的解释或推断出正确的结论。

雅思考试往届阅读试题华师大破解版_雅思_

雅思考试往届阅读试题华师大破解版section 1用微波来测定桥梁的damage段落很多。

主要说的是原来的桥梁损坏的检验只能人工检测。

现在一帮科学家发明了一种microwave探测仪来检验。

然后介绍了microwave探测仪具体的工作过程。

有一座大桥由于政府正好要拆除，便成了这台仪器的实验对象，科学家故意破坏了大桥的某些部位来测验仪器的有效性。

最后张望了这台机器的应用前景。

有单选题，图形题和标题对应单选题第一题问现在大桥的damage是________应该是b,固定地由人工检验第二题问microwave测量的是什么答案是有distance的那一个其他记不清了图形题较简单，对应的是文章的D段和E段。

答案是microwave dish, steel girder, flange和accelerator最后是标题对应ten years on应该对英最后一段Iapplying the knife好像是E段。

put the pressure on好像是D段how the microwave works好像是B段。

现成的试验品对应D段。

就是那个要拆的大桥Section 2厄尔尼诺现象与海鸟讲的是什么是厄尔尼诺现象，海鸟是科学家最好的研究海洋生态的实验工具，因为它的捕食能力很强。

又说今年的厄尔尼诺现象特别肆虐。

接着讲了海鸟作文实验工具的其他好处。

最后说有些人认为ALASKA的物种大量死亡是由于厄尔尼诺现象在作祟。

但是科学家Hatch认为现在下结论为时过早。

最后文章也没有明确的结论。

题目有单选题和T/F/NG单选题记不清了，但都很容易T/F/NG科学家通过海鸟的觅食可以看出当地的生物物种的健康状况。

选TRUE。

文章第一段好像最后一句话有对应。

海鸟通过发现猎物的特征来觅食。

NOT GIVEN。

文章没有寻找海洋生物可能给科学家造成困难。

选TRUE。

文章有相应的说法。

ALASKA动物和ALASKA以北的动物习性相似。

LSAT考试全真试题一SECTION1

LSAT考试全真试题一SECTION1SECTION 1Time-35 minutes23 QuestionsDirections: Each group of questions in this section is based on a set of conditions. In answering some of the questions, it may be useful to draw a rough diagram. Choose the response that most accurately and completely answers each question and blacken the corresponding space on your answer sheet.Questoins 1-6A man buys three outfits-X, Y, and Z-each of which consists of two articles of clothing.Each of the articles of clothing is either brown gray or navy.At least one of the outfits is made up of two articles different in color from one another.No more than two of the outfits contain the same combination of colors.Outfit X contains at least one navy article of clothing.Outfit X contains at least one brown article of clothing and does not contain a gray article.1. Which one of the following can be the colors of the man's outfits?(A) X: gray and navy; Y: brown and gray; Z: gray and gray(B) X: brown and gray; Y: brown and navy; Z: gray and gray(C) X: navy and navy; Y: brown and brown; Z: brown and navy(D) X: brown and navy; Y: brown and navy; Z: brown and navy(E) X: navy and navy; Y: brown and brown; Z: navy and navy2. If outfits X and Y each consist of one brown article and one navy article of clothing, what combinations for outfit Z?(A) 2(B) 3(C) 4(D) 5(E) 63. If outfit Z does not contain two brown items of clothing, what is the maximum number of items of clothing in the three outfits that can be navy?(A) 1(B) 2(C) 3(D) 4(E) 54. If outfit Y consists of two brown articles of clothing and outfit Z consists of two navy items, what is the total number of possible color combinations for outfit X?(A) 1(B) 2(C) 3(D) 4(E) 55. Which one of the following color combinations for outfit Z would be acceptable under any of the acceptable color combinations for outfits X and Y?(A) gray and gray(B) brown and gray(C) brown and brown(D) brown and navy(E) navy and navy6. If no two outfits contain the same color combination but each contains at least one navy item, which one of the following is a complete and accurate list of the possible combinations for outfit X?(A) gray and navy(B) brown and navy(C) navy and navy(D) gray and navy; brown and navy(E) gray and navy; navy and navyQuestion 7-11Five seats on a train are arranged in two rows that face each other. The seats in row 1 are seat 1 and seat 2. The seats in row 2 are seat 3, seat 4, and seat 5 in that order. Seat 1 is directly across from seat 3. Seat 2 is directly across from seat 4. Seat 5 is not directly across from any other seat. Three women-, Betty, and Carol-and two men-David Edmund-each must be seated in one of me five seats, one person to a seat.Betty sits in seat 4.Carol sits next to neither Betty nor David.Alice does not sit directly across from Carol.7. If Edmund sits directly across from Betty, which one of the following must be true?