欧洲传统文化论文

欧洲文化的论文（3）关于欧洲文化的论文范文”[7]基督教教义在一定程度上成为了高级文化的载体，它促进了欧洲人的思想开化。

这一过程使得基督教成为欧洲人精神世界的统治者，奠定了其在欧洲人统一意识形态与价值观念中的统治地位。

作为中世纪意识形态的主导，基督教的教条成为了欧洲文化中伦理道德的规范。

基督教在中世纪时期有着其整体化的机构与活动。

其教义的传播者教士是文化的象征，而其物质载体修道院则成为教化民众的场所，是当时社会主要的文化中心。

修道院因其重要的文化地位和影响成为现代大学的前身。

可以说，基督教对欧洲人统一性的精神统治在欧洲认同观念的形成中起到了中流砥柱的作用。

综上所述，欧洲认同观念有着深刻的文化根源。

古希腊罗马文化是欧洲文明的起源，基督教文化是欧洲人共同的精神家园，二者为欧洲认同的形成奠定了坚实的基础。

只有深入探究欧洲认同形成的文化根源才能深刻地认识欧洲及其不断加强的一体化进程。

参考文献：[1] 郑晓云. 文化认同与文化变迁[M]. 北京：中国社会科学出版社，1993.[2] 马克思，恩格斯. 马克思恩格斯选集(第四卷)[M]. 北京：人民出版社， 1972.[3] 伊迪丝·汉密尔顿. 希腊方式—通向西方文明的源泉 [M]. 杭州：浙江人民出版社，1988.[4] W. Fleming. Arts and Ideas [M]. New York， 1968.[5] 陈乐民，周弘. 欧洲文明扩张史[M]. 北京：东方出版中心，1999.[6] Anthony Pagden. The Idea of Europe [M]. Woodrow Wilson Center Press and Cambridge University Press. U.K. 2002.[7] 惠一鸣. 欧洲联盟发展史(上). 北京：中国社会科学出版社，2003年第1版.。

欧洲文化英语作文European culture is incredibly diverse and rich, with each country having its own unique traditions, customs, and history. From the passionate flamenco of Spain to the refined elegance of French cuisine, there is something for everyone to appreciate and enjoy in Europe.One of the most iconic aspects of European culture is its art and architecture. From the grandeur of the Eiffel Tower in Paris to the ancient ruins of Rome, the continent is filled with breathtaking masterpieces that have stood the test of time. The art of Europe reflects the history and values of its people, and it continues to inspire and captivate audiences from around the world.In addition to its artistic achievements, Europe is also known for its rich literary tradition. From the plays of Shakespeare to the novels of Tolstoy, Europeanliterature has had a profound impact on the world. The continent has been home to some of the greatest writers andthinkers in history, and their works continue to be celebrated and studied to this day.European culture is also deeply rooted in its music and dance. From the passionate rhythms of flamenco to the classical compositions of Mozart, Europe has a diverse and vibrant musical heritage. Whether it's a lively folk dance or a grand opera performance, the continent offers a wide range of musical experiences for people to enjoy.In conclusion, European culture is a treasure trove of artistic, literary, and musical achievements. Its diverse traditions and rich history continue to inspire and captivate people from around the world. Whether it's exploring the grand museums of Paris or attending a traditional festival in a small village, there is always something new and exciting to discover in Europe.。

河北大学工商学院添些学校《xxx》结课论文题目：欧洲文化之哥特式建筑姓名：黄文泽性别：男专业：xxx班级：xxx学号：xxx欧洲文化之哥特式建筑欧洲文化博大精深历史悠久，无论是其人文艺术方面的发展还是其自然科学的严谨都吸引了广大的研究者和历史文化爱好者，经过本学期老师对欧州文化的讲解，我对本来就很感兴趣的欧洲建筑有了更深的了解和认识，下面我从其起源、建筑特点以及对现代建筑的影响简述下我眼中的欧洲建筑的代表——哥特式建筑。

哥特式建筑是中世纪下半叶起源于法国13——15世纪流行于欧洲的一种建筑风格。

主要见于天主教堂也影响到世俗建筑。

哥特式建筑以其超高的技术和艺术成就，在建筑史上占有重要是地位。

其特点主要是尖塔高耸,尖形拱门,大窗户及绘有圣经故事的花窗玻璃.营造出轻盈修长的飞天的感觉.以及新的框架结构以增加支撑顶部的力量.使整个建筑以直线线条,宏伟的外观和教堂内空阔的空间, 再结合镶着彩色玻璃的长窗,使教堂里产生一种浓厚的宗教气氛.教堂的平面仍是基本的拉丁十字型,但是其西端门的两侧增加一对高塔。

哥特式建筑结构也十分多样，主要有尖肋拱顶，飞扶壁，花窗玻璃等，下面就各国建筑代表为例来介绍哥特式结构在建筑上的体现。

意大利的哥特式建筑于十二世纪由国外传入,主要影响于北部地区.意大利没有真正接受哥特式建筑的结构体系和造型原型,只是把它当做是一种装饰风格,所以在意大利很难找到纯粹的哥特式建筑.威尼斯的世俗建筑有很多的杰作,圣马可广场上的总督宫被认为是中世纪的世俗建筑中最美丽的作品之一,成为广场的标志.城市里一般建有许多高塔,总体轮廓线很美.德国最早的哥特式教堂之一的科隆主教堂于1248年兴工,由建造过亚眠主教堂的法国人设计,有法国盛行的哥特式建筑的风格.德国的教堂很早就形成了自己的形制和风格,如德国的马尔堡的圣伊莉莎白教堂的建筑结构体现了德国教堂建筑的最早特点：屋顶平缓，陡坡屋面罩在拱顶上，高度相等的教堂中厅和侧厅，教堂内部采光是依靠端体墙上高窄普通的窗户，全然去除尖顶、高侧窗、飞扶壁等等之类的样式，可谓一大创新。

欧洲文化英文作文European culture is incredibly diverse, with each country having its own unique traditions, food, and customs. From the passionate flamenco dancing in Spain to theelegant ballet performances in Russia, there is a widerange of artistic expression to be found across the continent.The culinary scene in Europe is also a reflection ofits rich cultural heritage. From the hearty sausages and beer in Germany to the delicate pastries and coffee in France, each country has its own distinct flavors anddishes that are a source of national pride.European history is filled with tales of conquest, exploration, and innovation. The ancient ruins of Rome, the medieval castles of England, and the modern architecture of Germany all tell the story of a continent that has been shaped by centuries of conflict and progress.The fashion industry in Europe is a global powerhouse, with cities like Paris, Milan, and London leading the way in setting trends and shaping style. From haute couture to streetwear, European fashion is known for its creativity and innovation.The music of Europe is as diverse as its people, with everything from classical symphonies to electronic dance music finding a home on the continent. Each country has its own unique musical traditions and styles, making Europe a vibrant and dynamic hub for music lovers.European literature has also made a significant impact on the world, with writers like Shakespeare, Dante, and Tolstoy leaving a lasting legacy. From epic poems to modern novels, European literature continues to inspire and captivate readers around the globe.。

关于欧洲文化论文推荐文章关于欧洲文化的论文热度：医院试用期工作总结以及计划热度：社团文化节领导讲话稿范文热度：2017年校园文化建设工作计划范文热度：欧洲歌唱大赛2017歌单热度：文化存在着多层次性，有全人类的文化，也有各个民族的文化、各个社会的文化，在同一个民族、同一个社会中也会因为地域的不同、信仰的不同，产生出天线不同民族、不同社会、不同地域的文化。

