2016年国际关系学院硕士研究生入学考试《英语》真题及详解

2016年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题Section I Use of EnglishDirections:Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)In Cambodia，the choice of a spouse is a complex one for the young male. It may involve not only his parents and his friends,１those of the young women, but also a matchmaker. A young man can 2 a likely spouse on his own and them ask his parents to 3 the marriage negotiations，or the young man’s parents may make the choice of a spouse, giving the child little to say in the selection. 4 , a girl may veto the spouse her parents have chosen. 5 a spouse has been selected, each family investigates the other to make sure its child is marrying 6 a good family.The traditional wedding is a long and colorful affair. Formerly it lasted three days， 7 by the 1980s it more commonly lasted a day and a half. Buddhist priests offer a short sermon and 8 prayers of blessing. Parts of the ceremony involve ritual hair cutting, 9 cotton threads soaked in holy water around the bride’s and groom’s wrists ,and 10 a candle around a circle of happily married and respected couples to bless the 11 .Newlyweds traditionally move in with the wife’s parents and may 12 with them up to a year, 13 they can build a flew house nearby.Divorce is legal and easy to 14 ,but not common .Divorced persons are 15 with some disapproval. Each spouse retains 16 property he or she 17 into the marriage, and jointly –acquired property is 18 equally. Divorced persons may remarry, but a gender prejudice 19 up .The divorced male doesn’t have a waiting period before he can remarry 20 the woman must wait the months.1. [A] by way of [B] as well as [C] on behalf of [D] with regard to2. [A] adapt to [B] provide for [C]compete with [D] decide on3. [A] close [B] renew [C]arrange [D] postpone4. [A] In theory [B] Above all [C] In time [D] For example5. [A] Although [B] Lest [C] After [D] Unless6. [A] into [B] within [C] from [D] through7. [A] sine [B] or [C] but [D] so8. [A] test [B]copy [C]recite [D] create9. [A] folding [B] piling [C] wrapping [D] tying10. [A] lighting [B] passing [C] hiding [D] serving11. [A] meeting [B] association [C] collection [D]union12. [A] grow [B] part [C] deal [D]live13. [A] whereas [B] until [C] for [D] if14. [A] obtain [B] follow [C] challenge [ D]avoid15. [A] isolated [B] persuaded [C] viewed [D] exposed16. [A]wherever [B] however [C] whenever [D]whatever17. [A] changed [B] brought [C] shaped [D] pushed18. [A] divided [B] invested [C] donated [D] withdrawn19. [A]clears [B] warms [C] shows [D] breaks20. [A]while [B] so what [C]once [D] in thatSection II Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET. (40 points)Text 1France, which prides itself as the global innovator of fashion, has decided its fashion industry has lost an absolute right to define physical beauty for woman. Its lawmakers gave preliminary approval last week to a law that would make it a crime to employ ultra-thin models on runways.The parliament also agreed to ban websites that”incite excessive thinness” by promoting extreme dieting.Such measures have a couple of uplifting motives. They suggest beauty should not be defined by looks that end up with impinging on health. That’s a start. And the ban on ultra-thin models seems to go beyond protecting models from starring themselves to health –as some have done. It tells the fashion industry that it move take responsibility for the signal it sends women, especially teenage girls, about the social tape –measure they must use to determine their individual worth.The bans, if fully enforced ,would suggest to woman (and many men )that they should not let others be orbiters of their beauty .And perhaps faintly, they hint that people should look tointangible qualities like character and intellect rather than dieting their way to sine zero or wasp-waist physiques .The French measures, however, rely too much on severe punishment to change a culture that still regards beauty as skin-deep-and bone-showing. Under the law, using a fashion model that does not meet a government-defined index of body mess could result in a $85,000 fine and six months in prison.The fashion industry knows it has an inherent problem in focusing on material adornment and idealized body types. In Denmark, the United States, and a few other countries, it is trying to set voluntary standard for models and fashion images there rely more on pear pressure for enforcement.In contrast to France’s actions, Denmark’s fashion industry agreed last month on rules and sanctions regarding age, health, and other characteristics of models .The newly revised Danish Fashion Ethical charter clearly states, we are aware of and take responsibility for the impact the fashion industry has on body ideals, especially on young people. The charter’s main toll of enforcement is to deny access for designers and modeling agencies to Copenhagen. Fashion week, which is men by the Danish Fashion Institute .But in general it relies on a name-and –shame method of compliance.Relying on ethical persuasion rather than law to address the misuse of body ideals may be the best step. Even better would be to help elevate notions of beauty beyond the material standards of a particular industry.21. According to the first paragraph, what would happen in France?[A] Physical beauty would be redefined[B] New runways would be constructed[C] Websites about dieting would thrive[D] The fashion industry would decline22. The phrase “impinging on”(Line2 Para2) is closest in meaning to[A] heightening the value of[B] indicating the state of[C] losing faith in[D] doing harm to23. Which of the following is true of the fashion industry[A] The French measures have already failed[B] New standards are being set in Denmark[C] Models are no longer under peer pressure[D] Its inherent problems are getting worse24. A designer is most likely to be rejected by CFW for[A] setting perfect physical conditions[B] caring too much about models’ character[C] showing little concern for health factors[D] pursuing a high age threshold for models25. Which of the following maybe the best title of the text?[A] A challenge to the Fashion Industry’s Body Ideals[B] A Dilemma for the starving models in France[C] Just Another Round of struggle for beauty[D] The Great Threats to the Fashion IndustryText 2For the first time in the history more people live in towns than in the country. In Britain this has had a curious result. While polls show Britons rate “the countryside” alongside the royal family. Shakespeare and the National Health Service (NHS) as what make them proudest of their country, this has limited political support. A century ago Octavia Hill launched the National Trust not to rescue stylish houses but to save “the beauty of natural places for everyone forever”. It was specifically to provide city dwellers with spaces for leisure where they could experience “a refreshing air”. Hill’s pressure later led to the creation of national parks and green belts. They don’t make countryside any more, and every year concrete consumes more of it .It needs constant guardianship.At the next election none of the big parties seem likely to endorse this sentiment. The Conservatives’ planning reform explicitly gives rural development priority over conservation, even authorizing “off–plan” building where local people might object. The concept of sustainable development has been defined as profitable. Labour likewise wants to discontinue local planning where councils oppose development. The Liberal Democrats are silent only u sensing itschance, has sides with those pleading for a more considered approach to using green land. Its campaign to protect Rural England struck terror into many local conservative parties.The sensible place to build new houses factories and offices is where people are in cities and towns where infrastructure is in place. The London agents Stirling Ackroyed recently identified enough sites for half of million houses in the Landon area alone with no intrusion on green belts. What is true of London is even truer of the provinces. The idea that “housing crisis” equals “concreted meadows” is pure lobby talk. The issue is not the need for more houses but, as always, where to put them under lobby pressure, George Osborne favours rural new-build against urban renovation and renewal. He favours out-of-town shopping sites against high streets. This is not a free market but a biased one. Rural towns and villages have grown and will always grow. They do so best where building sticks to their edges and respects their character. We do not ruin urban conservation areas. Why ruin rural ones?Development should be planned, not let trip, After the Netherlands, Britain is Europe’s most crowed country. Half a century of town and country planning has enable it to retain an enviable rural coherence, while still permitting low-density urban living. There is no doubt of the alternative-the corrupted landscapes of southern Portugal, Spain or Ireland. Avoiding this rather than promoting it should unite the left and right of the political spectrum.26. Britain’s public sentiment about the countryside[A] is not well reflected in politics[B] is fully backed by the royal family[C] didn’t start fill the Shakespearean age[D] has brought much benefit to the NHS27. According to paragraph 2，the achievements of the National Trust are now being[A] largely overshadowed[B] properly protected[C] effectively reinforced[D] gradually destroyed28. Which of the following can be offered from paragraph 3[A] Labour is under attack for opposing development[B] The Conservatives may abandon “off-plan” building[C] Ukip may gain from its support for rural conservation[D] The Liberal Democrats are losing political influence29. The author holds that George Osbornes’s preference[A] shows his disregard for the character of rural area[B] stresses the necessity of easing the housing crisis[C] highlights his firm stand against lobby pressure[D] reveals a strong prejudice against urban areas30. In the last paragraph the author show his appreciation of[A] the size of population in Britain[B] the enviable urban lifestyle in Britain[C] the town-and-country planning in Britain[D] the political life in today’s BritainText 3“There is one and only one social responsibility of business” wrote Milton Friedman, a Nobel Prize-winning economist “That is, to use its resources and engage in activities designed to increase its profits.” But even if you accept Friedman’s premise and regard corporate social responsibility(CSR) policies as a waste of shareholders’s money, things may not be absolutely clear-act. New research suggests that CSR may create monetary value for companies at least when they are prosecuted for corruption.The largest firms in America and Britain together spend more than $15 billion a year on CSR, according to an estimate by EPG, a consulting firm. This could add value to their businesses in three ways. First, consumers may take CSR spending as a “signal” that a company’s products are of high quality. Second, customers may be willing to buy a company’s products as an indirect may to donate to the good causes it helps. And third, through a more diffuse “halo effect” whereby its good deeds earn it greater consideration from consumers and others.Previous studies on CSR have had trouble differentiating these effects because consumers can be affected by all three. A recent study attempts to separate them by looking at bribery prosecutions under American’s Foreign Corrupt Practices Act（FCPA）.It argues that since prosecutors do not consume a company’s products as part of their investigations，they could beinfluenced only by the halo effect.The study found that，among prosecuted firms，those with the most comprehensive CSR programmes tended to get more lenient penalties. Their analysis ruled out the possibility that it was firm’s political influence, rather than their CSR stand, that accounted for the leniency: Companies that contributed more to political campaigns did not receive lower fines.In all, the study concludes that whereas prosecutors should only evaluate a case based on its merits, they do seem to be influenced by a company’s record in CSR. “We estimate that either eliminating a substantial labour-rights concern, such as child labour, or increasing corporate giving by about20% result in fines that generally are 40% lower than the typical punishment for bribing foreign officials.” says one researcher.Researchers admit that their study does not answer the question at how much businesses ought to spend on CSR. Nor does it reveal how much companies are banking on the halo effect, rather than the other possible benefits, when they companies get into trouble with the law, evidence of good character can win them a less costly punishment.31. The author views Milton Friedman’s statement about CSR with[A]uncertainty[B]skepticism[C]approval[D]tolerance32. According to Paragraph 2, CSR helps a company by[A]guarding it against malpractices[B]protecting it from consumers[C]winning trust from consumers.[D]raising the quality of its products33. The expression “more lenient”(line 2,Para.4)is closest in meaning to[A]less controversial[B]more lasting[C]more effective[D]less severe34. When prosecutors evaluate a case, a company’s CSR record[A]comes across as reliable evidence[B]has an impact on their decision[C]increases the chance of being penalized[D]constitutes part of the investigation35. Which of the following is true of CSR according to the last paragraph?[A] The necessary amount of companies spending on it is unknown[B] Companies’ financial capacity for it has been overestimated[C] Its negative effects on businesses are often overlooked[D]It has brought much benefit to the banking industryText 4There will eventually come a day when The New York Times ceases to publish stories on newsprint. Exactly when that day will be is a matter of debate. ”Sometime in the future,” the paper’s publisher said back in 2010.Nostalgia for ink on paper and the rustle of pages aside, there’s plenty of incentive to ditch print. The infrastructure required to make a physical newspaper – printing presses, delivery trucks – isn’t just expensive; it’s excessive at a time when online – only competitors don’t have the same set of financial constraints. Readers are migrating away from print anyway. And though print ad sales still dwarf their online and mobile counterparts, revenue from print is still declining.Overhead may be high and circulation lower, but rushing to eliminate its print edition would be a mistake, says BuzzFeed CEO Jonah Peretti.Peretti says the Times shouldn’t waste time getting out of the print business, but only if they go about doing it the right way. “Figuring out a way to accelerate that transition would make sense for them,” he said, “but if you discontinue it, you’re going have your most loyal customers really upset with you.”Sometimes that’s worth making a change anyway. Peretti gives the example of Netflix discontinuing its DVD-mailing service to focus on streaming. “It was seen as blunder,” he said. The move turned out to be foresighted. And if Peretti were in charge atthe Times? ”I wouldn’t pick a year to end print,” he said “I would raise prices and make it into more of a legacy product.”The most loyal customers would still get the product they favor, the idea goes, and they’d feel like they were helping sustain the quality of something they believe in. “So if you’re overpaying for print, you could feel like you were helping,” Peretti said. “Then increase it at a higher rate each year and essentially try to generate additional revenue.”In other words, if you’re going to make a print product, make it for the people who are already obsessed with it. Which may be what the Times is doing already. Getting the print edition seven days a week costs nearly $500 a year – more than twice as much as a digital – only subscription.“It’s a really hard thing to do and it’s a tremendous luxury that BuzzFeed doesn’t have a legacy business,” Peretti remarked. “But we’re going to have questions like that where we have things we’re doing that don’t make sense when the market changes and the world changes. In those situations, it’s better to be more aggressive that less aggressive.”36. The New York Times is considering ending it’s print edition partly due to[A] the increasing online and sales[B] the pressure from its investors[C] the complaints from its readers[D] the high cost of operation37. Peretti suggests that in face of the present situation, The Times should[A] make strategic adjustments[B] end the print sedition for good[C] seek new sources of leadership[D] aim for efficient management38. It can be inferred from paragraphs 5and 6 that a ” legacy product”[A] helps restore the glory of former times[B] is meant for the most loyal customers[C] will have the cost of printing reduced[D] expands the popularity of the paper39. Peretti believes that in a changing world[A] traditional luxuries can stay unaffected[B] cautiousness facilitates problem-solving[C] aggressiveness better meets challenges[D] legacy businesses are becoming out dated40. which of the following would be the best title of the text?[A] shift to online newspapers all at once[B] Cherish the Newspapers still in Your Hand[C] keep Your Newspapers Forever in Fashion[D] Make Your print Newspapers a luxury GoodPart BDirections:Read the following text and answer the questions by choosing the most suitable subheading from the list A-G for each of the numbered paragraphs (41-45). There are two extra subheadings. Mark your answers on the ANSER SHEET. (10 point)[A] Create a new image of yourself[B] Decide if the time is right[C] Have confidence in yourself[D]Understand the context[E]Work with professionals[F]Make it efficient[G]Know your goalsNo matter how formal or informal the work environment, the way you present yourself has an impact. This is especially true in the first impressions. According to research from Princeton University , people assess your competence, trustworthiness, and likeability in just a tenth of a second, solely based on the way you look.The difference between today’s workplace and the “dress for success” era is that the range of options is so much broader. Norms have evolved and fragmented. In some settings, red sneakers or dress T-shirts can convey status; in other not so much. Plus, whatever image we present is magnified by social-media services like LinkedIn. Chances are, your headshots are seen much more often now than a decade or two ago. Millennials, it seems, face the paradox of being the least formal generation yet the most conscious of style and personal branding. It can be confusing.So how do we navigate this? How do we know when to invest in an upgrade? And what’s the best way to pull off one than enhances our goals? Here are some tips:41_________________________As an executive coach, I’ve seen image upgrades be particular helpful during transitions-when looking for a new job, stepping into a new or more public role, or changing work environments. If you’re in a period of change or just feeling stuck and in a rut, now may be a good time. If you’re not sure, ask for honest feedback from trusted friends, colleagues and professionals. Look for cues about how others perceive you. Maybe there’s no need for an upgrade and that’s OK42________________________Get clear on what impact you’re hoping to have. Are you looking to refresh your image or pivot it? For one person, the goal may be to be taken more seriously and enhance their professional image. For another, it may be to be perceived as more approachable, or more modern and stylish. For someone moving from finance to advertising, maybe they want to look more “SoHo.” (It’s OK to use characterizations like that )43 ________________________Look at your work environment like an anthropologist. What are the norms of your environment? What conveys status? Who are your most important audiences? How do the people you respect and look up to present themselves? The better you understand the cultural context, the more control you can have over your impact.44 _______________________Enlist the support of professionals and share with them your goals and context. Hire a personal stylist, or use the free styling service of a store like J. Crew. Try a hair stylist instead of a barber. Work with a professional photographer instead of your spouse or friend. It’s not as expensive as you might think.45 ________________________The point of a style upgrade isn’t to become more vain or to spend more time fussing over what to wear. Instead, use it as an opportunity to reduce decision fatigue. Pick a standard work uniform or a few go-to options. Buy all your clothes at once with a stylist instead of shopping alone, one article of clothing at a time.Part CDirections:Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written neatly on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points) Mental health is our birthright. (46) we don’t have to learn how to be mentally healthy, it is built into us in the same way that our bodies know how to heal a cut or mend, a broken bone. Mental health can’t be learned, only reawakened. It is like immune system of the body, which under stress or through lack of nutrition or exercise can be weakened, but which never leaves us. When we don’t understand the value of mental health and we don’t know how to gain access to it, mental health will remain hidden from us. (47) Our mental health doesn’t go anywhere; like the sun behind a cloud, it can be temporarily hidden from view, but it is fully capable of being restored in an instant.Mental health is the seed that contains self-esteem –confidence in ourselves and an ability to trust in our common sense. It allows us to have perspective on our lives-the ability to not take ourselves too seriously, to laugh at ourselves, to see the bigger picture, and to see that things will work out. It’s a form of innate or unlearned optimism. (48) Mental health allows us to view others with sympathy if they are having troubles, with kindness if they are in pain, and with unconditional love no matter who they are. Mental health is the source of creativity for solving problems, resolving conflict, making our surroundings more beautiful, managing our home life, or coming up with a creative business idea or invention to make our lives easier. It gives us patience for ourselves. And toward others as well as patience while driving, catching a fish, working on our car, or raising a child.It allows us to see the beauty that surrounds us each moment in nature, in culture, in the flow of our daily lives. (49)Although mental health is the cure-all for living our lives, it is perfecting ordinary as you will see that it has been there to direct you through all your difficult decisions. It has been available even in the most mundane of life situations to show you right from wrong, good from bad, friend from foe. Mental health has commonly been called conscience, instinct, wisdom, common sense, or the inner voice, we think of it simply as a health and helpful flow of intelligent thought. (50) As you will come to see, knowing that mental health is always available and knowing to trust it allow us to slow down to the moment and live life happily.Section III WritingPart A51. Directions:Suppose you are a librarian in your university. Write a notice of about 100 words. Providing the newly-enrolled international students with relevant information about the library.You should write neatly on the ANSWER SHEET.Do not sign your own name at the end of the notice. Use Li Ming instead.Do not write the address. (10 points)Part B52. Directions:Write an essay of 160-200 words based on the following pictures In your essay, you should1) describe the pictures briefly2) interpret the meaning , and3) give your commentsYou should write neatly on the ANSWER SHEET.(20 points)Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter. Use Li Ming instead.Do not write the address. (10 points)1、【答案】[B] as well as【解析】根据空格所在句子的内容可以判断，“择偶涉及男方的亲朋好友，_____女方的亲朋好友”显然前后是并列关系，选项中只有B选项as well as 表示并列关系。