(A) Alice does not sit directly across from anyone.(B) Alice sits directly across from David.(C) Alice sits next to Edmund.(D) David sits next to Alice.(E) David sits next to Edmund.8. If Edmund does not sit directly across from anyone, which one of the following is a complete and accurate list of those (other than Edmund) who cannot sit in seat 1?(A) Betty(B) Carol(C) David(D) Betty and Carol(E) Betty and David9. If none of the five passengers sits directly across from a passenger of the same sex, how many seating arrangements of the five passengers are possible?(A) exactly 0(B) exactly 1(C) exactly 2(D) exactly 3(E) exactly 410. How many of the seats could be the one Alice selects as her seat?(A) 1 only(B) 2 only(C) 3 only(D) 4 only(E) 5 only11. How many different seating arrangements of the passengers might there be for row 2?(A) 2(B) 3(C) 4(D) 5(E) 6来Question 7-11Five seats on a train are arranged in two rows that face each other. The seats in row 1 are seat 1 and seat 2. The seats in row 2 are seat 3, seat 4, and seat 5 in that order. Seat 1 is directly across from seat 3. Seat 2 is directly across from seat 4. Seat 5 is not directly across from any other seat. Three women-, Betty, and Carol-and two men-David Edmund-each must be seated in one of me five seats, one person to a seat.Betty sits in seat 4.Carol sits next to neither Betty nor David.Alice does not sit directly across from Carol.7. If Edmund sits directly across from Betty, which one of the following must be true?(A) Alice does not sit directly across from anyone.(B) Alice sits directly across from David.(C) Alice sits next to Edmund.(D) David sits next to Alice.(E) David sits next to Edmund.8. If Edmund does not sit directly across from anyone, which one of the following is a complete and accurate list of those (other than Edmund) who cannot sit in seat 1?(A) Betty(B) Carol(C) David(D) Betty and Carol(E) Betty and David9. If none of the five passengers sits directly across from a passenger of the same sex, how many seating arrangements of the five passengers are possible?(A) exactly 0(B) exactly 1(C) exactly 2(D) exactly 3(E) exactly 410. How many of the seats could be the one Alice selects as her seat?(A) 1 only(B) 2 only(C) 3 only(D) 4 only(E) 5 only11. How many different seating arrangements of the passengers might there be for row 2?(A) 2(B) 3(C) 4(D) 5(E) 6Questions 18-23Seven lights-J, K, L, M, N, O, and P-have only two possible settings: on or off. They are arranged on a particular electric circuit as follows.If K is on, L is off; if K is off, L is on.J and N cannot both be on.If M is off, either J or N is on; if either J or N is on, M is off.If P is on, L is on.If O is off, N is off; if O is on, N is on.Assume that the circuit is working as designed.18. Any of the following can be true EXCEPT:(A) J and O are both off.(B) K and N are both off.(C) K and P are both on.(D) L and M are both on.(E) N and O are both on.19. If L and O are on, which one of the following must be true?(A) J is and K is off.(B) J is off and N is on.(C) K is off and M is on.(D) K is off and P is on.(E) M is off and P is on.20. Which one of the following can be true?(A) Only J, K, and M are off.(B) Only J, L, and M are off.(C) Only K, M, and O are off.(D) Only L, N, and O are off.(E) Only M, N, and O are off.21. If P is on, what is the maximum number of lights that can be off?(A) 2(B) 3(C) 4(D) 5(E) 622. What is the minimum number of lights that must be on?(A) 0(B) 1(C) 2(D) 3(E) 423. If J is on, which one of the following could be a complete and accurate list of the remaining lights that are also on?(A) K, L, and M(B) L, N, and P(C) L, O, and P(D) M, N, and O(E) L and P答案：SEOTION 1: CDEBB EAEBD CDCED BACBA CCE。