那么关于欧洲的文化是怎么样的呢?下文是店铺为大家整理的关于欧洲文化论文的范文，欢迎大家阅读参考!关于欧洲文化论文篇1古希腊神话——欧洲文化的摇篮古希腊神话大约诞生于公元前8世纪，传承至今，在历史的长河中魅力无穷。

古希腊神话详细描绘了希腊人民自古心中的诸神、自然和宇宙的神话。

它的流传主要是靠古希腊人民长期口头相传下来的。

后来主要通过Homa's epic《荷马史诗》及古希腊的诗集、戏剧、哲学著作记载，传承下来。

古希腊神话包括了希腊神话中最重要的诸神开天辟地、神普关系等方面的故事，是有关希腊神话的早期资料。

古希腊神话不仅滋养了希腊本国的文化发展，而且在后世给予西方文化发展以不可磨灭的推动作用和奠基作用。

一、古代欧洲文艺发展的源泉古希腊神话是古代欧洲文学艺术兴起的源泉和土壤。

世界著名的古希腊三大悲剧诗人埃斯库罗斯、索福克里斯和欧利皮德思流传下来的三十四部悲剧中有三十三部是以神话为题材的。

现在人们可以在古希腊历史学家希罗多德的著作《历史》中收索到大量的原始的古希腊神话。

同时，古希腊神话为后期的罗马文学带来了无穷的素材资源和创作想象力。

比如说，在古罗马神话中，诸神的形象与古希腊神话相同，取名不同。

如爱神的希腊名字是Venus，罗马名字是Aphrodite;希腊神话中战神叫Ares，罗马名字则是Mars。

在古希腊奴隶制社会时期，古代欧洲的戏剧和文艺理论各方面都取得了巨大的成就。

其中最具代表性的是著名的古希腊文学家、哲学家柏拉图(Plato)和亚里士多德(Aristotle)。

《欧美文化与风情》论文（精选五篇）第一篇：《欧美文化与风情》论文本课程考查方式要求：同学们在老师所列题目中任选一题写作学科论文，（题目也可以自拟）字数要达到3000字以上，以此作为课程考察成绩。

注意事项：（1）统一使用学校的作业纸。

（2）最后一次上课时上交论文，过期不再收取作业。

1.英国的社会发展2.英国的文化与生活3.英国的礼仪习俗4.英国观光与旅游5.法国的服饰6.法国的社会发展7.法国的文化与生活8.食在法国9.法国人的生活习俗10.浪漫情怀看法国15.美国政府16.美国的“驴象之争”17.美国的礼貌习俗18.美国的高等教育19.美国大学生的生活20.美国法治一瞥21.美国社会掠影22.加拿大的文化教育22.加拿大的衣食住行23.加拿大的社会福利制度24.走遍加拿大作业题目第二篇：欧美婚礼文化论文11级人力一班魏本栋欧美婚礼文化论文婚礼，一个浪漫而温馨的名词，它是情侣步入婚姻的大门，也是夫妻关系确立的标志，婚礼是一个开始，从此夫妻之间要相互鼓励、相互搀扶，相守一生，因而，各种美好的祝愿也都在这样一个与众不同的日子变得更加有意义、更加的珍贵。

当然，随着祝福而来的就是各种各样的婚俗，人们愿意将每一种仪式都赋予它特殊的意义，充满了浪漫和美好的气息，由于中西方文化的不同，这些婚礼中的仪式和习俗在时间的累积中也渐渐有了差异，虽然随着经济和交流的全球化，许多的中西方的婚俗进行了混合，但是中西方的婚俗始终有不可替代的差异。

对于我们中国人来说，结婚是一件大喜事，既是喜事当然要办的热热闹闹、喜气洋洋，这也是我们自古以来的传统。

中国人喜欢热闹的气氛，因而婚礼的地点当然也要是能闹起来的地方。

在古代，人们会选在开阔的场院里，大家围坐桌前，爽朗的笑声，锣鼓喧天，鞭炮齐鸣，一派祥和与红火。

在当代难以寻得过去的场院，交通方便的大型酒店自然成了首选，与以往一样，从招待到入席，所有的人，无论是主人还是客人，脸上都洋溢着幸福的微笑，席间的欢歌笑语都体现了热闹这一传统。

欧洲文化入门小论文第一篇：欧洲文化入门小论文Renaissance’s influence on Europe IntroductionThe word “Renaissance” means “rebirth”.It meant the reintroduction into Western Europe of the full cultural heritage of Greece and Rome.The essence of the Renaissance is Humanism.Attitudes and feelings which had been characteristic of the 14th and 15th centuries persisted well down into the era of Humanism and Reformation.In my paper, I do like to talk about the influence on the Europe which brought by Renaissance, it will be elaborated in aspects of art, economy, politic and humanism.Basic origin of Renaissance On 14th century, with the development of factory manufacturing and commodity economy，capitalist economic relations had gradually formed inside the European feudal system.In the aspect of politics，feudal separationist rules had caused epidemic discontent, and people began to have national consciousness.The public in Europe expressed their strong desires about unity of nation.Thereby, culture and arts areas also showed the interests and requirements about the emerging capitalism in this new period.Thus here came the Renaissance.Renaissance refers to a ideological and cultural movement which started in cities among Italy from 13th century，then extended to western European countries and finally prevailed in the whole Europe.It brought a revolution period of science and arts.Besides, it lifted the curtain on the history of Europe.Renaissance is recognized as the dividing line between the middle ages and modern times.InfluenceRenaissance has an important impact on art, economy,political and humanism of Europe.It is the New Culture Movement and Cultural Revolution of the bourgeoisie.Art In art, the most prosperous period of Italian Renaissance was the 16th century.It’s representative artist are Da Vinci, Michelangelo and Raphael.Renaissance brought about sense of change in all aspects of life and a favorable atmosphere for artistic innovation and experimentation.Colours of arts are very varied and graceful and artist used bright colours bravely to show that people had entered a new period of golden age.Talented artist used their opus to reflect the transition of the thought in the society.For example, Mona Lisa Smile, magnum opus from Da Vinci, it described a wife of merchant instead of noblewoman.This painting told people life can be happy even in such a dark society like that time and it also hinted the change of women’s society statuses.This portraiture was recognized as the laurel of world arts masterpiece.It conveys appreciation to beauty of women and the abundant spirit life of people.What’s more, wealth gathered in towns created demand for refinement in arts and variety in form and content.Renaissance replaced the medieval notions of painting and sculpture as crafts only to decorate churches by that of highly intellectual artistic accomplishments, with merge of art and science.For example, Villa Rotonda , Notre Dame de Paris, St Peter's and so on.Its also prevent free literary creation, but its restless curiosity, its interest in the world and its urban influences created a demand for a native literature that expressed the new life then;and its individuality with a concern for fame drove writers to do experiments to win praise from critics and support from patrons.For example, Dante’s The Divine Melody and Petrarch’s Love sonnets.The arts in Renaissance not only establish the foundation of European realism arts, but also impelpeople to pursuit better society lives with its profound spiritual connotation and exquisite artistry.The masterpieces which created in Renaissance are captivating and master-designed.They become the priceless treasures in treasure house of human.Renaissance had a great influence on development of the world’s art, it can encourage people to lead a positive life and it proposed the explore spirit.It played a essential role in the development of human beings.Economy In financial terms, Renaissance, as a mind emancipation movement to develop and expand cultural of the emerging bourgeoisie, laid an important foundation of the sprout of the early capitalism in it’s transmit.In the meantime, Renaissance accumulated original wealth for the early capitalism.Renaissance first started from Italy, and then transferred to Atlantic coast from the Mediterranean Coast by transmission.Many famous boom city like Roman, Florence, Venice and other cities appeared.Capitalist industry and commerce began to develop prosperously.What’s more, capital started to swarm into the pockets of capitalism.Renaissance provided requirements to exploitation of the new route, reformation of religious reform and the later the revolution of bourgeoisie.Political The occurrence of every important activity will affect the art aspect, the financial term, also the politic.On 14th century, Europe began to enter the modern civilization period.Industry and commerce developed prosperously and capitalism appeared in many cities.Emerging bourgeoisie began to enter the political stage.The needed new ideologies to speak in defense of interests of politic and economy which they pursuit.The needed new academics and culture to support what they want to do.Thus, a totally new Modern spirit came into being.Renaissance was the new culture movement whichobjected to religious authority and feudalism.Then, how did the Renaissance affect the political system in Europe? First, commerce replaced the Catholic as the unifying force in Europe.Second, because of the bourgeoisie’s struggle for political control, the Holy Roman Empire and the Roman Catholic Church declined.Third, rulers of the Italian city-states thus empowered for expansion abroad.Fourth, on account of their wish for peace and order after civil wars, Monarchies was consolidated in France, England and Spain.Humanism The last part I want to talk is the humanism effects brought to Europe by Renaissance.As an individual, one should get important social position by his ability to gain knowledge.With this view, architects begin to design as people-based, painters and sculptors paid much attention to individuals.People tried to comprehend physiology and psychology structure of human beings and thinking process.Renaissance and its accompanying humanist philosophy were the most important reform in the history of human beings.The centre of this power was a knowledge group which named humanist.They pursuit the concept of humanism and their basic theory was realism.Their purposes were reclaiming peaceful and happy lives for people.Humanism studied the value of people, the spirit of people, the life of people and the felicity of people.Then, how did the Renaissance affect the development of humanism? Renaissance made philosophy emphasized the dignity and worth of the individual, it was the originated in the study of classical culture.By the study of grammar, rhetoric, history, poetry and ethics of humanities, people developed hisphysically, morally and intellectually.Humanism brought a new art form by its totally new understanding about thecivilization and the world.It connects people and space.ConclusionRenaissance was the shed between middle ages and modern times.It was the consensus premise for bourgeois revolution.It assisted Europe getting rid of the constraints from feudal religious and it was the prelude for Europe to expand to the world.Reference 徐新编著《西方文化史》北京大学出版社叶胜年著《西方文化史鉴》上海外国语教育学院第二篇：欧洲文化入门《巴黎圣母院》读后感读完了《巴黎圣母院》，文中的丑与美，善与恶，在我的脑海里留下了挥之不去的印象。