2016研究生入学统一考试试题及答案解析(英语二)Section 1 Use of EnglishDirections: Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark [A], [B], [C] or [D] on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)Happy people work differently. They’re more productiv e, more creative, and willing to take greater risks. And new research suggests that happiness might influence__1__firm’s work, too.Companies located in places with happier people invest more, according to a recent research paper.__2__, firms in happy pl aces spend more on R&D (research and development). That’s because happiness is linked to the kind of longer-term thinking__3__for making investments for the future.The researchers wanted to know if the__4__and inclination for risk-taking that come with happiness would__5__the way companies invested. So they compared U.S. cities’ average happiness__6__by Gallup polling with the investment activity of publicly traded firms in those areas.__7__enough, firms’ investment and R&D intensity were correlated w ith the happiness of the area in which they were__8__.But is it really happiness that’s linked to investment, or could something else about happier cities__9__why firms there spend more on R&D? To find out, the researchers controlled for various__10__that might make firms more likely to invest – like size, industry, and sales – and for indicators that a place was__11__to live in, like growth in wages or population. The link between happiness and investment generally__12__even after accounting for these things.The correlation between happiness and investment was particularly strong for younger firms, which the authors__13__to ―less codified decision making process‖ and the possible presence of ―younger and less__14__managers who are more likely to be influenced by sentiment.‖ The relationship was__15__stronger in places where happiness was spread more__16__.Firms seem to invest more in places where most people are relatively happy, rather than in places with happiness inequality.__17__ this doesn’t prove that happiness causes firms to invest more or to take a longer-term view, the authors believe it at least__18__at that possibility. It’s not hard to imagine that local culture and sentiment would help__19__how executives think about the future. ―It surely seems plausible that happy people would be more forward-thinking and creative and__20__R&D more than the average,‖ said one researcher.1. [A] why [B] where [C] how [D] when2. [A] In return [B] In particular [C] In contrast [D] In conclusion3. [A] sufficient [B] famous [C] perfect [D] necessary4. [A] individualism [B] modernism [C] optimism [D] realism5. [A] echo [B] miss [C] spoil [D] change6. [A] imagined [B] measured [C] invented [D] assumed7. [A] Sure [B] Odd [C] Unfortunate [D] Often8. [A] advertised [B] divided [C] overtaxed [D] headquartered9. [A] explain [B] overstate [C] summarize [D] emphasize10. [A] stages [B] factors [C] levels [D] methods11. [A] desirable [B] sociable [C] reputable [D] reliable12. [A] resumed [B] held [C]emerged [D] broke13. [A] attribute [B] assign [C] transfer [D]compare14. [A] serious [B] civilized [C] ambitious [D]experienced15. [A] thus [B] instead [C] also [D] never16. [A] rapidly [B] regularly [C] directly [D] equally17. [A] After [B] Until [C] While [D] Since18. [A] arrives [B] jumps [C] hints [D] strikes19. [A] shape [B] rediscover [C] simplify [D] share 20. [A] pray for [B] lean towards [C] give away [D] send out1. [标准答案] [C]how[考点分析] 连词辨析[选项分析] 根据语境，―新发现表明：快乐可能会影响工作__的稳定。

