外文翻译--浅谈建筑环境与暖通空调能耗

浅谈建筑环境与暖通空调节能摘要：建筑环境与暖通空调节能是建筑领域中一个重要的课题。

通过合理的设计规划和应用节能技术，可以降低建筑的能耗，减少对能源的依赖，提高室内环境的舒适度。

然而，实施建筑节能策略需要政府、企业和社会各界的共同努力，同时需要提高技术水平和加强宣传教育。

只有通过全社会的共同努力，才能推动建筑环境与暖通空调节能工作取得更大的进展。

关键词：建筑环境；暖通空调；节能一、建筑环境与暖通空调节能概述建筑环境与暖通空调节能旨在减少建筑能源消耗，提高能源利用效率，降低对环境的影响。

建筑环境与暖通空调系统在建筑中占据重要的能源消耗比例，因此采取节能措施对于减少碳排放和实现可持续发展至关重要。

建筑节能的关键在于通过优化建筑设计、采用高效能源设备、实施智能控制等手段来降低能源消耗。

合理的建筑设计与规划可以最大程度地利用自然资源，如采光、通风等，减少对人工能源的需求。

通过优化建筑方位、增加隔热保温措施、减少热桥等手段，可以减少能源损失。

选择高效能源设备可以提高能源利用效率，降低能源消耗，并且可以在节约能源的同时提供相同或更好的使用效果。

采用智能控制系统可以根据实际需求进行精确的能源管理[1]。

通过实时监测、调整温湿度、照明等参数，可以在保证舒适度的同时节约能源。

建立有效的能源管理系统并进行定期监测，可以及时发现和处理能源浪费的问题。

通过能源管理软件、能源计量设备等手段，可以增强对能源消耗的掌控和管理。

提供员工培训和宣传教育，提高他们的节能意识和能源管理能力。

员工通过了解节能措施的重要性以及自身的作用，能够更好地配合和推动节能工作的实施。

二、建筑环境对暖通空调节能的影响（一）室内环境的影响室内环境因素包括温度、湿度、空气质量等，对人们的舒适感和生产效率有直接的影响，同时也直接关系到暖通空调系统的能耗。

建筑的隔热性能和热容量直接决定了建筑内部温度的变化速度和稳定性。

优秀的隔热设计可以减少建筑外部温度的侵入，保持室内恒温的需要减少空调系统的工作负荷，从而降低能耗。

浅谈建筑环境与暖通空调节能能源问题成为全球性问题，能源短缺将制约这我们可持续性发展。

暖通空调在给我们带来舒适条件的同时也带来了大量的能源损耗，因此我们需要实现暖通空调节能。

建筑环境对暖通空调的节能起着非常大的作用，改善建筑环境有利于实现暖通空调的节能，包括改善室内环境和室外环境，改善的内容具体体现在建筑的设计与布局，建筑的材料与围护结构，当地的气候条件，建筑周围的绿色环境。

标签：建筑环境；暖通空调；节能随着经济的不断发展与进步，能源问题逐渐成为全球性的问题，能源短缺将制约我国可持续性发展。

暖通空调的使用可以为人们提供舒适的工作生活环境，但与此同时，暖通空调的能耗损失是建筑环境的主要能源损耗，大量的能耗损耗既不利于降低使用成本又不利于实现绿色节能，因此实现暖通空调的绿色节能是我们亟待解决的问题。

本文我们将探索建筑环境与暖通空调节能的关系以及建筑环境对暖通空调节能的影响，并探讨从建筑生态环境的角度实现暖通空调的节能。

1、建筑生态环境建筑环境指对建筑本身产生影响的一切事物。

现代建筑环境不仅仅包括室内外的温度与湿度，还包括室内的采光、照明、室外的绿化、室内外环境相互的影响等。

建筑生态环境较建筑环境的概念不仅包含传统建筑环境的含义还强调人、建筑环境、生态的关系，强调以人为主体良好的建筑生态环境既保证了主体人在舒适现代化的建筑环境中居住，又能保证整个建筑环境具有良好的绿色环保理念。

建筑生态环境既包括室内生态建筑环境又包括室外生态建筑环境。

室内生态环境建筑生态环境包括室内的温度、湿度、采光、照明、设计、空间布局等，建筑室外环境包括周围自然环境水环境、声环境、光环境和人文环境。

良好的自然与人文环境给人以良好的居住体验。

室内与室外建筑生态环境的统一构成了建筑生态环境。

我们旨在构建良好的建筑生态环境，为主体人构建舒适、绿色节能的居住环境。

2、建筑环境对暖通空调节能的影响暖通空调是建筑的主要能源损耗，为了建造一个良好的建筑生态环境，我们需要实现暖通空调的节能。

浅谈建筑环境与暖通空调节能摘要：能源问题是当前社会关注的全球性问题，而对于能源短缺问题直接影响到社会的可持续发展。

暖通空调可以对建筑物室内居住舒适度的调节，但对于能源的使用存在过度消耗的情况，因此需要完成对暖通空调节能规划，建筑环境对暖通空调的节能起到非常大的作用，通过对建筑物室内环境的调节与改善，更好地实现暖通空调节能安排，在暖通空调节能设计中，进一步改善室内环境与室外环境，同时针对节能内容完成具体的体现，配合建筑物的材料和围护结构，融合气候条件，满足建筑周围绿色环境建设。

关键词：建筑环境；暖通空调；节能引言：随着经济的快速发展与进步，能源已经成为全球关注的重点问题，能源短缺的问题直接影响了社会的全面发展，因此在当前的具体工作开展和实施当中，应针对暖通空调进行科学化的安排，在提升室内居住环境的前提条件下，更好地对能源进行保护。

通过对能源的合理使用，满足绿色节能的相关需求，同时提高建筑环境的装饰效果，设计暖通空调在使用中的能源保护，从而完成对社会可持续发展的合理安排。

1建筑环境对暖通空调的影响1.1建筑内部对暖通空调的影响室内环境的舒适程度直接决定了人们对暖通空调的使用效果，通过对建筑物内部结构的合理化设计，进一步改善建筑物的室内环境，减少对各种暖通空调的使用次数，从而解决空调过度使用的问题。

第一，在建筑物的建设中，需要合理构筑建筑物内部格局从而完成对室内环境带来的有利影响。

在进行建筑物科学化布局的时，从全面的内容进行思考，结合各方面因素完成综合化分析，建筑物可以设计成南北通透的布局，尽可能防止东西朝向建筑物的出现，当室内的通风效果可以起到调节舒适度的作用，因此人们会减少使用暖通空调，从而做到对能源的科学化保护，防止造成能源消耗量增加。

第二，加强地板与门窗等围护结构的作用，结合环境内容营造适合居住的良好环境。

建筑物内部围护结构应做出合理化的设计，该技术的使用能够减少能源的消耗，增加室内的通风效果，更是满足保温性能要求，为室内居住环境改善奠定坚实的基础，进一步减少暖通空调的使用次数。

浅谈建筑工程暖通空调的节能设计及新能源利用摘要：人类为生存、发展和繁荣推进了人类文明的历史进程。

在享受大自然的同时，其实我们每个人也同样肩负着节约能源、保护环境的责任。

随着我国建筑业发展迅猛，建筑能耗不断增加,而暖通空调系统的节能占建筑节能的主要部分，我们应从设计与系统本身的工作状态方面来完成节能举措，从而实现节能环保的目标。

关键词：建筑工程；暖通空调；节能设计Abstract: for human survival, development and promote the prosperity of the history of human civilization. In to enjoy nature at the same time, in fact every one of us also has the energy conservation, the responsibility of protecting the environment. With the fast development of construction industry, increase of building energy consumption, and hvac system energy saving accounts for the main part of the building energy efficiency, we should design and system itself to complete energy saving measures state, so as to achieve the goal of saving energy and environmental protection.Keywords: building engineering; Hvac; Energy saving design前言随着我国经济社会的快速发展，暖通空调已经普遍应用于我国建筑中，在我国大部分的地区夏天比较炎热，中央空调被普遍的应用，建筑的空调能耗正快速的增长。

浅谈建筑环境与暖通空调能耗暖通空调发展到今天,在满足人们众多功能要求的同时,不得不将考虑的范围扩展到建筑周围的生态环境。

能源的大量使用,对周围环境的无限破坏,这些都对人类发展产生了严重的影响。

如何建立一种生态的平衡,这需要我们暖通空调进行反思。

研究建筑环境,了解暖通空调负荷产生的原因及影响因素,可以更加合理地提出解决问题的方法。

1、建筑环境与暖通空调能耗概述(1)建筑与建筑生态环境之间的关系,本质应该是建筑去适应其生态环境,减少对环境的各种恶劣影响,而暖通空调系统此时便在建筑中发挥一种能动性的作用,利用各种方法创造良好的建筑生态环境,以此来协调建筑与环境之间的关系。

为了创造舒适的室内空调环境,必须消耗大量的能源。

暖通空调能耗是建筑能耗中的大户,由此可见建筑节能工作的重点应该是暖通空调的节能。

从暖通空调的能耗组成可以看出:暖通空调系统的能耗主要决定于空调冷、热负荷的确定和空调系统的合理配置,空调系统的布置和空调设备的选择是以空调负荷为依据的。

所以暖通空调节能的关键是空调外界负荷和内部负荷的确定,而暖通空调节能工作也应该从这个方面着手,合理布置建筑物的位置,正确选择外墙、门、窗、屋顶的形状及材料等,尽量减少空调负荷。

暖通空调的目标是为人们提供舒适的生活和生产室内热环境,在一般的舒适性空调中,以能够使人体保持平衡而满足人们的舒适感觉为目的;在恒温恒湿或有洁净要求的工艺性空调中,一切以满足生产工艺为目标。

而房屋的建筑热工设计是恰当地利用房屋维护结构的热导性,抵抗室外气候的变化,使房间内产生舒适的微气候。

(2)围护结构包括外围结构和内围护结构。

外围护结构主要包括屋面、外墙和窗户;内围护结构主要包括地面、顶棚、内隔墙等。

在采暖建筑中,围护结构的传热热损失占总的热损失的比例是较大的,在北京地区,通过围护结构的传热热损失约占全部热损失的77％;通过门窗缝隙的空气渗透热损失约占23％;在哈尔滨地区,通过围护结构的传热热损失约占全部热损失的71％;通过门窗缝隙的空气渗透热损失约占29％。

