The Pronunciation and Spelling of Old English 1

学好英语作文有关学好英语作文6篇在日复一日的学习、工作或生活中，大家都不可避免地要接触到作文吧，作文是人们把记忆中所存储的有关知识、经验和思想用书面形式表达出来的记叙方式。

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学好英语作文篇1English is a useful and very important language. So how to learn it well? I have some suggestions here.First of all, we should remember the pronunciation and spelling of words firmly, and then review and consolidate them in time. Secondly, we should often speak in English, which is for practicing oral English. Thirdly, we can write more articles in English and use grammar correctly. In order to learn English well, we can also watch more English movies and listen to more English songs. These are all good ways to learn English.In a word, we can learn English well only by practicing more, reading more, writing more and relying on our own efforts.学好英语作文篇2How to learn English well如何学好英语English is important and useful to us. How can we learn it well? Here are my suggestions.英语对我们很重要也很有用。

词汇学考试精简笔记-Charter1-4Introduction0.1 The Nature and Domain of English LexicologyThe definition of Lexicology: (P1)Lexicology is a branch of linguistics, inquiring into the origins and meanings of words (WNWD), the morphological structures of English words and word equivalents, their semantic structures, relations, historical development, formation and usages. 0.2 The Relation to Other DisciplinesThe definition of Morphology: (P1)Morphology is the branch of grammar which studies the structure or forms of words, primarily through the use of morpheme construct.The definition of Etymology: (P2)Etymology is traditionally used for the study of the origins and history of the form and meaning of words.The definition of Semantics: (P2)Semantics is the study of meanings of different linguistic levels: lexis, syntax, utterance, discourse, etc.The definition of Stylistics: (P2)Stylistics is the study of style.The definition of Lexicography: (P2)Lexicography shares with lexicology the same problems: the form, meaning, origins and usages of words.The difference of Lexicography and Lexicology: (P2)A lexicographer’s task is to record the language as it is used so as to present the genuine picture of words to the reader, providing authoritative reference, whereas the student of lexicology is to acquire the knowledge and information of lexis so as to increase their lexical awareness and capacity of language use.Chapter 1Basic Concepts of Words and Vocabulary1.1 What is a WordIn visual terms, a word can be defined as a meaningful group; according to semanticists, a word is a unit of meaning. (P6) 选择、填空The definition of Word: (P7) 名词解释A word is a minimal free form of a language that has a given sound and meaning and syntactic function.A word comprises the following points:1. A minimal free form of a language;2. A sound unity;3. A unit of meaning;4. A form that can function alone in a sentence.1.2 Sound and MeaningThe connection of Sound and Meaning两者之间的关系: (P7) 选择、填空The symbolic connection is almost always arbitrary, and there is no logical relationship, the relationship is conventional.Woman, for example, becomes ‘Frau’ in German, ‘Fremme’ in French and ‘Funu’ in Chinese.：体现了sound，meaning的关系1.3 Sound and FormThe reasons caused the difference between Sound and Form: 读⾳和拼写不⼀致的原因(P8-9 具体例⼦看书本) 简答题1. The internal reason for this is that the English alphabet was adopted from the Romans, which does nothave a separate letter to represent each sound in the language so that some letters must do double duty or work together in combination.2. Another reason is that the pronunciation has changed more rapidly than spelling over the years, and insome cases the two have drawn far apart.3. A third reason is that some of the differences were created by the early scribes.4. Finally comes the borrowing, which do not conform to the rules of English pronunciation and spelling.*Printing印刷术was established in the late 1500.Sound and form is imperfect: (P10)The written form of English is, therefore, an imperfect representation of the spoken form.1.5 Classification of Words*Three classifications of words: (P11) 选择、填空Words may fall into the basic word stock and nonbasic vocabulary by use frequency, into content words and functional words by notion, and into native words and borrowed words by origin.1.5.1 Basic Word Stock and Nonbasic VocabularyThe difference between BW and NBW: (P11)BW is in use in a high frequency; and NBW is not.The features of Basic Word (P11-12) 简答题●All national character 全民通⽤性●Stability 相对稳定性●Productivity 多产性●Polysemy ⼀词多义●Collocability 搭配性Therefore, ‘all national character’is the most important of all features that may differentiate words of common use from all others.The definition of Productivity: (P12)They can each be used alone, and at the same time can form new words with other roots and affixes.The definition of Polysemy: (P12)Words belonging to the basic word stock often possess more than one meaning because most of them have undergone semantic changes in the course of use and become polysemous.The definition of Collocability: (P12)Many words of the basic word stock enter quite a number of set expressions, idiomatic usages, proverbial sayings and the like.The types of Nonbasic word vocabulary (P13-15) 简答题●Terminology 专业术语●Jargon ⾏话●Slang 俚语●Argot ⿊话●Dialectal words ⽅⾔●Archaisms 古词语●Neologisms 新词语The definition of Terminology: (P13)It consists of technical terms used in particular disciplines and academic areas as in medicine.●例⼦有：mathematics, music, education.The definition of Jargon: (P13)It refers to the specialized vocabularies by which members of particular arts, sciences, trades and professions communicate among themselves such as in business.●例⼦有：bottom line, bargaining chipsThe definition of Slang: (P14)Slang belongs to the sub-standard language亚标准语⾔, a category that seems to stand between the standard general words including informal ones available to everyone and in-group words.Slang is created by changing or extending the meaning of existing words.The definition of Argot ⿊话: (P15)Argot generally refers to the jargon of criminals.The definition of Dialectal words: (P15)Dialectal words are words used only by speakers of the dialect in question.The definition of Archaisms: (P15)Archaisms are words or forms that were once in common use but are now restricted only to specialized or limited use.The definition of Neologisms: (P15)Neologisms are newly-created words or expressions, or words that have taken on new meanings.1.5.2 Content Words and Functional WordsThe difference between Content words and Functional words: (P16) 简答题●Content words denote clear notions and thus are known as notional words.●Functional words do not have notions of their own. Therefore, they are also called empty words. As theirchief function is to express the relation between notions, the relation between words as well as between sentences, they are known as form words.1.5.3 Native Words and Borrowed WordsThe definition of Native Words: (P17)Native words are words brought to Britain in the fifth century by the German tribes (⽇⽿曼部落).The 2 features of Native Words: (P17)1. Neutral in style (French or Latin are literary and in formal style) ⽂体中⽴，即任何场所可⽤2. Frequent in use使⽤频繁The definition of Borrowed Words: (P18)Words taken over from foreign languages are known as borrowed words or loan words or borrowing in simple terms. 三个⿊体字同义Four classes of Borrowed Words: (P19)1. Denizens 同化词Denizens are words borrowed early in the past and now well assimilated into the English language.2. Aliens ⾮同化词Aliens are borrowed words which have retained their original pronunciation and spelling.3. Translation-loans 译借词、外来词Translation-loans are words and expressions formed from the existing material in the English language but modeled on the patterns taken from another language.4. Semantic-loans借义词Words of this category are not borrowed with reference to the form.Chapter 2The Development of the English vocabulary2.1 The Indo-European Language FamilyThe Indo-European Language has approximately 3000languages and group into roughly 300language families on the basis of Basic Word and Grammar. It is made up of most of language of Europe, the Near East, and India.印欧三⼤语系(P23) Germanic family = Scandinavian languages斯堪的纳维亚语的;北北欧⽇⽿曼语系(P24)The Germanic family consists of the four Northern European languages: Norwegian, Icelandic, Danish and Swedish, which are generally known as Scandinavian languages.In western set, Greek is the modern language derived from Hellenic(希腊语的). (P24)2.2.1 Old English (450 – 1150) (P25)The Germanic tribes are the earliest.The introduction of Christianity had a great impact on the English vocabulary. It brought many new ideas and customs and also many religious terms such as abbot, candle, alter, amen, apostle.The common practice was to create new words by combining two native words, e.g. handbook. (P26)Old English is a highly inflected language.Skirt, skill, window, leg, grasp, birth, they, their, them, egg, these words are from Scandinavian origin.2.2.2 Middle English (1150 – 1500) (P26)Norman Conquest started a continual flow of French words into English. 诺曼⼤帝带来了⼤量的法语词。

