中国科学院农业政策研究中心2005年博士研究生入学考试：计量经济学(2).doc

2005年招收攻读硕士学位研究生入学考试试题试题名称： 固体物理一 回答下列问题1 简要阐述固体物理中的Born-Oppenheimer 近似（或绝热近似）。

并定性说明这种近似的物理依据。

答：原子核质量比电子大上千倍，电子的运动比核快得多，因而可以认为电子是在准静态的核构型的势场中运动。

从而可以被把电子与核的运动分开来讨论，即固体的运动简化成相对较简单的电子运动和核的运动。

2 固体中原子实运动的有效势场包括两大部分，分别说明其来源。

答：一部分是原子实间的静电相互作用，另一部分是电子态的能量对核构型的依赖关系 3 试用能带论简述导体、半导体、绝缘体中电子在能带中填充的特点。

答：金属或导体中价电子没有把价带填满，此为导带。

绝缘体中的价电子正好把价带填满，且更高的许可带与价带间的间隔较宽的禁带。

半导体与绝缘体相似，但禁带较窄。

二 简要回答下列问题1 写出晶体可能有的独立的点对称元素。

答：1、2、3、4、6、i 、m 、42 按对称类型分类，布拉菲（Bravas ）格子的点群类型有几种？空间群类型有几种？晶体结构的点群类型有几种?空间群类型有几种？答：7、14、32、2303 某种晶体的倒格子为体心立方结构，该晶体的正格子是什么结构？答：面心立方4 晶体中包含有N 个原胞，每个原胞有n 个原子，该晶体晶格振动的格波简正模式总数是多少？其中声学波和光学波各有多少？答：3nN 、其中声学波3N 、光学波（3n-3）N三 对面心立方布拉菲格子1 求格点密度最大的三个格点平面（晶面系）的面指数。

答：倒格子为体心立方，与三个最短的倒格矢相应，依次为{111}、{100}、{110} 2 画出这种格点平面上格点的排布。

答：六角、正方、正方（“面心”正方）3 设晶胞参数为a ，分别求出这三个晶面系相邻晶面的间距。

答：依次为a a a 42,21,23四 证明：如果一个布拉菲格子（或点阵）有一个对称平面，则存在平行该对称面的点阵平面系。

2005年中国科学院大学考研真题867经济学一、选择题（请选择一个最佳答案填入题前括号。

每小题4分，共计40分）1．如果商品甲和商品乙是替代品，则甲的价格下降将造成（ ）。

A ．甲的需求曲线向右移动B ．甲的需求曲线向左移动C ．乙的需求曲线向右移动D ．乙的需求曲线向左移动2．产品X 的需求可用如下公式估计：7000420.1d X Y Z Q P P P M =--+-，X P 为该产品的价格，Y P 、Z P 为相关产品Y 、Z 的价格，M 为居民收入，如下说法哪种是正确的？（ ）A ．产品X 为正常品B ．产品X 与产品Y 为替代品C ．产品X 与产品Z 为替代品D ．以上都不正确3．市场上某产品存在超额需求是由于（ ）。

A ．该产品价格超过均衡价格B ．该产品是优质品C ．该产品供不应求D ．该产品价格低于均衡价格4．厂商在工资率下降的时候一般倾向于增雇工人，假如对工人的需求缺乏价格弹性，工资率的下降将导致工资总额的（ ）。

A ．减少B ．不变C ．增加D ．无法确定5．两种商品中，若当其中一种的价格变化时，这两种商品的购买量同时增加或减少，则两者的需求交叉价格弹性系数为（ ）。

A ．负B ．正C ．0D ．16．蛛网模型以如下哪一种假定为前提？（ ）A ．需求量变动存在时滞B ．生产者按照本期的价格决定下一期的供给量C ．需求量对价格缺乏弹性D．供给量对价格缺乏弹性7．X和Y是完全替代的，且一单位X和一单位Y的效用相同。

X每单位需4元，Y每单位需6元，消费者均衡为（）A．全部购买X B．全部购买YC．购买X、Y的比例为4：6 D．购买X、Y的比例为6：48．某人消费两种商品X、Y，已经满足消费者均衡条件，假定现在X的价格下降，而Y价格不变，如果当他重新达到均衡时购买Y的数量增加，则（）。

A．X商品的需求价格弹性大于1B．X商品的需求价格弹性小于1C．Y商品的需求价格弹性大于1D．Y商品的需求价格弹性小于19．假定资本不变，劳动投入可变，当劳动边际产量为0时，（）。