Eastern and western cultureAbstract：Culture is a term that has various meanings. In general terms, culture is a kind of social phenomenon; it is the product of a long-term creation. And at the same time, it is a historical phenomenon as well as the social and historical sediment. To be precise, culture refers to the history, geography, local conditions and customs, traditions, way of life, literature and art, behavior standards, the mode of thinking, the value of a state or nation.key words：Western culture/eastern culture/difference and similarity/attitude1．western culture1.1.What is western culture?European culture is made up of many elements, which have gone through changes over the centuries. Two of these elements are considered to be more enduring and they are: the Greco-Roman element, and the Judeo-Christian element, and there has been a complex interplay between the two, which adds to the richness of the culture.Then what is western culture?Western culture refers to cultures of European origin. Roots of the Western civilization may be traced back to 9000 BC, when the firstgreat cultures grew out of agricultural cores in South-West Asia, China, Pakistan, Mexico, and Peru. The Westernmost of this Old World's agricultural cores, the area around the headwaters of the Euphrates, Tigris, and Jordan Rivers in South-West Asia, spread outwards across Europe. Western culture in its strictly European geographical range began with the Greeks, was enlarged and strengthened by the Romans, reformed and modernized by the fifteenth-century Renaissance and Reformation, and globalize by successive European empires that spread the European ways of life and education between the sixteenth and twentieth centuries. European Culture developed with a complex range of philosophy, medieval scholasticism and mysticism, Christian and secular humanism. Rational thinking developed through a long age of change and formation with the experiments of enlightenment, naturalism, romanticism, science, democracy, and socialism. With its global connection, European culture grew with an all-inclusive urge to adopt, adapt, and ultimately influence other trends of culture.2. Eastern cultureWhen it comes to Chinese culture, we will first thinkabout Confucianism. And we will call Confucius to our mind. Now, let me give you some other examples that related to Chinese culture.2.1. Study of Chinese Folklore in ChinaThe Book of Songs, the earliest known Chinese collection of poetry, contains 160 folk songs in addition to courtly songs and hymns. It is believed that Confucius did encourage his followers to study the songs contained in the Shi Jing, helping to secure the Shi Jing’s place among the Five Classics. After Confucian ideas became further entrenched in Chinese culture, Confucius’ end orsement led many scholars to study the lyrics of the Shi Jing and interpret them as political allegories and commentaries.2.2. Numbers in Chinese cultureIn Chinese culture, certain numbers are believed by some to be auspicious (吉利) or inauspicious (不利) based on the Chinese word that the number name sounds similar to. However some Chinese people regard these beliefs to be superstitions. Since the pronunciation and the vocabulary may be different in different Chinese dialects, the rules are generally not applicable for all cases. Because of the supposed auspiciousness of certain numbers, some peoplewill often choose, attempt to obtain, or pay large sums for numbers that are considered to be lucky for their phone numbers, street addresses, residence floor, driver's license number, vehicle license plate number, bank account number, etc.Lucky numbers are based on Chinese words that sound similar to other Chinese words. The numbers 6, 8, and 9are believed to have auspicious meanings because their names sound similar to words that have positive meanings.2.3. Table mannersChinese table manners are the traditional styles that are used for eating in the region of China. In most dishes in Chinese cuisine(烹饪), food is cooked in bite-sized pieces and easy to grab and eat. Therefore, chopsticks are used at the table instead of forks and knives. Eating is a dominant aspect of the Chinese culture. In China, eating out is one of the most accepted ways to treat guests. Similar to Westerners drinking in a bar with friends, eating together in China is a way to socialize and deepen friendship.There are many traditions that govern table manners in China such as the correct treatment of guests and how touse chopsticks correctly. Although each Chinese household has its own set of table manners and rules, the foundational traditions used to welcome guests are the same.3. The difference between western culture and eastern culture.As we know, there are so many differences between east and west culture. And I can not list all of their different aspects. For your better understanding, I will focus on the differences of some common customs of China and America.3.1.It is no doubt that using chopstick is a traditional custom for Chinese people. But people in America prefer to forks and knives. This difference is based on different food they like .Americans choose to eat beefsteak, bread, and salad, while Chinese people choose noodles, pancakes and rice. What’s more, the custom of drinking tea in China and drinking coffee in America are standing out particularly.3.2.Greeting and PartingIn China, when people meet acquaintances or friends, we always say, “Have you eaten yet?” What are you going to do?” but In English, people often employ the following expressions to greet each other “Goodmorning/evening/afternoon. “Fine day, isn’t it? ” “How is everything going?” etc3.3. Compliments and ResponseFor example, if a hostess is complimented for her cooking skill, how she will response in west and china?A Chinese hostess will apologize for giving you “Nothing”. She will say“I just made some dishes casually and they are not very tasty.”But an western hostess is likely to say, “Oh, I am so glad that you liked it. I cook it especially for you.”3.4. Thanks and ResponsesIn China,“Thank you” is not frequently used between intimate friends and family members because it may imply a certain distance between the addresser and the addressee. But “Thank you” is widely used in English to show gratitude in such cases as being invited, helped, given a gift, etc. So much examples, I hope you could have a better understanding of Chinese and European culture.4. The attitude we should take toward different culture. There are so many difference between two culture background. For our Chinese, there is no denying that the European culture is worthy to be learned by us. But during thisprocess, how will we treat this civilization and use it? It’s really necessary for us to think over.Someone says that the western culture is superior. It is one of the reasons they learn about it. But on the contrary, many people strongly disagree with this, they believe our own culture is the best, and we should keep it without any change. In my opinion, in order to develop our culture, we should do like the following.4.1. remove the dross while keeping the essence.First, the advantage such as education system, we should learn from other country. But the disadvantage like our own festival, we should keep it going from generation to generation. Only by doing this can our culture developed in the right way.4.2 Borrow the foreign cultures while using our brains.In the second place, we should borrow the foreign cultures while using our brains. Have you realized that you are the sacrificial lamb instead of flaunting the individuality when you are going for the western-cultured skirt and the junk food? Today, our traditional culture which should be carried forward is destroyed seriously by the culture abroad. If one day Confucius possibly revives,don’t you feel that it is so dismal to point at the classical roofs of the skyscrapers beside the Chang’an Street and tell him, “This is our Chinese civilization”? Looking at our Chinese architecture, except the so-called classical architecture “culture heritage” es tablished by the culture protection association, most of the architectures are of “modern style”. Maybe the reason is that they are the product of imitating the style of western architecture. They have no origins as well as belongings. So we can just cal t hem “modern”. Can we say that we learn from the west well? Many parents bring their children to the KFC without minding waiting for a long time because there are so many people queuing up and waiting for there turn. This kind of improper education, which fawning on the foreign things, leads to the distruction of our cultural root which is actually insecure before. We does not imitate well, while gradually lost our tradition. The most fundamental or important things are often been ignored. We have our Confucius(the founder of our dominant culture), Zhuangzi(the most intelligent philosopher), Qin Shi Huang(the most influential statesman), Xuanzang(the most serious adoptionist and scholar)… There is no lack ofsages while people in this generation are lacking mind or ideas.Someone says that pro-human life culture is Western culture. And the extent to which a nation embraces Western culture is the extent to which it is free, prosperous, modern and peaceful. That is supportive of human life. One need only look at life expectancies around the world to see that whether this is true.The civilization of our own was delivered from generation to generation for thousands of years. But today, we can see obviously that citizens of our nation are becoming more and more fa wning on foreign things. It’s so easy to find a shirt with English words. It’s so prevailing to wear jeans. We like going into the European-styled restaurant to enjoy the western food. We say “Bye-bye” instead of “zaijian”. What’s more, our traditional festivals like the Spring Festival are desolated. We celebrate the Valentine’s Day every February instead of the Chinese Valentine’s Day according to the lunar calendar every June.参考文献：。