LSAT历年真题-阅读

LSAT第01套SECTION IIITime 35 minutes 26 QuestionsDirections: Each passage in this section is followed by a group of questions to be answered on the basis of what is stated or implied in the passage. For some of the questions, more than oneof the choices could conceivably answer the question. However, you are to choose the best answer, that is, the response that most accurately and completely answers the question, and blacken the corresponding space on your answer sheet.Immigrants’ adoption of English as their primary language is one measure of assimilation into the larger United States society. Generally languages define social groups and provide justification for social structures. Hence, a distinctive language sets a cultural group off from the dominant language group. Throughout United States history this pattern has resulted in one consistent, unhappy consequence, discrimination against members of the cultural minority. Language differences provide both a way to rationalize subordination and a ready means for achieving it.Traditionally, English has replaced the native language of immigrant groups by the second or third generation. Some characteristics of today’s Spanish-speaking population, however, suggest the possibility of a departure from this historical pattern. Many families retain ties in Latin America and move back and forth between their present and former communities. This “revolving door” phenomenon, along with the high probability of additional immigrants from the south, means that large Spanish-speaking communities are likely to exist in the United States for the indefinite future.This expectation underlies the call for national support for bilingual education in Spanish-speaking communities’ public schools. Bilingual education can serve different purposes, however. In the 1960s, such programs were established to facilitate the learning of English so as to avoid disadvantaging children in their other subjects because of their limited English. More recently, many advocates have viewed bilingual education as a means to maintain children’s native languages and cultures. The issue is important for people with different political agendas, from absorption at one pole to separatism at the other.To date, the evaluations of bilingual education’s impact on learning have been inconclusive. The issue of bilingual education has, nevertheless, served to unite the leadership of the nation’s Hispanic communities. Grounded in concerns about status that are directly traceable to the United States history of discrimination against Hispanics, the demand for maintenance of the Spanish language in the schools is an assertion of the worth of a people and their culture. If the United States is truly a multicultural nation—that is, if it is one culture reflecting the contributions of many—this demand should be seen as a demand not for separation but for inclusion.More direct efforts to force inclusion can be misguided. For example, movements to declare English the official language do not truly advance the cohesion of a multicultural nation. They alienate the twenty million people who do not speak English as their mother tongue. They are unnecessary since the public’s business is already conducted largely in English. Further, given the present state of understanding about the effects of bilingual education on learning, itwould be unwise to require the universal use of English. Finally, it is for parents and local communities to choose the path they will follow, including how much of their culture they want to maintain for their children.1. It can be inferred from the passage that one of the characteristics of immigrantgroups to the United States has traditionally been that, after immigration,relatively few members of the group(A) became politically active in their new communities(B) moved back and forth repeatedly between the United States and their formercommunities(C) used their native languages in their new communities(D) suffered discrimination in their new communities at the hands of the culturalmajority(E) sought assimilation into the dominant culture of the new communities theywere entering2. The passage suggests that one of the effects of the debate over bilingualeducation is that it has(A) given the Hispanic community a new-found pride in its culture(B) hampered the education of Spanish-speaking students(C) demonstrated the negative impact on imposing English as the official UnitedStates language(D) provided a common banner under which the Spanish-speaking communitiescould rally(E) polarized the opinions of local Spanish-speaking community leaders3. In lines 38-39, the phrase “different political agendas” refers specifically toconflicting opinions regarding the(A) means of legislating the assimilation of minorities into United States society(B) methods of inducing Hispanics to adopt English as their primary language(C) means of achieving nondiscriminatory education for Hispanics(D) official given responsibility for decisions regarding bilingual education(E) extent to which Hispanics should blend into the larger United States society4. In lines 64-65 the author says that “It would be unwise to require the universaluse of English.” One reason for this, according to the author, is that(A) it is not clear yet whether requiring the universal use of English wouldpromote or hinder the education of children whose English is limited(B) the nation’s Hispanic leaders have shown that bilingual education is mosteffective when it includes the maintenance of the Spanish language in theschools(C) requiring the universal use of English would reduce the cohesion of thenation’s Hispanic communities and leadership(D) the question of language in the schools should be answered by those whoevaluate bilingual education, not by people with specific political agendas(E) it has been shown that bilingual education is necessary to avoiddisadvantaging in their general learning