中国人民大学2005年港澳台地区博士研究生入学考试参考书目本参考书目仅供参考，不作为出题范围哲学系马克思主义哲学专业《毛泽东选集》1-4卷《邓小平文选》1-3卷中国哲学专业《中国哲学通史》1-3卷，石俊、杨宪邦著，中国人民大学出版社1987-1990年《中国哲学史》，任继愈主编，人民出版社1963-1979年外国哲学专业《西方哲学史新编》，苗力田、李毓章主编，人民出版社1990年版《西方哲学原著选读》（上下册），商务印书馆1997年版《哲学史讲演录》（1-4），黑格尔著，商务印书馆1982年版《哲学史教程》，文德尔班著，商务印书馆1994年版《西方哲学史》，梯利著，商务印书馆1995年版逻辑学专业《逻辑学》，中国人民大学哲学系逻辑教研室主编，中国人民大学出版社1996《逻辑学》，宋文坚主编，人民出版社1998《西方逻辑史》，马玉珂主编，中国人民大学出版社1985《西方形式逻辑史》，宋文坚主编，中国社会科学出版社1991伦理学专业《伦理学》，罗国杰主编，中国人民大学出版社《西方伦理思想史》，罗国杰、宋希仁主编，中国人民大学出版社《中国伦理学通论》，焦国成主编，山西教育出版社1997年5月美学专业《美学导论》，张法著，中国人民大学出版社1999年版《西方美学史》，朱光潜主编，人民出版社1979年版《中国美学史》，张法蓍，上海人民出版社1999年版宗教学专业《中国哲学史》（修订版），陈来等修订，北京大学出版社2001年《西方哲学史》，张志伟主编，人民出版社2002年科技哲学专业《世界科技史》，王鸿生主编，中国人民大学出版社1996年版《科技哲学》，刘大椿主编，中国人民大学出版社1997年版中国语言文学系文艺学专业《文艺理论新编》，陈传才、周文柏著，中国人民大学出版社1994年《马克思主义文艺学概论》，陆贵山、周忠厚主编，中国人民大学出版社2001年《西方文艺理论史》，张秉真、章安祺、杨慧林著，中国人民大学出版社1994年《当代西方文艺理论》，朱立元主编，华东师范大学出版社1997年《中国文学理论史》，蔡锺翔、成复旺、黄葆真著，北京出版社1987年《文学发展论》，钱中文著，中国社会科学出版社1997年《文学解释学》，金元浦著，东北师范大学出版社1997年《人韵》，黄克剑著，东方出版社1996年汉语言文字学专业《简明汉语史》，向熹，高等教育出版社1993年《汉语语音史》，王力，中国社会科学出版社1985年《汉语语法史》，王力，商务印书馆1989年《汉语词汇史》，王力，商务印书馆1993年《语法讲义》，朱德熙，商务印书馆1982年《汉语语法分析问题》，吕叔湘，商务印书馆1979年《八十年代中国语法研究》，陆俭明，商务印书馆1993年《语言学纲要》，叶蜚声、徐通锵，北京大学出版社1981年《现代汉语》，北京大学中文系现代汉语教研室，商务印书馆1994年《文字学概要》，裘锡圭，商务印书馆1990年中国古代文学《中国文学史》（修订本），游国恩等主编，人民文学出版社2002年《中国文学史》，袁行霈主编，高等教育出版社2000年《中国分体文学史》，李修生、赵义山主编，上海古籍出版社2001年《中国古代文学作品选》，朱东润主编，上海古籍出版社1979年《中国文学理论史》，蔡锺翔、成复旺、黄葆真著，北京出版社1987年《中国文学批评史》，王运熙等主编，上海古籍出版社1985年《中国历代文论选》，郭绍虞、王文生主编，上海古籍出版社1979年加试课程参考书目：《中国古代文化史》，阴法鲁主编，北京大学出版社1998年《古代汉语》，王力主编，中华书局1998年经济学院政治经济学专业《高级政治经济学》，张宇、孟捷主编，经济科学出版社2002年出版《社会主义经济理论》，杨瑞龙、张宇等著，中国人民大学出版社《理论经济学》《社会主义经济理论》，中国人民大学报刊复印资料2001年、2002年、2003年《研究生用西方经济学》，高鸿业、吴易风等，经济科学出版社经济思想史、西方经济学专业《研究生用西方经济学》，高鸿业、吴易风等，经济科学出版社《西方经济学》（上、下），高鸿业主编，人民大学出版社《经济学说史》，陈孟熙等，人民大学出版社政治经济学（参照政治经济学专业）《数理经济学的基本方法》，蒋中一，商务印书馆经济史专业《中国经济史》（上、中、下），孙健著，人民大学出版社《世界经济史》，高德步，人民大学出版社2001年出版政治经济学（参照政治经济学专业用书）世界经济专业《西方经济学》（上、下），高鸿业主编，人民大学出版社《国际贸易教程》，高成兴，人民大学出版社 2001年版《世界经济学》，杜厚文，人民大学出版社《国际经济学指导》，黄卫平，高等教育出版社《国际经济学》，克鲁格曼，人民大学出版社《国际经济学》，萨尔瓦多，人民大学出版社《发展经济学》，陶文达、黄卫平、彭刚著，四川人民出版社网络经济学专业《现代产业组织》，（美）丹尼斯．卡尔顿等，上海三联书店《网络产业经济学》，（以）奥兹．谢伊，上海财经大学出版社《电子商务经济学》，（美）大卫．范胡斯，机械工业出版社“网络经济学与企业理论”无参考书目。