欧洲文化导论论文第一篇：欧洲文化导论论文欧洲文化导论论文：文艺复兴摘要：文艺复兴的兴起既是中世纪黑暗之后的必然后果，也有其复杂的历史背景。

作为一次著名的思想解放运动，它对欧洲甚至全世界都产生了巨大的影响。

一.文艺复兴背景：1.宗教因素：中世纪的文明是基督教的文明，一教统治的文明，它对异教的文明是消极的，甚至是敌视的。

在思维上是超理性的,它的道德规范是安分守己、容忍谦恭和卑视财富。

这些教谕是符合农业社会的自给自足的经济的。

而这些教谕完全禁锢了人们的思想，但同时新兴的资产阶级又急于冲破其思想束缚。

2.阶级因素：资本主义是文艺复兴的前提和基础。

资本主义为文艺复兴奠定了深厚的物质基础。

文艺复兴是一个长达三百年的历史时期,在这个时期内不仅有光辉的艺术,宏伟的建筑,人民的起义,还有连绵的战争,肆虐的黑孔病。

如果当时的意大利城市共和国还建筑在中世纪手工业的经济基础上,很难设想意大利在文艺复兴时期能取得辉煌的成就。

资本主义改变了人民的生活方式,从而使人们的价值观念也发生了变化。

人文主义者对财富、对自由和民主的歌颂,反映了新生资产阶级的要求和世界观。

可以说，正是资本主义引导着文艺复兴发展的方向。

3经济因素：经济方面的因素包括贸易和商业的迅速发展和城市的快速崛起。

由于新的商人阶层的形成，这使商人能够获得较高的社会地位，促进了商业的发展。

商业促进了经济的快速发展和社会的繁荣。

商业和贸易依靠的是市场，而市场恰恰是城市经济的中心。

因而我们可以看到城市的复兴步伐加快，加之市民阶层的兴起以及西欧从古典时代继承下来的民主制度，城市自治运动在这时期兴起并得以发展。

二.文艺复兴成就：1.文学三杰：①但丁（1265—1321年），是新旧交替时代承上启下的一位作家，马克思、恩格斯称他为“中世纪的最后一位诗人，同时又是新时代的最初一位诗人。

”其代表作《神曲》主要描写作者在梦中由罗马诗人维吉尔和他的恋人碧雅特丽丝引导他遍游地狱、炼狱、天堂三界的故事。

关于欧洲文化的论文欧洲，不仅是一个地理概念，更是一种文化凝聚的象征。

下文是店铺为大家整理的关于欧洲文化的论文的范文，欢迎大家阅读参考!关于欧洲文化的论文篇1欧洲社会福利制度文化渊源探究摘要：从福利文化的角度出发，探索欧洲社会福利制度背后的文化渊源，通过对北欧、西欧和南欧福利文化的解读，发现福利文化对福利制度产生发展过程中所形成的巨大力量，从而对我国构建社会福利文化得出启示。

关键词：福利文化;福利理念;欧洲社会福利制度欧洲是福利制度的诞生地，也是福利制度发展和改革的集中地。

然而欧洲内部的社会福利制度也存在着差异性。

随着学者们对欧洲社会福利制度的研究，福利文化逐渐成为全新的且不可忽视的因素。

本文试图从欧洲社会福利文化出发，将欧洲福利制度发展源头追溯至欧洲福利文化渊源，由此来探索欧洲社会福利制度在产生和演进过程中的差异性。

一、欧洲社会核心文化价值观欧洲社会的科学、法律和伦理的源头都可以追溯到希腊哲学、罗马法律和____道德这三者。

希腊哲学指导人们区分真假，罗马法律则用来指定规则，基督____教伦理主要用来辨别善恶，这三者是欧洲社会起源的是非标准。

欧洲社会文化发展的渊源也必然追溯到古希腊文化、古罗马文化以及古希伯来文化。

(一)“个人为本”的价值观欧洲传统文化的主流价值观具有明显的个人主义色彩。

古希腊文化中倡导发扬个人人格。

而____教义中宣称人人平等，人生来就有罪，但只要能过通过苦难的考验，即可进入天堂。

个人为本价值观最直接的体现就是文艺复兴运动，其倡导的科学、自由和个性解放的人本精神是整个欧洲或西方文化个人之上特征的基础，“天赋人权”的思想理念开始渗入到欧洲文化的各个方面，欧洲社会福利文化也不例外。