英国⽂学期末考试简答、论述题（含答案）V. Give a brief answer to the following questions. (20%)1. Discuss the theme of Wuthering Heights。

2. Say something about John Bunyan’s The Pilgrim Progress.①The Pilgrim Progress, written by John Bunyan, was written in the old-fashioned, medieval form of allegory and dream. It became an immediate success upon its publication.②The allegory depicts the Puritan struggle for freedom of worship, the eternalstruggle of man to find unity with God. The purpose is to urge people to seek salvation through constant struggle with their weaknesses and social evils.③The book is ranked as one of the greatest allegories in English language. Itsets a standard in story-telling with vivid characterization and natural dialogue.It becomes a landmark for later works s uch as Thackeray’s Vanity Fair, and Nathaniel Hawthorne’s Celestial Railroad.3. Say something about Hamlet.①Hamlet is generally regarded as the most representation of Shakespeare’sartistic creations and the summit of the Renaissance drama.②It is not a simple revenge play but a tragedy of humanist ideals crushed bycruel reality. It addresses the fundamental question of the meaning of human existence, with Hamlet’s meditation on life and death at the centre.③It portrays the social realities in England a t the end of the 16th century andthe start of the 17th century.4. Say something about Robinson Crusoe.①The Life and Strange Surprising Adventures of Robinson Crusoe, which is oftenshortened as Robinson Crusoe, was based on the true experience.②It is a n interesting picaresque novel about an 18th century English adventurer.Crusoe is practical, religious and mindful of his profit. He resembles the rising bourgeoisie at the earliest stage of its development.③In depicting Crusoe’s efforts and growth on th e island, the novel glorifiesboth physical and mental labor. The novel also shows the author’s attitude towards colonialism and Negro slavery.1. Discuss the theme of Wuthering Heights5. Say something about Paradise Lost and its theme.7. Say something about The Canterbury Tales.The Canterbury Tales is written in middle English created by Chaucer. The pronunciation and spelling are quite different from those in modern English, but the reading of the Tales is not as difficult as it first appears for the modern reader.It is sometimes argued that the greatest contribution that The Canterbury Tales made to English literature was in popularizing the literary use of the vernacular English. Chaucer’s poetry, along with the poetry of his other peer writers, helped standardize the London Dialect and establish English as the literary language of the country.Chaucer was one of the first English poets to use the five-stress line, a decasyllabic cousin to the iambic pentameter, in much of his work. This arrangement became one of the standard poetic forms in English. He is father of English poetry.9. Say something about Bacon’s Of Studies.①Bacon was one of the greatest minds in an age of giants. His compact style withwise ideas has won him popularities. His famo us essays in students’ bibliography include ”Of Study”,” Of Beauty” and “Of Truth”.②Of Study discusses the function and method of reading. It is one of Bacon’smost frequently quoted essays.③The essay is known for its clearness, brevity and force of expr ession. Thediscussions are clearly presented. The first sentence points out the three functions. Then it discusses some wrong opinions about study, the importance of experiment in study, the various methods to read, the role of discussion and notetaking. The essay also argues that study is different fields can bring all sorts of benefits and improve spiritual defeats.④Bacon has employed various rhetorical devices in the essay: metaphor makes theessay rich; parallelism makes it sinewy; and contrast makes it persuasive.10. Say something about Paradise Lost and its theme.（同上第⑤题）14. Say something about Gulliver’s Travels.①Gulliver’s Travels, as Swift’s highest achievement, is considered to be asatirical examination of the human nature, man’s potential fo r depravity and the dangers of misuse of reason.②The novel gives an unparalleled sarcastic depiction of all the social vicesof the early 18th century. In spite of his contempt for the rulers and social evils,Swift cherished a great love for the common people.③Gulliver’s Travels is a fantasy, and at the same time, a realistic work offiction, including four voyages.also known as “The daffodils”, was written by British romanticist William Wordsworth.②The poet described his heartfelt happiness as he saw the beautiful daffodilsand sang high praises of nature.③Its rhyme scheme is ababcc.④The poem can be divided into two parts: the first part describes the scene ryand the second part expresses the poets’ emotion. We can see daffodils everywhere, and the poet compares them to the stars in the sky. He is immensely influenced by the beauty and the memory of the daffodils is imprinted in his mind, which brings back happiness when he feels lonely, dull or depressed.22. Say something about the poem Ode to a Nightingale.Ode to a Nightingale, written by John Keats under a plum tree in the yard of his friend out of “a tranquil and continual joy”in the nightingale’s song, contains his poetic feeling on the song of the nightingale. The poem is not about the bird only, it is about human experience in general. The principal stress of the poem is a struggle between ideal and actual: nature and the human, art and life, freedom and bondage, waking and dream.23. Say something about Pride and Prejudice.Pride and Prejudice, written by Jane Austen, ha long been a favorite of both readers and critics and is often regarded as Jane Austen’s consummate achievement of her own social class: the ladies and gentlemen of the landed gentry.Eyre, written by critic realism novelist Charlotte Bronte, is a frank and passionate story of the love between a governess and her master, a married man, Mr. Rochester.②The novel is written in the first person and contains authentic autobiographicalexperiences.③Jane Eyre has many merits. It is the first governess novel in English literature.It is one of the most popular works of the working middle class women. It announces’Urbervilles.D’Urbervilles is the twelfth novel by Thomas Hardy. It tells the misery and tragedy of Tess. It deals with such themes as injustice of human existence, social classes and social status of women in Victorian England.②It questions society’ sexual mores by portraying a heroine who is seduced bythe son of her employer and is not considered a pure and chaste women by the rest of society.③Thus it is an attack on the hypocritical morality of the society an d thepolitical status quo in English.38. Say something about Charles Dickens.Charles Dickens is a British critical realist in Victorian Age. Charles Dickens was the son of a navy clerk. When he was fifteen, he left school and entered a lawyer’s office. In 1834, his lifework of writing began. The novel Pickwick Papers brought him into the first rank of the most popular novelist of his day. The rest of his life was work without rest.①The first period of his literary career: This period is referred to the yearsfrom 1836-1841, which is marked for youthful optimism. The main novels in this period are: Pickwick Papers, Oliver Twist and The Old Curiosity Shop.②The second period of his literary career: the second period, which began from1842, was a period of excitement and irritation. In this period, he visited America and was shocked by the corruptive influence of wealth and power there. The main novels are: Dombey and Son, David Copperfield.③The third period of his literary career: Dickens’ works in this period showintensifying pessimism. His main novels in this period are: Great Exceptions,A Tale of Two Cities.39. Say something about John Milton.Milton is the greatest writer of the seventeenth century. In his life and literary career the two dominant historical movements of Renaissance and Reformation combined and received their most intense and intelligent expression. He towers over his age just as Shakespeare towers over the Elizabethan Age and Chaucer over the Medieval Age. His works mainly include Paradise Lost, Paradise Regained andSamson Agonistes.41. Say something about Geoffrey Chaucer.The 14th century is called “Age of Chaucer”. Chaucer is acclaimed not only as “the father of English poetry”, but also the father of English fiction”.His masterpiece, The Canterbury Tales, is one of the most famous works in all literatures.43. Say something about Jane Austen.①Jane Austen was the first English Woman novelist.②Austen was born in Hampshire, a small town in southwest England. She was educatedat home and led a quiet life. Austen wrote altogether 6 novels, among which the most important ones are Pride and Prejudice, Sense and sensibility and Emma.③Jane Austen was popular all through the 19th century. She died in 1817 at theage of 42.45. Say something about Thomas Hardy.①Hardy was born in Dorset, which he called Wessex in his novels. His principlenovels are the Wessex novels. Among his famous novels, the best-known are Tess of the D’Urbervilles and Jude the Obscure.②Other works by Hardy include The Return of the Native, Far From the MaddingCrowd and The Mayor of Casterbridge.48. Say something about George Bernard Shaw.Bernard Shaw was the greatest dramatist in English literature in the 20th century.He used stage to criticize the evils of capitalism.His major plays include Man and Superman, Major Barbara and Pygmalion.Shaw is a critical realist writer and a humorist. His plays deal with contemporary social problems.53. What is the theme of The Waste Land?The theme of the poem is modern spiritual barrenness, the despair and depression that followed the First World War, the sterility and turbulence(动荡)of the modern world, and the decline and breakdown of Western culture.1. Discuss the theme of Wuthering Heights5. Say something about Paradise Lost and its theme.VI. Write no less than 120 words on each of the following topics in English.3. Thomas Hardy, living at the turn of the century, is often regarded as a transitional writer. In him we see the influence from both the past and the modern. Tess of the D’Urbervilles is one of his greatest works. Try to discuss the fate of Tess in this work.The discussion about the fate of Tess in Tess of the D’Urbervilles.Tess of the D’Urbervilles is Thomas hardy’s representative work, as a transitional writer, his work reflect the profound changes about the social economic, politic, moral, customs and the tragic fate about the people(especially the fate of women)which caused by the capitalism intrudes England rural towns, it reveals the hypocrisy of bourgeoisie moral, legal and religion.Tess of the D’Urbervilles concentrate on the ‘character and environment. The heroine Tess while clever beauty, diligent and kind, but as a victim of she finally was on the gallows. So what are the reasons? Here we analyze her tragic fate from the following 3 aspects:Firstly, the tragic fate of Tess first comes from the capitalist society.In the furious conflict between individual and environment, Tess's fate is inevitably miserable. Tess lived in the Victorian period as British capitalism intrudes England rural countries. Though she is diligent and kind, clever beautiful girl, but as a laborer, a powerless of agricultural workers without money and social status, naturally will be affected by the capitalist societyof oppression and reproach. With the capitalist invasion, those who own a small piece of land and production material of peasants are forced to, and then go bankrupt. Visible, Tess's tragic fate and her economic poverty are closely linked. This is one the social reason.Secondly, unjust laws system is also a factor in Tess tragedy. In capitalist society, the legal system are protect the exploiting class profits while oppress powerless workers. From the story, we knew that Alec is a domineering, do evil young guy, he was protected by the injustice law while the beautiful and diligent Tess was killed, it shows the underclass counteractionspeople in society is impossible to get treated fairly.Thirdly, Tess's destruction is closed linked with the hypocrisy of religion .Alec's characters, revealed the hypocrisy of religion. He is on the business, is a bourgeois upstarts and carnal "person". He set a trap to seducea Tess, but using the biblical allusions to blame them. Later he was turnedinto a good cleric. Who advised Visible, in capitalist society, religion is the reactionary ruling class anesthesia, cheating, and a fool of working people.Marx once said: "with artificial Christian." Religion is bourgeois reproach and defiled women provided theoretical basis.Fourthly, Tess is also a victim of the bourgeoisie hypocritical moral. From the story, Angel is the representative of bourgeoisie hypocritical moral, though he is a liberal thought of intellectuals, but he has a deep psychological ingrained in traditional ethics and morality. his own dissolute behavior was forgived by Tess, but he did not forgive Tess on the situation the fault is not Tess, but Alec. He has not a little sympathy on Tess, which force Tess came back to Alec.Fifthly, Tess’s tragic is also related by her own personality.Tess is a brand-new woman created by hardy, she has dual personality. On the one hand, she dares to against the hypocrisy of traditional moral and religious, On the other hand, cannot completely get rid of the traditional ethics of their own. Because Tess was born in a peasant family, remaining some of the old farmer on moral and destiny view that she appeared when traditional moral against the weak side. when she treated with the secular public opinion, she also think herself is guilty. Tess, as a certain historical period of the individual, must be particular historical period of social consciousness and moral concepts, she thought and action are bound by age and social consciousness.From above all, the tragedy of Tess have social reason also have her own personality reason, but all these reasons are directly linked with the bourgeoisie society, it’s the kinds of reflects of the society. Her des troy is inevitably in the bourgeoisie society.6. Daniel Defoe’s Robinson Crusoe is a very influential novel in the enlightenment period of the English literature. It depicts Crusoe as a figure of middle class who makes success through his hard work. Discuss the social reason why the novel becomes so successful.Robinson Crusoe is supposedly based on the real adventure of an Alexander Selkirk who once stayed alone on the uninhabited island Huan Fernandez for five years. Factually, the story is an imagination. In the story the author describes inviting plots of Robinson Crusoe who survives and lives quite well on an island after the shipwreck. In Robinson Crusoe, Defoe traces the growth of Robinson Crusoe from a na?ve and artless youth into a shrewd and hardened man, tempered by numerous trials in his eventful life. The realistic account of the successful struggle of Robinson here is a real hero: a typical eighteenth century English middle-class man, with a great capacity for work, inexhaustible energy, courage, patience and persistence in overcoming obstacles, in struggling against the hostile natural environment. He is the very prototype of the empire builder, the pioneer colonist. Robinson Crusoe is an adventure story in the spirit of the time. So when it was published, people all liked that story, and it became an immediate success.7. In Pride and Prejudice, Jane Austen explored three kinds of motivations of marriage the middle-class people had in the second half of the 18th century. Say something about this novel and try to make a discussion about the three kinds of motivations with specific examples from the novel. Make comments on Austen’s attitude towards these motivations.First, there is marriage merely for fortune, money and social rank. This is to be found in Miss Bingley’s pursuit of Darcy, Lady de Bourgh’s intention to marriage between her daughter and Darcy, and in Charlotte Lucas’marriage to Mr.Collins. The snobbery and vanity of the rich and the practicality of the poor gentry women are fully accounted for.The second is the tendency to marry for beauty, attraction and passion regardless of economic conditions or personal merits. This is generally known as Mr.Bennet and Mrs. Bennet who has a beautiful face but an empty head and of their youngest daughter Lydia to the handsome, charming but morally weak and penniless Wickham. The terrible aftermath of such marriage is only too obvious in the marriage of the two generations of the Bennet.Lastly comes the idea marriage, which is a love match with considerations of the lover’s personal merits and economic conditions. Such perfect happiness is to be found in the marriage of Darcy and Elizabeth and that of Mr.Bingley and Jane, although the satisfaction of both the personal and economic conditions like this is really a bit too idealistic.What Jane Austen tries to say is that it is wrong to marry just for money or for beauty, but it is also wrong to marry without consideration of economic conditions. Of the three types, she prefers the the last one. And in the last type, she seems to give her particular preference to the marriage of Darcy and Elizabeth.28. What is the social significance of The Canterbury Tales?The Canterbury Tales has its social significance in several ways. ①It represents the spirit of the rising bourgeoisie people’s right to pursue earthly happiness is affirmed by Chaucer. ②the ideas of humanism are shown in C haucer’s praising of man’s energy ,intellect, wit and love of love. ③Chaucer exposed and satirized the evils of the time. ④the corruption of the church is vigorously attacked. ⑤Chaucer showed sympathy for the poor to some extent. ⑥Chaucer established the language of literature.36.John Bunyan’s The Pilgrim’s Progress is generally regarded as a religious allegory. Say briefly about thisbook and what does the work symbolically concern? What is the predominant metaphor that is carried on through the whole work? And what is the author’s purpose in writing such a book?A. It concerns the search for spiritual salvation.B. “That life is a journey” is to urge people to abide by Christian doctrines.C. The author’s purpose is to urge people to abide by Christian doctrines and to seek salvation through constant struggles with their own weakness and all kinds of evils./doc/9933e5213169a4517723a372.html ment on Jane Austen’s c haracteristics of her novels.1. Jane Austen is one of the realistic novelists. She drew vivid and realistic pictures ofeveryday life of the country society in her novels.2. Jane Austen’s main concern is about human beings in their personal relations, human beingswith their families and neighbors. Stories of love and marriage provide the framework for all her novels and in them woman are always taken as the major characters.3. Jane Austen’s work has a very narrow literary field. She confines herself to small countryparishes, whose simple country people become the characters of her novels, but within her own field, she is unrivaled.4. Her novels show a wealth of humor, wit and delicate satire. Her plots are straight-forward.There is little action. Her characters are like real living creatures, with faults and virtues mixed as they are in real life. Jane Austen is successful in the employment of irony and frequent use of witty and delightful dialogues.。