中国人民大学2005年博士生入学考试试题招生专业：经济思想史、西方经济学考试科目：西方经济学1．在不同类型的市场上，单个厂商面临的需求曲线的形状有什么不同?为什么不同?这些不同对厂商的决策有什么影响?(30分)答：（1）单个厂商面临的需求曲线在完全竞争市场上是一条由既定价格水平出发的水平线，而在垄断市场上厂商面临的需求曲线是一条向右下方倾斜的直线，并且厂商的垄断程度越高，需求曲线越陡峭。

同时，垄断竞争厂商面临的需求曲线有两条，它们通常被区分为d 需求曲线和D需求曲线，d需求曲线表示在垄断竞争生产集团中的某个厂商改变产品价格，而其他厂商的产品价格都保持不变时，该厂商的产品价格和销售量之间的关系，D需求曲线表示在垄断竞争生产集团的某个厂商改变产品价格，而且集团内的其他所有厂商也使产品价格发生相同变化时，该厂商的产品价格和销售量之间的关系。

另外，寡头市场上的厂商面临的需求曲线比较复杂，根据斯威齐模型的结论，不完全竞争市场中的寡头市场上的单个厂商有可能面临的是一条弯折的需求曲线。

（2）完全竞争市场由于必须具备四个条件：①市场上有大量的买者和卖者；②市场上每一个厂商提供的商品都是同质的；③所有的资源具有完全的流动性；④信息是完全的，所以在完全竞争市场上，单个消费者和单个厂商无力影响市场价格，他们中的每一个人都是被动地接受既定的市场价格，虽然在其他一些因素的影响下，如经济中消费者收入水平的普遍提高，经济中先进技术的推广，或者政府有关政策的作用，等等，使得众多消费者的需求量和众多生产者的供给量发生变化时，供求曲线的位置就有可能发生移动，从而形成市场的新的均衡价格，在这种情况下，厂商面临的需求曲线是由新的均衡价格水平出发的一条水平线。

不完全竞争市场又分为：垄断市场、垄断竞争市场和寡头市场，垄断市场是指整个行业中只有惟一的一个厂商的市场组织，垄断竞争市场指的是一个市场中有许多厂商生产和销售有差别的同种产品的市场组织，寡头市场又称为寡头垄断市场。

（2000年博士研究生入学考试试题）1、假定陈某人一家住公房50平方米。

房改后每月房租每平方米提高了4元，同时他家又从政府领到房改津贴共200元/月。

（1）请做图并分析住房制度改革对陈某人的各种影响。

（2）假定社会上很多人的情况与陈某人相似，还有一部分人所住的公房面积比陈某人更大或更小，请作图并分析住房改革制度改革的社会和经济意义。

2、（1）在制定市场的法规和制度时，是否应鼓励竞争？为什么？（2）用微观经济学理论和曲线图分析竞争与效率之间的关系。

3、（1）试分析为什么环境保护不能通过市场竞争来解决。

（2）试用微观经济学理论简要分析政府保护环境的几种政策措施。

4、作图并简要分析政府的扩张性财政政策（1）在短期中的各种效果（2）在长期中的各种效果5、作图并简要分析在一资本高度流动、实行浮动汇率制的开放经济中，中央银行增加货币供应对宏观经济的各种影响。

6、试简要分析宏观经济学理论目前在中国是否有用？（第3、第6二题各为16份，其余各题均为17分）（2002年10月博士研究生入学考试试题）答案请用另纸，并请在各题的答案前标明相应的题号注意：需要用公式和图形表示的，请注明所使用符号的意义每题25分1． 法国经济学家瓦尔拉(L.Walras)最早研究了竞争性市场体系的均衡问题并提出了瓦尔拉法则(Walras ’ Law)。