(二)“博爱互助”的价值观欧洲传统文化与东方传统文化最明显的不同在于，东方传统文化过于强调以血缘关系为纽带的差序之爱，欧洲则主张淡化血缘，主张普遍的博爱精神。

____主张不分远近亲疏的普遍之爱，强调对弱者的爱。

2016-2017-1欧洲文化入门期末考试学号：**********姓名：冯**班级：14软件工程从欧洲最早的两大文明:米诺斯文明及迈锡尼文明算起，欧洲的文明史已经超过四千年了，欧洲文明的发源地是在爱琴海及古希腊地区，这里气候宜人，交通方便，为文明的产生提供了先决条件。

欧洲有着悠久的文明发展史。

公元前4000～前2500年在南欧和西欧曾广泛分布有巨石文化，随后位于欧洲东南部的爱琴海地区勃兴为世界古文明的发祥地之一，称爱琴文明，给人类留下了丰富的文化遗产。

公元前6世纪，古罗马国家兴起，逐渐发展成一个囊括半个欧洲(大不列颠群岛至多瑙河口一线以南)及北非、西亚在内的庞大帝国，而意大利所在的意大利半岛一直是其政治和经济的核心区域。

纪元初年，欧洲人口约3200万，其中半数以上分布于南欧，而东欧、北欧及不列颠群岛合计尚不足1/10。

公元3世纪后，罗马帝国渐趋衰弱，原先居住在北欧的日耳曼人及居住在东欧的斯拉夫人相继大量入侵，这一历史进程所伴随的人口大迁移和经济、文化上的广泛交流，大大促进了欧洲的全面开发，14世纪中叶全洲人口达到8100万，南欧的比重降至1/3，其他地区尤其是东欧均明显上升。

15～16世纪，在南欧和西欧的一些国家中，资本主义开始萌芽，通过地理大发现和对海外殖民地的掠夺，西班牙、葡萄牙、荷兰、法国和英国相继发展成为具有世界影响的强国，在随后的资产阶级革命和产业革命中，西欧进一步确立了在欧洲经济、文化中的领先地位。

19世纪中叶，北欧、中欧和东欧诸国也走上了资本主义发展道路，南欧国家发展则相对缓慢。

1900年欧洲人口为4.15亿，南欧的比重已不足1/4。

由于资本主义的迅速发展，19世纪欧洲的经济、文化水平在世界上已遥遥领先，几个欧洲列强的殖民地遍布各大洲，几千万欧洲人移居海外，对世界人文地理和经济地理产生了极大的影响。

20世纪的前半期，欧洲先后成为两次世界大战的主要策源地。

由于战争的破坏，以及资本主义政治、经济发展不平衡规律的作用，欧洲在世界上的地位相对下降，其人口占世界的比重由1900年的25%下降到1950年的20%，工业生产所占比重亦由65%降至45%。

欧洲文化入门期末论文Renaissance in ItalyThe word Renaissance is a French word meaning new birth, a name given to the movement in Europe that inspired men to abandon the restraints of the Middle Ages and to develop modern interests, enthusiasm and ideals. Its most noted feature was the Revival of Learning, an awakening of mind and a thirst after the new knowledge.Key words: Italian Renaissance background humanism New Literature Renaissance Art1.BackgroundIn the 12th century, a rediscovery of Greek and Roman literature occurred across Europe that eventually led to the development of the humanist movement in the 14th century. In addition to emphasizing Greek and Latin scholarship, humanists believed that each individual had significance within society. The growth of an interest in humanism led to the changes in the arts and sciences that form common conceptions of the Renaissance.The 14th century through the 16th century was a period of economic flux in Europe, the most extensive changes took place in Italy. After the death of Frederick II in 1250, emperors lost power in Italy and throughout Europe, none of Frederick's successors equaled him. Power fell instead into the hands of various popes; after the Great Schism (1378–1415; see Schism, Great), when three popes held power simultaneously, control returned to secular rulers.During the Renaissance small Italian republics developed into despotisms as the centers of power moved from the landed estates to the cities. Europe itself slowly developed into groupsof self-sufficient compartments. At the height of the Renaissance there were five major city-states in Italy: the combined state of Naples and Sicily, the Papal State, Florence, Milan, and Venice. Italy's economic growth is best exemplified in the development of strong banks, most notably the Medici bank of Florence. England, France, and Spain also began to develop economically based class systems.2.HumanismHumanism is the keynote of Renaissance.Renaissance humanism was an activity of cultural and educational reform engaged by scholars, writers, and civic leaders who are today known as Renaissance humanists. It developed during the fourteenth and the beginning of the fifteenth centuries, and was a response to the challenge of medieval scholastic education, emphasizing practical, pre-professional and pre-scientific studies. The main centers of humanism were Florence and Naples.2.1 The main content of humanism2.1.1Man is the measure of all things, man-centered culture .It emphasize the power, value and dignity of the human beings andholding that human beings are glorious creatures. And the lines of Shakespeare’s Hamlet is the best summary of the core of Renaissance thought---the greatness of man.2,1,2Emphasize the dignity of human beings and the importance of the present life.It emphasize secular happiness and individualism against the medieval ideas of asceticism, shifting man’s interest from Christianity to humanity, from religion to philosophy, from beauty and greatness of God to the beauty of human body in allits joys and pains.2.1.3Believe human beings were glorious creatures and man has the right to pursue personal happiness, knowledge and wealth.It applies Aristotle’s theory that humanist literature mainly use realistic style and take literature as the mirror or miniature of the society. Therefore these Italians, and many others, helped to make Italy the center of the Renaissance movement in Europe. The movement changed the medieval Western Europe into a modern one．3.New literature3.1Three outstanding heroes of Florence literature3.1.1Giovanni BoccaccioFrench-born Italian poet and writer whose classic work, the Decameron (1351-1353), is a collection of 100 tales told by seven young ladies and three younger gentlemen. In 1348, a terrible plague attacked Florence. Every day, even every hour, large numbers of human remains were carried to the outskirts of the town . From March to July, the death toll amounted to more than 100000, Florence City, became a cemetery ,which is full of wild land, bones. no one could bear to look at it . In order to record human disaster, Boccaccio took this plague as a background, wrote one of the Italy's most famous short story collection" Decameron ". At that time," Decameron " was referred to as the" music", which is known as a companion with Dante’s " Divine Comedy”.3.1.2Francesco PetrarchItalian poet, scholar, and humanist who is famous for Canzoniers, a collection of love lyrics songs written in his Italian dialect. It expresses the author’s true love to his girl friend Lauraand the view of love and happiness. He praised the beauty of the girl in the reality and considered young men and women have the right to enjoy the love. He lapsed into extremely sad when Laura died of illness .A painful emotion can easily seen in his poem. Such feelings have got rid of the abstract and symbolic significance of medieval literature .We look upon him as the father of modern poetry because in his sonnets for Laura he showed himself to be a great humanist writer keenlyaware of mortal and earthly values and he ignored medieval courtly conventions and defined true emotions.3.1.3Dante AlighieriHe was commonly known as Dante, a major Italian poet of the Middle Age, the founder of Modern Italian---one of the pioneering figures in The European Renaissance. His Divine Comedy, originally called Comedy and later called Divine by Boccaccio, is considered the greatest literary work composed in the Italian language and a masterpiece of world literature. It is a narrative poem in terza rima containing 14 233 lines organized into 100 cantos approximately 142 lines each and can be calleda spiritual travel book.4.Renaissance art4.1The two peaks of Renaissance artOne is the radical break with medieval methods of representing the visible world occurred in Italy during the 2nd half of the 13th century the other is the decided break with the medieval pictorial tradition until the 2nd decade of the 15th century.4.2Distinct features of Renaissance artThe first is the breakaway from the domination of the church.The second is the changed themes of painting from purely celestial realm to an appreciation of all aspects of nature and man.The third is the studies of the ruins of Roman and Greek temples andthe revival of the principles of ancient civilization into their works.The fourth is the introduction of scientific theories of anatomy and perspective in artistic works.4.3Early Renaissance Artists4.3.1GiottoHe was the forerunner of the Renaissance who was said to have determined the course of painting in Europe. He led the way of restoring dignity to human figures. He also worked towards a more realistic depiction of space.His famous work Flight into Egypt is a painting based on the story in the Bible with Maria riding on a donkey that is ready to face the hardship ahead. She looked firm and resolute while her husband Joseph looked hesitant and sorrowful. His another painting, Betrayal of Judas is also very famous.4.3.2Filippo BrunelleschiFlorentine architect, one of the initiators of the Italian Renaissance. His revival of classical forms and his championing of an architecture based on mathematics, proportion, and perspective make him a key artistic figure in the transition from the Middle Ages to the modern era. In his designing of the churches he showed a systematic use of perspective. He also introduced motif that was widely imitated during the Renaissance.In 1420 he began to build the dome for the cathedral in Florence and it became the most original construction in the building ofdomes in the world history of architecture.Other early Renaissance artists, including Donatello, Giorgione also made great contribution to the art.4.4High Renaissance Artists4.4.1Leonardo da VinciLeonardo da Vinci was known not only as a masterful painter but as an architect, sculptor, engineer, and scientist. His pursuit of knowledge was relentless and his discoveries left lasting changes in the fields of art and science. With his sophisticated skills and love for learning, Leonardo was the quintessential Renaissance man. In painting he stressed the expression of emotional states. As a painter Leonardo is best known for The Last Supper and Mona Lisa . His other works, The Virgin of the Rocks, Vitruvian Man, Four Caricatures, are also favored by people.4.4.2Michelangelo BuonarrotiMichelangelo's extraordinary accomplishments in painting, sculpture, and architecture made him one of the outstanding figures in Renaissance art. He is known for painting the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel and rendering the human form in a wide variety of positions and with great emotional expression in painting and sculpture, and creating several of the most important works of the Italian Renaissance, such as the sculpture of David and Moses, the marble statue of Dying Slave and so on.Other high Renaissance artists, like Raphael, Titian also left many worldfamous works to us.The Renaissance resulted in numerous investigations of natural events, in a widespread study of art and literature and in a broadening of outlook to a degree never before known.Economic and intellectual changes during the Renaissance both helped to speed up Western social and cultural development and hence prepared the necessary conditions for rapid progress in political, social and ideological areas of the modern Age.。