children whose English is limited 5. In the last paragraph, the author of the passage is primarily concerned withdiscussing(A) reasons against enacting a measure that would mandate the forced inclusionof immigrant groups within the dominant United culture(B) the virtues and limitations of declaring English the official language of theUnited States(C) the history of attitudes within the Hispanic community toward bilingualeducation in the United States(D) the importance for immigrant groups of maintaining large segments of theirculture to pass on to their children(E) the difference in cultures between Hispanics and other immigrant groups inthe United StatesThe refusal of some countries to extradite persons accused or convicted of terrorist act has focused attention on the problems caused by the political offense exception to extradition. Extradition is the process by which one country returns an accused or convicted person found within its borders to another country for trial or punishment. Under the political offense exception, the requested state may, if it considers the crime to be a “political offense,” deny extradition to the requesting state.Protection of political offenses is a recent addition to the ancient practice of extradition. It is the result of two fundamental changes that occurred as European monarchies were replaced by representative governments. First, these governments began to reject what had been a primary intent of extradition, to expedite the return of political offenders, and instead sought to protect dissidents fleeing despotic regimes. Second, countries began to contend that they had no legal or moral duty to extradite offenders without specific agreements creating such obligations. As extradition laws subsequently developed through international treaties, the political offense exception gradually became an accepted principle among Western nations.There is no international consensus, however, as to what constitutes a political offense. For analytical purposes illegal political conduct has traditionally been divided into two categories. “Pure” political offenses are acts perpetrated directly against the government, such as treason and espionage. These crimes are generally recognized as nonextraditable, even if not expressly excluded from extradition by the applicable treaty. In contrast, common crimes, such as murder, assault, and robbery, are generally extraditable. However, there are some common crimes that are so inseparable from a political act that the entire offense is regarded as political. These crimes, which are called “relative” political offenses, are generally nonextraditable. Despite the widespread acceptance of these analytic constructs, the distinctions are more academic than meaningful. When it comes to real cases, there is no agreement about what transforms a common crime into a political offense and about whether terrorist acts fall within the protection of the exception. Most terrorists claim that their acts do fall under this protection.Nations of the world must now balance the competing needs of political freedom and international public order. It is time to reexamine the political offense exception, as international terrorism eradicates the critical distinctions between political offenses and nonpolitical crimes. The only rational and attainable objective of the exception is to protect the requested person against unfair treatment by the requesting country. The international community needs to find an alternative to the political offense exception that would protect the rights of requested persons and yet not offer terrorists immunity from criminal liability.6. In the passage, the author primarily seeks to(A) define a set of terms(B) outline a new approach(C) describe a current problem(D) expose an illegal practice(E) present historical information7. According to the passage, when did countries begin to except political offendersfrom extradition?(A) when the principle of extraditing accused or convicted persons originated(B) when some nations began refusing to extradite persons accused or convictedof terrorist acts(C) when representative governments began to replace European monarchies(D) when countries began to refuse to extradite persons accused or convicted ofcommon crimes(E) when governments began to use extradition to expedite the return of politicaloffenders8. Given the discussion in the passage, which one of the following distinctions doesthe author consider particularly problematic?(A) between common crimes and “relative” political offense(B) between “pure” political offenses and common crimes(C) between “pure” political offenses and “relative” political offenses(D) between terrorist acts and acts of espionage(E) between the political offense exception and other exceptions to extradition9. According to the author, the primary purpose of the political offense exceptionshould be to(A) ensure that terrorists are tried for their acts(B) ensure that individuals accused of political crimes are not treated unfairly(C) distinguish between political and nonpolitical offenses(D) limit extradition to those accused of “pure” political offenses(E) limit extradition to those accused of “relative” political offenses10. It can be inferred from the passage that the author would agree with which one ofthe following statements about the political offense exception?(A) The exception is very unpopular.(B) The exception is probably illegal.(C) The exception is used too little.(D) The exception needs rethinking.