试证明瓦尔拉法则，并说明瓦尔拉均衡的存在性。

2． 纳什均衡（Nash Equilibrium ）是现代经济学的一个重要概念。

试说明在基本的策略式博弈(Strategic form games)中纳什均衡的概念，以及它在纯策略博弈（pure strategic form games ）和混合策略博弈(mixed strategic form games)中存在的可能性。

3． 在凯恩斯经济理论中,总需求变化是宏观经济波动和失业的主要来源。

但只有在总供给方面存在刚性或劳动市场、商品市场存在不完全竞争、使得总供给不能够灵活地相应变化的时候，总需求的变化才会造成失业。

t t a na w +=为人均消费，a 为人均资本财富；工资率在竞争情况下是给定的。

约束条件意味着，家庭的财富来源于工资和利息收入t t w r a +t t
a na +。

为控制变量。

a 为状态变量；竞争市场中，要素价格等于其边际产出。

请给出：消费的积累路径。

20’）
、若政府决定通过减税增加消费和投资，试说明）能否在两个目标上都取得成功？
边际产量？如何影响资本产出比率？
7、广义国民收入与欧拉定理之间的关系。

8、利率对消费的收入效应和替代效应是怎样的？
9、根据卢卡斯总供给和总需求函数推证：实现不变货币增长率的货币政策无效性。

10、根据国际收支理论和IS-LM-BP（看蒙代尔-弗莱明）模型，分析在浮动汇率条件下的财政政策和货币政策效果。

1. 名义货币供给量的增加会带来通货膨胀，请根据经济学
k=的相图的变化。

c=和0
-+=-
bi Y a b r
ln(
中，假定预期通货膨胀和实际通货膨胀相等，
g的影响，请证明实际产不受货币增长率
M。

★绝密★中国农业科学院 2005年博士研究生入学考试英语试题(考试时间3小时满分100分)Ⅰ. Vocabulary Part A.Directions: Beneath each of the following sentences, there are four choices marked A, B, C, and D. Choose the one that best completes the sentence and mark the corresponding letter with a single bar across the square bracket on the ANSWER SHEET.1. The scene is so beautiful that it my power of description. A. transports B. transfersC. transcendsD. transforms2. The schoolmaster the girl’s bravery in his opening speech. A. applauded B. enhancedC. elevatedD. clapped3. The meaning of “yellow” is a color, but it can also mean “cowardly.” A. positive B. negativeC. underlyingD. literal4. Many people think that the standards of public have declined. A. morality B. rightness C . awareness D. mentality5. People were surprised to find that he had the ability to everything he was involved in.A. precedeB. dominateC. pervadeD. denominate6. The fact that they reacted so differently was a reflection of their different . A. performancesB. personalitiesC. qualitiesD. debut7. This medicine will the pain in the stomach.A. ascertainB. agitateC. alleviateD. allocate8. The apartment was as $50,000 and its owner decided to sell it. A. automated B. assessedC asserted D. avenged9. The minister all his officials pay the tax.A. bidsB. blessesC. barksD. baffles10. When a person dies, his debts must be paid before his can be distributed. A. paradoxesB. legaciesC. platitudesD. analogiesPart B.Directions: In each of the following sentences there is one word or phraseunderlined. Below the sentence are four choices marked A, B, C, and D. Choose the one that is clo sest in meaning to the underlined part. Mark the corresponding letter with a single bar across the square bracket on the ANSWER SHEET.11. Tourists flock from the remotest places to see the capital’s sights. A. invade B. troop C. p rompt D. gather12. He has told so many lies that we can no longer place any reliance on what he says. A. beliefB. trustC. convictionD. dependence.13. Oil can change a society more drastically than anyone could ever have imagined. A. grosslyB. severelyC. rapidlyD. radically14. In times of economic difficulty, governmental budgets for education are often slashed before any others.A. shiftedB. cutC. checkedD. donated15. Modern printing equipment quickly turns out duplicate copies of textual and pictorial matter.A. identicalB. doubleC. illustratedD. legible16. With her youngest child having left home, she felt a pressing need to fill her time. A. tenseB. thoroughC. urgentD. small17. The role of the performing artist is to interpret, not alter, the notes on a printed sheet of music.A. omitB. reproduceC. composeD. change.18. Aircraft and rocket can be used to collect radioactive debris, while high-altitude satellites carr y detectors for gamma rays and other emissions. A. diffusion B. remains C. glitter transfe r19. Although worn out by years of service to his country, Washington accepted the presidency of the United States.A. favoredB. honoredC. exhaustedD. weakened20. Between French friends, who have chosen each other for congeniality of their point of view, li vely disagreement and sharpness of arguments are the breath of life. A. coexistence B. coincide nce C. correlation D. compatibilityⅡ. ClozeDirections: Read the following passage. Choose the best word for each numbered blank and mark the corresponding letter with a single bar across the square bracket on the ANSWER SHEET. We do not know when man first began to use salt, but we do know that it has been used in many different ways throughout history. (21) evidence shows, for example, that people who lived o ver three thousand years ago ate (22) fish. Stealing salt was considered a major crime at cert ain times in history. In theeighteenth century, for instance, if a person was (23) “stealing salt”, he could be put in prison . History reveals that about ten thousand people were put in prison during that century (24) stealing salt.In the modern world salt has many uses (25) the dining table. It is used in making glass and ai rplane parts, in the (26) of crops and in killing weeds. It is also used to make water soft, to m elt ice on roads and highways, to make soap, and to (27) colors in cloth.Salt can be obtained in various ways, besides being taken from mines underground. Evaporation o f salt water from the ocean or from salt water lakes or small seas is one of the (28) commo n processes for manufacturing salt. In Australia, it can even be taken from a “salt bush”. Yet, (29) it is obtained, salt will continue to play an important (30) in the lives of men and women everywhere.21. A. Ancient B. Historic C. Historical D. Old 22. A. salt B. salted C. saltingD. salty 23. A. arrested B. caught C. got D. seized 24. A. as B. byC. forD. through 25. A. besides B. beyond C. except D. over26. A. bearing B. developing C. growing D. training 27. A. fasten B. fix C. preserve D. tie 28. A. little B. many C. much D. more29. A. however B. whatever C. whenever D. wherever 30. A. duty B. functionC. responsibilityD. roleⅢ. Reading ComprehensionPart A.Directions: There are three reading passages in this part. Each passage isfollowed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices m arked A, B, C, and D. You should decide on the best choice.Passage One(1) Poultry farmers need to adopt strict hygiene standards to curb Asia\'s deadly bird flu virus, a t op Vietnamese official said on the eve of an international conference Wednesday on fighting the disease.(2) A dozen Vietnamese have died of bird flu since Dec. 30, raising concerns that the disease could be re-emerging after an outbreak last year spread to 10 Asian countries, forcing the slaughter of more than 100 million birds.