中文名字和英文名字差异英语作文Chinese Names and English Names are different in many ways, reflecting the cultural and linguistic differences between the two languages. Chinese names are typically made up of two or three characters, with the surname placed first followed by the given name. It is very common for Chinese names to have meanings, often reflecting the parents’ wishes for the child’s future success, happiness, or other positive characteristics. On the other hand, English names are usually made up of one to three syllables, with the first name followed by the middle name (if one is given) and last name.One major difference between Chinese and English names is the order in which they are written or spoken. In Chinese names, the surname comes first followed by the given name, while in English names the given name comes first followed by the last name. For example, a person with the Chinese name 王小明(Wang Xiaoming) would have the English name Xiaoming Wang.Another difference is the pronunciation and spelling of Chinese names compared to English names. Chinese names often have tones and sounds that are not present in English, making it difficult for English speakers to pronounce them correctly. Furthermore, Chinese names are often transliteratedusing the pinyin system, which can lead to variations in spelling and pronunciation. English names, on the other hand, are easier for Chinese speakers to pronounce as they are based on the Latin alphabet.In terms of meaning, Chinese names often have deep significance and are chosen carefully by parents. For example, the name 美丽(Meili) means beautiful, reflecting the parents’ desire for their child to be lovely and attractive. English names, on the other hand, may not have specific meanings or significance attached to them, although some parents may choose names based on their own preferences or family traditions.Overall, Chinese and English names differ in terms of order, pronunciation, spelling, and meaning. Despite these differences, names are an important part of identity and play a significant role in shaping how individuals are perceived and how they perceive themselves. Both Chinese and English names carry cultural and personal significance, reflecting the unique characteristics and backgrounds of their bearers.。

英语元音字母速记Memorizing English Vowel LettersEnglish is a language with a rich and complex phonetic system. One of the key aspects of this system is the set of vowel letters, which play a crucial role in the pronunciation and spelling of words. As a non-native English speaker, mastering the English vowel letters can be a significant challenge, but it is an essential step towards improving one's proficiency in the language.The English language has five basic vowel letters a e i o u which can be combined in various ways to create a wide range of vowel sounds. However the relationship between the written vowel letters and their corresponding sounds is not always straightforward. Some vowel letters can represent multiple sounds depending on the context and the combination of letters in a word. Additionally there are various vowel digraphs and diphthongs that add further complexity to the system.To effectively memorize and internalize the English vowel letters it isimportant to adopt a systematic approach. One effective strategy is to break down the vowel system into smaller manageable components and focus on mastering each component individually before moving on to the next.A good starting point is to familiarize oneself with the five basic vowel letters a e i o u and their most common sound values. For example the letter a can represent the short sound as in cat the long sound as in cake and the r-controlled sound as in car. Similarly the letter e can represent the short sound as in pet the long sound as in tree and the r-controlled sound as in her. By understanding the range of sounds that each basic vowel letter can represent learners can begin to build a solid foundation.Next it is important to explore the various vowel digraphs and diphthongs that are commonly used in English words. Vowel digraphs are two-letter combinations that represent a single vowel sound such as ea in bread ai in rain and oa in boat. Diphthongs on the other hand are gliding vowel sounds that involve a smooth transition from one vowel sound to another such as oi in coin oy in boy and ou in out. Familiarizing oneself with the most common vowel digraphs and diphthongs and their corresponding sounds can significantly expand one's understanding of the English vowel system.In addition to mastering the individual vowel sounds it is also crucialto understand how vowel letters behave in different contexts and word positions. For instance the same vowel letter can represent different sounds depending on whether it is in an open or closed syllable. The letter i for example can represent the long sound as in kite when it is in an open syllable or the short sound as in sit when it is in a closed syllable. Similarly the placement of vowel letters within a word can also affect their sound values. The letter a for instance can represent different sounds in words like cat hat and father.To solidify one's understanding of the English vowel system it is helpful to engage in regular practice and exposure to a wide range of vocabulary. This can involve reading extensively listening to native speakers and actively practicing pronunciation through shadowing or repeating exercises. Keeping a vocabulary journal and categorizing words by their vowel sounds can also be a useful technique.Furthermore it is important to recognize that mastering the English vowel system is an ongoing process that requires patience and persistence. Even native English speakers continue to refine their understanding of vowel sounds throughout their lives. As a non-native learner it is essential to embrace this challenge and view it as an opportunity for growth and development.In conclusion the English vowel system is a complex and multifaceted aspect of the language that requires dedicated effort to master. Bybreaking down the system into manageable components focusing on the most common patterns and engaging in regular practice learners can gradually build a strong foundation in English vowel letters. This foundational knowledge will not only improve one's pronunciation and spelling but also enhance overall language proficiency and communication skills. With persistence and a willingness to learn the English vowel system can be conquered and serve as a gateway to deeper linguistic understanding.。