欧洲文化遗产英语作文European Cultural Heritage: A Treasure of History and Diversity。

Europe, with its rich tapestry of cultures, languages, and traditions, boasts an extraordinary cultural heritage that has captivated the world for centuries. From the majestic architecture of ancient Greece and Rome to the enchanting art of the Renaissance, Europe's cultural legacy is a testament to the creativity, ingenuity, and resilience of its people.One of the most iconic aspects of European cultural heritage is its architectural marvels. The continent is home to some of the world's most famous landmarks, such as the Eiffel Tower in Paris, the Colosseum in Rome, and the Acropolis in Athens. These structures not only showcase the architectural prowess of their respective civilizations but also serve as enduring symbols of European identity and heritage.Art is another cornerstone of European cultural heritage. From the breathtaking paintings of the Italian Renaissance masters like Leonardo da Vinci and Michelangelo to the avant-garde works of modern artists like Pablo Picasso and Vincent van Gogh, Europe has been a beacon of artistic innovation for centuries. Museums such as the Louvre in Paris, the Uffizi Gallery in Florence, and the Prado Museum in Madrid house priceless treasures that offer glimpses into Europe's artistic past.Literature and philosophy have also played asignificant role in shaping European cultural heritage. The works of philosophers like Plato, Aristotle, and Descartes have profoundly influenced Western thought, while literary masterpieces such as Shakespeare's plays, Dante's Divine Comedy, and Goethe's Faust continue to inspire readers around the world. These timeless classics not only reflect the intellectual depth of European civilization but also provide valuable insights into the human condition.Moreover, Europe's cultural heritage is not confined toits past glory but continues to evolve and thrive in the present day. Festivals celebrating music, dance, andcuisine bring people together from all walks of life torevel in the richness of European culture. Whether it's the flamenco of Spain, the waltz of Austria, or the opera of Italy, these cultural expressions serve as living embodiments of Europe's vibrant heritage.However, it is essential to recognize that Europe's cultural heritage is not without its challenges. Urbanization, globalization, and environmental degradation pose threats to historical sites and traditions, requiring concerted efforts to preserve and safeguard them for future generations. Initiatives such as UNESCO's World Heritage program play a crucial role in raising awareness and mobilizing resources to protect Europe's cultural treasures.In conclusion, European cultural heritage is a treasure trove of history and diversity that continues to inspireand enrich the world. From its awe-inspiring architecture and timeless art to its profound literature and philosophy, Europe's cultural legacy is a testament to the enduringspirit of its people. By preserving and celebrating this heritage, we not only honor the past but also pave the way for a more vibrant and culturally rich future.。

欧洲文化英文作文英文：As a European, I am proud of the rich cultural heritage that our continent has to offer. From the art and architecture of Italy to the music and literature of Britain, there is no shortage of fascinating and inspiring cultural traditions to explore.One of the things I love most about European culture is its diversity. Each country has its own unique customs, traditions, and ways of life. For example, in Spain, it is common to take a siesta in the afternoon, while in Germany, it is customary to drink beer at Oktoberfest. These differences make Europe a vibrant and exciting place tolive and visit.Another aspect of European culture that I appreciate is its long history. Many of our most famous works of art and literature date back centuries, and have been preserved andcelebrated for generations. For example, the plays of Shakespeare are still performed today, hundreds of years after they were first written.Overall, I believe that European culture is a treasure trove of beauty, creativity, and history. It is something that we should all take the time to appreciate and celebrate.中文：作为一个欧洲人，我为我们大陆拥有丰富的文化遗产感到自豪。

