语言与社会身份翻译

四种翻译方法1.直译和意译所谓直译，就是在译文语言条件许可时，在译文中既保持原文的内容，又保持原文的形式——特别指保持原文的比喻、形象和民族、地方色彩等。

每一个民族语言都有它自己的词汇、句法结构和表达方法。

当原文的思想内容与译文的表达形式有矛盾不宜采用直译法处理时，就应采用意译法。

意译要求译文能正确表达原文的内容，但可以不拘泥与原文的形式。

（张培基）应当指出，在再能确切的表达原作思想内容和不违背译文语言规范的条件下，直译有其可取之处，一方面有助于保存原著的格调，另一方面可以进新鲜的表达方法。

Literal translation refers to an adequate representation of the original. When the original coincides or almost tallies with the Chinese language in the sequence of vocabulary, in grammatical structure and rhetorical device, literal translation must be used.Free translation is also called liberal translation, which does not adhere strictly to the form or word order of the original.（郭著章）直译法是指在不违背英语文化的前提下，在英译文中完全保留汉语词语的指称意义，求得内容和形式相符的方法。

意译是指译者在受到译语社会文化差异的局限时，不得不舍弃原文的字面意义，以求疑问与原文的内容相符和主要语言功能的相似。

（陈宏薇）简单地说，直译指在译文中采用原作的的表达方法，句子结构与原句相似，但也不排除在短语层次进行某些调整。

意译指在译文中舍弃原作的表达方法，另觅同意等效的表达方法，或指对原作的句子结构进行较大的变化或调整。

It’s Time to Rethink ‘Temporary’We tend to view architecture as permanent, as aspiring to the status of monuments. And that kind of architecture has its place. But so does architecture of a different sort.For most of the first decade of the 2000s, architecture was about the statement building. Whether it was a controversial memorial or an impossibly luxurious condo tower, architecture’s raison d’être was to make a lasting impression. Architecture has always been synonymous with permanence, but should it be?In the last few years, the opposite may be true. Architectural billings are at anall-time low. Major commissions are few and far between. The architecture that’s been making news is fast and fleeting: pop-up shops, food carts, marketplaces, performance spaces. And while many manifestations of the genre have jumped the shark (i.e., a Toys R Us pop-up shop), there is undeniable opportunity in the temporary: it is an apt response to a civilization in flux. And like many prevailing trends — collaborative consumption (a.k.a., “sharing”), community gardens, barter and trade —“temporary” is so retro that it’s become radical.In November, I had the pleasure of moderating Motopia, a panel at University of Southern California’s School of Architecture, with Robert Kronenburg, an architect, professor at University of Liverpool and portable/temporary/mobile guru. Author of a shelf full of books on the topic, including “Flexible: Architecture that Responds to Change,” “Portable Architecture: Design and Technology” and“Houses in Motion: The Genesis,” Kronenburg is a man obsessed.Mobility has an innate potency, Kronenburg believes. Movable environments are more dynamic than static ones, so why should architecture be so static? The idea that perhaps all buildings should n’t aspire to permanence represents a huge shift for architecture. Without that burden, architects, designers, builders and developers can take advantage of and implement current technologies faster. Architecture could be reusable, recyclable and sustainable. Recast in this way, it could better solve seemingly unsolvable problems. And still succeed in creating a sense of place.In his presentation, Kronenburg offered examples of how portable, temporaryarchitecture has been used in every aspect of human activity, including health care (from Florence Nightingale’s redesigned hospitals to the Airstream trailers used as mobile medical clinics during the Kennedy Administration), housing (from yurts to tents to architect Shigeru Ban’s post-earthquake paper houses), culture and commerce (stage sets and Great Exhibition buildings, centuries-old Bouqinistes along the Seine, mobile food, art and music venues offering everything from the recording of stories to tasty crème brulees.)Kronenburg made a compelling argument that the experimentation inherent in such structures challenges preconceived notions about what buildings can and should be. The strategy of temporality, he explained, “adapts to unpredictable demands, provides more for less, and encourages innovation.” And he stressed that it’s time for end-users, designers, architects, manufacturers and construction firms to rethink their attitude toward temporary, portable and mobile architecture.This is as true for development and city planning as it is for architecture.City-making may have happened all at once at the desks of master planners like Daniel Burnham or Robert Moses, but that’s really not the way things happen today. No single master plan can anticipate the evolving and varied needs of an increasingly diverse population or achieve the resiliency, responsiveness and flexibility that shorter-term, experimental endeavors can. Which is not to say long-term planning doesn’t have its place. The two work well hand in hand. Mike Lydon, founding principal of The Street Plans Collaborative, argues for injecting spontaneity into urban development, and sees these temporary interventions (what he calls “tactical urbanism”) as short-term actions to effect long-term change.Though there’s been tremendous media attention g iven to quick and cheap projects like San Francisco’s Pavement to Parks and New York’s “gutter cafes,” Lydon sees something bigger than fodder for the style section. “A lot of these things were not just fun and cool,” he says. “It was not just a bottom-up effort. It’s not D.I.Y. urbanism. It’s a continuum of ideas, techniques and tactics being employed at all different scales.”