中英文之间的语言差异的英语作文全文共6篇示例，供读者参考篇1Learning Languages is Fun and Fascinating!Hi there! My name is Emily and I'm 10 years old. I absolutely love learning languages - they're just so cool and interesting. Right now I'm studying Chinese and English, and I've noticed lots of big differences between the two languages. Let me tell you about some of them!First up, the writing systems are super different. English uses an alphabet with 26 letters that make different sounds. Chinese has thousands of characters instead of letters, and each one represents a whole word or part of a word. The characters don't really have sounds on their own. Some look kind of like little pictures which I think is neat!In English, we write from left to right in horizontal lines. But in Chinese, you can write vertically from top to bottom as well as horizontally. My Chinese teacher says vertical writing used to be more common in old times. I tried writing my name vertically andit felt really bizarre and backwards! I kept getting confused which way was up.Another huge difference is how you put sentences together. In English, we follow a pattern like "I ate dinner" with the subject first, then the verb, then the object. But in Chinese, the pattern is "I dinner ate" with the verb at the very end. When I'm speaking English I have to be careful not to mix up the word order accidentally. Sometimes my Chinese sentences come out sounding funny!The grammar is also very different between the two languages. Like in English, we have plural forms for many nouns - "one dog" but "two dogs." Chinese doesn't really have plural forms though. You just say "one dog" or "two dog." No adding an "s" at the end which makes it simpler in a way but also confusing sometimes.There are no verb conjugations in Chinese either, like "I go," "you go," "he/she goes". The verb form never changes based on who is doing the action. English has SO many rules for conjugating verbs based on the subject which can get really tricky.On the flip side, Chinese has this fascinating system of measure words that you use when saying "one thing" or "threethings." Like "one lĭ pencil" instead of just "one pencil." English doesn't really have an equivalent for that. I still get mixed up about when to use which specific measure word in Chinese!Then there are tones in Chinese - the same sound can mean completely different things just by changing the pitch. Like the sound "ma" can mean "mother," "horse," "scold" or "numb" just depending on whether you say it with a flat, rising, dipping or falling tone. English doesn't use tones at all except for maybe changing emphasis. I'm still working really hard on mastering my tones.Oh and idioms are super fun to learn in both languages because they make no literal sense! Like "it's raining cats and dogs" or "add oil" meaning "keep going" or "beat around the bush." I think it's hilarious to directly translate some idioms word-for-word across the languages.So those are some of the biggest contrasts I've noticed between English and Chinese so far. Of course, there are tons of other differences when it comes to things like slang, formal vs. informal speech, vocabulary and so on. I feel like my brain is getting one great workout by learning these two extremely different languages!I may get confused sometimes, but I truly believe studying other languages is an amazing opportunity. It opens up whole new worlds and ways of thinking. You start to realize that things you always assumed were totally normal or logical are actually just conventions of your native language and culture. That's a fascinating realization!I'm so glad my parents encouraged me to take Chinese classes from a young age. It can be challenging for sure, but it's an incredibly useful skill. Not to mention hopefully giving me a leg up when I'm older and looking for jobs. I might want to be an interpreter, translator, teacher or somethinginternational-related someday!For now, I'm just having fun discovering the quirks and intricacies of English and Chinese. I'll keep studying hard to become fluent in both. Bĭng cuò bú tài dà - "no mistakes are too big"...at least that's what they say in Chinese! I'm not afraid to mess up as long as I'm learning along the way. Maybe I'll pick up a third or fourth language someday too. The possibilities are endless when you start exploring the world of languages!篇2Learning English is Fun but Also Really Hard!Hi, my name is Lily and I'm 10 years old. I'm a 5th grader at Maple Grove Elementary School. I love a lot of things like art class, gym class, and recess. But one of my favorite subjects is English class because I really enjoy learning the English language. It's super interesting but also quite difficult since English is so different from my native language of Chinese.One of the biggest differences is the alphabet. Chinese uses logographic characters, which means each character represents a whole word or meaning. But English uses an alphabet with only 26 letters that you combine in different ways to make words. At first, I found it really confusing how the same few letters can make so many different words just by rearranging their order. Like "pot" and "top" use the exact same letters but mean completely different things!The way you write is also backwards between English and Chinese. We write Chinese from top to bottom, right to left. But English starts at the top left and goes horizontally from left to right. My brain got very twisted around trying to write that way at first. I kept wanting to write vertically!Another tricky part is that English has a lot of homonyms, which are words that sound exactly the same but have different spellings and meanings. For example, the words "pair" and"pear" sound identical when you say them, but one means two of something and the other is a fruit. Chinese has some homonyms too but way less than English. It can be hard to keep all the different spellings and meanings straight.Pronunciation is perhaps the most difficult aspect for me. There are so many different vowel and consonant sounds in English that we just don't have in Chinese. Sounds like the "th" in "ther" or the multiple R sounds like in "rural" and "Jerry." My tongue gets all tangled trying to make those sounds properly. And good luck trying to say things like "The thirty-three thieves thought..." That's a total tongue twister!English also has a bajillion different tenses and cases and plurals and possessives and irregular verbs. Like why is it "I am" but "you are"? And "I went" but "he goes"? My teacher says I just have to memorize all those irregular ones. It's so much simpler in Chinese!Despite all the challenges, I'm really determined to learn English well. It opens up so many opportunities to make new friends, understand different cultures, travel to more places, and expand my mind. I work really hard at it every day like doing vocabulary flashcards, reading out loud to practice pronunciation, and writing all sorts of practice sentences.My parents are super supportive too. Dad is actually fluent in English from studying abroad in college. Sometimes he'll have whole conversations with me only in English to give me listening and speaking practice. Mom just smiles and nods since she never learned much English. I can already imagine how awesome it will feel when I grow up to use my English skills for a cool job or visiting other countries.For now though, I know I have a long way to go. My teacher is always gently correcting my mistakes and I still have so many grammar rules and vocabulary words left to master. But I'm not going to give up! Learning any new language is never easy, but embracing the differences and difficulties is all part of the fun challenge. Maybe someday English will feel just as natural to me as my native Chinese does now. And then I can start learning a third language for extra bonus points! Spanish, here I come!篇3The Many Differences Between Chinese and EnglishMy name is Ali, and I'm a 10-year-old student in the 5th grade. I was born in China, but my family moved to the United States when I was 6 years old. That means I started learning English when I was pretty young, and it's been quite a journey!One of the biggest differences between Chinese and English is the way they look on paper. Chinese characters are so beautiful and intricate, with each one representing a whole word or meaning. English, on the other hand, uses an alphabet with only 26 letters that get combined to make words. At first, I thought it was so strange that a few squiggly lines could represent entire words and ideas!Another big difference is the way sentences are structured. In Chinese, the subject usually comes first, followed by the verb and then the object. But in English, it's subject-verb-object, which felt really backwards to me at first. I remember my English teacher saying things like "Ali reads book" and I would think, "No, it should be 'Ali book reads'!" It took me a while to get used to the English way of doing things.Then there are all the little words in English that don't really exist in Chinese, like "a," "the," and "is." In Chinese, you can just say "I student" or "That cat," but in English, you have to say "I am a student" or "That is a cat." It felt like I was using way more words than necessary!But one of the toughest things about learning English was all the crazy spelling and pronunciation rules (or lack thereof). In Chinese, words are spelled exactly how they sound, which makestotal sense. But in English, there are so many exceptions and weird spellings. Like, why does "ough" sound different in words like "through," "cough," and "though"? And why is "fish" spelled with a "sh" sound at the end? It's just bonkers!Don't even get me started on homophones – words that sound the same but are spelled differently and mean different things, like "pair" and "pear," or "two," "too," and "to." How am I supposed to keep all of those straight? My brain hurts just thinking about it.Another tricky part of English is all the idioms and sayings that don't make any literal sense. Like, if someone says "It's raining cats and dogs," I used to think actual cats and dogs were falling from the sky! Or when people say "Break a leg," I would wonder why anyone would want to break their leg before a performance. Idioms are just weird.And let's not forget about tones in Chinese! The same word can mean completely different things just by changing the tone. Like, "ma" with a high flat tone means "mother," but "ma" with a rising tone means "horse"! English speakers must think we're all speaking in sing-song all the time.Despite all these differences (and headaches), I've come to really appreciate both Chinese and English. They're like twodifferent windows into the world, each with its own unique way of expressing ideas and experiences.Chinese feels so elegant and poetic to me, with its beautiful characters and rich cultural history. But English has this fun, playful quality that allows for so much creativity with words and phrases.Sometimes, I'll be speaking English and realize there's no perfect translation for a certain Chinese word or concept. And other times, I'll be speaking Chinese and struggle to find the right way to express something that feels so natural in English.It's like each language has its own secret garden, filled with special meanings and nuances that can only be fully understood and appreciated by those who speak it fluently.As I continue my journey of learning and using both languages, I've come to see it as a amazing superpower. I get to experience the world through two completely different lenses, and switch between them with ease (well, most of the time).Who knows, maybe I'll pick up a third or fourth language someday and get to experience even more of the world's linguistic diversity. For now, though, I'm just going to keeppracticing my Chinese and English, and marveling at the many wonderful (and wonderfully weird) differences between them.