The Sources of European CivilizationThe foundation of European culture was laid by the Greeks, strengthened by the Romans, stabilized by Christianity, reformed and modernized by the fifteenth-century Renaissance and Reformation and globalized by successive European empires between the sixteenth and twentieth centuries. European culture is made up of many elements, which have gone through changes over the centuries. Three of these elements are considered to be the resources of European civilization and they are: the Greco-Roman element, the Judeo-Christian element, and the Germanic element.Part One: Greco-Roman CultureThe Greek civilization is divided into several eras, it was formed in 800 B.C., then after the classical era and the Hellenistic age, The Greek civilization reached the top in the 5th century BC. And in 146 BC, the Greek civilization was replaced by Roman civilization.The first notability we have to know is Homer, and his Epic. In the 12th century BC, with the invasion of the Trojans, Greece came to "dark ages". Homer's epics described the war between Greeks and Troy.The ancient Greeks were curious about many things, including what made the universe. They had the spirit of free enquiry and were quite ready to drop established ideas, to speculate, to use their imagination, and to form their own conclusions. They were also not afraid to speak theirminds. And also, due to the plays the Greeks performed at religious festivals early in their remote past, a powerful drama developed in the 5th century B.C.. The ancient Greece had created many philosophers and playwrights. Mainly represented by philosopher Socrates, Plato and Aristotle. Socrates pulled the importance of the free debate forward. Plato's goal was to achieve a society which can both maintains noble, and be accepted by the poor. Aristotle sought for the order for every aspect of nature and human social. The famous playwrights were Aeschylus with his Agamemnon, Sophocles with his Oedipus the King, and Euripides with his Trojan Women.Also, historical writing started early in Greece. Here we have Herodotus, who is often called “Father of History”, wrote about the war between Greeks and Persians, and Thucydides.The Greeks set an example by the bold effort they made to understand the world by the use of human reason. The body of ideas the Greek philosophers expressed, and the variety of questions the raised about the nature of the world and of human thought, knowledge and conduct, have had an abiding interest for later generations. In literature, too, they have exerted an influence which can still be felt today. Countless writers have quoted, adapted, borrowed from and otherwise use Homer’s epics, Sappho’s lyrics, the tragedies of Aeschylus and Sophocles and Euripides, Aristophanes’s comedies, Plato’s Dialogues, etc. so thattheir themes, characters, episodes, their particularly striking passages, phrases, even single words and their derivative are familiar to educated people the world over, a cherished legacy from that splendid period of human history.Then let’s come to Roman Culture. The most important contribution the Romans made to European culture was the foundation of Roman Law. Also, in architecture and art Romans made outstanding contributions, like the Colosseum and the Pantheon.Part Two: Judeo-Christian CultureAmong all the religions by which people seek to worship, Christianity is by far the most influential in the West. Every phase of man’s life is touched by this religion, so much so that it has become part and parcel of Western culture. Judaism and Christianity are closely related. In fact, it was the Jewish tradition which gave birth to Christianity. Both originated in Palestine—the hub of migration and trade routes, which led to exchange of ideas over wide areas.The Old Testament recorded the history of the Jews. Jews were once called Hebrews,strayed in Middle East Desert in about 3800 BC. In about 1300 BC, they gradually settled down in Canaan, and formed a small kingdom.Christianity and Judaism have close relationship. The core of the Christian is Jesus Christ, its doctrine is: one, Jesus Christ is the son ofgod, god sent him to men, suffer torments with humans and eventually save mankind. Second, the Christ is the only son of god , anyone who believe in Christ finally get eternal life.The major Christian classic is the bible. The "bible" is consist of the new testament and the old testament. The Old Testament has 39 parts writing about the things happened during 1000-B.C. to 100A.D. the most important parts including genesis, the exodus, "Levi remember", "the number of people remember", "deuteronomy". The New Testament came after the rise of Christian, with a total of 27 volumes. The first four volumes talks about the legend of Jesus' words and deeds, and the legend of the Jesus' apostles.Part Three: Germanic CultureIn the latter part of the fourth century the Huns swept into Europe from central Asia, robbing and killing as they came along, and large numbers of the half civilized Germanic tribes such as the Visigoths, the Franks, the Angles and Saxons, and the V andals fled their homelands in northern Europe and were pushed to cross the Danube river into the territory of the Roman Empire. In A.D. 476 a Germanic general killed the last Roman emperor and took control of the government. While the Eastern Roman Empire continued, the power of ancient Rome was gone. In its place mushroomed a great many Germanic kingdoms, which in a few hundred years were to grew into the nations known as England,France, Spain, Italy, and Germany. This is a period in which classical, Hebrew and Gothic heritages merged. And it is this fusion and blending of different ideas and practices that paved the way for the development of what is present-day European culture.Christianity played a very important role in Europe political life of the feudal society; it became the spiritual pillar of the feudal system. Christian world rejected alien and militant control (o ne of the most famous was the Crusades). Especially a few times to invade Palestine. Although it ended in failure, but promoted the cultural exchange between east and west, and prepared for the formation of the monarchy.In the academy and science, Charlemagne and his Carolingian Renaissance, Alfred the Great and his academic centre, St. Thomas Aquinas’ Scholasticism and Roger Bacon, all did great contribution to the preserve and development of the culture.In literary, there was a long Epic. The Anglo-Saxon's epic "the Europe of Woolf" is the most complete one spread until now, and the song of Roland is the most famous French epic. There were also great poets, Dante and Chaucer. And the famous Italian poet Dante's "divine comedy" is the landmark in the world literature history, expressing the upcoming Renaissance humanistic ideas. Geoffrey Chaucer is called the first short story writer in English literature history and the first modern poet, his most famous work is the Canterbury tales.The architecture and art is mainly the Romanesque and gothic, they are the extension of classical art.To sum up, European Civilization has inherited a lot from the Classical Civilization, including ancient Greek philosophy sense, ancient Roman laws, Latin language, and most significantly, Christianity.And those three cultures we have talked about are the main resources of European culture; they are all of vital importance in the development of European culture.。

欧洲文化概况论文(2)欧洲文化概况论文篇3浅论欧洲浪漫主义音乐的文化特征摘要：欧洲浪漫主义音乐与古典主义音乐相比，已经具有新的文化性质。

浪漫主义音乐没有把自己尘封在历史的话语里，它与古典主义音乐之间，存在着文化内层断裂而形式外壳连接的关联，即通过对传统的断裂，从文化内层来延续着未来的音乐。

关键词：欧洲浪漫主义音乐文化一引言舒曼曾说过“浪漫主义不是形象和形式的问题，而是作曲家是不是诗人的问题。

”音乐是一种感官的表述，其形式是意识形态的载体，是内心体验的外化。

欧洲浪漫主义音乐更多地是用心灵的感悟和体验来把握世界。

当我们站在历史的高度以新的视点重新审视欧洲浪漫主义音乐时，会发现浪漫主义音乐与古典音乐相比已具有新的文化性质。

二浪漫主义音乐的理性反叛浪漫主义音乐从追求独特、不受约束的情感、反叛的理性主义开始。

但这并不意味着浪漫主义音乐背弃了理性。

理性是人的一种相对的、自由的精神，而理性主义则是一种绝对的、僵化的观念，是一种渊源于西方古希腊文化的理性传统，其间经过宗教主义的补充和近代人文精神的阐释，最终形成以片面高扬人的理性性质为特征的思想传统。

浪漫主义者反对理性主义，他们认为理性主义并不能改变现实，不过是一个美丽的谎言。

相反，浪漫主义音乐注重人的本能，他们认为世界的本质要靠直观去领悟，靠心灵去体验。

浪漫主义之前的古典主义音乐对感情的表达与浪漫主义有本质的区别，古典主义时期音乐家传达的是“我们”的情感。

而浪漫主义音乐表现的情感极富个性化，是“我”的情感。

李斯特的辉煌宏大，柏辽兹的泼辣奇异，肖邦的款款深情等，构成了浪漫主义音乐异彩纷呈的情感世界。

古典主义音乐强调的是理性对感情的支配或理性与情感的协调平衡;而浪漫主义音乐重视的则是感情对理性的统治和超越。

正如华兹华斯《抒情歌谣集》序言里所说：“诗歌是强烈感情的自然流露”，这成了浪漫主义音乐艺术对感情追求的宣言。

古典主义音乐家的创作要在理性规则不受破坏下放置自己的感情;而到了浪漫主义时期，规则必须服从感情表达的需要，浪漫主义者的共同心声是将人的感情从理性主义的束缚下解脱出来，浪漫主义作曲家为了表现内心感情的涌动，往往热衷于标新立异。