(E) The exception is too limited.11. When referring to a balance between “the competing needs of political freedomand international public order” (lines 54-55) the author means that nations must strike a balance between(A) allowing persons to protest political injustice and preventing them fromcommitting political offenses(B) protecting the rights of persons requested for extradition and holdingterrorists criminally liable(C) maintaining the political offense exception to extradition and clearing up theconfusion over what is a political offense(D) allowing nations to establish their own extradition policies and establishingan agreed-upon international approach to extradition(E) protecting from extradition persons accused of “pure” political offenses andensuring the trial of persons accused of “relative” political offenses12. The author would most likely agree that the political offense exception(A) has, in some cases, been stretched beyond intended use(B) has been used too infrequently to be evaluated(C) has been a modestly useful weapon again terrorism(D) has never met the objective for which it was originally established(E) has been of more academic than practical value to political dissidents13. Which one of the following, if true, would give the author most cause toreconsider her recommendation regarding the political offence exception (lines 62-66)?(A) More nations started refusing to extradite persons accused or convicted ofterrorist acts.(B) More nations started extraditing persons accused or convicted of treason,espionage, and other similar crimes.(C) The nations of the world sharply decreased their use of the political offenseexception protect persons accused of each of the various types of “pure”political offenses.(D) The nations of the world sharply decreased their use of the political offenseexception to protect persons accused of each of the various types of“relative” political offenses.(E) The nations of the world started to disagree over the analytical distinctionbetween “pure” political offenses and “relative” political offenses.As is well known and has often been described, the machine industry of recent times took its rise by a gradual emergence out of handicraft in England in the eighteenth century. Since then the mechanical industry has progressively been getting the upper hand in all the civilized nations, in much the same degree in which these nations have come to be counted as civilized. This mechanical industry now stands dominant at the apex of the industrial system.The state of the industrial arts, as it runs on the lines of the mechanical industry, is a technology of physics and chemistry. That is to say, it is governed by the same logic as the scientific laboratories. The procedure, the principles, habits of thought, preconceptions, units of measurement and of valuation, are the same in both cases.The technology of physics and chemistry is not derived from established law and custom, and it goes on its way with as nearly complete a disregard of the spiritual truths of law and custom as the circumstances will permit. The realities with which this technology is occupied are of another order of actuality, lying altogether within the three dimensions that contain the material universe, and running altogether on the logic of material fact. In effect it is the logic of inanimate facts.The mechanical industry makes use of the same range of facts handled in the same impersonal way and directed to the same manner of objective results. In both cases alike it is of the first importance to eliminate the “personal equation,” to let the work go forward and let the forces at work take effect quite objectively, without hindrance or deflection for any personal end, interest, or gain. It is the technician’s place in industry, as it is the scientist’s place in the laboratory, to serve as an intellectual embodiment of the forces at work, isolate the forces engaged from all extraneous disturbances, and let them take full effect along the lines of designed work. The technician is an active or creative factor in the case only in the sense that he is the keeper of the logic which governs the forces at work.These forces that so are brought to bear in mechanical industry are of an objective, impersonal, unconventional nature, of course. They are of the nature of opaque fact. Pecuniary gain is not one of these impersonal facts. Any consideration of pecuniary gain that may be injected into the technician’s working plans will come into the case as an intrusive and alien factor, whose sole effect is to deflect, retard, derange and curtail the work in hand. At the same time considerations of pecuniary gain are the only agency brought into the case by the businessmen, and the only ground on which they exercise a control of production.14. The author of the passage is primarily concerned with discussing(A) industrial organization in the eighteenth century(B) the motives for pecuniary gain(C) the technician’s place in mechanical industry(D) the impersonal organization of industry(E) the material contribution of physics in industrial society15. The author of the passage suggests that businessmen in the mechanical industryare responsible mainly for(A) keeping the logic governing the forces at work(B) managing the profits(C) directing the activities of the technicians(D) employing the technological procedures of physics and chemistry(E) treating material gain as a spiritual truth16. Which one of the following, if true, would contradict the author’s belief that therole of technician is to be “the keeper of the logic” (lines 45-46)?(A) All technicians are human beings with feelings and emotions.(B) An interest in pecuniary gain is the technician’s sole motive for participationin industry.(C) The technician’s working plans do not coincide with the technician’specuniary interests.(D) Technicians are employed by businessmen to oversee the forces at work.(E) Technicians refuse to carry out the instructions of the businessmen.17. The author would probably most strongly agree with which one of the followingstatements about the evolution of the industrial system?(A) The handicraft system of industry emerged in eighteenth-century England andwas subsequently replaced by the machine industry.(B) The handicraft system of industrial production has gradually given rise to amechanistic technology that dominates contemporary industry.