外文翻译ANALYSIS OF HVAC SYSTEM ENERGYCONSERVATIONIN BUILDINGSABSTRACTE conomic development and people's increasing demand for energy, but the nature of the energy is not inexhaustible. Environment and energy issues become increasingly acute, if no measures are taken, then the energy will limit the rapid economic development of the question.With the improvement of living standard, building energy consumption in the proportion of total energy consumption is increasing. In developed countries, building energy consumption accounts for 40% of total energy consumption of the community, while the country despite the low level of socio-economic development, but the building energy consumption has nearly 30% of total energy consumption, and still rising. Therefore, in western countries or in China, building energy consumption is affecting the socio-economic status of the overall development of the question. In building energy consumption, the energy consumption for HVAC systems has accounted for 30% of building energy consumption -50%, with the extensive application of HVAC, energy consumption for HVAC systems will further increase Great. HVAC systems are often coupled with high-quality electric energy, and our power and relatively tight in some areas, lack of energy supply and demand which is bound to lead to further intensification of contradictions. Therefore, energy-saving heating, higher professional requirements is inevitable across the board.KEYWORDS:energy-saving，HVAC1. Energy saving design measures should be takenRapid changes in science and technology today, area HVAC new technologies emerge, we can achieve a variety of ways of energy saving HVAC systems.1.1 Starting from the design, selecting, designing HVAC systems, so that the efficient state of the economy running.Design is a leading engineering, system design will directly affect its performance. The building load calculation is an important part of the design, a common problem is that the current design of short duration, many designers to save time, wrong use of the design manual for the design or preliminary design estimates of cold, heat load with the unit construction area of cold, heat load index, direct construction design stage as hot and cold load to determine the basis, often making the total load is too large, resulting in heating equipment, air conditioning is too large, higher initial investment, operating costs, increased energy consumption.1.2 using the new energy-saving air-conditioning and heating comfort and healthy mannerAffect human thermal comfort environment of many parameters, different environmental parameters can get the same effect of thermal comfort, but for different heat and moisture parameters of the environment of its energy consumption air conditioning system is not the same.1.3 Actual situation of a reasonable choice of cold and heat sources, seek to achieve diversification of cold and heat sourceWith the extensive application of HVAC systems on non-renewable energy consumption also rose sharply, while the broken part of the ecological environment are becoming increasingly intensified. How to choose a reasonable heating sources, has caused widespread concern of all parties.1.4 to enhance the use of hot and cold recycling of the work, to achieve maximum energyHVAC systems to improve energy efficiency is one of the ways to achieve energy-saving air-conditioning. Heat recovery system installed mainly through energy recovery, with the air from wind energy to deal with new, fresh air can reducethe energy required for processing, reducing the load, to save energy. In the choice of heat recovery, the should be integrated with the local climate Tiao Jian, Jing Ji situation, Gong Cheng actual situation of harmful exhaust gases of the situation in a variety of factors Deng integrated to determine the Xuanyong suitable heat recovery, so as to achieve Hua Jiao Shao's investment, recovery of more heat (cold) the amount of purpose.1.5 focus on development of renewable energy, and actively promoting new energyAs the air-conditioning systems used in high-grade, non-renewable energy resources and environmental problems caused by the increasingly prominent, have to develop some reasonable and effective renewable energy to ease the current tensions. To heat (cold) and solar and other renewable resources used in air conditioning and refrigeration, has certain advantages, but also clean and pollution-free. Ground Source Heat Pump is a use of shallow and deep earth energy, including soil, groundwater, surface water, seawater, sewage, etc. as a cold source in winter and summer heat is not only heating but also a new central air-conditioning system cooling.2. Saving design problemsAchieve energy-saving HVAC systems, now has a lot of mature conditions, but in practical applications there are some problems：2.1 The issue of public awareness of energy conservationThe past is not enough public understanding of energy, and on the air conditioning is also very one-sided view. For a comfort of air conditioning system or heating system, should the human body has a very good comfort. But the prevailing view now is: the colder the better air-conditioning, heating the more heat the better. This is obviously we seek the comfort of air conditioning is contrary to the view. In fact, this not only greatly increase the energy consumption of air conditioning heating, indoor and outdoor temperature and because of the increase, but also to the human body's adaptability to different environmental decline, lowering the body immunity. Therefore, we need to improve advocacy efforts to change public to the traditional understanding of air conditioning and heating, vigorous publicity andpromotion in accordance with building standards and the cold heat energy metering devices to collect tolls, raise public consciousness of energy.2.2 The design concept of the problemReasonable energy-saving design is a prerequisite. At present, some designers due to inadequate attention to design empirical value when applied blindly, resulting in the increase of the initial investment, energy consumption surprising, therefore recommended that the government functions and the energy-saving review body, to increase the monitoring of the HVAC air-conditioning energy saving efforts enhance staff awareness of energy conservation design, so that energy conservation is implemented.2.3 The promotion of new technologies issueNew technology in the HVAC system for energy conservation provides a new direction. Such as ground source heat pump systems, solar cooling and heating system, not only to achieve efficient use of renewable energy, and can bring significant economic benefits, is worth promoting. However, as with any new technology, these new technologies are often high in cost, and the geographical conditions of use have certain limitations, and technically there are still many areas for improvement to improve. Therefore, new energy-efficient technologies, we should be according to local conditions, sum up experience, and actively promote.3. ConclusionHVAC systems saving energy in the building occupies a very important position, should attract enough attention to the designer. Designers should be from a design point of view fully into account the high and strict compliance with energy standards energy saving ideas to run through all aspects of the construction sector. Energy-saving technologies and renewable energy recycling, the Government and other relevant departments should support and vigorously promoted. And the design, construction, supervision, quality supervision, municipal administration and other departments should cooperate closely and pay close attention to implementing a cold, heat metering devices to collect tolls, so people really get benefit from energy efficient building, energy-saving construction and non-heating energy efficientbuilding can not have the same charge standard. At the same time to raise public awareness of energy conservation, and vigorously promote the development of new energy-saving technologies to achieve sustainable development of society.References[1] "residential design standard" DBJ14-037-2006.[2] "Public Buildings Energy Efficiency Design Standards" DBJ14-036-2006.[3] "Technical Specification for radiant heating" JGJ142-2004.析暖通空调系统在建筑中的节能问题摘要经济的发展使人们对能源的需求不断增加,但是自然界的能源并不是取之不尽,用之不竭的。

英文文献Air Conditioning SystemsAir conditioning has rapidly grown over the past 50 years， from a luxury to a standard system included in most residential and commercial buildings。

In 1970， 36％of residences in the U。

S。

were either fully air conditioned or utilized a room air conditioner for cooling (Blue， et al。

, 1979）。

By 1997， this number had more than doubled to 77%， and that year also marked the first time that over half （50.9%) of residences in the U。

S。

had central air conditioners （Census Bureau， 1999）。

An estimated 83％ of all newhomes constructed in 1998 had central air conditioners （Census Bureau， 1999）。

Air conditioning has also grown rapidly in commercial buildings。

From 1970 to 1995, the percentage of commercial buildings with air conditioning increased from 54 to 73% (Jackson and Johnson, 1978， and DOE， 1998）.Air conditioning in buildings is usually accomplished with the use of mechanical or heat-activated equipment. In most applications, the air conditioner must provide both cooling and dehumidification to maintain comfort in the building。

空调节能技术中英文对照外文翻译文献(文档含英文原文和中文翻译)中英文对照资文翻译空调节能技术的研究1、引言节能可以说是楼宇自动控制系统的出发点和归宿。

众所周知，在智能建筑中HV AC (采暖、通风和空调)系统所耗费的能量要占到大楼消耗的总能量的极大部分比例，大致在50%~60%左右。

特别是冷冻机织、冷却塔、循环水泵和空调机组、新风机组，都是耗能大户。

所以实有必要发展一种有效的空调系统节能方法，尤其用是在改善现有大楼空调系统自动化上方面。

DDC(Dircctdigitalcontrol)直接数字化控制，是一项构造简单操作容易的控制设备，它可借由接口转接设各随负荷变化作系统控制，如空调冷水循环系统、空调箱变频自动风量调整及冷却水塔散热风扇的变频操控等，可以让空调系统更有效率的运转，这样不仅为物业管理带来很大的经济效益，而且还可使系统在较佳的工况下运行，从而延长设备的使用寿命以及达到提供舒适的空调环境和节能之目的。

一般大楼常用的空调系统有CA V、V A V、VWV等，各有不同操控方式，都可以用DDC控制。

（1）定风量系统(CA V)定风量系统(ConstantAirV olume，简称CA V)定风量系统为空调机吹出的风量一定，以提供空调区域所需要的冷(暖)气。

当空调区域负荷变动时，则以改变送风温度应付室内负荷，并达到维持室内温度度于舒适区的要求。

常用的中央空调系统为AHU(空调机)与冷水管系统(FCU系统)。

这两者一般均以定风量(CA V)来供应空调区，为了应付室内部分负荷的变动，在AHU定风量系统以空调机的变温送风来处理，在一般FCU系统则以冷水阀ON/OFF控制来调节送风温度。

（2）变风量系统(V A V)变风量系统(VarlableAirV olume，简称V A V)即是空调机(AHU或FCU)可以调变风量。

常用的中央空调系统为AHU(空调机)与冷水管系统FCL系统。

这两者一般均以定风量(CA V)来供应空调区，为了应付室内部分负荷的变动，在AHU定风量系统以空调机的变温送风来处理，在一般FCU系统则以冷水阀ON/OFF控制来调节送风温度。