(3) “It\'s difficult to change their habit but we need to educate them," Bui Quang Anh, head of the Department for Animal Health, said Tuesday. "Once they understand and follow all the instructi ons, we can prevent the virus from spreading.”(4) Big commercial farms learned from the first outbreak and applied preventive measures, such a s strict hygiene standards and regular disinfection, Anh said. The most recent outbreak was only r eported in small farms, which failed to apply preventive measures, he said.(5) New regulations should include separating ducks from chickens, requiring ducks to be raised i n cages and improving hygiene measures, Anh said. Ducks should not roam freely in rice fields as they do now in the southern Mekong Delta, he added. (6) The conference will be looking at a vari ety of issues, including mass vaccinations, flu research, farm hygiene, animal husbandry practices and improving coordination between animal health and human health agencies.(7) The virus, which in the last year has killed 46 people — including 32 from Vietnam and 12 fro m Thailand — has yet to mutate into a form that can betransmitted between humans. But scientists say it may mutate to a human form that could beco me as deadly as the ones that killed millions during three influenza pandemics of the 20th centur y.31. The subject of the international conference mentioned in the first paragraph is aboutA. battling the SARSB. epidemic disease controlC. fighting the avian fluD. public health32. According to the passage, which of the following statement is true? A. Bird flu was first found in Vietnam.B. Big commercial farms have taken preventive measures to curb bird flu.C. Bui Quang Anh believ es that it is impossible to prevent the bird flu.D. 1, 000 birds were killed during the last year outb reak of bird flu.33. According to the passage, which of the following measures are NOT effective in fighting agains t the bird flu?A. to adopt strict hygiene standards in poultry farms.B. to carry out regular disinfectionC. to raise ducks and chickens separatelyD. to stop poultry trade34. We can infer from the last paragraph thatA. currently the bird flu virus cannot be transmitted between humansB. the bird flu virus is easy t o mutate.C. the bird flu has killed millions of peopleD. the bird flu is more deadly than common influenza.35. The best title for the passage is . A. Bird Flu: A Deadly DiseaseB. What Can We Learn from the Bird FluC. Vietnam: the Biggest Victim of the Bird FluD. Official Urges Farmers to Curb Bird Flu Passage T(1) The sources of anti-Christian feeling were many and complex. On the more intangible side, th ere was a general pique against the unwanted intrusion of the Western countries; there was an u nderstandable tendency to seek an externalscapegoat for internal disorders only tangentially attributable to the West and perhaps most imp ortant, there was a virile tradition of ethnocentricism, vented long before against Indian Buddhis m, which since the seventeenth century, focused on Western Christianity. Accordingly, even befor e the missionary movement really got under way in the mid-nineteenth century, it was already at a disadvantage. After 1860, as missionary activity in the hinterland expanded, it quickly became a pparent that inaddition to the intangibles, numerous tangible grounds for Chinese hostility abounded. (2) In part , the very presence of the missionary evoked attack, they were, after all, the first foreigners to lea ve the treaty ports and venture into the interior, and for a long time they were virtually the only f oreigners whose quotidian labors carried them to the farthest reaches the Chinese empire. For m any of the indigenous population,therefore, the missionary stood as a uniquely visible symbol against which opposition to foreign i ntrusion could e vented. In part too, the missionary was attacked because the manner in which h e made his presence felt after 1860 seemed almost calculated to offend. By indignantly waging ba ttle against the notion that China was the sole fountainhead of civilization and, more particularly, by his assault on many facets of Chinese culture, the missionary directly undermined the cultural hegemony of the gentry class. Also, in countless ways, he posed a threat to the gentry’s traditiona l monopoly of social leadership. Missionaries, particularly Catholics, frequently, assumed the garb of the Confucian literati. They were the only persons at the local level, aside from the gentry who were permitted to communicate with the authorities as social equals, and they enjoyed an extrat erritorial status in the interior that gave them greater immunity to Chinese law than had ever bee n possessed by the gentry. (3) Although it was the avowed policy of the Chinese government after 1860 that the new treaties were to be strictly adhered to, in practice implementation depended on the wholehearted accord provincial authorities. There is abundant evidence that cooperation was dilatory. At the root of this lay the interactive nature of ruler and ruled.(4) In a severely understaffed bureaucracy that ruled as much by suasion as by might, the official, almost always a stranger in the locality of his service, depended on the active cooperation of the l ocal gentry class. Energetic attempts to implement treaty provisions concerning missionary activit ies, in direct defiance of gentry sentiment, ran the risk of alienating this class and destroying future effectiveness.36. In a vague way, anti-Christian feeling stemmed from .A. the mere presence of invadersB. a generalized unfocused feelingC. the introduction to the W estD. none of the above37. The author would agree that .A. many problems in China came from internal disorders due to Western influence.B. many probl ems in China came from China itself and were unrelated to the WestC. scapegoats perform a nec essary function and there should be more of themD. all of the above are true.38. With which of the following statements would the author agree? A. Ethnocentricism is a manl y tradition.B. The disdain toward Christianity was prefigured by a disdain toward Buddhism.C. Although Chri stianity was not well received in China, Buddhism was.D. The author would agree with A and C.39. Missionaries .A. often dressed the same way as Chinese scholars didB. were free of the legal constraints that bound the local indigenous