“We’re seeing a lot of these things emerge for three reasons,” Lydon continues. “One, the economy. People have to be more creative about getting things done. Two, theInternet. Even four or five years ago we couldn’t share tactics and techniques via YouTube or Facebook. Something can happen randomly in Dallas and now we can hear about it right away. This is feeding into this idea of growth, of bi-coastal competition between New York and San Francisco, say, about who does the cooler, better things. And three, demographic shifts. Urban neighborhoods are gentrifying, changing. They’re bringing in people looking to improve neighborhoods themselves. People are smart and engaged and working a 40-hour week. But they have enough spare time to get involved and this seems like a natural step.”Lydon isn’t advocating an end to planning but encourages more short-term doing, experimenting, testing (which can be a far more satisfying alternative to waiting for projects to pass). While this may not directly change existing codes or zoning regulations, that’s O.K. because, as Lydon explains, the practices employed “shine a direct light on old ways of th inking, old policies that are in place.”The Dallas group Build a Better Block — which quickly leapt from a tiny grass-roots collective to an active partner in city endeavors — has demonstrated that when you expose weaknesses, change happens. If their temporary interventions violate existing codes, Build a Better Block just paints a sign informing passers-by of that fact. They have altered regulations in this fashion. Sometimes — not always — bureaucracy gets out of the way and allows for real change to happen.Testing things out can also help developers chart the right course for their projects. Says Lydon, “A developer can really learn what’s working in the neighborhood from a marketplace perspective — it could really inform or change their plans. Hopefully they can ingratiate themselves with the neighborhood and build community. There is real potential if the developers are really looking to do that.”And they are. Brooklyn’s De Kalb Market, for example, was supposed to be in place for just three years, bu t became a neighborhood center where there hadn’t been much of one before. “People gravitated towards it,” says Lydon. “People like going there. You run the risk of people lamenting the loss of that. The developer would be smart to integrate things like the community garden — [giving residents an] opportunity to keep growing food on the site. The radio station could get a permanent space. The beer garden could bekept.”San Francisco’s PROXY project is similar. Retail, restaurants and cultural spaces housed within an artful configuration of shipping containers, designed by Envelope Architecture and Design, were given a five-year temporary home on government-owned vacant lots in the city’s HayesValley neighborhood while developers opted to sit tight during the recession. Affordable housing is promised for the site; the developers will now be able to create it in a neighborhood that has become increasingly vibrant and pedestrian-friendly.On an even larger scale, the major developer Forest City has been testing these ideas of trial and error in the 5M Project in downtown San Francisco. While waiting out the downturn, the folks behind 5M have been beta-testing tenants and uses at their 5th & Mission location, which was (and still is) home to the San Francisco Chronicle and now also to organizations like TechShop, the co-working space HubSoma, the art gallery Intersection for the Arts, the tech company Square and a smattering of food carts to feed those hungry, hardworking tenants. A few years earlier, Forest City would have been more likely to throw up an office tower with some luxury condos on top and call it a day: according to a company vice president, Alexa Arena, the recession allowed Forest City to spend time “re-imagining places for our emerging economy and what kind of environment helps facilitate that.”In “The Interventionist’s Toolkit,” the critic Mimi Zeiger wrote that the real success for D.I.Y. urbanist interventions won’t be based on any one project but will “happen when we can evaluate the movement based on outreach, economic impact, community empowerment, entrepreneurship, sustainability and design. We’re not quite there yet.”She’s right. And one doesn’t have to search for examples of temporary projects that not only failed but did so catastrophically (see: Hurricane Katrina trailers, for example).A huge reason for tactical urbanism’s appeal relates to politics. As one practitioner put it, “We’re doing these things to combat the slowness of government.”But all of this is more than a response to bur eaucracy; at its best it’s a bold expression of unfettered thinking and creativity … and there’s certainly not enough of that going around these days. An embrace of the temporary and tactical may not beperfect, but it could be one of the strongest tools in the arsenal of city-building we’ve got.汉译英：语言与社会身份一个人的语言与其在社会中的身份其实密不可分。