及太阳能进行有效的开发与利用。

2.3加快研发制造和技术推广应用及时更新落后的技术和装备，对高能耗高污染的特种设备实行节能审查和监督。

相关部门应出台特种设备的能耗标识，建立特种设备的强制性节能标准，将新型清洁能源作为经济发展的动力进行大力推广，并不断提高可再生能源的研发能力，降低能源成本。

加快节能减排技术创新的优化，构建技术研发平台，推动建立以企业为主，产学研相结合的节能减排技术创新。

在电梯、起重机械中，采用变频变压调速拖动技术，有效的提高特种设备工作效率，实现节能环保的目标。

将变频控制装置和光电感应装置安装在自动扶梯上，乘客进入扶梯时，扶梯以正常的速度运行，当扶梯内无乘客时将转为低速运行，其节能效果十分明显。

2.4强化管理环节特种设备安全节能运行关键因素在于人员素质及其管理制度的健全。

由于科学技术进步迅速，尽管特种设备操作人员和管理人员持证上岗，但是对先进工艺、技术以及设备的了解和掌握程度较低，使得节能所产生的效果并不显著。

因此必须对特种设备相关人员定期进行培训和考核，提高其特种设备专业技术水平和操作水平。

同时，相关部门应利用网络、电视、广播广泛宣传节能减排的重要性和紧迫性，提高全社会节能环保意识，在企业、机关、社区以及学校积极开展节能环保的科普宣传活动，促进特种设备节能、环保同步、健康发展。

3结束语作为高耗能、高污染的特种设备，其肩负的节能减排历史任务十分艰巨，其该空间节能减排的潜力较大。

因此企业、家庭以及个人应该提高对特种设备节能减排重要性的认识程度，在科学发展观的指导下，相关部门应积极采取有效措施，加强节能减排法制建设，建立节能减排工作相关激励政策，不断研发和推广新技术、新工艺以及新设备，强化特种设备相关人员的培训力度，加大特种设备节能环保的宣传力度，从而最大程度降低特种设备能源消耗，保护和改善环境，促进社会经济健康、和谐、稳定的发展。

参考文献:[1]鲍永国，李敏.关于节能减排技术在港口起重设备节能中的讨论[J].资源节约与环保，2011，02:48-49.[2]张纲.高耗能特种设备节能工作大有可为[J].节能与环保，2012，01:18-23.[3]张吉，夏尚，陈云荣.特种设备能效的评价与展望[J].机电产品开发与创新，2012，05:32-34.[4]本报记者史玉成.寻找高耗能特种设备节能突破口[N].中国质量报，2010-07-09003.[5]李伟.基于煤炭港口设备节能减排问题分析研究[J].科技风，2013，23:252.（上接第125页）摘要:随着我国环境的日益恶化，人们越来越强调通过生态建筑实现暖通空调的节能效应，暖通空调通过制冷制热系统调节人们的生活环境，提高生活质量。

外文翻译中文空调工作过程和节能技术的研究摘要：一台空调基本上是没有被隔离的箱子的一个冰箱。

它象氟里昂一样利用冷媒的蒸发提供冷却.在一台空调里氟里昂蒸发循环的过程和冰箱里的相同。

关键词：水塔、改变气候、压缩机、节能当外面的温度开始上升时，很多人寻找室内的空调的极好的安慰。

象水塔和电源线一样，空调是我们每天看见但是很少注意的那些东西之一。

它将不是很高兴的知道这些不可缺少的机器怎样运转他们的魔术吗？在这篇文章里，我们将检查空调–从微观到宏观–以使你对你所看见的知道得更多！低温的各个方面.空调的定型是各种尺寸，冷却能力和价格。

我们经常看见的一种类型是窗式空气调节器.窗式空气调节器是冷却一个小的区域的一种容易和节约的方法。

居住在郊区的地区的大多数人通常在他们的后院有这些中之一：如果你住在一座公寓大厦里，这或许是一个熟悉的情景：大多数商业和办公楼在他们的屋顶上有冷凝装置，并且当你飞到上空时,仓库和商业区可能让人把10 或者20 套冷凝装置隐藏在他们的屋顶上：当你徘徊在很多医院,大学和办公室联合企业的周围时，你会找到连接空气调节系统的大的冷却塔：即使这些机器中的每个都有一个相当清楚的外表，他们全部以相同的原理工作。