populationC. had greater ac cess to authority than Chinese peasantsD. may be described by all of the above40. Provincial authorities .A. cooperated fully with the central government’s policyB. were alive to local feelingsC. were obliged to determine whether local sentiment tolerated implementationD. may be descri bed by B and C.Passage Three(1) The natural environment has, of course, always conditioned technology. For example, the nature of an environment (polar, desert, jungle) engenders thedevelopment of technologies appropriate to that environment to enable man to adapt successfull y to it. Further, emerging scarcity of some technological resource mayignite a research for, and gradual transition to, a new technology using resources present in the e nvironment in greater abundance, as, for example, in the case of the gradual change from wood-based to coal-based technology in England that began in Elizabeth times and stretched until the e nd of the eighteenth century.(2) In modern Western society, environment has begun to condition technology in new ways, although admittedly more indirectly. The safety and quality of the environment and public percep tions of it have begun to translate into presidential politics and congressional mandates to regulat ory agencies to protect or enhance environmental quality or safety, occasionally even at the cost of some perturbation of the tech-economic status-quo. In France, Italy, and recently the United St ates, political parties have been formed, organized around a complex of technology/ environment issues. In general, in the last fifteen years, the gradual development of broad-based environment al awareness, the lobbying and litigious activities of environmental interest groups, and guideline s issued and reinforced by the EPA (Environmental Protection Agency) in response to congression al mandates have markedly increased the heed paid to the environment by many corporations in going about their technology activities. Both research an development priorities and capital inves tment programs of the corporations have been affected by this.41. Which of the following statements is TRUE?A. Environment enables man to adapt successfully to new technology.B. Technologies enable ma n to adapt successfully to his environment.C. The development of the technologies depends solely on the natural environment.D. Lack of technologies to cope with the environment is caused by lack of natural resources.42. We can infer from the article that in the 1800s England was probably rich in . A. wood resou rces B. technological resources C. natural resources D. coal resource43. in modern Western society, the environmental problem has . A. received great attention fo rm the governmentsB. caused some serious disorders in technology and economy Affected modern technologies mor e directly than before.D. become more important but received less and less attention44. The underlined word “heed” in the last but one sentence of the passage means . A. lawsuitB. interestC. attentionD. expense45. What is the best topic for the passage? A. What can nature contribute to technology?B. Environment can sometimes block the progress of technology.C. Technologies of all kinds shou ld serve the natural environment.D. Environment deserves the most attention in the development of technology.Part BDirections: After you have read the following passage, write out a summary in English whit about 70 to 90 words. Put your summary on the ANSWER SHEET.What is Society?Society is a group of human beings, held together by agreement for reasons that are mutually be neficial to the individual members. Societies operate as a whole, as a collective body, chiefly in w ays that look out for the highest common good of all. Members have specific roles and responsibi lities within the society. One of the best direct analogies is with the human body itself. The cells a re all alive, independently, yet they group together and establish roles, responsibilities, and relati onships that allow a greater whole to exist that is more than just the sum of the parts. The cells g ain from the specific roles they play because they are allowed to be what they are more effectivel y. Further, they are given a limited awareness of the whole that their efforts aid in creating. Similarly, when individual human beings group together to form societies, anorganization is created in which the members are the cells. Subgroups of the members may form organs through which higher level functions can then manifest. If the relationships are loose, the body created has limited functionality over that of any individual member because there is little s ynergy. When the relationships are close and founded on a basis of love, the body thus created h as significant functionality over that of the individuals. When the group is small, few organs can b e created so there is limited complexity or functionality. When the group is large, many organs ca n be created, resulting in highly increased complexity and functionality.Countries, regions, states cities, and neighborhoods could all be considered to be societies as coul d teams, groups, and any other organizations of people. For our purposes here, the most importa nt society is The United States of America since it is the one established to set up the New Order f or the Ages, Novus Ordo Seclorum. Society is more than the government, however. It also includ es all the economic and social infrastructure necessary to provide people with what they need. Ⅳ. Translation1. Translate the following passage into Chinese.Water is a limited natural resource and a public good fundamental for life and health. The human right to water is indispensable for leading a life in human dignity. It is a prerequisite for the realiza tion of other human rights. The Committee has been confronted continually with the widespread denial of the right to water in developing as well as developed countries. Over I billion persons lac k access to a basic water supply, while several billion do not have access to adequate sanitation, which is theprimary cause of water contamination and diseases linked to water. The continuing contaminatio n, depletion and unequal distribution of water is exacerbating existing poverty. States have to ado pt effective measures to realize, without discrimination, the right to water.2. Translate the following passage into English.和平与发展是当今世界的两大主题。