语言的社会变体与翻译语言是由各种变体组成的。

所谓变体是人们在不同场合下对自己的言语所作的调整。

文学反映人类社会的整体画面和每个细节，如小说，就被人们称为“时代的风俗画”。

小说描绘自然景象、社会环境、生活场景以及人物外貌、心理、言谈、举动和各种关系，充分展示社会生活的各个方面。

作家往往抓住各种语言变体来反映上述每个方面，如果我们在翻译中不加以注意，就会使原作的信息内容和美学特质不能得以最自然、最切近的再现。

熟悉《红楼梦》的读者都会记得宝玉谒见北静王的场面。

就语言变体而言，最典型的是北静王见到宝玉之后跟贾政的一段对话：北静王见他语言清朗，谈吐有致，一面向贾政笑道："令郎真乃龙驹凤雏，非小王在世翁前唐突，将来’雏凤清于老凤声’，未可量也。

"贾政陪笑道：犬子岂敢谬承金奖，赖藩君余恩，果如所言，亦荫生辈之幸矣。

”从引文可以看出，北静王身为王爷，在王府，言语可能十分随意，但在正式的社交场合，为体现自己的尊位和教养，也得调整自己的话语，因此用了“小王”、“唐突”等自谦词，又用了“令郎”、“龙驹凤雏”、“世翁”等敬语。

而贾政是一个忠臣，在王爷面前只能自甘卑下，因此在贾府那种盛气凌人的态度早已消失殆尽，言语也随着起了变化，字字句句要去贬低自己，显出了虚伪的奴才面孔。

"犬子"、"谬承金奖"、"荫生辈"等等都充分体现了这种奴才身份。

作者以此来揭露封建社会的等级关系，因此语言变体的使用是有目的的。

而这种语言变体的作用往往由于翻译不当而失去原貌，例如下面一种译本：The clarity and fluency of Pao-yu's answers made the prince turn to observe to Chia Cheng, "Your son is truly a dragon's colt or young phoenix. May I venture to predict that in time to come this young phoenix may even surpass the old one ? ""My worthless son does not deserve such high praise，" rejoined Chia Cheng hurriedly with a courteous smile. “If thanks to the grace of Your Highness such proves the case, that will be our good fortune, ”从英译来看，除了"May I"、"My worthless son"、"the grace of Your Highness"以外，其他变体形式都未充分体现出来，而且"龙驹凤雏"直译成"a dragon's colt or young phoenix"而不加注释。