让我们近距离地看一下。

基本的想法，一台空调基本上是没有被隔离的箱子的一个冰箱。

它象氟里昂一样利用冷媒的蒸发提供冷却.在一台空调里氟里昂蒸发循环的过程和冰箱里的相同。

根据在线梅里厄姆织工字典,氟里昂一般“用于任何各种各样的调节器”。

根据在线梅里厄姆织工字典，氟里昂一般”用于作为致冷剂和作为气溶胶推进者使用的任何各种各样的不易燃的碳氟化合物。

”这就是在一台空调里的蒸发循环是怎么样工作（看出冰箱怎样为关于这个系列的完整的细节工作）：1。

压缩机压缩低温的氟里昂气体，产生高温,高压氟里昂气体.2. 这种高温气体通过一套线圈，因此它能使它的热消散, 并且它凝结成一种液体。

3。

氟里昂液体充满一个膨胀阀, 并且在这个过程里蒸发变得低温，低压氟里昂气体。

暖通空调系统专业外文翻译英文文献Air Conditioning SystemsAir conditioning has rapidly grown over the past 50 years from a luxury to a standard system included in most residential and commercial buildings In 1970 36 of residences in the US were either fully air conditioned or utilized a room air conditioner for cooling Blue et al 1979 By 1997 this number had more than doubled to 77 and that year also marked the first time that over half 509 of residences in the US had central air conditioners Census Bureau 1999 An estimated 83 of all new homes constructed in 1998 had central air conditioners Census Bureau 1999 Air conditioning has also grown rapidly in commercial buildings From 1970 to 1995 the percentage of commercial buildings with air conditioning increased from 54 to 73 Jackson and Johnson 1978 and DOE 1998Air conditioning in buildings is usually accomplished with the use of mechanical or heat-activated equipment In most applications the air conditioner must provide both cooling and dehumidification to maintain comfort in the building Air conditioning systems are also used in other applications such as automobiles trucks aircraft ships and industrialfacilities However the description of equipment in this chapter is limited to those commonly used in commercial and residential buildings Commercial buildings range from large high-rise office buildings to the corner convenience store Because of the range in size and types of buildings in the commercial sector there is a wide variety of equipment applied in these buildings For larger buildings the air conditioning equipment is part of a total system design that includes items such as a piping system air distribution system and cooling tower Proper design of these systems requires a qualified engineer The residential building sector is dominatedby single family homes and low-rise apartmentscondominiums The cooling equipment applied in these buildings comes in standard packages that are often both sized and installed by the air conditioning contractor The chapter starts with a general discussion of the vapor compression refrigeration cycle then moves to refrigerants and their selection followed by packaged Chilled Water Systems11 Vapor Compression CycleEven though there is a large range in sizes and variety of air conditioning systems used in buildings most systems utilize the vapor compression cycle to produce the desired cooling and dehumidification This cycle is also used for refrigerating and freezing foods and for automotive air conditioning The first patent on a mechanically drivenrefrigeration system was issued to Jacob Perkins in 1834 in London and the first viable commercial system was produced in 1857 by James Harrison and DE SiebeBesides vapor compression there are two less common methods used to produce cooling in buildings the absorption cycle and evaporative cooling These are described later in the chapter With the vapor compression cycle a working fluid which is called the refrigerant evaporates and condenses at suitable pressures for practical equipment designsThe four basic components in every vapor compression refrigeration system are the compressor condenser expansion device and evaporator The compressor raises the pressure of the refrigerant vapor so that the refrigerant saturation temperature is slightly above the temperature of the cooling medium used in the condenser The type of compressor used depends on the application of the system Large electric chillers typically use a centrifugal compressor while small residential equipment uses a reciprocating or scroll compressorThe condenser is a heat exchanger used to reject heat from the refrigerant to a cooling medium The refrigerant enters the condenser and usually leaves as a subcooled liquid Typical cooling mediums used in condensers are air and water Most residential-sized equipment uses air as the cooling medium in the condenser while many larger chillers use water After leaving the condenser the liquid refrigerant expands to a lowerpressure in the expansion valveThe expansion valve can be a passive device such as a capillary tube or short tube orifice or an active device such as a thermal expansion valve or electronic expansion valve The purpose of the valve is toregulate the flow of refrigerant to the evaporator so that the refrigerant is superheated when it reaches the suction of the compressor At the exit of the expansion valve the refrigerant is at a temperature below that of the medium air or water to be cooled The refrigerant travels through a heat exchanger called the evaporator It absorbs energy from the air or water circulated through the evaporator If air is circulated through the evaporator the system is called a direct expansion system If water is circulated through the evaporator it is called a chiller In either case the refrigerant does not make direct contact with the air or water in the evaporatorThe refrigerant is converted from a low quality two-phase fluid to a superheated vapor under normal operating conditions in the evaporator The vapor formed must be removed by the compressor at a sufficient rate to maintain the low pressure in the evaporator and keep the cycle operating All mechanical cooling results in the production of heat energy that must be rejected through the condenser In many instances this heat energy is rejected to the environment directly to the air in the condenser or indirectly to water where it is rejected in a cooling tower With someapplications it is possible to utilize this waste heat energy to provide simultaneous heating to the building Recovery of this waste heat at temperatures up to 65°C 150°F can be used to reduce costs for space heatingCapacities of air conditioning are often expressed in either tons or kilowatts kW of cooling The ton is a unit of measure related to the ability of an ice plant to freeze one short ton 907 kg of ice in 24 hr Its value is 351 kW 12000 Btuhr The kW of thermal cooling capacity produced by the air conditioner must not be confused with the amount of electrical power also expressed in kW required to produce the cooling effect21 Refrigerants Use and SelectionUp until the mid-1980s refrigerant selection was not an issue in most building air conditioning applications because there were no regulations on the use of refrigerants Many of the refrigerants historically used for building air conditioning applications have been chlorofluorocarbons CFCs and hydrochlorofluorocarbons HCFCs Most of these refrigerants are nontoxic and nonflammable However recent US federal regulations EPA 1993a EPA 1993b and international agreements UNEP 1987 have placed restrictions on the production and use of CFCs and HCFCs Hydrofluorocarbons HFCs are now being used in some applications where CFCs and HCFCs were used Having an understanding of refrigerants can helpa building owner or engineer make a more informed decision about the best choice of refrigerants for specific applications This section discusses the different refrigerants used in or proposed for building air conditioning applications and the regulations affecting their use The American Society of Heating Refrigerating and Air Conditioning Engineers ASHRAE has a standard numbering systemfor identifying refrigerants ASHRAE 1992 Many popular CFC HCFC and HFC refrigerants are in the methane and ethane series of refrigerants They are called halocarbons or halogenated hydrocarbons because of the presence of halogen elements such as fluorine or chlorine King 1986 Zeotropes and azeotropes are mixtures of two or more different refrigerants A zeotropic mixture changes saturation temperatures as it evaporates or condenses at constant pressure The phenomena is called temperature glide At atmospheric pressure R-407C has a boiling bubble point of –44°C –47°F and a condensation dew point of –37°C –35°F which gives it a temperature glide of 7°C 12°F An azeotropic mixture behaves like a single component refrigerant in that the saturation temperature does not change appreciably as it evaporates or condenses at constant pressure R-410A has a small enough temperature glide less than 55°C 10°F that it is considered a near-azeotropic refrigerant mixture ASHRAE groups refrigerants by their toxicity and flammability ASHRAE 1994 Group A1 is nonflammable and least toxic while Group B3 isflammable and most toxic Toxicity is based on the upper safety limit for airborne exposure to the refrigerant If the refrigerant is nontoxic in quantities less than 400 parts per million it is a Class A refrigerant If exposure to less than 400 parts per million is toxic then the substance is given the B designation The numerical designations refer to the flammability of the refrigerant The last column of Table com shows the toxicity and flammability rating of common refrigerantsRefrigerant 22 is an HCFC is used in many of the same applications and is still the refrigerant of choice in many reciprocating and screw chillers as well as small commercial and residential packaged equipment It operates at a much higher pressure than either R-11 or R-12 Restrictions on the production of HCFCs will start in 2004 In 2010 R-22 cannot be used in new air conditioning equipment R-22 cannot be produced after 2020 EPA 1993bR-407C and R-410A are both mixtures of HFCs Both are considered replacements for R-22 R-407C is expected to be a drop-in replacement refrigerant for R-22 Its evaporating and condensing pressures for air conditioning applications are close to those of R-22 Table com However replacement of R-22 with R-407C should be done only after consulting with the equipment manufacturer At a minimum the lubricant and expansion device will need to be replaced The first residential-sized air conditioning equipment using R-410A was introduced in the US in 1998 Systems usingR-410A operate at approximately 50 higher pressure than R-22 Table com thus R-410A cannot be used as a drop-in refrigerant for R-22 R-410A systems utilize compressors expansion valves and heat exchangers designed specifically for use with that refrigerantAmmonia is widely used in industrial refrigeration applications and in ammonia water absorption chillers It is moderately flammable and has a class B toxicity rating but has had limited applications in commercial buildings unless the chiller plant can be isolated from the building being cooled Toth 1994 Stoecker 1994 As a refrigerant ammonia has many desirable qualities It has a high specific heat and high thermal conductivity Its enthalpy of vaporization is typically 6 to 8 times higher than that of the commonly used halocarbons and it provides higher heat transfer compared to halocarbons It can be used in both reciprocating and centrifugal compressorsResearch is underway to investigate the use of natural refrigerants such as carbon dioxide R-744 and hydrocarbons in air conditioning and refrigeration systems Bullock 1997 and Kramer 1991 Carbon dioxide operates at much higher pressures than conventional HCFCs or HFCs and requires operation above the critical point in typical air conditioning applications Hydrocarbon refrigerants often thought of as too hazardous because of flammability can be used in conventional compressors and have been used in industrial applications R-290 propane has operatingpressures close to R-22 and has been proposed as a replacement for R-22 Kramer 1991 Currently there are no commercial systems sold in the US for building operations that use either carbon dioxide or flammable refrigerants31 Chilled Water SystemsChilled water systems were used in less than 4 of commercial buildings in the US in 1995 However because chillers are usually installed in larger buildings chillers cooled over 28 of the US commercial building floor space that same year DOE 1998 Five types of chillers are commonly applied to commercial buildings reciprocating screw scroll centrifugal and absorption The first four utilize the vapor compression cycle to produce chilled water They differ primarily in the type of compressor used Absorption chillers utilize thermal energy typically steam or combustion source in an absorption cycle with either an ammonia-water or water-lithium bromide solution to produce chilled water32 Overall SystemAn estimated 86 of chillers are applied in multiple chiller arrangements like that shown in the figure Bitondo and Tozzi 1999 In chilled water systems return water from the building is circulated through each chiller evaporator where it is cooled to an acceptable temperature typically 4 to 7°C 39 to 45°F The chilled water is then distributed to water-to-air heat exchangers spread throughout the facility In theseheat exchangers air is cooled and dehumidified by the cold water During the process the chilled water increases in temperature and must be returned to the chiller sThe chillers are water-cooled chillers Water is circulated through the condenser of each chiller where it absorbs heat energy rejected from the high pressure refrigerant The water is then pumped to a cooling tower where the water is cooled through an evaporation process Cooling towers are described in a later section Chillers can also be air cooled In this configuration the condenserwould be a refrigerant-to-air heat exchanger with air absorbing the heat energy rejected by the high pressure refrigerantChillers nominally range in capacities from 30 to 18000 kW 8 to 5100 ton Most chillers sold in the US are electric and utilize vapor compression refrigeration to produce chilled water Compressors for these systems are either reciprocating screw scroll or centrifugal in design A small number of centrifugal chillers are sold that use either an internal combustion engine or steam drive instead of an electric motor to drive the compressorThe type of chiller used in a building depends on the application For large office buildings or in chiller plants serving multiple buildings centrifugal compressors are often used In applications under 1000 kW 280 tons cooling capacities reciprocating or screw chillers may be moreappropriate In smaller applications below 100 kW 30 tons reciprocating or scroll chillers are typically used33 Vapor Compression ChillersThe nominal capacity ranges for the four types of electrically driven vapor compression chillers Each chiller derives its name from the type of compressor used in the chiller The systems range in capacities from the smallest scroll 30 kW 8 tons to the largest centrifugal 18000 kW 5000 tons Chillers can utilize either an HCFC R-22 and R-123 or HFC R-134a refrigerant The steady state efficiency of chillers is often stated as a ratio of the power input in kW to the chilling capacity in tons A capacity rating of one ton is equal to 352 kW or 12000 btuh With this measure of efficiency the smaller number is better centrifugal chillers are the most efficient whereas reciprocating chillers have the worst efficiency of the four types The efficiency numbers provided in the table are the steady state full-load efficiency determined in accordance to ASHRAE Standard 30 ASHRAE 1995 These efficiency numbers do not include the auxiliary equipment such as pumps and cooling tower fans that can add from 006 to 031 kWton to the numbers shownChillers run at part load capacity most of the time Only during the highest thermal loads in the building will a chiller operate near its rated capacity As a consequence it is important to know how the efficiency of the chiller varies with part load capacity a representative data for theefficiency in kWton as a function of percentage full load capacity for a reciprocating screw and scroll chiller plus a centrifugal chiller with inlet vane control and one with variable frequency drive VFD for the compressor The reciprocating chiller increases in efficiency as it operates at a smaller percentage of full load In contrast the efficiency of a centrifugal with inlet vane control is relatively constant until theload falls to about 60 of its rated capacity and its kWton increases to almost twice its fully loaded valueIn 1998 the Air Conditioning and Refrigeration Institute ARI developed a new standard that incorporates into their ratings part load performance of chillers ARI 1998c Part load efficiency is expressed by a single number called the integrated part load value IPLV The IPLV takes data similar to that in Figure com and weights it at the 25 50 75 and 100 loads to produce a single integrated efficiency number The weighting factors at these loads are 012 045 042 and 001 respectively The equation to determine IPLV isMost of the IPLV is determined by the efficiency at the 50 and 75 part load values Manufacturers will provide on request IPLVs as well as part load efficienciesThe four compressors used in vapor compression chillers are each briefly described below While centrifugal and screw compressors are primarily used in chiller applications reciprocating and scrollcompressors are also used in smaller unitary packaged air conditioners and heat pumps34 Reciprocating CompressorsThe reciprocating compressor is a positive displacement compressor On the intake stroke of the piston a fixed amount of gas is pulled into the cylinder On the compression stroke the gas is compressed until the discharge valve opens The quantity of gas compressed on each stroke is equal to the displacement of the cylinder Compressors used in chillers have multiple cylinders depending on the capacity of the compressor Reciprocating compressors use refrigerants with low specific volumes and relatively high pressures Most reciprocating chillers used in building applications currently employ R-22Modern high-speed reciprocating compressors are generally limited to a pressure ratio of approximately nine The reciprocating compressor is basically a constant-volume variable-head machine It handles various discharge pressures with relatively small changes in inlet-volume flow rate as shown by the heavy line labeled 16 cylinders Condenser operation in many chillers is related to ambient conditions for example through cooling towers so that on cooler days the condenser pressure can be reduced When the air conditioning load is lowered less refrigerant circulation is required The resulting load characteristic is represented by the solid line that runs from the upper right to lower leftThe compressor must be capable of matching the pressure and flow requirements imposed by the system The reciprocating compressor matches the imposed discharge pressure at any level up to its limiting pressure ratio Varying capacity requirements can be met by providing devices that unloadindividual or multiple cylinders This unloading is accomplished by blocking the suction or discharge valves that open either manually or automatically Capacity can also be controlled through the use of variable speed or multi-speed motors When capacity control is implemented on a compressor other factors at part-load conditions need to considered such as a effect on compressor vibration and sound when unloaders are used b the need for good oil return because of lower refrigerant velocities and c proper functioning of expansion devices at the lower capacities With most reciprocating compressors oil is pumped into the refrigeration system from the compressor during normal operation Systems must be designed carefully to return oil to the compressor crankcase to provide for continuous lubrication and also to avoid contaminating heat-exchanger surfacesReciprocating compressors usually are arranged to start unloaded so that normal torque motors are adequate for starting When gas engines are used for reciprocating compressor drives careful matching of the torque requirements of the compressor and engine must be considered35 Screw CompressorsScrew compressors first introduced in 1958 Thevenot 1979 are positive displacement compressors They are available in the capacity ranges that overlap with reciprocating compressors and small centrifugal compressors Both twin-screw and single-screw compressors are used in chillers The twin-screw compressor is also called the helical rotary compressor A cutaway of a twin-screw compressor design There are two main rotors screws One is designated male and the other female The compression process is accomplished by reducing the volume of the refrigerant with the rotary motion of screws At the low pressure side of the compressor a void is created when the rotors begin to unmesh Low pressure gas is drawn into the void between the rotors As the rotors continue to turn the gas is progressively compressed as it moves toward the discharge port Once reaching a predetermined volume ratio the discharge port is uncovered and the gas is discharged into the high pressure side of the system At a rotation speed of 3600 rpm a screw compressor has over 14000 discharges per minute ASHRAE 1996 Fixed suction and discharge ports are used with screw compressors instead of valves as used in reciprocating compressors These set the built-in volume ratio the ratio of the volume of fluid space in the meshing rotors at the beginning of the compression process to the volume in the rotors as the discharge port is first exposed Associated with thebuilt-in volume ratio is a pressure ratio that depends on the properties of the refrigerant being compressed Screw compressors have the capability to operate at pressure ratios of above 201 ASHRAE 1996 Peak efficiency is obtained if the discharge pressure imposed by the system matches the pressure developed by the rotors when the discharge port is exposed If the interlobe pressure in the screws is greater or less than discharge pressure energy losses occur but no harm is done to the compressor Capacity modulation is accomplished by slide valves that provide a variable suction bypass or delayed suction port closing reducing the volume of refrigerant compressed Continuously variable capacity control is most common but stepped capacity control is offered in some manufacturers machines Variable discharge porting is available on some machines to allow control of the built-in volume ratio during operation Oil is used in screw compressors to seal the extensive clearance spaces between the rotors to cool the machines to provide lubrication and to serve as hydraulic fluid for the capacity controls An oil separator is required for the compressor discharge flow to remove the oil from the high-pressure refrigerant so that performance of system heat exchangers will not be penalized and the oil can be returned for reinjection in the compressorScrew compressors can be direct driven at two-pole motor speeds 50 or 60 Hz Their rotary motion makes these machines smooth running andquiet Reliability is high when the machines are applied properly Screw compressors are compact so they can be changed out readily for replacement or maintenance The efficiency of the best screw compressors matches or exceeds that of the best reciprocating compressors at full load High isentropic and volumetric efficiencies can be achieved with screw compressors because there are no suction or discharge valves and small clearance volumes Screw compressors for building applications generally use either R-134a or R-22中文译文空调系统过去 50 年以来空调得到了快速的发展从曾经的奢侈品发展到可应用于大多数住宅和商业建筑的比较标准的系统在 1970 年的美国 36 的住宅不是全空气调节就是利用一个房间空调器冷却到1997年这一数字达到了 77在那年作的第一次市场调查表明在美国有超过一半的住宅安装了中央空调人口普查局1999 在1998年83的新建住宅安装了中央空调人口普查局 1999 中央空调在商业建筑物中也得到了快速的发展从 1970年到1995年有空调的商业建筑物的百分比从54增加到 73 杰克森和詹森1978建筑物中的空气调节通常是利用机械设备或热交换设备完成在大多数应用中建筑物中的空调器为维持舒适要求必须既能制冷又能除湿空调系统也用于其他的场所例如汽车卡车飞机船和工业设备然而在本章中仅说明空调在商业和住宅建筑中的应用商业的建筑物从比较大的多层的办公大楼到街角的便利商店占地面积和类型差别很大因此应用于这类建筑的设备类型比较多样对于比较大型的建筑物空调设备设计是总系统设计的一部分这部分包括如下项目例如一个管道系统设计空气分配系统设计和冷却塔设计等这些系统的正确设计需要一个有资质的工程师才能完成居住的建筑物即研究对象被划分成单独的家庭或共有式公寓应用于这些建筑物的冷却设备通常都是标准化组装的由空调厂家进行设计尺寸和安装本章节首先对蒸汽压缩制冷循环作一个概述接着介绍制冷剂及制冷剂的选择最后介绍冷水机组11 蒸汽压缩循环虽然空调系统应用在建筑物中有较大的尺寸和多样性大多数的系统利用蒸汽压缩循环来制取需要的冷量和除湿这个循环也用于制冷和冰冻食物和汽车的空调在1834年一个名叫帕金斯的人在伦敦获得了机械制冷系统的第一专利权在1857年詹姆士和赛博生产出第一个有活力的商业系统除了蒸汽压缩循环之外有两种不常用的制冷方法在建筑物中被应用吸收式循环和蒸发式冷却这些将在后面的章节中讲到对于蒸汽压缩制冷循环有一种叫制冷剂的工作液体它能在适当的工艺设备设计压力下蒸发和冷凝每个蒸汽压缩制冷系统中都有四大部件它们是压缩机冷凝器节流装置和蒸发器压缩机提升制冷剂的蒸汽压力以便使制冷剂的饱和温度微高于在冷凝器中冷却介质温度使用的压缩机类型和系统的设备有关比较大的电冷却设备使用一个离心式的压缩机而小的住宅设备使用的是一种往复或漩涡式压缩机冷凝器是一个热交换器用于将制冷剂的热量传递到冷却介质中制冷剂进入冷凝器变成过冷液体用于冷凝器中的典型冷却介质是空气和水大多数住宅建筑的冷凝器中使用空气作为冷却介质而大型系统的冷凝器中采用水作为冷却介质液体制冷剂在离开冷凝器之后在膨胀阀中节流到一个更低的压力膨胀阀是一个节流的装置例如毛细管或有孔的短管或一个活动的装置例如热力膨胀阀或电子膨胀阀膨胀阀的作用是到蒸发器中分流制冷剂以便当它到压缩物吸入口的时候制冷剂处于过热状态在膨胀阀的出口制冷剂的温度在介质空气或水的温度以下之后制冷剂经过一个热交换器叫做蒸发器它吸收通过蒸发器的空气或水的热量如果空气经过蒸发器在流通该系统叫做一个直接膨胀式系统如果水经过蒸发器在流通它叫做冷却设备在任何情况下在蒸发器中的制冷剂不直接和空气或水接触在蒸发器中制冷剂从一个低品位的两相液体转换成在正常的工艺条件下过热的蒸汽蒸汽的形成要以一定的足够速度被压缩机排出以维持在蒸发器中低压和保持循环进行所有在生产中的机械冷却产生的热量必须经过冷凝器散发在许多例子中在冷凝器中这个热能被直接散发到环境的空气中或间接地散发到一个冷却塔的水中在一些应用中利用这些废热向建筑物提供热量是可能的回收这些最高温度为65℃ 150°F 的废热可以减少建筑物中采暖的费用空调的制冷能力常用冷吨或千瓦千瓦来表示冷吨是一个度量单位它与制冰厂在 24小时内使1吨 907 公斤的水结冰的能力有关其值是351千瓦12000 Btuhr 空调的冷却能力不要和产生冷量所需的电能相互混淆21 制冷剂的使用和选择直到20世纪80年代中叶制冷剂的选择在大多数的建筑物空调设备中不是一个问题因为在制冷剂的使用上还没有统一的的标准在以前用于建筑物空调设备的大多数制冷剂是氟氯碳化物和氟氯碳氢化物且大多数的制冷剂是无毒的和不可燃的然而最近的美国联邦的标准环保署 1993a环保署 1993b 和国际的协议 UNEP1987 已经限制了氟氯碳化物和氟氯碳氢化物的制造和使用现在氟氯碳化物和氟氯碳氢化物在一些场合依然被使用对制冷剂的理解能帮助建筑物拥有者或者工程师更好的了解关于为特定的设备下如何选择制冷剂这里将讨论不同制冷剂的使用并给出影响它们使用的建筑空调设备和标准美国社会的供暖制冷和空调工程师学会 ASHRAE 有一个标准的限制系统表 com 用来区分制冷剂许多流行的氟氯碳化物氟氯碳氢化物和氟碳化物的制冷剂是在甲烷和乙烷的制冷剂系列中因为卤素元素的存在他们被叫作碳化卤或卤化的碳化氢例如氟或氯Zeotropes 和azeotropes 是混合二种或更多不同的制冷剂一种zeotropic混合物能改变饱和温度在它在不变的压力蒸发或冷凝这种现象被称温度的移动在大气压力下R-407 C的沸点沸腾是–44 °C – 47° F 和一个凝结点露点是–37°C –35°F 产生了7°C的温度移动 12°F 一个azeotropic 混合物的性能像单独成份制冷剂那样它在不变的压力下蒸发或冷凝它们的饱和温度不会有少许变化R-410有微小的足够温度滑动少于55 C10°F 可以认为接近azeotropic混合制冷剂ASHRAE组制冷剂 com 根据它们的毒性和易燃性 ASHRAE1994 划分的A1组合是不燃烧的和最没有毒的而B3组是易燃的和最有毒的以空气为媒介的制冷剂最高安全限制是毒性如果制冷剂在少于每百万分之400是无毒的它是一个A级制冷剂如果对泄露少于每百万分之400是有毒的那么该物质被称B级制冷剂这几个级别表示制冷剂的易燃性表 com 的最后一栏列出了常用的制冷剂的毒性和易燃的等级因为他们是无毒的和不燃烧的所以在A1组中制冷剂通常作为理想的制冷剂能基本满足舒适性空调的需求在A1中的制冷剂通常用在建筑空调设备方面的包括 R-11R-12R-22R-134a和R-410AR-11R-12R-123和R-134a是普遍用在离心式的冷却设备的制冷剂R-11氟氯碳化物和R-123 HCFC 都有低压高容积特性是用在离心式压缩机上的理想制冷剂在对氟氯碳化物的制造的禁令颁布之前R-11和R-12已经是冷却设备的首选制冷剂在已存在的系统维护中现在这两种制冷剂的使用已经被限制现在R-123 和 R-134a都广泛的用在新的冷却设备中R-123拥有的效率优势在 R-134a之上表 com 然而R-123有 B1安全等级这就意谓它有一个比较低的毒性而胜于R-134a如果一个使用R-123冷却设备在一栋建筑物中被用当使用这些或任何其他有毒的或易燃的制冷剂时候标准 15 ASHRAE1992 提供安全预防的指导方针制冷剂22 属于HCFC在多数的相同设备中被用也是在多数往复和螺旋式冷却设备和小型商业和住宅的集中式设备中的首选制冷剂它可以在一个更高的压力下运行这一点要优于R-11或R-12中的任何一个从2004开始HCFCs的制造将会受到限制在2010年R-22不能在新的空调设备中被使用 2020年之后R-22不允许生产环保署1993bR-407C和R-410A是 HFCs的两种混合物两者都是R-22的替代品R-407C预期将很快地替换R-22在空调设备中它的蒸发和冷凝压力接近R-22 com 然而用R-407C来替换R-22应该在和设备制造者商议之后才能进行至少润滑油和膨胀装置将需要更换在1998年第一个使用R-410A的空调设备的住宅在美国出现使用R-410A的系统运作中压力大约比R-22高50 表 com 因此R-410A不能够用于当作速冻制冷剂来替代 R-22R-410A系统利用特定的压缩机膨胀阀和热交换器来利用该制冷剂氨广泛地被在工业的冷却设备和氨水吸收式制冷中用它具有可燃性并且分毒性等级为B因此在商业建筑物中使用受到限制除非冷却设备的制造工厂独立于被冷却的建筑物之外作为制冷剂氨有许多良好的品质例如它有较高的比热和高的导热率它的蒸发焓通常比那普遍使用的卤化碳高6到8倍而且氨和卤化碳比较来看它能提供更高的热交换量而且它能用在往复式和离心式压缩机中天然制冷剂的使用例如二氧化碳 R-744 和碳化氢在空调和制冷系统中的使用正在研究之中二氧化碳能在高于传统的HCFCs或HFCs的压力下工作和在超过临界点的典型的空调设备中工作人们通常认为碳化氢制冷剂易燃且比较危险但它在传统的压缩机中和有的工业设备中都可以被使用R-290 丙烷都有接近R-22的工作压力并被推荐来替代R-22 Kramer 1991 目前在美国没有用二氧化碳或可燃的制冷剂的商业系统用于建筑部门31冷水机组1995年在美国冷水机组应用在至少4％的商用建筑中而且由于制冷机组通常安装在较大的建筑中在同一年里制冷机组冷却了多于28％的商用建筑的地板空间DOE1998在商用建筑中普遍采用五种型式的制冷机往复式螺杆式旋涡式离心式和吸收式前四种利用蒸汽压缩式循环来制得冷冻水它们的不同主要在于使用的压缩机种类的不同吸收式制冷机在吸收循环中利用热能典型的是来自蒸汽或燃料燃烧并利用氨－水或水－锂溴化物制得冷冻水32总的系统大约86％的制冷机和表所示的一样用在多台制冷机系统中Bitondo和Tozzi1999在冷冻水系统中建筑物的回水通过每个蒸发器循环流动在蒸发器中回水被冷却到合意的温度典型的为4～7℃－39～45℉然后冷冻水通过各设备传送到水－空气换热器在换热器中空气被冷冻水冷却和加湿在这个过程中冷水的温度升高然后必须回送到蒸发器中制冷机组是冷水机组水通过每个机组的冷凝器循环在冷凝器中水吸收了来自高压制冷剂的热量接着水用水泵打到冷却塔中水通过蒸发而降温冷却塔将在后一部分讲述冷凝器也可以是空冷式的在这种循环中冷凝器应是制冷剂－空气热交换器空气吸收来自高压制冷剂的热量制冷机组名义制冷量为30～18000kw8～5100tons在美国出售的大部分制冷机组是用电的利用蒸汽压缩制冷循环来制得冷冻水在设计中这种系统所使用的压缩机也有往复式螺杆式旋涡式和离心式一小部分的离心式制冷机利用内燃机或蒸汽机代替电来启动压缩机在建筑中所使用的制冷机组类型根据应用场所来确定对于大的办公室建筑或制冷机组需服务于多个建筑时通常使用离心式压缩机在所需制冷量小于1000kw280tons时使用往复式或螺杆式制冷机组较合适在小的应用场合若低于100kw30tons时使用往复式或旋涡式制冷机组33蒸汽压缩式制冷机四种电启动的蒸汽压缩式制冷机组的名义制冷量范围每种制冷机以所使用的压缩机类型来命名各种系统的制冷能力范围从最小的旋涡式30kw8tons到最大的离心式18000kw5000tons制冷机可使用HCFCsR22R123或HFCsR－134a制冷剂制冷机的效率通常用输入功用kw表示与制冷量用tons表示的比值表示1tons 的制冷量等于352kw或1200btu／h用这种方法衡量效率其数值越小越好离心式制冷机的效率最高而往复式是这四种类型中效率最低的表中所提供的效率是根据ASHRAE Standard30ASHRAE1995在稳定状态下测得满负荷时的效率这些效率中不包括辅助设备的能耗比如泵冷却塔的风机而这些设备可以增加006～。