2015年硕士研究生入学统一考试英语二真题及答案Section I Use of EnglishDirections:Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)In our contemporary culture, the prospect of communicating with -- or even looking at — a stranger is virtually unbearable. Everyone around us seems to agree by the way they fiddle with their phones, even without a 1 underground.It's a sad reality — our desire to avoid interacting with other human beings — because there's 2 to be gained from talking to the stranger standing by you. But you wouldn't know it, 3 into your phone. This universal armor sends the 4 : "Please don't approach me."What is it that makes us feel we need to hide 5 our screens?One answer is fear, according to Jon Wortmann, executive mental coach. We fear rejection, or that our innocent social advances will be 6 as "creepy,” We fear we'll be 7 . We fear we'll be disruptive. Strangers are inherently 8 to us, so we are more likely to feel 9 when communicating with them compared with our friends and acquaintances. To avoid this anxiety, we 10 to our phones. "Phones become our security blanket," Wortmann says. "They are our happy glasses that protect us from what we perceive is going to be more 11 .”But once we rip off the Band-Aid, tuck our smartphones in our pockets and look up, it doesn't 12 so bad. In one 2011 experiment, behavioral scientists Nicholas Epley and Juliana Schroeder asked commuters to do the unthinkable: Start a 13 . They had Chicago train commuters talk to their fellow 14 . "When Dr. Epley and Ms. Schroeder asked other people in the same train station to 15 how they would feel after talking to a stranger, the commuters thought their 16 would be more pleasant if they sat on their own," the New York Times summarizes. Though the participants didn't expect a positive experience, after they 17 with the experiment, "not a single person reported having been snubbed."18 , these commutes were reportedly more enjoyable compared with those sans communication, which makes absolute sense, 19 human beings thrive off of social connections. It's that 20 : Talking to strangers can make you feel connected.1. [A] ticket [B] permit [C] signal [D] record2. [A] nothing [B] link [C] another [D] much3. [A] beaten [B] guided [C] plugged [D] brought4. [A] message [B] cede [C] notice [D] sign5. [A] under [B] beyond [C] behind [D] from6. [A] misinterpret [B] misapplied [C] misadjusted [D] mismatched7. [A] fired [B] judged [C] replaced [D] delayed8. [A] unreasonable [B] ungrateful [C] unconventional [D] unfamiliar9. [A] comfortable [B] anxious [C] confident [D] angry10. [A] attend [B] point [C] take [D] turn11. [A] dangerous [B] mysterious [C] violent [D] boring12. [A] hurt [B] resist [C] bend [D] decay13. [A] lecture [B] conversation [C] debate [D] negotiation14. [A] trainees [B] employees [C] researchers [D] passengers15. [A] reveal [B] choose [C] predict [D] design16. [A] voyage [B] flight [C] walk [D] ride17. [A] went through [B] did away [C] caught up [D] put up18. [A] In turn [B] In particular [C] In fact [D] In consequence19. [A] unless [B] since [C] if [D] whereas20. [A] funny [B] simple [C] logical [D] rareSection II Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET. (40 points)Text 1A new study suggests that contrary to most surveys, people are actually more stressed at home than at work. Researchers measured people’s cortisol, which is a stress marker, while they were at work and while they were at home and found it higher at what is supposed to be a place of refuge.“Further contradicting conventional wisdom, we found that women as well as men have lower levels of stress at work than at home, ”writes one of the researchers, Sarah Damske. In fact women even say they feel better at work, she notes.“ It is men, not women, who report being happier at home than at work. ”Another surprise is that findings hold true for bo th those with children and without, but more so for nonparents. This is why people who work outside the home have better health.What the study doesn’t measure is whether people are still doing work when they’re at home, whether it is household work or work brought home from the office. For many men, the end of the workday is a time to kick back. For women who stay home, they never get to leave the office. And for women who work outside the home, they often are playing catch-up-with-household tasks. With the blurring of roles, and the fact that the home front lags well behind the workplace a making adjustments for working women, it’s not surprising that women are more stressed at home.But it’s not just a gender thing. At work, people pretty much know what t hey’re supposed to be doing: working, marking money, doing the tasks they have to do in order to draw an income. The bargain is very pure: Employee puts in hours of physical or mental labor and employee draws out life-sustaining moola.On the home front, however, people have no such clarity. Rare is the household in which the division of labor is so clinically and methodically laid out. There are a lot of tasks to be done, there are inadequate rewards for most of them. Your home colleagues-yourfamily-have no clear rewards for their labor; they need to be talked into it, or if they’re teenagers, threatened with complete removal of all electronic devices. Plus, they’re your family. You cannot fire your family. You never really get to go home from home.So it’s not surprising that people are more stressed at home. Not only are the tasks apparently infinite, the co-workers are much harder to motivate.21. According to Paragraph 1, most previous surveys found that home_____[A] offered greater relaxation than the workplace[B] was an ideal place for stress measurement[C] generated more stress than the workplace[D] was an unrealistic place for relaxation22. According to Damaske, who are likely to be the happiest at home?[A] Childless wives [B] Working mothers[C] Childless husbands [D] Working fathers23.The blurring of working women's roles refers to the fact that_____[A] it is difficult for them to leave their office[B] their home is also a place for kicking back[C] there is often much housework left behind[D] they are both bread winners and housewives24.The word“moola”(Line4,Para4)most probably means_____[A] skills [B] energy [C] earnings [D] nutrition25.The home front differs from the workplace in that_____[A] division of labor at home is seldom clear-cut[B] home is hardly a cozier working environment[C] household tasks are generally more motivating[D] family labor is often adequately rewardedText 2For years, studies have found that first-generation college students- those who do not have a parent with a college degree- lag other students on a range of education achievement factors. Their grades are lower and their dropout rates are higher. But since such students are most likely to advance economically if they succeed in higher education, colleges and universities have pushed for decades to recruit more of them. This has created “a paradox” in that recruiting first- generation students, but then watching many of them fail, means that higher education has “continued to reproduce and widen, rather than close” ab achievement gap based on social class, according to the depressing beginning of a paper forthcoming in the journal Psychological Science.But the article is actually quite optimistic, as it outlines a potential solution to this problem, suggesting that an approach (which involves a one-hour, next-to-no-cost program) can close 63 percent of the achievement gap (measured by such factors as grades) between first-generation and other students.The authors of the paper are from different universities, and their findings are based on a study involving 147 students ( who completed the project) at an unnamed private university. First generation was defined as not having a parent with a four-year college degree. Most of the first-generation students(59.1 percent) were recipients of Pell Grants, a federal grant for undergraduates with financial need, while this was true only for 8.6 percent of the students wit at least one parent with a four-year degree.Their thesis- that a relatively modest intervention could have a big impact- was based on the view that first-generation students may be most lacking not in potential but in practical knowledge about how to deal with the issues that face most college students. They cite past research by several authors to show that this is the gap that must be narrowed to close the achievement gap.Many first- generation students “struggle to navigate the middle-class culture of higher e ducation, learn the ‘rules of the game,’ and take advantage of college resources,” they write. And this becomes more of a problem when collages don’t talk about the class advantage and disadvantages of different groups of students. Because US colleges and universities seldom acknowledge how social class can affect students ’educational experience, many first-generation students lack sight about why they are struggling and do not understand how students’ like them can improve.26. Recruiting more first- generation students has_______[A] reduced their dropout rates [B] narrowed the achievement gap[C] missed its original purpose [D] depressed college students27. The author of the research article are optimistic because_______[A] the problem is solvable [B] their approach is costless[C] the recruiting rate has increased [D] their finding appeal to students28. The study suggests that most first- generation students______[A] study at private universities [B] are from single-parent families[C] are in need of financial support [D] have failed their collage29. The author of the paper believe that first-generation students_______[A] are actually indifferent to the achievement gap[B] can have a potential influence on other students[C] may lack opportunities to apply for research projects[D] are inexperienced in handling their issues at college30. We may infer from the last paragraph that_______[A] universities often reject the culture of the middle-class[B] students are usually to blame for their lack of resources[C] social class greatly helps enrich educational experiences[D]colleges are partly responsible for the problem in questionText 3Even in traditional offices, “the lingua franca of corporate America has gotten much more emotional and much more right-brained than it was 20 years ago,” said Harvard Business School professor Nancy Koehn. She started spinning off examples. “If you and I parachuted back to Fortune 500 companies in 1990, we would see much less frequent use of terms like journey, mission, passion. There were goals, there were strategies, there were objectives, but we didn’t talk about energy; we didn’t talk about passion.”Koehn pointed out that this new era of corporate vocabulary is very “team”-oriented—and not by coincidence.“Let’s not forget sports—in male-dominated corporate America, it’s still a big deal. It’s not explicitly conscious; it’s the idea that I’m a coach, and you’re my team, and we’re in this together. There are lots and lots of CEOs in very different companies, but most think of themselves as coaches and this is their team and they want to win.”These terms are also intended to infuse work with meaning—and, as Khurana points out, increase alle giance to the firm. “You have the importation of terminology that historically used to be associated with non-profit organizations and religious organizations: Terms like vision, values, passion, and purpose,” said Khurana.This new focus on personal fulfillment can help keep employees motivated amid increasingly loud debates over work-life balance. The “mommy wars” of the 1990s are still going on today, prompting arguments about why women still can’t have it all and books like Sheryl Sandberg’s Lean In, wh ose title has become a buzzword in its own right. Terms like unplug, offline, life-hack, bandwidth, and capacity are all about setting boundaries between the office and the home. But if your work is your “passion,” you’ll be more likely to devote yourself to it, even if that means going home for dinner and then working long after the kids are in bed.But this seems to be the irony of office speak: Everyone makes fun of it, but managers love it, companies depend on it, and regular people willingly absorb it. As Nunberg said, “You can get people to think it’s nonsense at the same time that you buy into it.” In a workplace that’s fundamentally indifferent to your life and its meaning, office speak can help you figure out how you relate to your work—and how your work defines who you are.31. According to Nancy Koehn, office language has become_____[A] more emotional [B] more objective [C] less energetic [D] less strategic32. “Team”-oriented corporate vocabulary is closely related to_______[A] historical incidents [B] gender difference [C] sports culture [D] athletic executives33. Khurana believes that the importation of terminology aims to______[A] revive historical terms [B] promote company image[C] foster corporate cooperation [D] strengthen employee loyalty34. It can be inferred that Lean In________[A] voices for working women [B] appeals to passionate workaholics[C] triggers debates among mommies [D] praises motivated employees35. Which of the following statements is true about office speak?[A] Managers admire it but avoid it [B] Linguists believe it to be nonsense [C] Companies find it to be fundamental [D] Regular people mock it but accept itText 4Many people talked of the 288,000 new jobs the Labor Department reported for June, along with the drop in the unemployment rate to 6.1 percent, as good news. And they were right. For now it appears the economy is creating jobs at a decent pace. We still have a long way to go to get back to full employment, but at least we are now finally moving forward at a faster pace.However, there is another important part of the jobs picture that was largely overlooked. There was a big jump in the number of people who repot voluntarily working part-time. This figure is now 830,000(4.4 percent) above its year ago level.Before explaining the connection to the Obamacare, it is worth making an important distinction. Many people who work part-time jobs actually want full-time jobs. They take part-time work because this is all they can get. An increase in involuntary part-time workis evidence of weakness in the labor market and it means that many people will be having a very hard time making ends meet.There was an increase in involuntary part-time in June, but the general direction has been down. Involuntary part-time employment is still far higher than before the recession,but it is down by 640,000(7.9percent)from is year ago level.We know the difference between voluntary and involuntary part-time employment because people tell us. The survey used by the Labor Department asks people is they worked less than 35 hours in the reference week. If the answer is“yes”,they are classified as worked less than 35hours in that week because they wanted to work less than full time or because they had no choice .They are only classified as voluntary part-time workers if they tell the survey taker they chose to work less than 35 hours a week.The issue of voluntary part-time relates to Obamacare because one of the main purposes was to allow people to get insurance outside of employment. For many people ,especially those with serious health conditions or family members with serious health conditions ,before Obamacare the only way to get insurance was through a job that provided health insurance.However, Obamacare has allowed more than 12 million people to either get insurance through Medicaid or the exchanges. These are people who may previously have felt the need to get a full-time job that provided insurance in order to cover themselves and their families. With Obamacare there is no longer a link between employment and insurance.36. Which part of the jobs picture are neglected?[A] The prospect of a thriving job market.[B] The increase of voluntary part-time market.[C] The possibility of full employment.[D] The acceleration of job creation.37. Many people work part-time because they_____.[A] prefer part-time jobs to full-time jobs.[B] feel that is enough to make ends meet.[C] cannot get their hands on full-time jobs.[D] haven’t seen the weakness of the market.38. Involuntary part-time employment is the US_____.[A] is harder to acquire than one year ago.[B] shows a general tendency of decline.[C] satisfies the real need of the jobless.[D] is lower than before the recession.39. It can be learned that with Obamacare,_____.[A] it is no longer easy for part-timers to get insurance[B] employment is no longer a precondition to get insurance[C] it is still challenging to get insurance for family members[D] full-time employment is still essential for insurance40. The text mainly discusses_______.[A] employment in the US [B] part-timer classification[C] insurance though Medicaid [D] Obamacare’s troublePart BDirections:In the following text, some sentences have been removed. For Questions 41-45, choosethe most suitable one from the list [A]-[G] to fit into each of the numbered blank. There are two extra choices, which do not fit in any of the gaps. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)[A] You are not alone[B] Don’t fear responsibility for your life[C] Pave your own unique path[D] Most of your fears are unreal[E] Think about the present moment[F] Experience helps you grow[G] There are many things to be grateful forUnfortunately, life is not a bed of roses. We are going through life facing sad experiences. Moreover, we are grieving various kinds of loss: a friendship, a romantic relationship or a house. Hard times may hold you down at what usually seems like the most inopportune time, but you should remember that they won’t last forever.When our time of mourning is over, we press forward, stronger with a greater understanding and respect for life. Furthermore, these losses make us mature and eventually move us toward future opportunities for growth and happiness. I want to share these ten old truths I’ve learned along the way.41._____________________________Fear is both useful and harmful. This normal human reaction is used to protect us by signaling danger and preparing us to deal with it. Unfortunately, people create inner barriers with a help of exaggerating fears. My favorite actor Will Smith once said, “Fear is not real. It is a product of thoughts you create. Do not misunderstand me. Danger is very real. But fear is a choice.” I do completely agree that fears are just the product of our luxuriant imagination.42_____________________________If you are surrounded by problems and cannot stop thinking about the past, try to focus on the present moment. Many of us are weighed down by the past or anxious about the future. You may feel guilt over your past, but you are poisoning the present with the things and circumstances you cannot change. Value the present moment and remember how fortunate you are to be alive. Enjoy the beauty of the world around and keep the eyes open to see the possibilities before you. Happiness is not a point of future and not a moment from the past, but a mindset that can be designed into the present.43______________________________Sometimes it is easy to feel bad because you are going through tough times. You can be easily caught up by life problems that you forget to pause and appreciate the things you have. Only strong people prefer to smile and value their life instead of crying and complaining about something.44________________________________No matter how isolated you might feel and how serious the situation is, you should always remember that you are not alone. Try to keep in mind that almost everyone respects and wants to help you if you are trying to make a good change in your life, especially your dearest and nearest people. You may have a circle of friends who provide constant good humor, help and companionship. If you have no friends or relatives, try to participate in several online communities, full of people who are always willing to share advice and encouragement.45________________________________Today many people find it difficult to trust their own opinion and seek balance by gaining objectivity from external sources. This way you devalue your opinion and show that you are incapable of managing your own life. When you are struggling to achieve something important you should believe in yourself and be sure that your decision is the best. You live in your skin, think your own thoughts, have your own values and make your own choices.Section III TranslationDirections:Translate the following text from English into Chinese. Write your translation on ANSWER SHEET 2. (15 points)Think about driving a route that’s very familiar. It could be your commute to work, a trip into town or the way home. Whichever it is, you know every twist and turn like the back of your hand. On these sorts of trips it’s easy to zone out from the actual driving and pay little attention to the passing scenery. The consequence is that you perceive that the trip has taken less time than it actually has.This is the well-travelled road effect: people tend to underestimate the time it takes to travel a familiar route.The effect is caused by the way we allocate our attention. When we travel down a well-known route, because we don’t have to concentrate much, time seems to flow more quickly. And afterwards, whe n we come to think back on it, we can’t remember the journey well because we didn’t pay much attention to it. So we assume it was shorter.想想在一条你非常熟悉的路线上开车是什么感觉。

2016年国际关系学院357英语翻译基础考研真题及详解一、词语翻译：英译汉(每题1分，总共15分)1. demographics【答案】人口统计学2. play the field【答案】脚踩两条船3. endowment insurance【答案】养老佣金、养老保险4. Good Samaritan Law【答案】“好人法”；好撒玛利亚人法5. probity and self-discipline【答案】廉洁自律6. tenacious determination【答案】壮士断腕的决心7. nepotism【答案】裙带关系8. low profile【答案】低调，低姿态9. marathon-viewing【答案】煲剧；刷剧10. co-starring【答案】联袂主演11. OECD【答案】经济合作与发展组织12. CATTI【答案】全国翻译专业资格水平考试13. TPP【答案】跨太平洋伙伴关系协定14. IAAF【答案】国际田联15. AIIB【答案】亚洲基础设施投资银行二、词语翻译：汉译英(每题l分)1. 全面二孩政策【答案】the universal two child policy2. 大病医疗【答案】critical illness medical care3. 四个全面战略布局【答案】the strategy of four comprehensives4. 万众一心【答案】forge ahead as one5. 一带一路倡议【答案】the Belt and Road Initiative6. 门当户对【答案】be matched for marriage7. 量体裁衣【答案】act according to actual circumstance8. 拼爹【答案】parents privilege competition9. 空巢老人【答案】empty-nester10. 任性【答案】wayward/headstrong/capricious11. 徇私舞弊【答案】making favoritism12. 至亲【答案】closely-knit kinsmen13. 自主知识产权【答案】Independent intellectual property rights14. 噱头【答案】gimmick stunt15. 山体滑坡【答案】landslide三、英汉互译：英译汉（每篇60分，总共60分）Beijing is taking aim at the “sharing economy" in China, publishing draft regulations that would impose taxi-like restrictions on private car-hailing services and could raise costs for internet booking leaders Uber and Didi Kuaidi．The regulations ,open for public comment for a month, would require Internet-based car-booking operators to obtain licences, set up local offices and maintain China-based servers, China’s Ministry of Transportation said in a draft posted on its website late on Friday.The release comes two days after Shanghai awarded the first municipal internet car-hailing licence in China to Didi, an important step towards regulating an industry that has been controversial in cities around the world．Municipalities from Amsterdam to New Delhi have struggled to control the proliferation of car-hailing apps，ensure passenger safety and deal with the impact of such services on the traditional taxi industry．Uber and Didi，the mainland market leader，have long operated in a grey areaof Chinese law, with most municipalities ruling private taxis technically illegal. That ban has not been rigorously or consistently enforced, however. Beijing plans by the end of the year to announce national rules that could either formally legalise the growing car-hailing industry or strangle it.People in the industry point out that even if the draft regulationsare adopted，there still would be ample room for municipal regulators to issue detailed local policies that could affect their implementation．Some of the rules are as strict as those on the heavily regulated traditional taxi industry, and thus could prove costly if rigorously enforced nationwide, they said．【参考译文】北京方面把目光投向中国的“共享经济”，发布法规草案，拟对私人叫车服务实行类似于出租车的限制，此举可能推高互联网打车应用领先者优步和滴滴快的的成本。