中科院各专业所考博试题中科院发育所06年生物化学考博试题1.试举5例说明绿色荧光蛋白在生物学研究中的作用?2.真核生物逆转座子的结构功能和生物学意义?3.一蛋白用SDS聚丙电泳分离后为一条带,请问,这个蛋白是否只有一种成分,如果还有其它成分如何分离,鉴定纯度4.真核生物表达各水平上的调控机理5.举两篇05年我国科学家发表的Cell Science Nature的文章,要国内通迅地址,要写出作者或单位,以及文章的主要内容.6.请在生化角度评价转基因食物的安全性中科院动物所2000年细胞生物学（博士）一、解释题（每题3分，共30分）1、周期细胞2、PCR技术3、MPF4、通讯连接5、细胞分化6、溶酶体7、信号肽8、整合素9、基因组10、巨大染色体二、有丝分裂及其调控（有丝分裂的过程、变异及其调控）（18分）三、以哺乳动物精子和卵子发生为例。

简述减数分裂。

（17分）四、线粒体基因组与细胞核基因组两套遗传装置的相互作用关系。

（18分）五、图解某些细胞调节系统对细胞骨架系统的调节，并加以简述（17分）中科院动物所2002年细胞生物学（博士）名词解释（每题3分，共36分）1、细胞周期2、细胞分化3、干细胞4、细胞外基质5、上皮6、信号传导7、转染8、端粒9、免疫球蛋白10、细胞骨架11、内质网12、反意义RNA问答题（以下5题任选4题，每题16分，共64分）1、试述细胞膜的化学组成2、试述线粒体的遗传学……半自主性3、以图解叙述细胞的有丝分裂及其调控4、试述哺乳动物的受精作用和哺乳动物克隆的不同点5、试述造血干细胞的分化中科院动物所2003年细胞生物学（博士）一、名词解释（3Ⅹ10）1、原癌基因2、信号肽3、细胞周期4、高尔基体5、干扰RNA6、免疫印迹7、干细胞8、突触9、细胞骨架10、端粒二：综述题1、简述生物膜的分子和结构基础，核膜在细胞周期中的变化规律。