(C) The handicraft system emerged as the dominant factor of production ineighteenth-century England but was soon replaced by mechanical techniquesof production.(D) The mechanical system of production that preceded the handicraft systemwas the precursor of contemporary means of production.(E) The industrial arts developed as a result of the growth of the mechanicalindustry that followed the decline of the handicraft system of production. 18. Which one of the following best describes the author’s attitude toward scientifictechniques?(A) critical(B) hostile(C) idealistic(D) ironic(E) neutral(This passage was originally published in 1905)The word democracy may stand for a natural social equality in the body politic or for a constitutional form of government in which power lies more or less directly in the people’s hand. The former may be called social democracy and the later democratic government. The two differ widely, both in origin and in moral principle. Genetically considered, social democracy is something primitive, unintended, proper to communities where there is general competenceand no marked personal eminence. There be no will aristocracy, no prestige, but instead an intelligent readiness to lend a hand and to do in unison whatever is done. In other words, there will be that most democratic of governments—no government at all. But when pressure of circumstances, danger, or inward strife makes recognized and prolonged guidance necessary to a social democracy, the form its government takes is that of a rudimentary monarchy established by election or general consent. A natural leader emerges and is instinctively obeyed. That leader may indeed be freely criticized and will not be screened by any pomp or traditional mystery; he or she will be easy to replace and every citizen will feel essentially his or her equal. Yet such a state is at the beginnings of monarchy and aristocracy.Political democracy, on the other hand, is a late and artificial product. It arises by a gradual extension of aristocratic privileges, through rebellion against abuses, and in answer to restlessness on the people’s part. Its principle is not the absence of eminence, but the discovery that existing eminence is no longer genuine and representative. It may retain many vestiges of older and less democratic institutions. For under democratic governments the people have not created the state; they merely control it. Their suspicions and jealousies are quieted by assigning to them a voice, perhaps only a veto, in the administration. The people’s liberty consists not in their original responsibility for what exists, but merely in the faculty they have acquired of abolishing any detail that may distress or wound them, and of imposing any new measure, which, seen against the background of existing laws, may commend itself from time to time to their instinct and mind.If we turn from origins to ideals, the contrast between social and political democracy is no less marked. Social democracy is a general ethical ideal, looking to human equality and brotherhood, and inconsistent, in its radical form, with such institutions as the family and hereditary property. Democratic government, on the contrary, is merely a means to an end, an expedient for the better and smoother government of certain states at certain junctures. It involves no special ideals of life; it is a question of policy, namely, whether the general interest will be better served by granting all people an equal voice in elections. For political democracy must necessarily be a government by deputy, and the questions actually submitted to the people can be only very large rough matters of general policy or of confidence in party leaders.19. The author suggests that the lack of “marked personal eminence” (line 11) is animportant feature of a social democracy because(A) such a society is also likely to contain the seeds of monarchy and aristocracy(B) the absence of visible social leaders in such a society will probably impedethe development of a political democracy(C) social democracy represents a more sophisticated form of government thanpolitical democracy(D) a society that lacks recognized leadership will be unable to accomplish itscultural objectives(E) the absence of visible social leaders in such a community is likely to beaccompanied by a spirit of cooperation20. Which one of the following forms of government does the author say is mostlikely to evolve from a social democracy?(A) monarchy(B) government by deputy(C) political democracy(D) representative democracy(E) constitutional democracy21. The author of the passage suggests that a political democracy is likely to havebeen immediately preceded by which one of the following forms of socialorganization?(A) a social democracy in which the spirit of participation has been diminished bythe need to maintain internal security(B) an aristocratic society in which government leaders have grown insensitive topeople’s interests(C) a primitive society that stresses the radical equality of all its members(D) a state of utopian brotherhood in which no government exists(E) a government based on general ethical ideals22. According to the passage, “the people’s liberty” (line 42) in a political democracyis best defined as(A) a willingness to accept responsibility for existing governmental forms(B) a myth perpetrated by aristocratic leaders who refuse to grant political powerto their subjects(C) the ability to impose radically new measures when existing governmentalforms are found to be inadequate(D) the ability to secure concessions from a government that may retain manyaristocratic characteristics(E) the ability to elect leaders whom the people consider socially equal tothemselves23. According to the author of this passage, a social democracy would most likelyadopt a formal system of government when(A) recognized leadership becomes necessary to deal with social problems(B) people lose the instinctive ability to cooperate in solving social problems(C) a ruling monarch decides that it is necessary to grant political concessions tothe people(D) citizens no longer consider their social leaders essentially equal to themselves(E) the human instinct to obey social leaders has been weakened by suspicion andjealousy24. According to the passage, which one of the following is likely to occur as a resultof the discovery that “existing eminence is no longer genuine and representative”(lines 35-36)?