2016考研英语二真题及答案解析（文字完整版）【6】Section II Reading ComprehensionPart AText 121、【答案】[B]remodel the way of thinking【解析】观点题。

根据题干Cortina holds回文定位在第二段。

第二段指出Cortina认为过早的接触电脑是有益的，紧接着指出当小孩子学习电脑科学，他们就学习了如何去开发手机应用程序，或者创作艺术，或者验证假设。

对于他们来说与大孩子相比，改变思维并不难。

综上所述，[B]remodel the way of thinking是对原文“transform their thought”的同义置换。

22、【答案】[B] interest【解析】事实细节题。

根据题干关键信息“in delivering lessons for high-schoolers”、“Flatiron has considered”，定位到第三段。

整个第三段在叙述Flatiron School。

其中，第三行The high-schoolers get the same curriculum, but “we try to gear lessons toward things they’re interested in”(高中生们上同样的课程，但是“我们力图以他们的兴趣来调整课程”)，表明了该校开设课程的依据是“学生的兴趣”，故选[B] interest。

23、【答案】[A] help students learn other computer languages【解析】细节题。

根据Deborah Seehorn 定位到文章第五段最后一句。

Deborah说他们学习的技能(如何思考问题具有逻辑性并组织结果)可以应用到编码语言中去。

选项[A]帮助学生学习另外的电脑语言是对这句话的概括。

24、【答案】[C] become better prepared for the digitalized world【解析】推理题。

2016考研英语一答案解析【篇一：2016年考研英语(一)真题及答案】s=txt>section i use of englishdirections:read the following text. choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark a, b, c or d on the answer sheet. (10 points)in cambodia the choice of a spouse is a complex one for the young male. it may involve not only his parents and his friends,those of the young women, but also a matchmaker. a young man can a likely spouse on his own and them ask his parents to the marria ge negotiations. or the young man’s parents may make the choice of a spouse, giving the child little to say in the selection. , a girl may veto the spouse her parents have chosen. a spouse has been selected, each family investigates the other to make sure its child is marrying a good family.the traditional wedding is a long and colorful affair. formerly it lasted three days by the 1980s it more commonly lasted a day and a half. buddhist priests offer a short sermon and prayersof blessing. parts of the ceremony involve ritual hair cutting, cotton threads soaked in holy water around the bride’s and groom’s wrists ,and a candle around a circle of happily married and respected couples to bless the .newlyweds traditionally move in with the wife’s parents and may with them up to a year, they can build a flew house nearby.divorce is legal and easy to ,but not common .divorced persons are with some disapproval. each spouse retains property he or she into the marriage, and jointly –acquired property is equally. divorced persons may remarry, but agender prejudice up .the divorced male doesn’t have a waiting period before he can remarry the woman must wait the months.参考答案：bdcacaccdbddbacdbaca1. [a] by way of [b] as well as [c] on behalf of [d] with regardto 2. [a] adapt to [b] provide for [c]compete with [d] decide on 3.[a] close [b] renew [c]arrange [d] postpone 4. [a] in theory [b] above all [c] in time [d] for example 5. [a] although [b] lest [c] after [d] unless 6. [a] into [b] within [c] from [d] through 7. [a] sine [b] or [c] but [d] so 8. [a] test [b]copy [c]recite [d] create 9.[a] folding [b] piling [c] wrapping [d] tying 10. [a] lighting [b] passing [c] hiding [d] serving 11. [a] meeting [b] association [c] collection [d]union 12. [a] grow [b] part [c] deal [d]live 13. [a] whereas [b] until [c] for [d] if 14. [a] obtain [b] follow [c] challenge [d]avoid 15. [a] isolated [b] persuaded [c] viewed [d] exposed 16. [a]wherever [b] however [c] whenever [d]whatever17. [a] changed [b] brought [c] shaped [d] pushed 18. [a] divided [b] invested [c] donated [d] withdrawn 19. [a]clears [b] warms [c] shows [d] breaks 20. [a]while [b] so what [c]once [d] in that section ii reading comprehension参考答案：adbca adcdd acdba dabcd bgdefpart adirections:read the following four texts. answer the questions beloweach text by choosing a, b, c ord. mark your answers on the answer sheet. (40 points)text 1france, which prides itself as the global innovator of fashion, has decided its fashion industry has lost an absolute right to define physical beauty for woman. its lawmakers gave preliminary approval last week to a law that would make it acrime to employ ultra-thin models on runways.the parliament also agreed to ban websites that” incite excessive thinness” by promoting extreme dieting.such measures have a couple of uplifting motives. they suggest beauty should not be defined by looks that end up with impinging on health. that’s a start. and the ban on ultra-thin models seems to go beyond protecting models from starring themselves to health –as some have done. it tells the fashion industry that it move take responsibility for the signal it sends women, especially teenage girls, about the social tape –measure they must use to determine their individualworth.the bans, if fully enforced ,would suggest to woman (and many men )that they should not let others be orbiters of their beauty .and perhaps faintly, they hint that people should look to intangible qualities like character and intellect rather than dieting their way to sine zero or wasp-waist physiques .the french measures, however, rely too much on severe punishment to change a culture that still regards beauty as skin-deep-and bone-showing. under the law, using a fashion model that does not meet a government-defined index of body mess could result in a $85,000 fine and six months in prison.the fashion industry knows it has an inherent problem in focusing on material adornment and idealized body types. in denmark, the united states, and a few other countries, it is trying to set voluntary standard for models and fashion images there rely more on pear pressure for enforcement.in contrast to france’s actions, denmark’s fashion industry agreed last month on rules and sanctions regarding age, health, and other characteristics of models .the newly revised danish fashion ethical charter clearly states, we are aware of and take responsibility for the impact the fashion industry has on body ideals, especially on young people. the charter’s maintoll of enforcement is to deny access for designers and modeling agencies to copenhagen. fashion week,which is men by the danish fashion institute .but in general it relies on a name-and –shame method of compliance.relying on ethical persuasion rather than law to address the misuse of body ideals may be the best step. even better would be to help elevate notions of beauty beyond the material standards of a particular industry.21. according to the first paragraph, what would happen in france[a] physical beauty would be redefined[b] new runways would be constructed[c] websites about dieting would thrive[d] the fashion industry would decline22. the phrase “impinging on”(line2 para2) is closest in meaning to[a] heightening the value of[b] indicating the state of[c] losing faith in[d] doing harm to23. which of the following is true of the fashion industry[a] the french measures have already failed[b] new standards are being set in denmark[c] models are no longer under peer pressure[d] its inherent problems are getting worse24. a designer is most likely to be rejected by cfw for[a] setting perfect physical conditions[b] caring too much about models’ character[c] showing little concern for health factors[d] pursuing a high age threshold for models25. which of the following maybe the best title of the text[a] a challenge to the fashion industry’s body ideals[b] a dilemma for the starving models in france[c] just another round of struggle for beauty[d] the great threats to the fashion industrytext 2for the first time in the history more people live in towns than in the country. in britain this has had a curious result. while polls show britons rate “the countryside” alongside the royal family. shakespeare and the national health service (nhs) as what make them proudest of their country, this has limited political support.a century ago octavia hill launched the national trust not to rescue stylish houses but tosave “the beauty of natural places for everyone forever”. it was specifically to provide city dwellers with spaces for leisure where they could experience “a refreshing air”. hill’s pressure later led to the creation of national parks and green belts. they don’t make countryside any more, and every year concrete consumes more of it .it needs constant guardianship.at the next election none of the big parties seem likely to endorse this sentiment. the conservatives’ planning reform explicitly gives rural development priority over conservation,even authorizing “off–plan” building where local people might object. the concept of sustainable development has been defined as profitable. labour likewise wants to discontinue local planning where councils oppose development. the liberal democrats are silent only usensing its chance, has sides with those pleading for a more considered approach to using green land. its campaign to protect rural england struck terror into many local conservative parties. the sensible place to build new houses factories and offices is where people are in cities and towns where infrastructure is in place. the london agents stirlingackroyed recently identified enough sites for half of million houses in the landon area alone with no intrusion on green belts. what is true of london is even truer of the provinces. the idea that “housing crisis” equals “concreted meadows” is pure lobby talk. the issue is not the need for more houses but, as always, where to put them under lobby pressure, george osborne favours rural new-build against urban renovation and renewal. he favours out-of-town shopping sites against high streets. this is not a free market but a biased one. rural towns and villages have grown and will always grow. they do so best where building sticks to their edges and respects their character. we do not ruin urban conservation areas. why ruin rural onesdevelopment should be planned, not let trip, after the netherlands, britain is europe’s most crowed country. half a century of town and country planning has enable it to retain an enviable rural coherence, while still permitting low-density urban living. there is no doubt of the alternative-the corrupted landscapes of southern portugal, spain or ireland. avoiding this rather than promoting it should unite the left and right of the political spectrum.26. britain’s public sentiment about the countryside[a] is not well reflected in politics[b] is fully backed by the royal family[c] didn’t start fill the shakespearean age[d] has brought much benefit to the nhs27. according to paragraph 2，the achievements of the national trust are now being[a] largely overshadowed [b] properly protected [c] effectively reinforced [d] gradually destroyed 28. which of the following can be offered from paragraph 3 [a] labour is under attack for opposing development [b] the conservatives may abandon “off-plan” building[c] ukip may gain from its support for rural conservation[d] the liberal democrats are losing political influence29. the author holds that george osbornes’s preference[a] shows his disregard for the character of rural area[b] stresses the necessity of easing the housing crisis[c] highlights his firm stand against lobby pressure[d] reveals a strong prejudice against urban areas30. in the last paragraph the author show his appreciation of[a] the size of population in britain[b] the enviable urban lifestyle in britain[c] the town-and-country planning in britain[d] the political life in today’s britaintext 3“there is one and only one social responsibility of business” wrote milton friedman, a nobel prize-winning economist “that is, to use its resources and engage in activities designed toincrease its profits.” but even if you accept friedman’s premise and regard corporate social responsibility(csr) policies as a waste of shareholders’s money, things may not be absolutely clear-act. new research suggests that csr may create monetary value for companies at least when they are prosecuted for corruption.the largest firms in america and britain together spend more than $15 billion a year on csr, according to an estimate by epg, a consulting firm. this could add value to their businesses in three ways. first, consumers may take csr spending as a “signal” that a company’s products are of high q uality. second, customers may be willing to buy a company’s products as an indirect may to donate to the good causes it helps. and third, through a more diffuse “halo effect” whereby its good deeds earn it greater consideration from consumers and others.previous studies on csr have had trouble differentiating these effects because consumers can be affected by all three. a recent study attempts to separate them by looking at bribery prosecutions under american’s foreign corrupt practices act （fcpa）.it argues that since prosecutors do not consume a company’s products as part of their investigations，they could be influenced only by the halo effect.the study found that，among prosecuted firms，those withthe most comprehensive csr programmes tended to get more lenient penalties. their analysis ruled out the possibility that it was firm’s political influence, rather than their csr stand, that accounted for the leniency: companies that contributed moreto political campaigns did not receive lower fines.in all, the study concludes that whereas prosecutors should only evaluate a case based on its merits, they do seem to be influenced by a company’s record in csr. “we estimate that either【篇二：2016考研英语一真题及答案】directions:read the following text. choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark [a], [b], [c] or [d] on answer sheet 1.