翻译理论⼀外国翻译史和翻译名家西⽅翻译史可⼤致归纳为四种主要的翻译研究⽅法:①语义学翻译法(philological approach)②语⾔学翻译法(linguistic approach)③交际学翻译法(communication approach)④社会符号学翻译法(socio-semiotic approach)社会符号学翻译法：源于美国翻译理论家，《圣经》翻译家尤⾦.奈达(Eugene A.Nida)创导的社会符号学翻译法语⾔学翻译法:着眼的基本问题是原⽂的字⾯意义(the literal character of the source text)篇章的主题结构和风格(the thematic structur and style of the discouse).这种⽅法强调直译。

(公元前⼀世纪,古罗马翻译家兼演说家西塞罗:翻译不应拘泥与原⽂的词语⽽注重原⽂的思想,坚持不可逐字死译⽽要符合译⽂的语⾔规则与特性)。

18世纪中叶,爱丁堡⼤学的历史学教授泰特勒在《翻译的原则》⼀书中提出著名的三原则：①译⽂应完整的再现原⽂的思想内容——That the translation should give a complete transcript of the ideas ofthe original work。

②译⽂的风格，笔调应与原⽂的性质相同——That the style and manner of writing should be of the samecharacter with that of the original)③译⽂应像原⽂⼀样流畅⾃然——That the translation should have all the ease of the original composition.）语⾔学翻译法:现代语⾔⽂学发展的产物,它主张在对⽐语⾔学(contrastive linguistics)的基础上制定的⼀系列规则以实现等值（equivalence)这⼀学派的代表⼈物：英国语⾔学家卡特福特catford,法国的穆南和前苏联的巴尔胡达罗夫等⼈。

linguistic用法"Linguistic" 是一个形容词，用于描述与语言或语言学相关的事物。

它可以用于多个领域和语境中，包括语言学、翻译、文学研究等。

以下是关于 "linguistic" 的一些常见用法：1. 语言学领域：在语言学中，"linguistic" 通常用来描述与语言本身、语言结构、语言规则等相关的事物。