Shallow talk the building environment an air condition to can consume with thewarmSummary:The research constructs environment, understanding a warm an air condition to carry output reason and influencing factor, can be more and reasonably put forward solve problem of method.Keyword:Constructing a warm of environment an air condition can consumeShallow talk the building environment an air condition to can consume with the warmThe energy provided motive for the development of the economy, but because of various reason, the development of the energy is a usually behind in economy of development.In the last few years, the growth rate maintenance of citizen's total output value of China are in about 10%, but the growth rate of the energy only have 3% ～s 4%.Such situation's requesting us has to economize on energy.The comparison that constructs the energy depletion in the society always the ability consume compares greatly, the building of the flourishing nations' use can have to the whole country generally and always can consume of 30% ～s 40%;China adopts the town population of the warm area although only 13.6% that have national population, adopt warm use an ability but have a whole country and always can consume of 9.6%.Construct the economy energy is the basic trend of the building development, is also a new growth of[with] the contemporary building science technique to order.The necessity of the modern building constitutes a part of warm, the air condition realm has already received the influence of this kind of trend as well, warm the economy energy within air condition system is cause a warm the attention of the air condition worker, and aims at different of the adopt of energy characteristics and the dissimilarity building of the nation,region is warm,well ventilated,the air condition request develop a related economy energy technique.The research constructs environment, understanding a warm an air condition to carry output reason and influencing factor, can be more and reasonably put forward solve problem of method.Warm the air condition can consume of constituteFor creating comfortable indoor air condition environment, have to consume a great deal of energy.Warm the air condition can consume is the building can consume medium of big door, reside to statistics a warm an air condition in the flourishing nation and can consume to have 65% that building can consume, canning consume to share by building always can consume of 356% calculation, warm the air condition can consume to share and always can consume of the comparison is up to 22.75% unexpectedly, be showed from this the building economy energy work of point should be warm the economy energy of the air condition.The air condition can consume to constitute and can see from the warm:Warm the air condition system can consume main the decision is cold in the air condition,hot the burden really certainly installs with the reasonable of the air condition system, the decoration of the air condition system and the choice of the air-condition take the air condition burden as basis of.So warm air condition economy energy of the key is the air condition the external world to carry to carry and inner part really settle, and warm air condition economy energy the work should also begin from this aspect, reasonable decoration building of position, the exactitude chooses the shape and material etc.s of the outside wall,door,window,roof, reducing air condition burden as far as possible.The influence of the indoor environmentWarm the target of the air condition is for people to provide comfortable life and produce indoor hot environment。