(10 points)though not biologically related, friends are as related as fourth cousins, sharing about 1% of genes. that is 1 a studypublished from the university of california and yale universityin the proceedings of the national academy of sciences, has 2 . the study is a genome-wide analysis conducted 3 1932 unique subjects which 4 pairs of uelatedfriends and uelated strangers. the same people were used in both 5 .while 1% may seem 6 , it is not so to a geneticist. as james fowler, professor of medical genetics at uc san diego, says, most people do not even 7 their fourth cousins but somehow manage to select as friends the people who 8 our kin. the study 9 found that the genes for smell were something shared in friends but not genes for immunity. why this similarity in olfactory genes is difficult to explain, for now. 10 perhaps, as the team suggests, it draws us to similar environments but there is more 11 it. there could be many mechanisms working in tandem that 12 us in choosing genetically similar friends 13 than nal kinship of being friends with 14 !one of the remarkable findings of the study was that the similar genes seem to be evolving 15 than other genes. studying this could help 16 why human evolution picked pace in the last 30,000 years, with social environment being a major 17 factor.the findings do not simply corroborate peoples 18 to befriend those of similar 19 backgrounds, say the researchers. though all the subjects were drawn from a population of europeanextraction, care was taken to 20 that all subjects, friends and strangers were taken from the same population. the team also controlled the data to check ancestry of subjects.section ii reading comprehension1、what2、concluded3、on4、compared5、samples6、insignificant7、know8、resemble9、also10、perhaps11、to12、drive13、ratherthan14、benefits15、faster16、understand17、contributory18、tendency19、ethnic20、seepart aread the following four texts. answer the questions below each text by choosing [a], [b], [c] or [d]. mark your answers on answer sheet 1. (40 points)原标题：2015年考研英语一真题（完整版）text 1king juan carlos of spain once insistedkings dont abdicate, they die in their sleep. but embarrassing scandals and the popularity of the republicans left in the recent euro-elections have forced him to eat his words and stand down. so, does the spanish crisis suggest that monarchy is seeing its last days does that mean the writing is on the wall for all european royals, with their magnificent uniforms and majestic lifestylesthe spanish case provides arguments both for and against monarchy. when public opinion is particularly polarized, as it was following the end of the france regime, monarchs can rise above mere polities and embody a spirit of national unity.it is this apparent transcendence of polities that explains monarchys continuing popularity as heads of state. and so, the middle east expected, europe is the most monarch-infested region in the world, with 10 kingdoms (not counting vatican city and andorra). but unlike their absolutist counterparts in the gulfand asia, most royal families have survived because they allow voters to avoid the difficult search for a non-controversial but respected public figure.es outdated and indefensibleprivileges and inequalities. at a time when thomas piketty and other economists are warming of rising inequality and the increasing power of inherited wealth, it is bizarre that wealthy aristocratic families should still be the symbolic heart of modern democratic states.the most successful monarchies strive to abandon or hide their old aristocratic ways. princes and princesses have day-jobs and ride bicycles, not horses (or helicopters). even so, these are wealthy families who party with the international 1%, and media intrusiveness makes it increasingly difficult to maintain the right image.while europes monarchies will no doubt be smart enough to survive for some time to come, it is the british royals who have most to fear from the spanish example.it is only the queen who has preserved the monarchys reputation with her rather ordinary (if well-heeled) granny style. the danger will come with charles, who has both an expensive taste of lifestyle and a pretty hierarchical view of the world. he has failed to understand that monarchies have largely survivedbecause they provide a service-as non-controversial and non-political heads of state. charles ought to know that as english history shows, it is kings, not republicans, who are the monarchys worst enemies.21. according to the first two graphs, king juan carlos of spain[a]eased his relationship with his rivals.[b]used to enjoy high public support.[c]was unpopular among european royals.[d]ended his reign in embarrassment.22. monarchs are kept as head of state in europe mostly[a]to give voters more public figures to look up to.[b]to achieve a balance between tradition and reality.[c]owing to their undoubted and respectable status.[d]due to their everlasting political embodiment.23. which of the following is shown to be odd, according to graph 4[a] the role of the nobility in modern democracies.[b] aristocrats excessive reliance on inherited wealth.[c] the simple lifestyle of the aristocratic families.[d] the nobilitys adherence to their privileges.24. the british royals have most to fear because charles[a]takes a tough line on political issues.[b]fails to change his lifestyle as advised.[c]takes republicans as his potential allies.[d]fails to adapt himself to his future role.25. which of the following is the best title of the text[a]carlos, glory and disgrace combined[b]charles, anxious to succeed to the throne[c]charles, slow to react to the coming threats[d]carlos, a lesson for all european monarchs21.dended his reign in embarrassment.22. c owing to the undoubted and respectable status23. a the role of the nobility in modern democracy24. b fails to change his lifestyle as advised.25. d carlos, a lesson for all monarchiestext 2just how much does the constitution protect your digital data the supreme court will now consider whether police can search the contents of a mobile phone without a warrant if the phone is on or around a person during an arrest.california has asked the justices to refrain from a sweeping ruling, particularly one that upsets the old assumptions that authorities may search through the possessions of suspects at the time of their arrest. it is hard, the state argues, for judgesto assess the implications of new and rapidly changing technologies.the court would be recklessly modest if it followed californias advice. enough of the implications are discernable, even obvious, so that the justice can and should provide updated guidelines to police, lawyers and defendants.they should start by discarding californias lame argument that exploring the contents of a smartphone- a vast storehouse of digital information is similar to say, going through a suspects purse .the court has ruled that police dont violate the fourth amendment when they go through the wallet or pocketbook, of an arrestee without a warrant. but exploring ones smartphone is more like entering his or her home. a smartphone may contain an arrestees reading history, financial history, medical history andcomprehensive records of recent correspondence. the development of cloud computing. meanwhile, has made that exploration so much the easier.but the justices should not swallow californias argument whole. new, disruptive technology sometimes demands novel applications of the constitutions protections. orin kerr, a lawprofessor, compares the explosion and accessibility of digital information in the 21st century with the establishment of automobile use as a digital necessity of life in the 20th: the justices had to specify novel rules for the new personal domain of the passenger car then; they must sort out how the fourth amendment applies to digital information now.26. the supreme court, will work out whether, during an arrest, it is legitimate to[a] search for suspects mobile phones without a warrant.[b] check suspects phone contents without being authorized.[c] prevent suspects from deleting their phone contents.[d] prohibit suspects from using their mobile phones.27. the authors attitude toward californias argument is one of[a] tolerance.[b] indifference.[c] disapproval.[d] cautiousness.28. the author believes that exploring ones phone content is comble to[a] getting into ones residence.[b] handing ones historical records.[c] scanning ones correspondences.【篇三：2016考研英语一真题答案解析】p class=txt>真题及答案（完整版）（注：以下选项标红加粗为正确答案）section i use of englishdirections:read the following text. choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark a, b, c or d on the answer sheet. (10 points)in cambodia the choice of a spouse is a complex one for the young male. it may involve not only his parents and his friends,１those of the young women, but also a matchmaker. a young man can 2 a likely spouse on his own and them ask his parents to 3 the marriage negotiations. or the young mans parents may make the choice of a spouse, giving the child little to say in the selection. 4 , a girl may veto the spouse her parents have chosen. 5 a spouse has been selected, each family investigates the other to make sure its child is marrying 6 a good family.the traditional wedding is a long and colorful affair. formerly it lasted three days 7 by the 1980s it more commonly lasted a day and a half. buddhist priests offer a short sermon and 8 prayers of blessing. parts of the ceremony involve ritual hair cutting, 9 cotton threads soaked in holy water around the brides and grooms wrists ,and 10 a candle around a circle of happily married and respected couples to bless the11 .newlyweds traditionally move in with the wifes parents and may 12 with them up to a year, 13 they can build a flew house nearby.divorce is legal and easy to 14 ,but not common .divorced persons are 15 with some disapproval. each spouse retains 16 property he or she 17 into the marriage, and jointly -acquired property is 18 equally. divorced persons may remarry, but a gender prejudice 19 up .the divorced male doesnt have a waiting period before he can remarry 20 the woman must wait the months.1. [a] by way of [b] as well as [c] on behalf of [d] with regard to2. [a] adapt to [b] provide for [c]compete with [d] decide on3. [a] close [b] renew [c]arrange [d] postpone4. [a] in theory [b] above all [c] in time [d] for example5. [a] although [b] lest [c] after [d] unless6. [a] into [b] within [c] from [d] through7. [a] sine [b] or[c] but [d] so8. [a] test [b]copy [c]recite [d] create9. [a] folding [b] piling [c] wrapping [d] tying10. [a] lighting[b] passing [c] hiding[d] serving11. [a] meeting [b] association [c] collection [d]union12. [a] grow [b] part [c] deal[d]live13. [a] whereas [b] until [c] for [d] if14. [a] obtain [b] follow [c] challenge [d]avoid15. [a] isolated [b] persuaded [c] viewed [d] exposed16. [a]wherever [b] however [c] whenever [d]whatever17. [a] changed [b] brought [c] shaped[d] pushed18. [a] divided [b] invested [c] donated [d] withdrawn19. [a]clears [b] warms [c] shows [d] breaks20. [a]while [b] so what [c]once [d] in thatsection ii reading comprehensionpart adirections:read the following four texts. answer the questions below each text by choosing a, b, c or d. mark your answers on the answer sheet. (40 points)text 1france, which prides itself as the global innovator of fashion, has decided its fashion industry has lost an absolute right to define physical beauty for woman. its lawmakers gave preliminary approval last week to a law that would make it a crime to employ ultra-thin models on runways.the parliament also agreed to ban websites that incite excessive thinness by promoting extreme dieting.such measures have a couple of uplifting motives. they suggest beauty should not be defined by looks that end up with impinging on health. thats a start. and the ban on ultra-thin models seems to go beyond protecting models from starring themselves to health -as some have done. it tells the fashion industry that it move take responsibility for the signal it sends women, especially teenage girls, about the social tape -measure they must use to determine their individual worth.the bans, if fully enforced ,would suggest to woman (and many men )that they should not let others be orbiters of their beauty .and perhaps faintly, they hint that people should look to intangible qualities like character and intellect rather than dieting their way to sine zero or wasp-waist physiques .the french measures, however, rely too much on severe punishment to change a culture that still regards beauty asskin-deep-and bone-showing. under the law, using a fashion model that does not meet a government-defined index of body mess could result in a $85,000 fine and six months in prison.the fashion industry knows it has an inherent problem in focusing on material adornment and idealized body types. indenmark, the united states, and a few other countries, it is trying to set voluntary standard for models and fashion images there rely more on pear pressure for enforcement.in contrast to frances actions, denmarks fashion industry agreed last month on rules and sanctions regarding age, health, and other characteristics of models .the newly revised danish fashion ethical charter clearly states, we are aware of and takeresponsibility for the impact the fashion industry has on body ideals, especially on young people. the charters main toll of enforcement is to deny access for designers and modeling agencies to copenhagen. fashion week, which is men by the danish fashioninstitute .but in general it relies on a name-and -shame method of compliance.relying on ethical persuasion rather than law to address the misuse of body ideals may be the best step. even better would be to help elevate notions of beauty beyond the material standards of a particular industry.21. according to the first paragraph, what would happen in france[a] physical beauty would be redefined[b] new runways would be constructed[c] websites about dieting would thrive[d] the fashion industry would decline22. the phrase impinging on(line2 para2) is closest in meaning to[a] heightening the value of[b] indicating the state of[c] losing faith in[d] doing harm to23. which of the following is true of the fashion industry[a] the french measures have already failed[b] new standards are being set in denmark[c] models are no longer under peer pressure[d] its inherent problems are getting worse24. a designer is most likely to be rejected by cfw for[a] setting perfect physical conditions[b] caring too much about models character[c] showing little concern for health factors[d] pursuing a high age threshold for models25. which of the following maybe the best title of the text[a] a challenge to the fashion industrys body ideals[b] a dilemma for the starving models in france[c] just another round of struggle for beauty[d] the great threats to the fashion industrytext 2for the first time in the history more people live in towns than in the country. in britain this has had a curious result. while polls show britons rate the countryside alongside the royal family. shakespeare and the national health service (nhs) as what make them proudest of their country, this has limited political support.。