篇4Language Differences between Chinese and EnglishHello, my name is Emily, and I'm a 10-year-old student in the 5th grade. Today, I want to talk about the differences between Chinese and English languages. As a child who speaks both languages, I've noticed some exciting things that make these two languages unique and interesting.First, let's talk about the writing systems. Chinese characters are very different from English letters. Chinese characters are like little pictures that represent a word or an idea. Each character has a specific meaning and pronunciation. On the other hand, English uses an alphabet with 26 letters that combine to form words. The English alphabet is much simpler and easier to learn than the thousands of Chinese characters.Another big difference is how words are formed. In English, we use roots, prefixes, and suffixes to create new words. For example, the word "unhappiness" is made up of the prefix "un-," the root word "happy," and the suffix "-ness." Chinese words, however, are often made up of two or more characters combined.For instance, the word "好朋友" (good friend) is made up of two characters, "好" (good) and "朋友" (friend).Grammar is another area where Chinese and English are very different. English follows a strict subject-verb-object order, like "I eat an apple." Chinese grammar is more flexible, and the subject and object can sometimes be omitted if they are understood from the context. For example, in Chinese, you can say "吃苹果" (eat apple) instead of "我吃一个苹果" (I eat an apple).Tones are a unique feature of the Chinese language that English doesn't have. In Chinese, the same syllable can have different meanings depending on the tone you use. For example, the syllable "ma" can mean "mother," "horse," "scold," or "hemp," depending on the tone. English speakers often find tones challenging to master when learning Chinese.Another fascinating difference is how we express politeness. In English, we use words like "please," "thank you," and "excuse me" to show politeness. In Chinese, there are specific honorific titles and humble expressions that indicate respect and deference. For instance, we might refer to an older person as "叔叔" (uncle) or "阿姨" (auntie) as a sign of respect, even if they are not related to us.Despite these differences, both Chinese and English have their own beauty and richness. As a bilingual speaker, I appreciate the unique characteristics of each language and the ability to communicate in two different linguistic systems.In conclusion, the differences between Chinese and English languages are vast and fascinating. From writing systems to word formation, grammar, tones, and expressions of politeness, these two languages offer unique perspectives and ways of thinking. As a student, learning about these differences has been an enriching experience, and I'm grateful for the opportunity to explore the depths of both languages.篇5Certainly! Here's an essay about language differences between Chinese and English, written in English from the perspective of an elementary school student, approximately 2,000 words in length.The Fascinating Differences Between Chinese and EnglishMy name is Emily, and I'm a 10-year-old student in the fifth grade. I've been learning English since I was in kindergarten, and I find it really interesting how different it is from my nativelanguage, Chinese. I'd like to share some of the fascinating differences I've noticed between these two languages.One of the biggest differences is the writing system. Chinese characters are logographic, meaning each character represents a word or concept rather than individual sounds. On the other hand, English uses an alphabetic writing system, where letters represent specific sounds that are combined to form words. It was really challenging for me to learn the English alphabet and how to spell words when I first started learning English.Another major difference is the grammar structure. Chinese is an analytic language, which means it doesn't have features like verb conjugations, gender, or plural forms like English does. In Chinese, the same word is used for singular and plural nouns, and there are no changes to verbs based on the subject or tense. For example, in English, we say "I eat" and "she eats," but in Chinese, it would be the same word for both.Speaking of grammar, word order is also quite different between the two languages. In English, the typical sentence structure is subject-verb-object (SVO), like "I eat an apple." However, in Chinese, the word order is subject-object-verb (SOV), so the same sentence would be "I apple eat." This was really confusing for me when I first started learning English!Pronunciation is another area where the two languages differ greatly. English has many complex rules for pronunciation, with silent letters, different vowel sounds, and irregular pronunciations. Chinese, on the other hand, is a tonal language, meaning the same sound can have different meanings depending on the tone (pitch) used. For instance, the syllable "ma" can mean "mother," "horse," "scold," or "hemp" depending on the tone.Chinese also has a lot of homophones, which are words that sound the same but have different meanings. For example, the word "yi" can mean "one," "easy," "already," or "meaning," among other things. In English, homophones exist too, but they are not as common as in Chinese.Another interesting difference is how Chinese and English handle politeness and formality. In English, we have specific words and phrases to show respect and politeness, like "please," "thank you," and addressing people by title (e.g., Mr., Mrs., Dr.). In Chinese, politeness is often conveyed through the use of honorifics, which are specific words or particles added to names or titles to show respect.Finally, I find the idiomatic expressions in each language fascinating. Idioms are phrases that have a figurative meaningdifferent from the literal meaning of the individual words. In English, we have idioms like "it's raining cats and dogs" (meaning it's raining heavily) or "let the cat out of the bag" (meaning to reveal a secret). Chinese also has many colorful idioms, like "adding flowers to the embroidery" (meaning to embellish a story) or "watching a chess game from the sidelines" (meaning to observe without getting involved).Learning about these differences has made me appreciate the richness and diversity of languages. While it can be challenging to navigate the contrasts between Chinese and English, it's also incredibly rewarding to gain insights into different ways of thinking and expressing ideas.As I continue my language learning journey, I'm excited to explore even more fascinating aspects of these two languages and how they shape our understanding of the world around us.篇6Learning Two LanguagesHi there! My name is Lily and I'm 10 years old. I was born in China but my family moved to the United States when I was 5 years old. So I grew up speaking both Chinese and English.Having two languages is really cool but it can also be tricky sometimes!One big difference is how the languages look and sound. Chinese characters look so different from English letters. The characters are made up of lots of little strokes and lines, while English has those 26 simple letters we all know. Chinese also has tones - you say the same word in different pitches and it can mean totally different things! English doesn't have tones at all.The sounds are really different too. In Chinese, there are sounds that don't exist in English at all, like the "x" sound in "xing" or the "zh" sound in "zhang." Some sounds seem the same but are a little different, like the "r" sound. And Chinese has wayyyy more words that have that funny "ü" sound like in "lü." English has plenty of weird sounds too though, like "th" - try saying that if you're a Chinese speaker!Another major thing is that Chinese has no alphabet, but English does. So in English, you can just sound out words once you've learned the alphabet sounds. But in Chinese, you have to memorize how every single character is pronounced. There are thousands of characters! My Chinese teachers made me practice writing them over and over.The grammar is super different too. Like, in English you have to remember if a noun is singular or plural and add "-s" at the end. But in Chinese, there's no plural form - "one apple" and "three apples" use the exact same word! Crazy right? Also, Chinese has no verb tenses or anything like "walking" or "walked." You just say the verb and have to figure out from context if it's past, present or future.Articles are another strange thing. In English you always have to say "a," "an" or "the" before a noun. But there are no articles at all in Chinese! You just say "apple" or "table" with nothing in front of it. Isn't that weird?One area where Chinese is easier is that a lot of words are made up of two shorter words put together. Like "airplane" in Chinese is two characters meaning "air" and "plane" put together. But in English you have to memorize a completely new word like "airplane." I think making new words by combining is pretty cool!Also, in Chinese a lot of measure words are used after numbers, like "three chairs" has a "measure word" between "three" and "chairs." But in English we just say "three chairs" without any extra word. Remembering all those measure words was hard for me.Word order is another huge difference. Chinese is a Subject-Object-Verb language, while English isSubject-Verb-Object. So like in English you say "I eat rice," but in Chinese it would be "I rice eat." My English teacher was always correcting my word order when I first started learning!One last thing is that Chinese has no spaces between words, just one long string of characters. But in English each word is clearly separated by spaces. I remember being soooo confused by that when I started kindergarten!So those are some of the biggest differences I've noticed between Chinese and English. There are probably a million more little things that make each language unique. It's pretty amazing how people all over the world can communicate with such different language systems!Learning two very different languages at the same time was definitely not easy. I would get mixed up constantly when I was little. But now I'm so glad I know both. It's like getting a window into two completely different ways of thinking and expressing ideas. I feel really lucky to be bilingual. It's a wonderful gift that helps me connect with more people and learn about diverse cultures.I hope this essay gave you a taste of some of the major differences between Chinese and English from a kid's perspective. Languages areedndlessly fascinating! Maybe I'll be a linguist when I grow up so I can learn all about even more of the world's amazing languages. Thanks for reading!。