景观环境Landscape & Environment– 240 –随着暖通空调被广泛应用到我国人民的日常生活中，我国人民的生活质量显著提升，但是暖通空调的普及化应用造成了较大的能源供应压力，且暖通空调使用过程存在较严重的能源浪费问题，对我国社会经济稳定发展造成一定影响。

通过深入分析建筑环境与暖通空调节能，有利于找出更加可靠的措施使暖通空调节能水平得到提高，为我国社会发展奠定良好基础。

一、建筑环境对暖通空调节能的影响（一）室内环境对暖通空调的影响首先，在进行建筑设计过程中，需要合理设计建筑物体形系数及窗墙比，以此提高建筑物本身的节能性能。

通过正立面朝向、平面设计等建筑节能措施能够有效降低能源消耗，使暖通空调的负荷得到控制。

其次，为降低暖通空调的负荷，需要重视建筑朝向及建筑造型的设计，以此实现暖通空调的能源节约。

在进行建筑造型及平面设计时，需要利用南北通透、玻璃幕墙等各种方式提高建筑物的节能效果，使暖通空调的负荷得到降低。

最后，为居民构建舒适的居住环境，调节室内的气体流速、湿度、温度及热辐射是暖通空调的主要作用。

通过发挥建筑围护结构的热特性能，能够降低室外温度变化对室内环境的影响，进而使暖通空调的使用率得到控制。

（二）室内环境对暖通空调的影响为实现对暖通空调负荷的有效控制，需要充分了解室外环境对暖通空调的影响，其主要体现在以下几个方面：（1）气象条件对暖通空调的影响。

目前暖通空调包括了通风、采暖、空调等几个系统，这些系统对室外参数的要求不同，需要准确计算系统的负荷，为实现节能型的暖通空调提供有利依据。

（2）环境绿化对暖通空调的影响。

在建筑工程项目的建设过程中，普遍都会种植一些花草树木，既能够起到良好的环境美化作用，也能够起到一定的防辐射及吸热作用。

若是环境绿化达到要求，可以充分利用植物的吸热及隔热等作用，使暖通空调的负荷得到降低。

二、暖通空调实现节能的具体措施（一）降低空调新风系统的负荷新风量是暖通空调卫生健康标准的重要内容，一般空调新风系统的能耗占系统总能耗的30%左右，当新风量不断上升的时候，空调系统的能耗也就随之提高。