2016考研英语(一)真题及参考答案2015年12月28日Section I Use of EnglishDirections：Read the following text. Choose the best word（s) for each numbered blank and mark A，B，C or D on the ANSWER SHEET. （10 points) In Cambodia the choice of a spouse is a complex one for the young male. It may involve not only his parents and his friends， 1 those of the young women，but also a matchmaker. A young man can 2 a likely spouse on his own and them ask his parents to 3 the marriage negotiations. or the young man's parents may make the choice of a spouse, giving the child little to say in the selection。

4 ，a girl may veto the spouse her parents have chosen. 5 a spouse has been selected，each family investigates the other to make sure its child is marrying 6 a good family.The traditional wedding is a long and colorful affair. Formerly it lasted three days 7 by the 1980s it more commonly lasted a day and a half。

2016年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题Section I Use of EnglishDirections:Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)In Cambodia the choice of a spouse is a complex one for the young male. It may involve not only his parents and his friends,１those of the young women, but also a matchmaker. A young man can 2 a likely spouse on his own and them ask his parents to 3 the marriage negotiations. or the young man’s parents may make the choice of a spouse, giving the child little to say in the selection. 4 , a girl may veto the spouse her parents have chosen. 5 a spouse has been selected, each family investigates the other to make sure its child is marrying 6 a good family.The traditional wedding is a long and colorful affair. Formerly it lasted three days 7 by the 1980s it more commonly lasted a day and a half. Buddhist priests offer a short sermon and 8 prayers of blessing. Parts of the ceremony involve ritual hair cutting, 9 cotto n threads soaked in holy water around the bride’s and groom’s wrists ,and 10 a candle around a circle of happily married and respected couples to bless the 11 .Newlyweds traditionally move in with the wife’s parents and may 12 with them up to a year, 13 they can build a flew house nearby.Divorce is legal and easy to 14 ,but not common .Divorced persons are 15 with some disapproval. Each spouse retains 16 property he or she 17 into the marriage, and jointly –acquired property is 18 equally. Divorced persons may remarry, but a gender prejudice 19 up .The divorced male doesn’t have a waiting period before he can remarry 20 the woman must wait the months.1. [A] by way of [B] as well as [C] on behalf of [D] with regard to2. [A] adapt to [B] provide for [C]compete with [D] decide on3. [A] close [B] renew [C]arrange [D] postpone4. [A] In theory [B] Above all [C] In time [D] For example5. [A] Although [B] Lest [C] After [D] Unless6. [A] into [B] within [C] from [D] through7. [A] sine [B] or [C] but [D] so8. [A] test [B]copy [C]recite [D] create9. [A] folding [B] piling [C] wrapping [D] tying10. [A] lighting [B] passing [C] hiding [D] serving11. [A] meeting [B] association [C] collection [D]union12. [A] grow [B] part [C] deal [D]live13. [A] whereas [B] until [C] for [D] if14. [A] obtain [B] follow [C] challenge [ D]avoid15. [A] isolated [B] persuaded [C] viewed [D] exposed16. [A]wherever [B] however [C] whenever [D]whatever17. [A] changed [B] brought [C] shaped [D] pushed18. [A] divided [B] invested [C] donated [D] withdrawn19. [A]clears [B] warms [C] shows [D] breaks20. [A]while [B] so what [C]once [D] in thatSection II Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET. (40 points)Text 1France, which prides itself as the global innovator of fashion, has decided its fashion industry has lost an absolute right to define physical beauty for woman. Its lawmakers gave preliminary approval last week to a law that would make it a crime to employ ultra-thin models on runways. The parliament also agreed to ban websites that” incite excessive thinness” by promoting extreme dieting.Such measures have a couple of uplifting motives. They suggest beauty should not be defined by looks that end up with impinging on health. That’s a start. And the ban on ultra-thin models seems to go beyond protecting models from starring themselves to health –as some have done. It tells the fashion industry that it move take responsibility for the signal it sends women, especially teenage girls, about the social tape –measure they must use to determine their individual worth.The bans, if fully enforced ,would suggest to woman (and many men )that they should not let others be orbiters of their beauty .And perhaps faintly, they hint that people should look to intangible qualities like character and intellect rather than dieting their way to sine zero or wasp-waist physiques .The French measures, however, rely too much on severe punishment to change a culture that still regards beauty as skin-deep-and bone-showing. Under the law, using a fashion model that does not meet agovernment-defined index of body mess could result in a $85,000 fine and six months in prison.The fashion industry knows it has an inherent problem in focusing on material adornment and idealized body types. In Denmark, the United States, and a few other countries, it is trying to set voluntary standard for models and fashion images there rely more on pear pressure for enforcement. In contrast to France’s actions, Denmark’s fashion industry agreed last month on rules and sanctions regarding age, health, and other characteristics of models .The newly revised Danish Fashion Ethical charter clearly states, we are aware of and take responsibility for the impact the fashion industry has on body ideals, especially on young people. The charter’s main toll o fenforcement is to deny access for designers and modeling agencies to Copenhagen. Fashion week, which is men by the Danish Fashion Institute .But in general it relies on a name-and –shame method of compliance. Relying on ethical persuasion rather than law to address the misuse of body ideals may be the best step. Even better would be to help elevate notions of beauty beyond the material standards of a particular industry.21. According to the first paragraph, what would happen in France?[A] Physical beauty would be redefined[B] New runways would be constructed[C] Websites about dieting would thrive[D] The fashion industry would decline22. The phrase “impinging on”(Line2 Para2) is closest in mea ning to[A] heightening the value of[B] indicating the state of[C] losing faith in[D] doing harm to23. Which of the following is true of the fashion industry[A] The French measures have already failed[B] New standards are being set in Denmark[C] Models are no longer under peer pressure[D] Its inherent problems are getting worse24. A designer is most likely to be rejected by CFW for[A] setting perfect physical conditions[B] caring too much about models’ character[C] showing little concern for health factors[D] pursuing a high age threshold for models25. Which of the following maybe the best title of the text?[A] A challenge to the Fashion Industry’s Body Ideals[B] A Dilemma for the starving models in France[C] Just Another Round of struggle for beauty[D] The Great Threats to the Fashion IndustryText 2For the first time in the history more people live in towns than in the country. In Britain this has had a curious result. While polls show Britons ra te “the countryside” alongside the royal family. Shakespeare and the NationalHealth Service (NHS) as what make them proudest of their country, this has limited political support. A century ago Octavia Hill launched the National Trust not to rescue styli sh houses but to save “the beauty of natural places for everyone forever”. It was specifically to provide city dwellers with spaces for leisure where they could experience “a refreshing air”. Hill’s pressure later led to the creation of national parks and green belts. They don’t make countryside any more, and every year concrete consumes more of it .It needs constant guardianship.At the next election none of the big parties seem likely to endorse this sentiment. The Conservatives’ planning reform explicitly gives rural development priority over conservation,even authorizing “off–plan” building where local people might object. The concept of sustainable development has been defined as profitable. Labour likewise wants to discontinue local planning where councils oppose development. The Liberal Democrats are silent only u sensing its chance, has sides with those pleading for a more considered approach to using green land. Its campaign to protect Rural England struck terror into many local conservative parties.The sensible place to build new houses factories and offices is where people are in cities and towns where infrastructure is in place. The London agents Stirling Ackroyed recently identified enough sites for half of million houses in the Landon area alone with no intrusion on green belts. What is true of London is even truer of the provinces. The idea that “housing crisis” equals “concreted meadows” is pure lobby talk. The issue is not the need for more houses but, as always, where to put them under lobby pressure, George Osborne favours rural new-build against urban renovation and renewal. He favours out-of-town shopping sites against high streets. This is not a free market but a biased one. Rural towns and villages have grown and will always grow. They do so best where building sticks to their edges and respects their character. We do not ruin urban conservation areas. Why ruin rural ones?Development should be planned, not let trip, After the Netherlands, Britain is Europe’s most crowed country. Half a century of town and country planning has enable it to retain an enviable rural coherence, while still permitting low-density urban living. There is no doubt of the alternative-the corrupted landscapes of southern Portugal, Spain or Ireland. Avoiding this rather than promoting it should unite the left and right of the political spectrum.26. Britain’s public sentiment about the countryside[A] is not well reflected in politics[B] is fully backed by the royal family[C] didn’t start fill the Shakespearean age[D] has brought much benefit to the NHS27. According to paragraph 2，the achievements of the National Trust are now being[A] largely overshadowed[B] properly protected[C] effectively reinforced[D] gradually destroyed28. Which of the following can be offered from paragraph 3[A] Labour is under attack for opposing development[B] The Conservatives may abandon “off-plan” building[C] Ukip may gain from its support for rural conservation[D] The Liberal Democrats are losing political influence29. The author holds that George Osbornes’s preference[A] shows his disregard for the character of rural area[B] stresses the necessity of easing the housing crisis[C] highlights his firm stand against lobby pressure[D] reveals a strong prejudice against urban areas30. In the last paragraph the author show his appreciation of[A] the size of population in Britain[B] the enviable urban lifestyle in Britain[C] the town-and-country planning in Britain[D] the political life in today’s BritainText 3“There is one and only one social responsibility of business” wrote Milton Friedman, a Nobel Prize-winning economist “That is, to use its resources and engage in activities designed to increase its profits.” But even if you accept Friedman’s premise and regard corporate social responsibility(CSR) policies as a waste of shareholders’s money, things may not be absolutely clear-act. New research suggests that CSR may create monetary value for companies at least when they are prosecuted for corruption.The largest firms in America and Britain together spend more than $15 billion a year on CSR, according to an estimate by EPG, a consulting firm. This could add value to their businesses in three ways. First, consumers may take CSR spending as a “signal” that a company’s products are of high quality. Second, customers may be willing to buy a company’s products as an indirect may to donate to the good causes it helps. And third, through a more diffuse “halo effect” whereby its good deeds earn it greater con sideration from consumers and others.Previous studies on CSR have had trouble differentiating these effects because consumers can be affected by all three. A recent study attempts to separate them by looking at bribery prosecutions under American’s Foreign Corrupt Practices Act（FCPA）.It arg ues that since prosecutors do not consume a company’s products as part oftheir investigations，they could be influenced only by the halo effect. The study found that，among prosecuted firms，those with the most comprehensive CSR programmes tended to get more lenient penalties. Their analysis ruled out the possibility that it was firm’s political influence, rather than their CSR stand, that accounted for the leniency: Companies that contributed more to political campaigns did not receive lower fines.In all, the study concludes that whereas prosecutors should only evaluate a case based on its merits, they do seem to be influenced by a company’s record in CSR. “We estimate that either eliminating a substantiallabour-rights concern, such as child labour, or increasing corporate giving by about20% result in fines that generally are 40% lower than the typical punishment for bribing foreign officials.” says one researcher.Researchers admit that their study does not answer the question at how much businesses ought to spend on CSR. Nor does it reveal how much companies are banking on the halo effect, rather than the other possible benefits, when they companies get into trouble with the law, evidence of good character can win them a less costly punishment.31. The author views Milton Friedman’s statement about CSR with[A]uncertainty[B]skepticism[C]approval[D]tolerance32. According to Paragraph 2, CSR helps a company by[A]guarding it against malpractices[B]protecting it from consumers[C]winning trust from consumers.[D]raising the quality of its products33. The expression “more lenient”(line 2,Para.4)is closest in meaning to[A]less controversial[B]more lasting[C]more effective[D]less severe34. When prosecutors evaluate a case, a company’s CSR record[A]comes across as reliable evidence[B]has an impact on their decision[C]increases the chance of being penalized[D]constitutes part of the investigation35. Which of the following is true of CSR according to the last paragraph?[A] The necessary amount of companies spending on it is unknown[B] Companies’ financial capacity for it has been overestimated[C] Its negative effects on businesses are often overlooked[D]It has brought much benefit to the banking industryText 4There will eventually come a day when The New York Times ceases to publish stories on newsprint. Exactly when that day will be is a matter of deb ate. ”Sometime in the future,” the paper’s publisher said back in 2010.Nostalgia for ink on paper and the rustle of pages aside, there’s plenty of incentive to ditch print. The infrastructure required to make a physical newspaper – printing presses, delivery trucks –isn’t just expensive; it’s excessive at a time when online –only competitors don’t have the same set of financial constraints. Readers are migrating away from print anyway. And though print ad sales still dwarf their online and mobile counterparts, revenue from print is still declining.Overhead may be high and circulation lower, but rushing to eliminate its print edition would be a mistake, says BuzzFeed CEO Jonah Peretti.Peretti says the Times shouldn’t waste time getting out of the print business, but only if they go about doing it the right way. “Figuring out a way to accelerate that transition would make sense for them,” he said, “but if you discontinue it, you’re going have your most loyal customers really upset with you.” Sometimes that’s worth making a change anyway. Peretti gives the example of Netflix discontinuing its DVD-mailing service to focus on streaming. “It was seen as blunder,” he said. The move turned out to be foresighted. And if Peretti were in charge at the Times? ”I wouldn’t pick a year to end print,” he said“I would raise prices and make it into more of a legacy product.” The most loyal customers would still get the product they favor, the idea goes, and they’d feel like they were helping sustain the quality of something they believe in. “So if you’re overpaying for print, you could feel like you were helping,” Peretti said. “Then increase it at a higher rate each year and essentially try to generate additional revenue.”In other words, if you’re going to make a print product, make it for the people who are already obsessed with it. Which may be what the Times is doing already. Getting the print edition seven days a week costs nearly $500 a year – more than twice as much as a digital – only subscription. “It’s a really hard thing to do and it’s a tremendous luxury that BuzzFeed doesn’t have a legacy business,” Peretti remarked. “But we’re going to have questions like that where we have things we’re doing that don’t make sense when the market changes and the world changes. In those situations, it’s better to be more aggressive that less aggressive.”36. The New York Ti mes is considering ending it’s print edition partly due to[A] the increasing online and sales[B] the pressure from its investors[C] the complaints from its readers[D] the high cost of operation37. Peretti suggests that in face of the present situation, The Times should[A] make strategic adjustments[B] end the print sedition for good[C] seek new sources of leadership[D] aim for efficient management38. It can be inferred from paragraphs 5and 6 that a ” legacy product”[A] helps restore the glory of former times[B] is meant for the most loyal customers[C] will have the cost of printing reduced[D] expands the popularity of the paper39. Peretti believes that in a changing world[A] traditional luxuries can stay unaffected[B] cautiousness facilitates problem-solving[C] aggressiveness better meets challenges[D] legacy businesses are becoming out dated40. which of the following would be the best title of the text?[A] shift to online newspapers all at once[B] Cherish the Newspapers still in Your Hand[C] keep Your Newspapers Forever in Fashion[D] Make Your print Newspapers a luxury GoodPart BDirections:Read the following text and answer the questions by choosing the most suitable subheading from the list A-G for each of the numbered paragraphs (41-45). There are two extra subheadings. Mark your answers on the ANSER SHEET. (10 point)[A] Create a new image of yourself[B] Decide if the time is right[C] Have confidence in yourself[D]Understand the context[E]Work with professionals[F]Make it efficient[G]Know your goalsNo matter how formal or informal the work environment, the way you present yourself has an impact. This is especially true in the first impressions. According to research from Princeton University , people assess your competence, trustworthiness, and likeability in just a tenth of a second, solely based on the way you look.The difference between today’s workplace and the “dress for success” era is that the range of options is so much broader. Norms have evolved and fragmented. In some settings, red sneakers or dress T-shirts can convey status; in other not so much. Plus, whatever image we present is magnified by social-media services like LinkedIn. Chances are, your headshots are seen much more often now than a decade or two ago. Millennials, it seems, face the paradox of being the least formal generation yet the most conscious of style and personal branding. It can be confusing.So how do we navigate this? How do we know when to invest in an upgrade? And what’s the best way to pull off one than enhances our goals? Here are some tips:41_________________________As an executive coach, I’ve seen image upgrades be particular h elpful during transitions-when looking for a new job, stepping into a new or more public role, or changing work environments. If you’re in a period of change or just feeling stuck and in a rut, now may be a good time. If you’re not sure, ask for honest fee dback from trusted friends, colleagues and professionals. Look for cues about how others perceive you. Maybe there’s no need for an upgrade and that’s OK42________________________Get clear on what impact you’re hoping to have. Are you looking to refresh your image or pivot it? For one person, the goal may be to be taken more seriously and enhance their professional image. For another, it may be to be perceived as more approachable, or more modern and stylish. For someone moving from finance to advertising, maybe they want to look more “SoHo.” (It’s OK to use characterizations like that )43 ________________________Look at your work environment like an anthropologist. What are the norms of your environment? What conveys status? Who are your most important audiences? How do the people you respect and look up to present themselves? The better you understand the cultural context, the more control you can have over your impact.44 _______________________Enlist the support of professionals and share with them your goals and context. Hire a personal stylist, or use the free styling service of a store like J. Crew. Try a hair stylist instead of a barber. Work with a professional photographer instead of your spouse or friend. It’s not as expensive as you might think.45 ________________________The point of a style upgrade isn’t to become more vain or to spend more time fussing over what to wear. Instead, use it as an opportunity to reduce decision fatigue. Pick a standard work uniform or a few go-to options. Buy all your clothes at once with a stylist instead of shopping alone, one article of clothing at a time.Part CDirections:Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written neatly on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points) Mental health is our birthright. (46) we don’t have to learn how to be mentally healthy, it is built into us in the same way that our bodies know how to heal a cut or mend, a broken bone. Mental health can’t be learned, only reawakened. It is like immune system of the body, which under stress or through lack of nutrition or exercise can be weakened, but which never leaves us. When we don’t understand the value of mental health and we don’t know how to gain access to it, mental health will remain hidden from us. (47) Our mental health doesn’t go anywhere; like the sun behind a cloud, it can be temporarily hidden from view, but it is fully capable of being restored in an instant.Mental health is the seed that contains self-esteem –confidence in ourselves and an ability to trust in our common sense. It allows us to have perspective on our lives-the ability to not take ourselves too seriously, to laugh at ourselves, to see the bigger picture, and to see that things will work out. It’s a form of innate or unlearned optimism. (48) Mental health allows us to view others with sympathy if they are having troubles, with kindness if they are in pain, and with unconditional love no matter who they are. Mental health is the source of creativity for solving problems, resolving conflict, making our surroundings more beautiful, managing our home life, or coming up with a creative business idea or invention to make our lives easier. It gives us patience for ourselves. And toward others as well as patience while driving, catching a fish, working on our car, or raising a child.It allows us to see the beauty that surrounds us each moment in nature, in culture, in the flow of our daily lives.(49)Although mental health is the cure-all for living our lives, it is perfecting ordinary as you will see that it has been there to direct you through all your difficult decisions. It has been available even in the most mundane of life situations to show you right from wrong, good from bad, friend from foe. Mental health has commonly been called conscience, instinct, wisdom, common sense, or the inner voice, we think of it simply as a health and helpful flow of intelligent thought. (50) As you will come to see, knowing that mental health is always available and knowing to trust it allow us to slow down to the moment and live life happily.Section III WritingPart A51. Directions:Suppose you are a librarian in your university. Write a notice of about 100 words. Providing thenewly-enrolled international students with relevant information about the library.You should write neatly on the ANSWER SHEET.Do not sign your own name at the end of the notice. Use Li Ming instead.Do not write the address. (10 points)Part B52. Directions:Write an essay of 160-200 words based on the following pictures In your essay, you should1) describe the pictures briefly2) interpret the meaning , and3) give your commentsYou should write neatly on the ANSWER SHEET.(20 points)Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter. Use Li Ming instead.Do not write the address. (10 points)2016考研英语一答案解析1、【答案】[B] as well as【解析】根据空格所在句子的内容可以判断，“择偶涉及男方的亲朋好友，_____女方的亲朋好友”显然前后是并列关系，选项中只有B选项as well as 表示并列关系。