Unit1 New words精品教案课题Unit1 Helping those in need 课型NEW WORDS备课时间1 period教材分析教学目标1.Let students know the meaning of the new words and canuse the words to make sentences2.Train the students ability of cooperation教学重点The pronunciation and the usages of the new words: raise, disabled,offer, serious, illness, organize, lonely, difficulty, hurt, pay 教学难点permission, suffer, courage, spirits, community教学关键Let all the students can read the words and know the meaning ofthe new words教法与学法指导Use some pictures and games and PPT教学环节主要教学步骤或内容学生主体活动教师活动设计意图时间分配第一环节复习回顾平移的基本性质，引入课题Step one: Warming up.Freely talk: What have youever done to help others?Talk with the teacherabout the things theyhave done to helpothers?1.sum up thethings studentsdo to help others1.To arouse theinterest and leadthem to get intothe words of thenew words5第二环节观察操Step two: New words.Read the new words.2. Read the newswords according to thesyllables and learnhow to pronounce it2.Play the MP3of the newwords for themand lead them to2.Let thestudents readsthe wordscorrectly.20作、探索归纳平移的作法Step three: group work toremember the new wordsStep four: Key words learning.Step five: have a competition3. try to remember thenew words as quicklyas you can, with thehelp of the groupleader, then checkwith each otherwhether youremember the wordsor not.4. Work in groups tolearn the usage of thekey words, payattention to thefollowing usages ofthe new words : raise,disabled, offer,serious, illness,organize, lonely,difficulty , hurt, pay,suffer5. match the newwords and the picturesshown on the pptread in a properway.3. help thestudents whenthey havetrouble inreading the newwords4.Show the PPTof the meaningof the key wordsand let ss makemore sentenceswith the newwords5. check thewords and givethem marks forthe groups3.To make themget familiar withthepronunciationand the spellingof the newwords.4. Train thestudents’ abilityto cooperate. Letthe students indifferent levelscan take part inthe activity.5.Provie thechances tostudents to showthemselves andpractice thespeaking ability.第三环节课堂练习Step six: exercise1. use the correct forms ofthe words to fill in the blankslike :He fell from the trees and gothurt ___________(serious).6. Finish the exercisegiven on the sheet.6.Collect themistakes in thestudents’exercise.6. to consulatethe usages of thenew words10第四环节课时小结step SevenHow many words do youmaster?Play a word game to checkwhether they have rememberthe new words.7. Remember thewords you learn andspell them out. Guessthe word in the game.7.Give them apiece of paper towrite the words.Play a wordgame withstudents7.To develop thestudents’ abilityof self–checking.5第五环节课后作业1. Dictation2. use the new words to makesentences on your own orcheck them in a dictionary4. Ask one student tolead all the students toread the new word.one student read onenew words.1.Dictation2.correct themistakesStrengthen theremembering ofthe words andsee if they canuse the wordscorrectly课堂教学流程Read the new words --- Games and remember the new words ---- learn the usages of the new words -----Exercise----check how they master the new words效果评价与反思。