例如：Linguistic analysis (语言分析): 对语言的结构、语法和语义进行分析。

Linguistic diversity (语言多样性): 描述世界上不同语言的多样性和变化。

Linguistic features (语言特征): 描述语言中的特定语法、词汇或语音特征。

2. 语言研究：在研究语言的学科中，"linguistic" 可用于描述语言学家或研究者的方法和方法论。

例如：Linguistic research (语言研究): 研究语言的结构、历史、变化和使用。

Linguistic theory (语言理论): 描述和解释语言的原则和规则的理论框架。

3. 文化和社会科学：在文化和社会科学领域，"linguistic" 可用于描述语言在社会和文化中的作用和影响。

例如：Linguistic anthropology (语言人类学): 研究语言在不同文化背景下的社会和文化作用。

Linguistic identity (语言身份): 描述个人或群体基于语言使用和归属感的身份认同。

4. 翻译和语言服务：在翻译和语言服务领域，"linguistic" 可用于描述与语言转换和语言处理相关的事物。

例如：Linguistic skills (语言技能): 描述翻译或语言专业人员的语言能力和专业技能。

Linguistic analysis tools (语言分析工具): 用于分析和处理语言数据的软件或工具。

译者文化身份对翻译的影响1. 引言1.1 译者文化身份的定义译者文化身份指的是翻译者所处的文化背景和身份认同。

每个翻译者都具有独特的文化身份，这种身份不仅受到个人经历、教育背景、语言能力等因素的影响，还受到所处的社会、历史、宗教等方面的影响。

翻译过程中，译者往往会将自己的文化身份融入到译文中，从而影响到最终的翻译结果。

译者文化身份的定义涵盖了翻译者所属的国家、民族、语言等方面，这些因素决定了译者在面对不同语言和文化之间的转换时所持有的认知方式和价值观。

译者文化身份的深刻理解对于进行准确、得体的翻译至关重要，因为只有将自身文化身份的特点融入到翻译中，才能更好地传达原文的意义和情感。

译者在进行翻译时需要认真思考自己的文化身份，以便更好地实现跨文化传播的目标。

1.2 翻译中的文化身份意识在翻译过程中，译者的文化身份意识起着至关重要的作用。

文化身份是指一个人所属的文化群体，包括民族、地域、宗教、历史、习俗等方面的身份。

翻译是一项跨文化沟通的活动，而译者的文化身份意识会直接影响其对原文的理解和对译文的选择。

译者在翻译过程中，会根据自己所属的文化背景来解读原文内容，从而影响翻译的准确性和质量。

译者的文化身份意识还会影响其选择性地吸收和传递原文的文化信息，从而在翻译中体现出不同的风格和特点。

因此，译者在进行翻译时应意识到自己的文化身份，并尽可能客观地对待原文内容，保持中立和客观，以保证翻译的准确性和质量。

同时，译者也应该不断扩展自己的文化视野，提高跨文化翻译的能力，促进不同文化之间的交流和理解。

2. 正文2.1 译者文化身份对翻译选择的影响译者的文化身份对翻译选择具有重要影响。

文化身份包括译者的种族、民族、国籍、宗教信仰、社会地位等因素。

这些身份会影响译者对文本的理解、价值观和偏好，从而直接影响翻译的选择。

首先，译者的文化身份会影响其对原文的理解和解释。

不同的文化背景会导致不同的理解角度和诠释方式。

在翻译选择时，译者会根据自己的文化认知和情感体验来选择合适的语言表达方式，这可能导致译文与原文有所出入。

四种翻译方法1.直译和意译所谓直译，就是在译文语言条件许可时，在译文中既保持原文的内容，又保持原文的形式——特别指保持原文的比喻、形象和民族、地方色彩等。

每一个民族语言都有它自己的词汇、句法结构和表达方法。

当原文的思想内容与译文的表达形式有矛盾不宜采用直译法处理时，就应采用意译法。

意译要求译文能正确表达原文的内容，但可以不拘泥与原文的形式。

（张培基）应当指出，在再能确切的表达原作思想内容和不违背译文语言规范的条件下，直译有其可取之处，一方面有助于保存原著的格调，另一方面可以进新鲜的表达方法。

Literal translation refers to an adequate representation of the original. When the original coincides or almost tallies with the Chinese language in the sequence of vocabulary, in grammatical structure and rhetorical device, literal translation must be used.Free translation is also called liberal translation, which does not adhere strictly to the form or word order of the original.（郭著章）直译法是指在不违背英语文化的前提下，在英译文中完全保留汉语词语的指称意义，求得内容和形式相符的方法。

意译是指译者在受到译语社会文化差异的局限时，不得不舍弃原文的字面意义，以求疑问与原文的内容相符和主要语言功能的相似。

（陈宏薇）简单地说，直译指在译文中采用原作的的表达方法，句子结构与原句相似，但也不排除在短语层次进行某些调整。

意译指在译文中舍弃原作的表达方法，另觅同意等效的表达方法，或指对原作的句子结构进行较大的变化或调整。

第五章SLA与社会环境【真题：语言社团；反馈】交际能力P100言语沟通民俗学：交际能力：一个说话者在一个特定的语言社团里知道自己需要说什么。

不但包括词汇语音语法结构，还要知道什么时候说对谁说和在既定环境里适当的表达。

还包括说话的人应该指导社会文化方面的知识，应该具有保证顺利地和别人交流的能力。

语言社团：一组人；用同一种语言；因此，多语者属于多个语言社团。

非本族语的人讲话和本地人相差很大，即使他们属于同一个语言社团。

比如包括语言结构组合的不同，对话、写作等规则使用不同，同一个词汇意思不同。

P101外语[FL]：在当地环境下学习二语，没机会与该语言的语言社团进行互动（除非出国），且没有机会完全融入该外语的社会，学习这种语言大多是课业要求。

附加语[AL]P102微观社会因素学习者语言的变异社会语言学家认为语言的变异是指在语言的产出过程中，把语言的不系统的不规则的变化当做次于语言系统规则模式的变异性特点。