[考研类试卷]2016年国际关系学院翻译硕士英语真题试卷一、Vocabulary1 The great use of a school education is not so much to teach you things______to teach you the art of learning.（A）but（B）nor（C）as（D）like2 All flights______, we decided to take a greyhound.（A）were canceled（B）had been canceled（C）having canceled（D）having been canceled3 This company has now introduced a policy______pay rises are related to performance at work.（A）which（B）where（C）whether（D）what4 The American businessman had difficulty at times working with his local counterparts in Guangdong Province, for he could speak______Cantonese than Mandarin.（A）no more（B）not more（C）no less（D）not less5 He came into the manager's office______ that he was dismissed.（A）only to be told（B）being told（C）in order to be told（D）telling6 The new director made it clear that his staff were not to accept gifts from clients,______.（A）be they jewelry or football tickets（B）they are jewelry or football tickets（C）whether are jewelry or football tickets（D）no matter are jewelry or football tickets7 The terrible disease is said ______the number-one killer of both men and women over the past few years in that region.（A）being（B）to be（C）to have been（D）having been8 ______your timely advice, I would never have known how to go about the work. （A）Unless（B）But for（C）Except for（D）Not for9 The doctor ______a medicine for the child's stomach pains.（A）described（B）subscribed（C）prescribed（D）inscribed10 The ______family in Chinese cities now spends more money on housing than before. （A）normal（B）average（C）usual（D）general11 Prices are ______to variation without notice.（A）possible（B）trendy（C）likely（D）subject12 Be careful when you talk to your boss. He is in a very bad ______today. （A）motive（B）mood（C）mind（D）notion13 The government has allocated ten million pounds to the tsunami-______area. （A）sticken（B）stricken（C）stuck（D）striked14 The branches could hardly ______the weight of the fruit.（A）retain（B）sustain（C）maintain（D）remain15 Her speeches are full of ______wit and warmth.（A）captivating（B）captivated（C）captive（D）captured16 After the terrorist attacks in Europe, he ______the idea of going to Spain for a holiday.（A）gave in（B）dismissed（C）missed（D）struck17 He asked for $ 5, 000 in ______for the injury he suffered in the accident.（A）damages（B）losses（C）damage（D）loss18 Unfortunately, most public places are simply not geared ______the needs of people with disabilities.（A）with（B）for（C）to（D）at19 A solar cell takes radiation from the sun and ______it into electricity.（A）alters（B）modifies（C）shapes（D）converts20 His constructive proposal for improving the program is ______of our attention. （A）worth（B）worthy（C）worthwhile（D）worthless21 A good English learner is supposed to ______a large vocabulary.（A）command（B）order（C）control（D）lead22 The government has launched several campaigns to crack ______on pirating.（A）up（B）in（C）down（D）for23 Traditionally people believed that obesity resulted from overeating only. Today, however, many doctors believe that it is a (n) ______of genes.（A）affair（B）matter（C）thing（D）object24 We were so poor in those days that the whole family had only one ______and were ashamed of being seen.（A）clothes（B）clothing（C）garment（D）costume25 Everybody says that he takes ______his grandfather, with his big fleshy nose that takes ______too much space on his face.（A）to; up（B）after; up（C）of; off（D）from; away26 Seeing the closet on fire, he made a <u>futile</u> attempt to save the paintings from the flames. The underlined word probably means______.（A）prompt（B）frenzied（C）frantic（D）useless27 Her parents keep her on a short______, although she has turned 20.（A）leash（B）lash（C）blush（D）lush28 This is a widely ______book owing to its insightful understanding of the subject. （A）exclaimed（B）claimed（C）reclaimed（D）acclaimed29 Doctors recommend Vitamin C for keeping colds ______bay.（A）to（B）for（C）in（D）at30 Normally he is rather______, but sometimes he talks freely about himself.（A）reserved（B）informal（C）peaceful（D）sociable二、Reading Comprehension30 The temperature of the sun is over 5, 000 degrees Fahrenheit at the surface, but it rises to perhaps more than 16 million degrees at the center. The sun is so much hotter than the earth that matter can exist only as a gas, except at the core. In the core of the sun, the pressures are so great against the gases that, despite the high temperature, there may be a small solid core. However, no one really knows, since the center of the sun can never be directly observed.Solar astronomers do know that the sun is divided into five layers or zones. Starting at the outside and going down into the sun, the zones are the corona, chromosphere, photosphere, convection zone and finally the core. The first three zones are regarded as the sun's atmosphere. But since the sun has no solid surface, it is hard to tell where the atmosphere ends and the main body of the sun begins.The sun's outermost layer begins about 10, 000 miles above the visible surface and goes outward for millions of miles. This is the only part of the sun that can be seen during an eclipse such as the one in February 1979. At any other time, the corona can be seen only when special instruments are used on cameras and telescopes to shut out the glare of the sun's rays.The corona is a brilliant, pearly white, filmy light, about as bright as the full moon. Its beautiful rays are a sensational sight during an eclipse. The corona's rays flash out in a brilliant fan that has wispy spikelike rays near the sun's north and south poles. The corona is thickest at the sun's equator.The corona rays are made up of gases streaming outward at tremendous speeds and reaching a temperature of more than 2 million degrees Fahrenheit. The rays of gas thin out as they reach the space around the planets. By the time the sun's corona rays reach the Earth, they are weak and invisible.31 Matter on the sun can exist only in the form of gas because of the sun's______. （A）size（B）age（C）location（D）temperature32 The second paragraph is mainly concerned with______.（A）how the sun evolved（B）the structure of the sun（C）why scientists study the sun（D）the distance of the sun from the planets33 All of the following are parts of the sun's atmosphere EXCEPT the______.（A）corona（B）chromosphere（C）photosphere（D）core34 The word "glare" in the passage probably means______.（A）strong heat（B）harmful effect（C）bright unpleasant light（D）endless warmth35 According to the passage, as the corona rays reach the planets, they become______. （A）hotter（B）clearer（C）thinner（D）stronger36 Which of the following do the paragraphs following the passage most likely discuss? （A）The remaining layers of the sun.（B）The evolution of the sun to its present form.（C）The eclipse of February 1979.（D）The scientists who study astronomy.36 Seeing the wreck for the first time, under the great arc of a sunny sky on that level shore, I was initially impressed by its remoteness. Here was the focus of those weeks of discussion, of seemingly endless careful planning: a slightly projecting, elongated outline. The warmth of the day meant that many holiday-makers were about, and our equipment rapidly attracted them to the site, unmistakable with its brilliant orange marker, each attached to a steel post. These posts marked off the four corners of our working area, and were linked by a rope to keep it clear of curious sightseers.Many structural features of the wreck which would normally have been visible were obscured by the sand, which was not only right up to but even above the upper gun deck. We went to work immediately when the first low tide made a start possible, and set up our basic survey line running down the middle of the wreck from bow to stern. As we set about measuring the sides of the ship in their relation to survey line, the "Amsterdam" emerged as a vessel of substance, and more so when the members of the team had scoured her aged timbers free from mussel shells and seaweed.All this activity attracted an increasing number of sightseers, whose interest was natural and welcome, since the more people who were moved to understand what we were about, the better it was for archaeology in general and for the future preservation of the " Amsterdam" in particular. However, there were also predatory souvenir hunters who were most disappointed by our merely taking elaborate measurements, with no apparent intention of digging up more objects.37 Seeing the wreck of the "Amsterdam", the author was impressed by______.（A）its apparent isolation（B）its accessibility from the shore（C）the crowds of people round it（D）the effect of its outline against the sky38 According to the passage, the holiday-makers on the beach were______.（A）confined within a roped-off area（B）confined to the upper part of the wreck（C）kept well away from the orange markers（D）discouraged from entering the roped-off area39 The word "obscured" in the passage probably means______.（A）made clearer（B）made less clear（C）obtained（D）filled40 We are told that work on the wreck was made difficult by______. （A）the slope of the beach（B）the height of the ship（C）the number of holiday-makers（D）the volume of the sand41 The passage suggests that the "Amsterdam" had been a______. （A）submarine（B）warship（C）fishing boat（D）passenger liner42 The passage suggests that "I" was most likely a (n) ______. （A）reporter（B）archaeologist（C）tourist（D）beach keeper42 Nineteenth-century associationist theories assumed that the mind functions in terms of association, forming sets of concepts and experiences. Associationists argued that mental contents could be studied by noting the links of similarity, contrast and proximity which exist in an individual's thought and behavior patterns. Pavlov's notion of conditioning is itself base on the associationist theory that one stimulus becomes associated with another. If a bell is rung each time a dog is given food, the dog will become conditioned to salivate on hearing the bell ring, despite the absence of food.First used to investigate the differences in cognitive styles, word-association tests became a sensitive instrument for the detection of emotional concerns.In a word-association test, a subject is presented with a list of about 100 words as stimuli. Each word is chosen by the tester and the subject is required to respond with the first word that comes into his or her mind on hearing the stimulus word. The tester notes the subject's response time for each of the words with the use of a chronometer.It is argued that if the subject is emotionally indifferent to a stimulus word, the response time for the reaction is very short. If, on the other hand, the stimulus word carries emotional significance for the subject, the response time is likely to be significantly longer. In addition, reactions to significant words may also include hesitation, stuttering, involuntary movement or other symptoms of disturbance.Jung, who used word-association tests in the early part of his career, showed that family members, in particular mothers and daughters and husbands and wives, exhibited similar responses to the same stimulus words. He argued that this indicated a failure to achieve individuation and was indicative of the potentially negative dynamics that exist in family relationships.In a test carried out by Donald D. Jaffe, a pioneer of word-association tests, a subject was observed to exhibit delay and disturbance in response to the words "friend", "bottle", and "fight". Jaffe suggested that the subject had been involved in a drunken fight with a friend in which a window had been broken. The subject admitted that such an experience had, indeed, taken place and that the friend had asked the subject to pay for the damages resulting from injuries he had received.43 Associationist theories______.（A）were useful only for studying how people think（B）were first used by Jung in word-association tests（C）formed the basis for Pavlov's notion of conditioning（D）were used to assess a person's vocabulary44 According to the passage, a chronometer is a device to measure______.（A）time（B）facial expressions（C）voice（D）association between words45 In a word-association test, ______can be significant.（A）the time of response（B）the word provided by a subject（C）facial expressions of the subject on hearing the word（D）all of the above46 According to Jung, ______.（A）the father and the daughter in a family responded quite differently to a word stimulus（B）the similarity of the responses in a family indicated that the family members got on well with each other（C）the similarity of the responses in a family indicated that children in the family were not capable of individual thinking（D）if members in a family responded similarly to a word stimulus, the family was going to break up47 Jaffe's experiment shows that______.（A）the word-association test is very powerful（B）word-association tests can be used only for assessing unpleasant experiences （C）the subject was an aggressive man（D）the friend was right in asking the subject to pay for the injuries48 The passage mainly talks about the significance of word-association tests in assessing______.（A）people's cognitive styles（B）people's emotional concerns（C）people's potentials for a task（D）family relationships48 When we feel stressed, our adrenal glands release a peptide called Cortisol. Our body responds with Cortisol whether it faces physical, environmental, academic, or emotional danger. This triggers a string of physical reactions including depression of the immune system, tensing of the large muscles, blood-clotting, and increasing blood pressure. It's the perfect response to the unexpected presence of a sable-toothed tiger. But in school, that kind of response leads to problems. Chronically high Cortisol levels lead to the death of brain cells in the hippocampus, which is critical to explicit memory formation.These physical changes are significant. Stanford scientist Robert Sapolsky found that atrophy levels in the hippocampus of Vietnam veterans with PTSD (post-traumatic stress disorder) ranged from 8 to 24 percent above the control group. Chronic stress also impairs a student's ability to sort out what's important and what's not. Jacobs and Nadel (1985) suggest that thinking and memory are affected under stress. The brain's short-term memory and ability to form long-term memories are inhibited.There are other problems. Chronic stress makes students more susceptible to illness. In one study, students showed a depressed immune system at test time; they had lower levels of an important antibody for fighting infection. This may explain the vicious academic cycle; more test stress means more sickness, which means poor health and missed classes, which contribute to lower test scores.A stressful physical environment is linked to student failure. Crowded conditions, poor student relationships, and even lighting can matter. Optometrist Ray Gottlieb says thatschool stress causes vision problems. That in turn impairs academic achievement and self-esteem. He says that, typically, a stressed child will constrict breathing and change how he or she focuses to adapt to the stress. This pattern hurts learning in the short and long run. Under stress, the eyes become more attentive to peripheral areas as a natural way to spot predators first. This makes it nearly impossible to track across a page of print, staying focused on small areas of print.49 What does NOT Cortisol do?（A）It leads to the death of brain cell.（B）It causes the release of adrenal glandsblood-clotting.（C）It prepares one for the attack of saber-toothed tigers.（D）It affects one's immune system.50 Stress does NOT usually result in______.（A）lower atrophy levels（B）impaired ability to distinguish what is important and what is not（C）weakened thinking（D）inhibited ability to form short and long-term memories51 Which of the following statements is very possibly wrong?（A）People under chronic stress get ill easily.（B）People under chronic stress have more antibody than an average person.（C）The more test stress you have, the lower test scores you might have.（D）Test stress may produce better test scores.52 When would one very possibly NOT feel stressful?（A）When there are few people around.（B）When you do not have many friends.（C）When you are in very bright light.（D）When you read a book of small print.53 Ray Gottlieb is specialized in______.（A）stress studies（B）light studies（C）studies of human eyes（D）education studies54 When Ray Gottlieb says that school stress causes vision problems, he meansthat______.（A）stress leads to short-sightedness of students（B）stress affects students' breathing（C）stress leads to failure to spot predators（D）stress deviates students' focus of attention54 What is happening in the United States today is truly astonishing. In a society that prides itself on its preference for facts over hearsay, on its openness to research, and on its respect for "expert" opinion, parents, educators, administrators, and legislators are ignoring the facts, the research, and the expert opinion about how young children learn and how best to teach them.All across the country, educational programs intended for school-aged children are being appropriated for the education of young children. In some states (for example, New York, Connecticut, and Illinois) educational administrators are advocating that childrenenter school at age four. Many kindergarten programs have become full-day kindergartens, and nursery-school programs have become pre-kindergartens. Moreover, many of these kindergartens have introduced curricula, including work papers, once reserved for first-grade children. And in books addressed to parents a number of writers are encouraging parents to teach infants and young children reading, math, and science. When we instruct children in academic subjects, or in swimming, gymnastics, or ballet, at too early an age, we miseducate them; we put them at risk for short-term stress and long-term personality damage for no useful purpose. There is no evidence that such early instruction has lasting benefits, and considerable evidence that it can do lasting harm.Why, then, are we engaging in such unhealthy practices on so vast a scale? Like all social phenomena, the contemporary miseducation of large numbers of infants and young children derives from the coming together of multiple and complex social forces that both generate and justify these practices. One thing is sure: miseducation does not grow out of established knowledge about what is good pedagogy for infants and young children. Rather, the reasons must be sought in the changing values, size, structure, and style of American families, in the residue of the 1960s efforts to ensure equality of education for all groups, and in the new status, competitive, and computer pressures experienced by parents and educators in the eighties.While miseducation has always been with us — we have always had pushy parents —today it has become a societal norm. If we do not wake up to the potential danger of these harmful practices, we may do serious damage to a large segment of the next generation.55 What is happening in the United States today is truly astonishing because______. （A）people prefer facts over hearsay（B）the Americans are open to research（C）the Americans respect expert opinions（D）many people are blind to facts, research and expert opinions56 Which of the following statements is right according to the text?（A）Educational programs are adopted for young children.（B）Children enter school at age four in the US.（C）Nursery school are becoming more like kindergartens in the US.（D）Parents teach infants and young children reading, math, and science in the US.57 We should not instruct children in academic subjects, or in swimming, gymnastics, or ballet, at too early an age because______.（A）there are short-term stress and long-term personality damages（B）it is not useful（C）it brings too many benefits to be useful（D）we miseducate them58 Which of the following statements is wrong?（A）We educate our children wrongly because social forces make us to do so.（B）We educate our children wrongly because we believe it is good for infants and young children.（C）We educate our children wrongly because our values, size, structure, and style of American families have changed.（D）We educate our children wrongly because we did it to ensure better education of our children.59 The term "miseducation" means______in the passage.（A）educating children wrongly（B）educating children at too early an age（C）educating children according to wrong theories（D）educating children wrong types of knowledge60 Which of the following best sums up the arguments of the text?（A）Education and misdeucation.（B）Parents and education.（C）Kindergartens, nurseries and schools in the US.（D）Health of US education.61 What do you think of the word-association tests as discussed in Passage 3?62 Do you think our, body's response with Cortisol is harmful to our health? Why? (This question is based on Passage 4)63 Please explain in your own words why stress can cause a vicious academic cycle. ( This question is based on Passage 4)64 Many Americans think that very early education is important because they find support from recent educational studies. Do you agree with the statement? (This question is based on Passage 5)65 Why has miseducation become a societal norm? (This question is based on Passage 5)三、Writing66 Directions: Please write a paper of no fewer than 300 words about the following question: Do you think, with growing power of China, Chinese will become an international language in the future? Why?答案见麦多课文库。