英语的发展历程The development of English Language has a long and complex history, starting from its origins in ancient Germanic and Old English to its modern form spoken and written by billions of people worldwide. This essay will briefly outline the key stages in the development of the English language.The roots of English can be traced back to around 2000 years ago when the Germanic tribes, including the Angles, Saxons, and Jutes, migrated to the British Isles from what is now Denmark and Germany. They brought with them their Germanic languages, which eventually evolved into what is known as Old English. Old English was spoken from the 5th to the 11th centuries and was heavily influenced by the Latin of the Roman occupation as well as the Scandinavian languages due to Viking invasions.The Norman Conquest in 1066 dramatically changed the course of English development. The Normans, led by William the Conqueror, spoke a form of Old French known as Anglo-Norman. As a result, French had a significant impact on the English language, with many French words entering the vocabulary and changing the grammatical structure.Middle English emerged following the Norman Conquest and was spoken from the 11th to the 15th centuries. During this period, English underwent significant changes in pronunciation, vocabulary, and grammar. The English language absorbed an abundance of words from Latin and Greek due to the influence of the Catholic Church and education, further enriching the language.The invention of the printing press by William Caxton in the late 15th century marked another milestone in the development of English. Printed books became more accessible to the general population, contributing to the standardization of English spelling and grammar. The Great Vowel Shift, a major phonological change in the English language, also occurred during this period, shaping the pronunciation of many words that we still use today. The voyages and exploration of the British Empire from the 16thto the 19th centuries brought English to different parts of the world and influenced its global spread. The colonization of America, Australia, and many parts of Africa and Asia led to the emergence of different varieties of English, known as dialects or accents. These varieties developed their own unique characteristics influenced by the local languages and cultures.In the 20th century, with the rise of technology and communication, English became the world's dominant language in trade, international relations, and science. This global influence contributed to the standardization of English through organizations such as the Oxford English Dictionary and the formation of institutions like the British Council and the English Language Teaching Association.However, it is important to note that the development of English is an ongoing process. New words are constantly being added to the vocabulary due to cultural changes, technological advancements, and globalization. English has become a lingua franca, a language used for communication between people who do not share a common native language.In conclusion, the development of English language spans over centuries and has gone through several significant stages. From its Germanic roots to its global dominance, English has evolved and adapted to the changing world around it. As the language continues to connect people around the globe, it will undoubtedly continue to change and develop in the future.。

【英语发⾳的本质】中古英语和元⾳⼤推移【英语发⾳的本质】中古英语和元⾳⼤推移初期的英语发⾳和德语⼏乎是⼀样，中古英语发⽣了“元⾳⼤推移（Great Vowel Shift）导致英语的元⾳发⾳产⽣了较⼤的变化。

中古英语和现代英语在发⾳上的区别主要在长元⾳。

中古英语的元⾳发⾳和意⼤利语和标准德语发⾳⾮常接近。

这种发⾳上的变化称为“元⾳⼤推移”。

Late Old English,orthography[C:5WC^rEfi]n.正确拼字,正字法,正字学（ortho+graph+y）ortho-[5C:WEJ]表⽰“直,正直”之义【希腊语】ορθογραφία n. dictation, orthography, spelling（ορθο+γραφ+ία）ορθο-对应ortho-，γραφ-对应graph-，varied widely,but by the end of the period,about 1470,aided by the invention of the printing press, a standard based on the London dialect(Chancery Standard)had become established.中古英语的书写习惯差别很⼤，但是到了末期，借助印机的发明，⼀种基于伦敦⽅⾔的标准英语产⽣了。

This largely forms the basis for Modern English spelling,although pronunciation has changed considerably since that time.这形成了现代英语的拼写主体。

Middle English was succeeded in England by the era of Early Modern English,which lasted until about1650.By that time, a variant of the Northumbrian dialect (prevalent in northern England and spoken in southeast Scotland)was developing into the Scots language.Northumbrian[nC:5WQmbriEn](英国)诺森伯兰(Northumbria)的(⼈、⽅⾔)诺森伯兰郡的(⼈、⽅⾔)（north+umbr+ian）Umbrian[5QmbriEn]翁布⾥亚画派的, (意⼤利中部)翁布⾥亚(地区)的,翁布⾥亚⼈的,翁布⾥亚⼈(umbr+ian)umbr-在拉丁语中表“阴影”。