(A) Aristocratic privileges will be strengthened, which will result in a further lossof the people’s liberty.(B) The government will be forced to admit its responsibility for the inadequacyof existing political institutions.(C) The remaining vestiges of less democratic institutions will be banished fromgovernment.(D) People will gain political concessions from the government and a voice in theaffairs of state.(E) People will demand that political democracy conform to the ethical ideals ofsocial democracy.25. It can be inferred from the passage that the practice of “government by deputy”(line 64) in a political democracy probably has its origins in(A) aristocratic ideals(B) human instincts(C) a commitment to human equality(D) a general ethical ideal(E) a policy decision26. Which one of the following statements, if true, would contradict the author’snotion of the characteristics of social democracy?(A) Organized governmental systems tend to arise spontaneously, rather than inresponse to specific problem situations.(B) The presence of an organized system of government stifles the expression ofhuman equality and brotherhood.(C) Social democracy represents a more primitive form of communalorganization than political democracy.(D) Prolonged and formal leadership may become necessary in a socialdemocracy when problems arise that cannot be resolved by recourse to thegeneral competence of the people.(E) Although political democracy and social democracy are radically differentforms of communal organization, it is possible for both to contain elementsof monarchy.LSAT第02套SECTION ITime 35 minutes 28 QuestionsDirections: Each passage in this section is followed by a group of questions to be answered on the basis of what is stated or implied in the passage. For some of the questions, more than one of the choices could conceivably answer the question. However, you are to choose the best answer, that is, the response that most accurately and completely answers the question, and blacken the corresponding space on your answer sheet.There is substantial evidence that by 1926, with the publication of The Weary Blues, Langston Hughes had broken with two well-established traditions in African American literature. In The Weary Blues, Hughes chose to modify the traditions that decreed that African American literature must promote racial acceptance and integration, and that, in order to do so, it must reflect an understanding and mastery of Western European literary techniques and styles. Necessarily excluded by this decree, linguistically and thematically, was the vast amount of secular folk material in the oral tradition that had been created by Black people in the years of slavery and after. It might be pointed out that even the spirituals or “sorrow songs” of the slaves—as distinct from their secular songs and stories—had been Europeanized to make them acceptable within these African American traditions after the Civil War. In 1862 northern White writers had commented favorably on the unique and provocative melodies of these “sorrow songs” when they first heard them sung by slaves in the Carolina sea islands. But by 1916, ten years before the publication of The Weary Blues, Hurry T. Burleigh, the Black baritone soloist at New York’s ultrafashionable Saint George’s Episcopal Church, had published Jubilee Songs of the United States, with every spiritual arranged so that a concert singer could sing it “in the manner of an art song.” Clearly, the artistic work of Black people could be used to promote racial acceptance and integration only on the condition that it became Europeanized.Even more than his rebellion against this restrictive tradition in African American art, Hughes’s expression of the vibrant folk culture of Black people established his writing as a landmark in the history of African American literature. Most of his folk poems have the distinctive marks of this folk culture’s oral tradition: they contain many instances of naming and enumeration, considerable hyperbole and understatement, and a strong infusion of street-talk rhyming. There is a deceptive veil of artlessness in these poems. Hughes prided himself on being an impromptu and impressionistic writer of poetry. His, he insisted, was not an artfully constructed poetry. Yet an analysis of his dramatic monologues and other poems reveals that his poetry was carefully and artfully crafted. In his folk poetry we find features common to all folk literature, such as dramatic ellipsis, narrative compression, rhythmic repetition, and monosyllabic emphasis. The peculiar mixture of irony and humor we find in his writing is a distinguishing feature of his folk poetry. Together, these aspects of Hughes’s writing helped to modify the previous restrictions on the techniques and subject matter of Black writers and consequently to broaden the linguistic and thematic range of African American literature.1. The author mentions which one of the following as an example of the influenceof Black folk culture on Hughes’s poetry?(A) his exploitation of ambiguous and deceptive meanings(B) his care and craft in composing poems(C) his use of naming and enumeration(D) his use of first-person narrative(E) his strong religious beliefs2. The author suggests that the “deceptive veil” (line 42) in Hughes’s poetryobscures(A) evidence of his use of oral techniques in his poetry(B) evidence of his thoughtful deliberation in composing his poems。