SECTION A: Translate the following underlined part of the Chinese text into English.（原文）哲学家们以各种各样的方式解释世界。

哲学是言而不是行。

哲学家断乎改变不了自然与社会。

是不能也，非不为也。

哲学不是科学技术，不是生产力。

哲学是怀疑，是思虑，是静观，是探索。

严格来说，哲学不是解释宇宙，那是自然科学的事。

哲学家至多只能解释人生，解释自己，解释文本。

哲学也不是知，不是知识体系，不是几何学、物理学那样一大套公理、公式，可以解决实际生存问题。

哲学的精神永远是探究、怀疑、发问、沉思；而不是提供现成的答案。

哲学家有些不食人间烟火，他远离田野车间，甚至也不拿天文望远镜观察观察天体，而只是坐在静谧的书斋里读书、思考，思索那些具有终极意义、虚无缥缈的本体问题。

哲学家孤苦伶仃，独处一室之中。

面对古往今来的大哲学家遗留下来的问题，他苦苦沉思。

他唯一富有的是文本，哲学因而就是解释文本，而不是解释宇宙。

哲学家只是一味地同古往今来的灵魂交谈--他读书，是同古昔人物交谈；他写作，是同子孙后代交谈；他讲演，是同莘莘学子交谈；他沉思，是同自己交谈。

他长于洞见，洞见未来；他善于遐想，遐想无限；他耽于梦幻，幻游彼岸；他富于关怀，关怀永恒。

他同远在天涯的哲人和精神交谈，在这个意义上，他视通万里，思接千载。

他伟大，他不朽，他同古往今来的灵魂对话。

以哲学为命运的人应当准备在崎岖小路上独行，没有目的，也不会有黄金滚滚而来。

告别鲜花、头衔、掌声和奖品，钟情于思，就会有真哲学。

（参考译文）Philosophers interpret the world through a myriad of ways. Philosophy is more speculative than active. In no way do philosophers transform nature or society. This is not because they do not wish to, but because they are unable to. Philosophy does not work the way that science and technology do, and for this reason, philosophy does not represent a form of production force. What philosophy does represent are skepticism, reflection, contemplation, and exploration.Strictly speaking, philosophy does not attempt at explicating the universe, a responsibility that primarily resides with natural sciences. At their best, philosophers can only interpret life, interpret themselves, and interpret texts. Philosophy does not pretend to be knowledge, hence it does not aim at the construction of a system of knowledge, dissimilar to geometry or physics whose colossal framework of axioms and formulas can provide immediate solutions to the pragmatic problems of human survival. The essence of philosophy lies in eternal questing, questioning, inquiring, and meditating. Philosophy is under no obligation to furnish ready and handy answers. To some extent, philosophers tend to refrain from any secular involvements. A philosopher seldom frequents farmlands or factories, and he even never bothers to look through a telescope to make any observation of celestial bodies. He is only fond of staying in his personal library, in all its quietude, where he indulges himself in book-reading and in musing, pondering on those intangible ontological issues that he deems to be of ultimate significance. A philosopher is willing to surrender himself to utter loneliness and seclusion, confining himself to a room of his own, in a state of overwhelming solitude. In the face of the philosophical issues left over by great philosophical thinkers ancient and modern, he contemplates painstakingly. The only wealth to his possession is texts. Therefore, the task of philosophy is to interpret texts rather than to interpret the universe.A philosopher is solely concerned with conducting dialogues with the great souls from ancient antiquity to the contemporary era. In reading books, he converses with the ancients. In writing hisown books, he converses with the progeny. In delivering lectures, he converses with a multitude of young students. In contemplating, he converses with himself. He is adept at insights, penetrating into the future. He excels in speculations, speculating on the infinite. He indulges in reveries, traveling in the otherworld in unbounded fantasy. He abounds in sympathies, concerned about the eternal. He converses with the philosophers and the great minds in the remotest corners of the earth. In this sense, his vision extends into the infinite distance and his thoughts are connected with the past and the future. His vision and thoughts transcend all spatiotemporal boundaries whatsoever. He is great; he is immortal; because he is in permanent dialogue with the great souls of the past, the present and the future ……A person who pursues philosophy as his destiny must be ready to trudge along a lonely path replete with twists and turns, purposelessly and aimlessly. Nor should he expect to reap any materialistic rewards. He should be fully prepared to bid farewell to bouquets of flowers, honorary titles, applauses, and prizes in favor of committing himself solely to a life of meditation and contemplation. Only in such a state will true philosophy be born.SECTION B：Translate the following underlined part of the English text into Chinese Translate the following into Chinese(2001)Until early in this century, the isolationist tendency prevailed in American foreign policy. Then two factors projected America into world affairs: its rapidly expanding power, and the gradual collapse of the international system centered on Europe. The watershed presidencies marked this progression: Theodore Roosevelt's (1) and Woodrow Wilson's (2). These men held the reins of government when world affairs were drawing a reluctant nation into their vortex. Both recognized that America had a crucial role to play in world affairs though they justified its emergence from isolation with opposite philosophies.Roosevelt was a sophisticated analyst of the balance of power. He insisted on an international role for America because its national interest demanded it, and because a global balance of power was inconceivable to him without American participation. For Wilson, the justification of America's international role was messianic: America had an obligation, not to the balance of power, but to spread its principles throughout the world. During the Wilson's Administration, America emerged as a key player in world affairs, proclaiming principles which, while reflecting the truisms of American though, nevertheless marked a revolutionary departure for Old World diplomats. These principles held that peace depends on the spread of democracy, that states should be judged by the same ethical criteria as individuals, and that the national interest consists of adhering to a universal system of law.To hardened veterans of a European diplomacy based on the balance of power, Wilson's views about the ultimately moral foundations of foreign policy appeared strange, even hypocritical. Yet Wilsonianism has survived while history has bypassed the reservations of his contemporaries. Wilson was the originator of the vision of a universal world organization, the League of Nations, which would keep the peace through collective security rather than alliance. Though Wilson could not convince his own country of its merit, the idea lived on. It is above all to the drumbeat of Wilsonian idealism that American foreign policy has marched since his watershed presidency, and continues to march to this day.America's singular approach to international affairs did not develop all at once, or as the consequence of a solitary inspiration. In the early years of the Republic, American foreign policywas in fact a sophisticated reflection of the American national interest, which was, simply, to fortify the new nation's independence. Since no European country was capable of posing an actual threat so long as it had to contend with rivals, the Founding Fathers showed themselves quite ready to manipulate the despised balance of power when it suited their needs indeed, they could be extraordinarily skillful at maneuvering between France and Great Britain not only to preserve America's independence but to enlarge its frontiers. Because they really wanted neither side to win a decisive victory in the wars of the French Revolution, they declared neutrality. Jefferson defined the Napoleonic Wars as a contest between the tyrant on the land (France) and the tyrant of the ocean (England) -in other words, the parties in the European struggle were morally equivalent. Practicing an early form of nonalignment, the new nation discovered the benefit of neutrality as a bargaining tool, just as many an emerging nation has since.（参考译文）直到本世纪初，孤立主义倾向在外交政策中一直大行其道。