怎样学好英语的英语作文在平平淡淡的学习、工作、生活中，大家都不可避免地要接触到作文吧，借助作文可以宣泄心中的情感，调节自己的心情。

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怎样学好英语的英语作文篇1Nowadays,the English is becoming more and more important . There are many different ways to learn English well. For example, these are my ways to study English. First,we have to make a hard decision to study English well and never give it up. Second we must do all the homework that the teachers told us on time.Third, we should read some English books and buy some exercise books to study. Then, we can ask our classmates or teachers when we come across some hard problems. Dont be afraid of making mistakes. Finally, we must stick these everyday. 怎样学好英语的英语作文篇2English is one of the most important langnages in the world. It’s necessary to learn it well .How do you study? Everyone learns English in different ways. The best way to improve your English is to improve your English skills. They are listening , speaking , reading and writing. We should practice them every day.It’s very good for you if you are interested in Egnlish . You will find studying Egnlish is interesting and helpful. One more thing, remember“Practice makes perfect”!怎样学好英语的.英语作文篇3Two years ago, I started to learn English. At first, I think it is difficult, but my teacher taught me some good ways. First,remember new words as much as possible. When you see something, you can use English words to name it. Using the pronunciation to remember new words is a good way. Second, read the words or sentence loudly.It will strengthen your memory, so that you can remember words or sentence quickly. Third, listen to the tape. Listening is the basic of English learning, so it’s important. These a re some good ways to learn English. I hope they can be useful to you.怎样学好英语的英语作文篇4English is one of the most important subjects in middle school.Almost everyone knows that we should learn English well, but few of us know how to learn it well. Karl Marx has set a good example for us. He once said, "When one is learning a foreign language, he must use the foreign language." In this way, he could use several languages. A saying goes, "Practice makes perfect."When we learn English, we should read more, speak more, listen to English from time to time and practise writing every day. Dont be afraid of making mistakes. Only in this way can we learn it well.怎样学好英语的英语作文篇5English is important and useful to us. How can we learn it well? Here are my suggestions.First, we should often listen to the tapes, English songs and programs. Watching English movies is also helpful to us. Second, we should speak English in class as much as possible. Dont be afraid of making mistakes. The more you speak, the fewer mistakes youll make. Wed better join the English club and practice with others. Third, we can read more English newspapersand magazines. Its good for us. At last, we should recite some good passages and keep diaries.In a word, as long as we do more listening, speaking, reading and writing, we will learn English well.怎样学好英语的英语作文篇6English is a useful and very important language. So how to learn it well? I have some suggestions here.First of all, we should remember the pronunciation and spelling of words firmly, and then review and consolidate them in time. Secondly, we should often speak in English, which is for practicing oral English. Thirdly, we can write more articles in English and use grammar correctly. In order to learn English well, we can also watch more English movies and listen to more English songs. These are all good ways to learn English.In a word, we can learn English well only by practicing more, reading more, writing more and relying on our own efforts.怎样学好英语的英语作文篇7I think the best way of learning English is speaking as much as possible.here is some advice for you.First, We should try to listen to the teacher carefully . After class we should go over the lessons. And do our homework on time carefully.If we have any time ,we can read some English news and learn some useful words.Besides,we should ask teacher for help when we have any problems. Don't worry about make mistakes.To believe ourseleves is important.怎样学好英语的英语作文篇8Learning English is hard work and it takes time so we should spend lots of time on it every day.We should have good ways of learning English, such as listento the teacher carefully,review what is learned regularly, prepare each lesson carefully before class, do our homework carefully, copy good sentences and recite them and attend English debbates and speech contests.What's more,it is very useful to listen to English programs and read English magazines and books. When we make mistakes, correct them at once.Don't be shy of asking others for help when we have difficulties. I believe" practice makes perfect". I am sure if we study hard, we will learn English well.怎样学好英语的英语作文篇9Hello,everyone!I would like to talk about how to learn English well.I think ,firstly, if you're interested in English,you'll learn it better.Secendly, try to listen to ,speak, read,write and pradtice your English as much as possible.No pay, no gain.And we can listen to English songs, read interesting English books and speak to our friends.We can learn a lot from them.Then we can learn English well.Let's enjoy the English world.怎样学好英语的英语作文篇10many chinese students who have learned english for more than ten years are still unable to speak english fluently when they meet a foreigner. they seem to have mastered the basic language structure, but a conversation in english will make them feel uneasy. they are afraid that other people might find out their mistakes.it is not uncommon that many students, who are bad speakers of english, can write english perfectly. this proves thatthey are not able to organize their ideas in english. the center of the problem is that they lack practice and confidence.why should you be afraid? do you fear those foreigners with whom you are speaking? dont be shy, they will not laugh at you just for a small mistake you have made. the best way to get rid of this trouble is to learn to speak by speaking more. i am sure that constant practice will help you to succeed.怎样学好英语的英语作文篇11How to learn English well? English is one of the most important langnages in the world. It’s nec essary to learn it well .How do you study?Everyone learns English in different ways.The best way to improve your English is to improve your English skills. They are listening , speaking , reading and writing. We should practice them every day. It’s very g ood for you if you are interested in EgnlishYou will find studying Egnlish is interesting and helpful.One more thing, remember“Practice makes perfect”!怎样学好英语的英语作文篇12It is very important for us to learn English well.It is also important for us to know how to learn English.Here is some advice.As we know that the interest is a best teacher.Connect English words with something interesting when we are learning them.This helps us remember them well. For example, we can listen to English songs or watch sports programs in English.We can improve our English listening by listening to the teacher carefully in class,to the tapes very often.We can improve our writing by e-mailing to our pen pals in English.We can learn grammar by taking notes and doing lots of exercise.Good ways will make English learning not be boring.怎样学好英语的英语作文篇13English is one of the most important subject in junior high so we should learn it well.Learning English just like learning other language, is hard work so we should spend lots of time on it every day. We should have good ways of learning English, such as listen to the teacher carefully,review what is learned regularly, prepare each lesson carefully before class, do our homework carefully, copy good sentences and recite them and attend English debbates and speech contests.What's more,it is very useful to listen to English programs and read English magazines and books. When we make mistakes, correct them at once. Don't be shy of asking others for help when we have difficulties. I believe" practice makes perfect". I am sure if we study hard, we will learn English well.怎样学好英语的英语作文篇14Learning English is hard work and it takes time so we should spend lots of time on it every day. We should have good ways of learning English, such as listen to the teacher carefully,review what is learned regularly, prepare each lesson carefully before class, do our homework carefully, copy good sentences and recite them and attend English debbates and speech contests. What's more,it is very useful to listen to English programs and read English magazines and books.When we make mistakes, correct them at once. Don't be shy of asking others for help when we have difficulties. I believe" practice makes perfect". I am sure if we study hard, we will learn English well.怎样学好英语的英语作文篇15There are four key points to study English: listening, speaking,reading and writing. Firstly, we should be brave to talk with others in English. By doing this, we can improve ore talking and listening skill. Secondly, we should try to listen to all kinds of English programmes as much as possible. In this way, we can gradually improve our pronunciation. Thirdly, we should often read English books. When we come across a new word. We should guess its meaning through the contest first.Then look it up in the dictionary to have a check. I thin,it is a good way of reading. Fourthly, we should practice our writing skills. Whenever we have any idea, we should get the pen and write it down at once. It is very important to avoid writing in Chinese way and using the Chinese grammar. As long as we listen, speak, read and write more, we are sure to make remarkable progress!怎样学好英语的英语作文篇16Learning English takes time so if we want to learn it well, we should spend much time practicing using English every day.Besides, we should listen to the teacher and take notes carefully in class. Go over what is learnt regularly and finish doing our homework carefully. If we have time,we'd better isten to English radio programmes, read English stories and newspapers, watch English films and TV programmes ,keep a diary in English . If we make mistakes, correct them at once and try not to make the same mistakes.What's more, we should look up new words in the dictionary before class and prepare each lesson carefully before class.I believe if we work hard and have good ways of learning English, we will learn English well.怎样学好英语的英语作文篇17How to learn English wellEnglish is important and useful tous. How can we learn it well? Here are my suggestions.First, we should often listen to the tapes, English songs and programs. Watching English movies is also helpful to us. Second, we should speak English in class as much as possible. Don’t be afraid of making mistakes.The more you speak, the fewer mistakes you’ll make. We'd better join the English club and practice with others. Third, we can read more English newspapers and magazines. It’s good for us.At last, we should recite some good passages and keep diaries.In a word, as long as we do more listening, speaking, reading and writing, we will learn English well.怎样学好英语的英语作文篇18Learning English is important for me. When I first came to the United States of America, I found out the importance of knowing English. Whenever I went to a market to buy food, to a post office to mail a letter, or to take a bus to the bank, I had to communicate in English or things would not go smoothly. The two most important reasons for learning English for me are it is for my future goal and I want to continue my studies.First, it is for my future goal. I want to be a professional ESL teacher. I used to learn English in my country for several years but when I came to the United States, I found that my English was still very poor. Many times I couldn't understand what Americans were talking about and they couldn't understand me either. The bad pronunciation was embarrassing me but in China people didn't care about this. Some people call this Chinese English. Now in China ESL teachers are very welcome by young people, business men, and students. In big cities, a lot of private schools supply English remedial courses. Students must learnEnglish from middle school to high school. I think now in China being an ESL teacher is a good job foe me.Second, I want to continue my studies. I believe that a person who lives needs to learn. Whether it is one language or other things. I want to improve my English I can imagine that when I can speak English very well, how proud I am. I am also interested in learning the custom of United States, watching the United States movies, reading books, talking to Americans, and touring United States. I think if I get a degree from the United States it will be good for my future whatever I stay in the U.S or return to my country. I am thankful that I have a chance to continue my studies in the U.S.In conclusion, it is important for me to learn English for my future goal. It is also important because I want to continue my studies by learning English. I can do this. In fact, learning English is the answer to a lot of things that I need and want.怎样学好英语的英语作文篇19As we know , English has become an international language. It is more popular than any other language in China . English is widely spoken in the world and it is the most useful language around the world . But how to learn it well ?The best way is to use it all the time . If we can talk in English , think in English we can learn it well . At school , we should learn to hear , speak, read and write carefully . We should spend enough time in practicing English . If we keep on working hard at English , we will be able to be good at it one day .怎样学好英语的英语作文篇20At the beginning of the term, I made up my mind to learn English well in my plan. Then I carried out the plan full of determination. I stu-died as hard as I could,and so the days andweeks went by. Soon the time for the mid-term exam came. I went over my lessons in earnest,because Iexpected to get good marks. But to my surprise, I got a low mark of 73.I made quite a few grammar mistakes. Besides, I was unable to use some words or idioms correctly. I felt very sorry about it. I sat in the classroom in low spirits.Knowing about it,my English teacher asked me to go to his of-fice and told me not to be so disappointed. He also told me to listen to the teacher attentively in class,to make notes while listening and to do more reading and writing,and that only in this way could I learn Eng-lish well.What he said struck me greatly. I am determined to do as my tea-cher told me to. I'm sure I'll make some progress next time.。