欧洲文化概况论文欧洲文化是人类社会重要的精神和物质财富，其以民主与法制精神，科学与理性精神，极大地推动了欧洲现代化的进程。

下文是店铺为大家整理的关于欧洲文化概况论文的范文，欢迎大家阅读参考!欧洲文化概况论文篇1浅探欧洲地区鹤的文化意蕴摘要：本文旨在搜集欧洲地区鹤的文化，归纳总结出在欧洲，鹤主要承载的文化意蕴，分析得出鹤在欧洲的文化意蕴主要可以分为三大类，褒义文化意蕴、贬义文化意蕴和中性文化意蕴，并对其中有更多文化内容的中性文化意蕴的产生原因作出分析，主要有两大成因：一是欧洲的审美标准，二是欧洲的宗教信仰。

关键词：欧洲;鹤;文化意蕴文化存在着多层次性，有全人类的文化，也有各个民族的文化、各个社会的文化，在同一个民族、同一个社会中也会因为地域的不同、信仰的不同，产生出天线不同民族、不同社会、不同地域的文化。

鹤在中国主要是有着长寿、吉祥的美好文化意蕴，但是在欧洲，鹤所承载的文化意蕴有别于中国。

一、文化意蕴在欧洲，从感情色彩来分析，鹤的文化意蕴主要存在着三大类，一是褒义文化意蕴如美好愿望，二是贬义文化意蕴如厄运，三是中性文化意蕴如生殖、家族谱系、皈依者。

首先是鹤的褒义文化意蕴，即美好的愿望。

不论是哪个民族，春天都是人们美好的愿望、期盼、希望的开始，尤其是在农耕时代，春暖花开时节，人们开始播种，第一只飞回来的鸟就会成为春天的象征，但是由于纬度的差异，导致不同地区的春天里出现的第一只鸟各有不同。

为中国报春的鸟是燕子，尤其是在中国南方，种植水稻的时间完全按照燕子回巢的时间制定，民间歌谣《小燕子》传遍大街小巷。

还有鸭子，如诗词“春江水暖鸭先知”。

欧洲的保加利亚地区的春天也是鸟类迁徙后回巢的时间，其中鹤扮演着核心角色：当第一只鹤出现，意味着春天真得到来了!因此在保加利亚的传说中，鹤是春天的象征。

鹤带来的春天，让人们意识到已经到了播种的季节，也是对新的一年的希望，因此鹤就责无旁贷的承载起人们对新的一年的美好愿望。

其次是鹤的贬义文化意蕴，即厄运。

关于欧洲文化的论文[欧洲文化论文]欧洲文化论文篇1浅谈欧洲高校校园文化【摘要】在不同的国度里，校园文化依据一定的地域性，形成了不同的风格。

这种地域性不仅受民族传统、风俗习惯的影响，更受国家性质的制约。

文章通过分析欧洲高校校园文化的产生的时代背景和发展历程，总结出欧洲高校校园文化的特点。

为我国为我国的校园文化建设提供批判性吸收借鉴西方校园文化的合理成分，提供有价值的思路。

【关键词】亚文化;校园文化;自由民主一、校园文化(一)文化文化作为一种社会历史现象，既是人类社会实践的产物，也是人类社会得以延续和发展的基本途径之一。

文化在发展的过程中会产生一些特有的现象，并且形成一些相应的概念，亚文化就是之一，亚文化是指文化的核心即价值观念和主流文化相一致，为社会上一部分人享有的文化，亦称小群体文化。

亚文化是整体文化的一个组成部分，但也有自己的特点。

(二)高校校园文化二、欧洲校园文化(一)欧洲校园文化的产生一方面，第二次社会大分工使手工业从农业中区分开来，一些从事专门知识研究的机构应运而生，城市市民按照自己的需求建立了一批大学，成为现代大学的雏形。

另一方面，基督教会一直是古代文化的承担者和传播者。

在教会的努力下，陆续出现了一些修道院学校、大主教区学校和教区学校，这些学校，是现代大学的前身。

欧洲校园文化就伴随着现代大学的产生而产生。

(二)欧洲校园文化的特点西方文化在大学校园的目标是：不仅为青年一代就业创造条件，而且要使他们有目的地生活，要塑造人格尽可能和谐发展的公民。

因此西方高等学校重视学生自治，发挥学生主体作用;重视课外活动、课外教育;重视情境的熏陶，潜移默化地影响学生。

1.西方校园文化历史长，发展快。

18世纪欧洲进入工业化时代为欧洲各国的教育发展打下了坚实的物质基础，促进了西方高等教育的发展。

校园成了近代以来西方社会结构中举足轻重的部分。

与此同时，校园文化应运而生，并逐步发展。

2.价值多元，。

自治的氛围和自由的学术环境让各种文化价值都有生存的空间。

欧洲宗教文化的论文欧洲文化发源于古代希腊和古代罗马，由公元前3000年代后半期出现的最初的爱琴文化发展到在近东文明基础上发展的希腊古典文化，罗马也承前启后，在继承希腊文化的基础上创造了自己独特的文明，希腊——罗马文化奠定了欧洲文化基础，是现代西方文化的基石，为欧洲文明的繁荣起了不可磨灭的作用，恩格斯指出：“没有希腊文化和罗马帝国所奠定的基础，也就没有现代的欧洲。

”一、希腊英雄时代追溯至公元前3000年代后半期到公元前12世纪，在爱琴海区域出现了欧洲最早的奴隶制文明，并创造出了辉煌的青铜文化——爱琴文化，这一文化先后为克里特岛和迈锡尼城的中心，故而被称为克里特——迈锡尼文化，迈锡尼文明是继克里特文明后又一辉煌的文明，在公元前12世纪多利亚人向南迁徙摧毁迈锡尼文明，此后余年，希腊文明出现了暂时倒退，社会经济文化处于落后衰退的阶段直至公元前8世纪，史学家将这一公元12世纪至公元8世纪称为希腊的“黑暗时代”。

从公元8世纪末始，希腊奴隶制城邦开始兴起，此时的希腊开始从氏族公社制度向奴隶制社会过渡，于是，从公元12世纪到公元9世纪，也就是希腊第一个城邦的崛起和荷马史诗的年代，被西方史学家称为“英雄时代”，又称“荷马时代”。

二、希腊英雄时代文学著作的影响黑暗时代时期伊始，随着线形文字B的消失，希腊文化生活变得极为贫乏，这时候出现了一些吟唱诗人，他们从一个村落到另一个村落吟唱民谣、民歌和短诗，一直持续到黑暗时代晚期希腊人借鉴腓尼基人创造出字母文化，据说后来盲诗人荷马将口头流传的诗歌编纂成册，为《伊利亚特》和《奥德赛》，这两部史诗就是著名的“荷马史诗”，不过目前更流行的观点是《荷马史诗》是包括荷马在内的许多人集体创作并反复修改过的[2]，虽然是否真有荷马此人，史学界仍旧无法定论，但是在“荷马史诗”中描绘的特洛伊战争却已得到考古学界和史学界的证实。

史诗是一种的文学体裁，内容为民间传说或歌颂英雄功绩的长篇叙事诗，“荷马史诗”中叙述了特洛伊战争的故事，特洛伊战争是由迈锡尼国王为统帅的希腊联军试图征服小亚细亚城邦特洛伊的战争，结果是以特洛伊的毁灭结束。