车辆工程技术163工程技术 目前，资源短缺问题已经成为人类必须面对的严峻挑战，社会的不断发展，带动了各个领域不同程度的发展，同时也增加了能源的使用与消耗量，造成能源消耗已经远远超过了能源再生以及收集的速度，能源紧缺问题日益严重。

为了实现可持续发展的目标，国家对不同领域的建设都提出了相应的节能要求，而作为能源消耗量较大的建筑行业也必须作出相应的节能措施，合理改善建筑环境，促进暖通空调实现节能环保的目标，从而为改善生态环境做出贡献。

1　建筑环境对暖通空调的影响1.1　建筑内部对暖通空调的影响 室内环境的舒适程度决定了人们使用暖通空调的使用量，因此通过内部结构的合理化设计，可以有效改善室内环境，从而减轻空调的负荷。

第一：合理的建筑格局可以对室内环境带来有利的影响。

在进行建筑布局设计时，应该全面进行思考，根据更方面因素进行综合分析，尽量选择南北通风的格局，避免东西格局对室内环境造成的影响，增加暖通空调的使用量，造成能源消耗量的增加。

第二：加强地板、门窗等围护结构的作用，为营造良好的居住环境提供进一步的保障。

建筑内部围护结构的合理化设计，不仅能降低能源的消耗量，而且可以增强室内通风、保温性能的提高，为室内环境的改善提供坚实的基础，从而降低暖通空调的使用次数。

1.2　建筑外部对暖通空调的影响 建筑物外部结构的合理建设会对室内环境造成一定有利的影响，因此为了构建良好的室内环境，减少人们对暖通空调的使用量，就需要在进行建筑施工的过程中应该加强对外部结构以及使用材料的管理工作，充分发挥建筑外部结构的作用。

第一，在进行外部设计时应该充分考虑气候条件与使用暖通空调之间的联系，建筑抵御气温变化的能力越差，使用暖通空调的频率越高，造成的能源消耗越大，面对这一情况，就应该加强建筑的保温、隔热功能，在施工中可以加上保温、隔热材料，降低因为天气对建筑本身造成的影响，同时也可以利用与太阳能技术的有效结合，通过太阳能实现对室内温度的有效调节，从而降低暖通空调的使用。

建筑热环境调节与建筑节能的标准英文全文共3篇示例，供读者参考篇1Building Thermal Environment Regulation and Building Energy Conservation StandardsWith the rapid urbanization and industrialization worldwide, the energy consumption in buildings has increased significantly in recent years. As a result, there is a growing concern about the environmental impact of buildings and the need for sustainable and energy-efficient building practices. In response to this, building thermal environment regulation and building energy conservation standards have been established to promote energy efficiency, reduce greenhouse gas emissions, and improve the overall comfort and quality of indoor environments.Building thermal environment regulation refers to the set of rules and guidelines that govern the design, construction, and operation of buildings to ensure thermal comfort for occupants. The regulation encompasses various aspects of building design, including insulation, ventilation, heating, cooling, and lighting. By optimizing these parameters, building owners can create acomfortable indoor environment while minimizing energy consumption.On the other hand, building energy conservation standards are specifications that dictate the maximum allowable energy consumption for buildings of different types and sizes. These standards set strict criteria for factors such as insulation levels, HVAC system efficiency, lighting design, and renewable energy integration. By adhering to these standards, buildings can significantly reduce their energy consumption and operating costs.One of the primary goals of building thermal environment regulation and building energy conservation standards is to achieve sustainable development by minimizing the environmental impact of buildings. Buildings are responsible for a significant portion of global energy consumption and greenhouse gas emissions, making them a crucial target for energy efficiency improvements. By implementing energy-saving measures and technologies, buildings can reduce their carbon footprint and contribute to the global effort to combat climate change.In addition to environmental benefits, building thermal environment regulation and energy conservation standards alsooffer economic advantages for building owners. Energy-efficient buildings typically have lower operating costs due to reduced energy consumption, resulting in long-term savings on utility bills. Furthermore, green buildings are often more attractive to tenants and buyers, leading to increased property value and a competitive edge in the real estate market.To ensure the effective implementation of building thermal environment regulation and building energy conservation standards, it is essential for governments, building owners, designers, and other stakeholders to collaborate and prioritize energy efficiency in building practices. This can be achieved through the adoption of sustainable building codes, incentives for energy-efficient design, and public awareness campaigns on the benefits of green buildings.In conclusion, building thermal environment regulation and building energy conservation standards play a vital role in promoting sustainable and energy-efficient building practices. By adhering to these standards, building owners can reduce energy consumption, lower operating costs, and create a healthier and more comfortable indoor environment. As the demand for energy-efficient buildings continues to grow, it iscrucial for stakeholders to embrace these standards and work together towards a sustainable future.篇2Title: Building Thermal Environment Regulation and Building Energy Efficiency StandardsWith the growing awareness of the importance of reducing energy consumption and minimizing carbon emissions, building thermal environment regulation and building energy efficiency standards have become increasingly crucial aspects of modern construction practices. These standards aim to create comfortable living and working environments while minimizing the energy consumption of buildings, thus promoting sustainability and environmental protection.Building thermal environment regulation focuses on maintaining a comfortable indoor environment by controlling factors such as temperature, humidity, and air quality. Proper regulation of these factors is essential for the health, comfort, and productivity of building occupants. In order to achieve this, building design and construction must take into account the local climate, building orientation, insulation, ventilation, and shading, among other factors.Building energy efficiency standards, on the other hand, focus on reducing the energy consumption of buildings through the use of energy-efficient technologies and practices. This includes the use of energy-efficient lighting, heating, and cooling systems, as well as building envelope insulation and air sealing. By implementing these standards, buildings can significantly reduce their energy consumption and carbon footprint, leading to lower operating costs and reduced environmental impact.In many countries, building thermal environment regulation and building energy efficiency standards are enforced through building codes and regulations. These codes set minimum requirements for factors such as insulation, air tightness, and HVAC system efficiency, ensuring that new buildings meet certain standards of environmental performance. Additionally, many countries offer incentives and certifications for buildings that exceed these standards, encouraging the construction of high-performance, energy-efficient buildings.Overall, building thermal environment regulation and building energy efficiency standards play a vital role in promoting sustainable building practices and reducing the environmental impact of buildings. By adhering to thesestandards, builders and developers can create healthier, more comfortable, and more energy-efficient buildings that benefit both occupants and the environment.篇3The Importance of Building Thermal Environment Regulation and Energy SavingIntroductionAs the world continues to face environmental challenges and concerns about climate change, the importance of building thermal environment regulation and energy saving has become increasingly apparent. Buildings are responsible for a significant portion of energy consumption and greenhouse gas emissions, making it crucial to implement measures to improve their energy efficiency and reduce their environmental impact. This paper will discuss the standards for building thermal environment regulation and energy saving, highlighting their importance and potential benefits.Building Thermal Environment RegulationBuilding thermal environment regulation refers to the management and control of indoor temperature, humidity, and air quality to ensure the comfort and well-being of buildingoccupants. This includes factors such as heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) systems, insulation, and building orientation. The primary goal of building thermal environment regulation is to create a comfortable and healthy indoor environment while minimizing energy consumption.There are several key standards and guidelines that govern building thermal environment regulation, including:1. ASHRAE Standard 55: This standard provides guidelines for the design of thermal comfort systems in buildings, taking into account factors such as air temperature, humidity, and air movement. It aims to ensure that building occupants are comfortable and productive while minimizing energy use.2. LEED Certification: The Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED) certification program sets standards for sustainable building design and operation, including requirements for energy efficiency, indoor air quality, and thermal comfort. Buildings that meet LEED criteria are recognized for their environmental performance.3. Passive House Standard: The Passive House standard focuses on reducing energy demand in buildings through high levels of insulation, airtight construction, and efficient ventilation systems. Buildings that meet Passive House criteria can achievesignificant energy savings compared to traditional construction methods.Building Energy SavingBuilding energy saving involves the implementation of measures to reduce energy consumption and improve efficiency in building operations. This includes strategies such as using energy-efficient lighting, appliances, and HVAC systems, as well as incorporating renewable energy sources like solar panels or geothermal heating. Energy-saving measures not only reduce greenhouse gas emissions but also lower utility costs for building owners and occupants.Several standards and certifications promote building energy saving, including:1. ENERGY STAR: The ENERGY STAR program certifies buildings and products that meet strict energy efficiency criteria, helping consumers and businesses save money and protect the environment. ENERGY STAR-rated buildings are typically 35% more energy-efficient than average buildings.2. BREEAM Certification: The Building Research Establishment Environmental Assessment Method (BREEAM) is a sustainability assessment method for buildings, settingstandards for energy efficiency, water conservation, and waste management. BREEAM-certified buildings are recognized for their commitment to sustainable design and operation.3. ISO 50001: The ISO 50001 standard provides a framework for organizations to establish, implement, and maintain energy management systems, helping them improve energy performance and reduce costs. Buildings that comply with ISO 50001 can achieve significant energy savings and environmental benefits.Benefits of Building Thermal Environment Regulation and Energy SavingImplementing building thermal environment regulation and energy-saving measures offers several important benefits, including:1. Improved Comfort: By controlling indoor temperature, humidity, and air quality, buildings can provide a comfortable and healthy environment for occupants, enhancing productivity and well-being.2. Energy Savings: Energy-efficient buildings consume less energy for heating, cooling, and lighting, resulting in lower utility costs and reduced environmental impact.3. Environmental Protection: By reducing energy consumption and greenhouse gas emissions, buildings can help mitigate climate change and protect natural resources for future generations.4. Financial Savings: Energy-saving measures can lead to significant cost savings for building owners and tenants, as well as increased property value and marketability.ConclusionBuilding thermal environment regulation and energy saving are essential components of sustainable building design and operation, helping to reduce energy consumption, improve indoor comfort, and protect the environment. By adhering to established standards and guidelines, building owners and designers can create healthier, more efficient buildings that benefit both occupants and the planet. As the global focus on sustainability and energy conservation continues to grow, it is crucial for the building industry to prioritize thermal environment regulation and energy saving in all construction projects.。