交际环境的多个维度：语言学环境：语言形式和功能的成分心理学环境：在语言加工过程中，起始阶段要倾注多少注意力，从控制加工到自动化加工；微观社会环境：环境与互动特征与交际部分相关，并在此过程中被产出、翻译、协商宏观因素：政治背景下，哪种语言应该学习，社会对某种语言的态度。

适应理论[accommodation theory]：说话者会随着说话对象的说话方式改变自己的语调难易。

工作地点影响语言输入的性质和群体认同性。

自然变异：中介语的产物，是习得二语语法的必要步骤Ellis 变异的性质随着学习二语的深入而变化：1.一个简单的形式被用于多种功能2.其它形式一开始会用于中介语3.多种形式被系统化地使用4.无目的的形式被摘除，自由变异的清楚使中介语更加高效P105语言的输入与互动P106一、自然输入的修改语言输入对一语二语都是绝对必要的。

外国式谈话[foreigner talk]：一语学习者对二语学习者说话时调整说话的语气速度来适应二语者的语言。

陆法言《切韵·序》原文翻译注释与鉴赏陆法言《切韵·序》原文翻译解释与鉴赏切韵序陆法言昔开皇初，有仪同刘臻等八人，同诣法言门宿。

夜永酒阑，论及音韵，以今声调既自有别，诸家取舍，亦复不同。

吴楚则时伤轻浅，燕赵则多伤重浊，秦陇则去声为入，梁益则平声似去。

又支(章移切)脂(旨夷切)鱼(语居切)虞(遇俱切)，共为一韵。

先(苏前切)仙(相然切)尤(于求切)侯(胡沟切)，俱论是切。

欲广文路，自可清浊皆通；若赏知音，即须轻重有异。

吕静韵集，夏侯该韵略，阳休之韵略，周思言音韵，李季节音谱，杜台卿韵略等，各有乖互。

江东取韵，与河北复殊。

因论南北是非，古今通塞。

欲更捃选精切，除削疏缓。

萧颜多所决定。

魏著作谓法言曰：向来论难，疑处悉尽，何不随口记之。

我辈数人，定则定矣。

法言即烛下握笔，略记纲纪。

博问英辩，殆得精华。

于是更涉余学，兼从薄宦。

十数年间，不遑修集。

今返初服，私训诸弟子，凡有文藻，即须明声韵。

屏居山野，交游阻绝，疑惑之所，质问无从。

亡者则生死路殊，空怀可作之叹；存者则贵贱礼隔，以报绝交之旨。

遂取诸家音韵，古今字书，以前所记者，定之为切韵五卷。

剖析豪氂，分别黍累。

何烦泣玉，未得县金。

藏之名山，昔怪马迁之言大，持以盖酱，今叹扬雄之口吃。

非是小子专辄，乃述群贤遗意，宁敢施行人世，直欲不出户庭。

于时岁次辛酉大隋仁寿元年。

〔解释〕开皇：隋文帝杨坚的年号(公元581600年)。

仪同刘臻等八人：此八人为仪同三司刘臻、外史颜之推、著作郎魏渊、武阳太守卢思道、散骑常侍李若、国子博士萧该、蜀王谘议参军辛德源、吏部侍郎薛道衡。

俱为当时知名的学者文人。

声调：声，声韵；调，音调。

吴楚、燕赵、秦陇、梁益：沿用汉代州名，隋代州郡名改易与先代不完全相同，此处为略举，与汉代扬雄《方言》所用的州名有接近处。

轻浅、重浊：确切意思尚无确论。

当时一切论及音韵的重要文献中都有相似的描述。

如《颜氏家训音辞篇》："南方水土柔和，其音清举而切诣，失在浮浅，其辞多鄙俗；北方山川深厚，其音沉浊而钝，得其质实，其辞为古语。