法学院入学考试(LSAT)阅读理解文章结构解析

法学院入学考试(LSAT)阅读理解文章结构解析1读文章就像拎衣服，要将衣领拎起来，要将主要观点拎出来，其他内容都为它服务，都围着它转。

读观点时，作者要批评某个观点，常将它放在AT BEST的位置，以便全面主要观点在末端，少数在倒数第二段末句：(为了得出主要观点作铺垫)1. 基于一个有不同看法的观点，包括作者的观点(作者观点在末段)2. 解释或回答某个问题或某种现象或PUZZLE(首段描述该问题，末段回答)3. 评价某人或某人的观点主要观点在首段，少数在二段首句(先明白要讲什麽)，有时观点具体内容在末端或倒数第二段末端1.作者详述某个观点(多数)2.解释或详述某人观点(作者没观点)3.描述新发现(新发现的过程)(作者没观点)A(FEBRUARY1996)(SuperPrep)第一篇：解释某个(历史学家)观点1. 历史学家对20世纪有关结婚的教会和法律意见赋予特殊意义。

法律方面2. 教会方面3. 某个历史学家对它赋予重要意义第二篇：解释(详述)某个观点(自己)(要结合以下内容)1.Nontraditional black women和filmmakers radical一样，与mainstream, realist cinematic 有problematic relation。

filmmakers radical方面2.Nontraditional black women方面3.举个例说明第三篇：描述某个理论(drifting continent)的发展(被接受的过程)1. 某人的drifting continent理论如果没有struggle，就不能成功2. 某人提出假设，J反对3. C提出支持4. 更有说服力的证据证明了该理论第四篇：评价某人观点1. 某人认为European Baroque反映了社会政治和文化的理念2. 3。

某人分析3. 某人的观点受其经验影响，高估了Baroque的作用。

法学院入学考试(LSAT)阅读理解文章结构解析2第一篇：详述自己某个观点1. 最近研究发现脊椎动物也像鱼一样会成群(schooling)(要结合以下内容)2. 如何成群3. 成群的PASSIVE ADVANTAGE4. 成群的ACTIVE ADVANTAGE5. 其他BENEFITS第二篇：解释某个疑问1. 觉得punishments公不公平的根源2. 有两种惩罚犯罪的原理：benefit to society和severity of the crime。

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