浅谈建筑环境与暖通空调节能摘要：暖通空调系统节能对建筑节能的重要性不言而喻。

设计人员应该对此给予足够的关注。

相关人员要按照节能规范，把节能理念贯穿到建筑的各个领域。

可再生能源的利用和节能技术的发展也需要政府有关部门的大力支持。

关键词：建筑环境;暖通空调;节能如今，我国建筑行业在快速发展中，空调成为人们生活中不可或缺的物质，对应的能源消耗随之增加，然而因为世界能源的短缺，加之我国朝向节约型国家方向发展，暖通空调节能现象被社会上的诸多人士关注。

而建筑环境时常出现变化，在很大程度上对暖通空调的节能效果带来影响，所以怎样结合建筑环境的发展情况，实现暖通空调节能工作质量最大化，成为建筑行业前进发展的主要方向，以下为笔者对此给予的相关分析与建议。

1建筑环境对暖通空调节能的关联性1.1 室内环境是暖通空调节能实现的影响因素暖通空调能为室内的人们创造舒适的温湿度，促进人们工作和生活的愉快心情，提高工作效率。

在提高室内环境舒适度的前提下，需要消耗一定的能量，特别是暖通空调的能量，才能科学发挥暖通空调的价值，一方面可以提供良好的室内温湿度环境，另一方面，可降低能耗，实现暖通空调的节能运行。

首先，设计建筑。

根据建筑的实际设计，围绕节能理念进行建筑标准化设计。

墙、窗的比例应满足节能的要求。

在材料的选择上，包括门窗材料和围护材料，应选择能耗较低的材料，以减少空调运行负荷，提高空调节能效果。

其次，做好围护结构的保温工作，目前国家发布关于建筑物设计节能的准则，明确保温的具体要求，促使建筑物的保温问题得到明显的改善。

在新型技术与材料的使用背景下，加气混凝土材料广泛地存在于墙体的保温设计上，同时建筑物门窗的运用由以往的门窗转变为钢塑门窗或者双层玻璃，减小对应的传热性能，且节能效果相对显著，便于暖通空调节能理念的实施。

最后，建筑物形状以及朝向因素，对于实际的建筑物设计上，形状以及朝向针对暖通空调的节能工作执行产生影响，便于完成节能目标。

浅谈建筑环境与暖通空调节能摘要：随着经济的发展和社会的进步，暖通空调业也成为了我国人民不可缺少的一部分。

在日常人们使用的过程中也存在着很严重的能源消耗的问题：在暖通空调的使用中也加剧了能源供应，使得能源供应的压力逐步加大。

在使用的过程中也带来了很大的经济成本。

这些问题并不利于我国社会经济的发展。

为了降低能源供应的压力，提高暖通空调业的节能水平，本篇文章针对建筑环境对于暖通空调节能的影响进行了分析并给出一定的参考措施，希望可以为暖通空调节能技术的发展提供有效的参考依据。

关键词：建筑环境；暖通空调节能引言制造暖通空调设备的最终目的，是为了向人们提供高品质的生活以及室内居住环境。

虽然我国社会经济迅速发展的过程中，普通居民住宅区以及公关场所采用的空调设备，起到了改善人民生活质量的目的。

但是，由于空调设备运行需要消耗大量的电力资源，所以，出现了严重的能源短缺和环境问题。

而我国颁布实施的能源节约法，主要是通过加强能源管理的方式，避免能源消费过程中出现浪费与损失的现象，从而达到合理利用能源的目的。

所以，建立完善的暖通空调系统运行管理制度，对于暖通空调系统节能环保技术的发展有着极为重要的意义。

1暖通空调调节的重要性随着人们经济水平的提高，更多人选择在城市里买房，人们生活质量提高的同时对环境的要求要越来越严格，传统的空调已经不能满足人们的需求，暖通空调的出现使得人们可以享受舒适的室内环境，让生活的环境更美好，心情更加愉悦。

然而，随着经济的发展，人类对于自然的破坏越来越大，因此，需要降低对自然的能耗，这就需要在设计暖通空调时朝着满足人们需求和降低能耗的方向考虑。

对暖通空调在建筑行业中所占比重较大，这样就需要暖通空调进行不断的创新节能设计，通过暖通空调节能的设计对新风向做出新的改变，节省电能，还能将余热供其他方面使用。

暖通空调的节能设计，利于企业公司减少污染物的排放，净化空气质量，让屋内新引进的空气质量更优，暖通空调过滤起来更方便，这样就可以达到良性的循环过程，促进暖通空调节能产业的发展。

浅谈建筑环境与暖通空调节能发表时间：2020-07-08T08:33:37.373Z 来源：《建筑监督检测与造价》2020年第1期作者：杨光[导读] 随着人们生活水平的提高，对社会经济水平要求不断能提高，推动着国内建筑行业稳步稳定向前，随之相关的能源消耗也逐步增多。

亳州建投房地产开发有限公司安徽 236800摘要：随着人们生活水平的提高，对社会经济水平要求不断能提高，推动着国内建筑行业稳步稳定向前，随之相关的能源消耗也逐步增多。

由于能源短缺，且国内在不断建设节约型市场，人们对建筑暖通空调设备的节能性也越来越重视。

建筑暖通空调设备作为建筑基础设施中关键的构成部分，能源耗损量大，因此对于建筑工程的节能关键在于建筑暖通空调设备的节能方面。

关键词：建筑环境；暖通空调；节能；影响；有效策略引言如今，我国建筑行业在快速发展中，空调成为人们生活中不可或缺的物质，对应的能源消耗随之增加，然而因为世界能源的短缺，加之我国朝向节约型国家方向发展，暖通空调节能现象被社会上的诸多人士关注。

而建筑环境时常出现变化，在很大程度上对暖通空调的节能效果带来影响，所以怎样结合建筑环境的发展情况，实现暖通空调节能工作质量最大化，成为建筑行业前进发展的主要方向，以下为笔者对此给予的相关分析与建议。

1暖通空调存在的意义和影响暖通空调是为了提供给人们舒适的室内生活环境，包括改善气流速度、湿度、温度与人体周围建筑物的辐射热交换，确保机体处于热平衡，满足人体的感官需求。

在大型企业中，应用空调系统保持恒湿、恒温环境，满足生产需求。

近年来，随着建筑物密闭性的不断增加，新的装饰物也不断投入使用，室内污染物也随之增加，研究表明，弃用空调系统不利于人身健康。

空调系统主要是循环利用室内空气，在新风量方面出现严重不足，使得空调系统应用下的室内环境污染物比国家安全标准更高。

由此可见，暖通空调虽然给人们带来好处，但也存在一定的缺点，应当引起重视并给予有效解决。

浅析建筑供暖通风空调工程节能减排摘要：暖通工程在我国不同区域内的设计和施工有所差异，但是在建筑工程中节能减排的相关要求设计和施工必须要做出相应的调整和改善，并制定科学合理的节能和环保措施，以适应目前建筑行业的发展趋势，环保标准加入施工质量评判内容，作为重要的衡量指标是合理的质量管理举措。

在设计和施工、验收等各项工作中就要转变观念，更加注重节能减排方面的审查和监督，对于出现的环境污染现象要制止并及时整改。

关键词：建筑工程；供暖通风；空调工程；节能减排Abstract：there are some differences in the design and construction of HVAC engineering in different regions of China.However，the relevant requirements for energy saving and emission reduction in the construction project must be adjusted and improved，and the scientific and reasonable measures of energy conservation and environmental protection are formulated to adapt to the current development trend of the construction industry and the environmental protection standards are added.The content of construction quality evaluation is an important measure of quality management.In the design，construction，acceptance and other work，we should change the concept，pay more attention to the review and supervision of energy saving and emission reduction，and stop and correct the environmental pollution in time.1建筑供暖通风空调工程中存在的问题供暖和通风是建筑空调工程建设中的两大重要因素，被称之为暖通工程，其功能作用就是给用户提供基本的供暖和室内通风服务，但是随着当前人们环保意识的提升，空调工程建设在满足基本的功能需求基础之上，还要注重环保和节能方面的综合设计考量。

浅谈建筑环境与暖通空调节能发布时间：2021-07-20T17:10:40.403Z 来源：《工程管理前沿》2021年3月第8期作者：张志超1 冯珊珊2 [导读] 为提高暖通空调的节能水平，张志超1 冯珊珊2 身份证号码：23122219911207**** 身份证号码：44078519920504**** 摘要：为提高暖通空调的节能水平，本文就针对建筑环境对暖通空调节能的影响进行分析，并提出一些具体措施，希望能为暖通空调节能技术的发展提供有效参考依据。

关键词：建筑环境;暖通空调;节能 1 建筑环境对暖通空调节能的影响 1.1 室内环境的影响（1）室内温度，如果对暖通空调设定过高或过低的温度要求会直接造成电能的浪费，同时过大的室内外温差也容易使人们发生疾病，更会使得暖通空调长期处于大功率工作状态，因此无论是室内温度、湿度，还是室内气体的流动速度都要给人们一种舒适感;（2）建筑设计结构，应该在建筑设计时将建筑物的体形系数和窗墙比等参数严格控制在《公共建筑节能设计规范》的要求范围内，还要大面积减少围护结构去采用玻璃幕墙;（3）围护结构性能，屋顶与外界环境的接触面积大，不仅要做到防水，还要采用合适的材料隔热，墙体的主要作用是承重，可以利用复合墙体来节约一部分资源。

1.2 室外环境的影响建筑物所在的地理位置以及气候条件、周边绿化构成主要的室外环境，影响着暖通空调的节能減排效果，所以，设计人员在对建筑物设计过程中要充分考虑室外环境的各种因素，构建有利于暖通空调节能的有利条件。

①气候条件的控制对于建筑物暖通空调节能有着重要的影响，因此，选择拥有气候优势的地理位置对于建筑的建造也至关重要，每一个地理位置的气候都不相同，对于建筑物的作用也是影响较大。

我国的领土广阔，南北跨度大，气候条件的差异大，总体呈现南方潮湿，北方干燥的总体特点，特殊的地势有其自身特色，所以，对于气候条件的把握不容易，设计人员短时间内很难得出准确的结论，需要到当地进行实地的考察和分析，尤其利用好当地的优势环境条件，对适合该地的暖通空调进行设计。