分析核孔复合体在物质转运的结构基础（15分）2、简述线粒体内氧自由基产生的分子机制及其线粒体在细胞凋亡调节中的作用（15分）3、简述免疫细胞发育过程和T细胞检测标准，分析艾滋病毒感染细胞的途径（10分）4、简述神经细胞突触细胞传递的结构基础和信号传导分子机制（15分）5、利用真核基因表达调控的原理，阐述利用体细胞进行动物克隆的分子基础核生物学意义。

中国科学院农业政策研究中心2005年博士研究生入学考试《计量经济学》一、选择题（每题3分，共30分）1、关于与计量经济学相关的经济数据的论述以下错误的是： （ ） （A ）非实验数据也称为观测数据，来自对个人、企业或经济系统中的某些部分的控制实验； （B ）横截面数据集是在给定时点对个人、家庭、企业等单位采集的样本所构成的数据集； （C ）时间序列数据集是由一个或几个变量不同时间的观测值构成的数据集； （D ）综列数据集是由横截面数据集中每个数据的一个时间序列组成的。

2、关于简单线性回归模型Y = α + βX + μ，以下表述哪个是错误的： （ ） （A ）回归关系不同于相关关系，前者有明确的因果关系；（B ）模型的扰动项μ代表除X 之外所有影响被解释变量的不可观测因素；（C ）X 测量单位变化不仅会影响斜率的估计，也会影响截距的估计，但不会影响判定系数； （D ）解释变量回归系数t 检验值的平方与判定系数R 2的F 检验值相等。

3、如果被估计的计量经济模型（单方程）出现以下违背经典假设的情况时，其中哪种情况会导致参数估计有偏： （ ） （A ）模型扰动项的条件均值不为零； （B ）模型方差不是等方差的； （C ）模型扰动项是一阶自回归的； （D ）模型解释变量之间高度相关。

4、现有Y ，X1，X2等3个变量的数据，样本为30。

其中Y 是被解释变量，X1和X2是解释变量。

有一个研究者想了解X1和X2同时解释Y 时它们各自的影响，可是他无法直接进行多元回归。

为此他用OLS 估计了模型2到模型9共8个一元回归模型，详细的估计参数和相应的t 统计量见表1（注：所有回归都有常数项，表中未列出）。

请问该研究者能否从中推出模型1中X1和X2两个解释变量的回归系数以及相应的t 统计量？ （ ） （A ）不能（B ）能，回归系数分别为-0.07和1.10 （C ）能，t 统计量分别为-1.23和2.87 （D ）能，回归系数分别为-0.16和1.435、假设我们估计了一个模型，结果如下：542442313322110ˆˆˆˆˆ)log(ˆˆ)(g ˆlo X X X X X X X Y βαβαααα++++++= 对该模型的解释以下错误的是： （ ）（A ）X 1变动1%将使Y 变动百分之1ˆα； （B ）X 2变动1单位将使Y 变动百分之100[exp(2ˆα)-1]； （C ）X3变动1单位将使Y 变动百分之100[exp(13ˆ2ˆβα+)-1]； （D ）X4变动1单位将使Y 变动百分之100[exp(524ˆˆX βα+)-1]；6、以下统计检验方法哪种可以用于异方差检验：（）（A）ADF 检验（B）Durbin-Watson 检验（C）Chow 检验（D）White检验表1模型被解释变量数据类型解释变量X1 X2 模型4残差模型5残差模型1 Y 参数? ?t统计量? ?模型2 Y 参数-0.16t统计量(-4.65)模型3 Y 参数 1.43t统计量(6.64)模型4 X1 参数-4.71t统计量(-4.13)模型5 X2 参数-0.08t统计量(-4.13)模型6 Y 参数-0.07t统计量(-1.23) 模型7 Y 参数 1.10T统计量(2.87) 模型8 模型3残差参数-0.07T统计量(-2.07) 模型9 模型2残差参数 1.10T统计量(4.34)7、关于Probit模型，以下论述哪个是错误的：（）（A）模型能保证估计的概率在0于1之间；（B）不同于线性概率模型，模型估计的概率与解释变量之间是非线性关系；（C）该模型假设模型的扰动项符合标准正态分布；（D）模型估计出的解释变量的回归系数表示该解释变量变动一单位对概率的边际影响。