梦境黄石(the Yellow Stone National Park)

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第一部分（共20小题，每小题1.5分，满分30分）1．Various efforts ________ in the past decades to protect the environment.A．had made B．have madeC．were made D．have been made2．Policemen think that where there is violence , drugs with damaging effects on kids are always ______ it．A．beyond B．before C．behind D．besides3．Once you’ve ________ the items you ordered, put this record in your file.A．checked in B．checked offC．checked out D．checked with4．Roger trained hard for the tournament for months, but unfortunately he had to _______ due to a knee injury. A．pull out B．work outC．try out D．give out5．What made them miss the deadline was not their lack of funding, but ________ their lack of planning.A．even B．stillC．rather D．ever6．World Food Day is held each year to underline the progress that ________ against hunger and that still needs to be made.A．is made B．was madeC．has been made D．will be made7．Japan has been trying to bring its nuclear crisis under ____ control, but ____ spread of radiation has raised concerns about the safety of the nuclear energy.A．a; the B．the; / C．/; the D．a; /8．I’ve known Sarah for nearly ten years. She _________ once my customer.A．is B．has beenC．was D．had been9．While we were listening to the speech attentively, a voice _____ to announce the result of the election.A．broke in B．broke up C．broke off D．broke down10．Tianjin soccer fans wonder how long it will be ______ the popular soccer star —Sunke can appear in the fields inTianjin as a member of Tianjin Tianhai soccer team.A．before B．sinceC．until D．where11．No decision __A_ about any future appointment until all the candidates have been interviewed.A．will be made B．is madeC．is being made D．has been made12．I guess ________ impresses me most about his painting is the colors he uses.A．who B．whichC．that D．what13．Decades ago, scientists believed that how the brain develops when you are a kid ______ determines your brain structure for the rest of your life.A．sooner or later B．more or less C．to and from D．up and down14．Whenever you ________ a present, you should think about it from the receiver’s point of view.A．bought B．have bought C．will buy D．buy15．I _____up my mind what I was going to say in the seminar, but it was cancelled.A．have made B．had madeC．was making D．would make16．—It’s really great to have a computer to store my photos.—Don’t count on it too much. It ________ break down and you’d better make a copy of them.A．must B．canC．should D．will17．Dave was a ________. Because of his misconduct in class, the whole class had to stay after school.A．wet blanket B．leading lightC．black sheep D．dark horse18．Word came that 30 firefighters gave their lives to our country _______ national property security.A．in exchange for B．in response toC．in terms of D．in contrast with19．I have to reschedule the appointment with you since there is a ______ in my arrangement.A．contract B．contrast C．connection D．conflict20．The police are offering ______ reward of $50,000 for information leading to the arrest of _____ murderer.A．the; the B．a; a C．the; a D．a; the第二部分阅读理解（满分40分）阅读下列短文，从每题所给的A、B、C、D四个选项中，选出最佳选项。

NARRATOR: In the winter of 1807, a lone fur-trapper journeyed deep into the heart of the Rocky Mountains. ]Somewhere near the headwaters of the Yellowstone River he found a lost world. A wonderland, ruled by ice, fire and brimstone. A world of extremes that challenges all that strive to live here. A place that has become perhaps the most treasured wilderness on Earth. Winter in Yellowstone. Minus 40 degrees. Fahrenheit or centigrade, it doesn't really matter, at minus 40 the two scales read the same. For half the year, Yellowstone is frozen solid. Yet in the middle of this ice world there is scalding heat. This is no ordinary place and this is no ordinary winter. The fate of everything here lies in the hands of forces of almost unimaginable power. Yellowstone is deep in the heart of the Rocky Mountains of North America. An isolated high plateau defended by rugged peaks. And its location is what makes it so different. Right beneath Yellowstone a unique quirk of geology means that molten rock from deep in the earth comes unusually close to the frozen surface. No one knows why it happens right here, but its impact is what has made Yellowstone world famous. Yellowstone is the most extensive geothermal area on Earth. It has over 10,000 thermal wonders and more geysers than the rest of the world put together. Old Faithful is Yellowstone's most well-known geyser. It shoots 5,000 gallons of water 150 feet into the air almost every hour. But the forces that fuel this spectacular display have an influence far greater than we can see on the surface. Paradoxically, it's all this underground heat that helps make the Yellowstone winter one of the coldest and toughest in America. It's November and winter is beginning to take hold. As it gets colder, one animal here gets stronger. Wolves. The winter is their time. Gradually, it weakens their prey. This is the Druid wolf pack, one of the largest and most powerful in Yellowstone. The pack have this bull elk surrounded. But there's a problem. The pack won't follow the bull into the river. They won't risk freezing to death in the ice cold water. What's more, now the elk's antlers are at just the right height to keep the wolves at bay. It's stalemate. But it's now the elk that has a problem of his own. Although it's only knee deep, he can't stay in this freezing water forever. A young female is not prepared to let him go. But the elk is strong. One-on-one he has the advantage. Her only support is another youngster. They are neither strong or experienced enough to bring this elk down. But it's enough to make him turn and run back to the river where he knows they won't follow. But the longer he stays in the freezing water, the weaker he will get. Others before him have waited here too long, and wolves are patient. Right now his strength is his only advantage. He has to try again. This time even the young wolves stay put. Without the support of the pack they never really stood a chance. And the pack has already decided that this early in the winter, a bull elk in his prime is just too strong. But as the winter gets colder and the snow gets deeper the tables will turn. By the end of November, the arc of the sun barely breaks above the trees. As its angle decreases, so does its power. And as the sun loses its hold over the land, other forces begin to take over. Yellowstone has a dark secret that affects everything that lives here, especially in the winter. It's only from high above ground that we start to get a glimpse of the true nature of this place. Yellowstone is a giant bowl 50 miles wide right in the middle of the Rocky Mountains. There's nowhere else like it. And there's only one thing thatcould have created it. Three miles beneath this frozen surface is a colossal chamber of molten rock. Today it powers Yellowstone's geysers. But every million years or so, the pressure in this magma gets critical and the chamber explodes. The last eruption, 640,000 years ago, was more than 1,000 times larger than Mount St Helens. It blasted away mountains and ejected hundreds of cubic miles of debris into the atmosphere, burying half the USA with ash. The heart of Yellowstone is one of the world's biggest volcanoes. One day it will erupt again. It could be today or in another million years. But even as the volcano is sleeping, breathing quietly through its geysers, it has a profound effect on Yellowstone's winter. The volcano made Yellowstone's giant bowl but it didn't stop there. ]Ever since, the huge pressure below the surface has been pushing it higher into the air, and as it gets higher it gets colder. And now at its present altitude of 8,000 feet, his giant bowl simply accumulates freezing air from the surrounding mountains. In the winter, the sleeping volcano becomes a giant deep freeze. On the open plateau, right in the middle of this frozen volcano is an animal that has lived here since the last ice age. Bison are exposed to the worst of the Yellowstone winter, but they are built for it. Their thick coat is such good insulation that they only need a tiny amount of energy to keep warm. So they slow their metabolism right down and concentrate on feeding. With massive neck muscles they sweep their heads down through the snow to get to the grass beneath. But the grass has long ago put its summer goodness down into its roots and now has about the same nutritional value as cardboard. They will need to do all they can to save energy if they are to ward off starvation until spring returns. As the winter strengthens its grip, elk move into more sheltered valleys at the edge of Yellowstone. They don't have the bison's ability to move deep snow. But this brings them into the territory of the Druid pack. As the grazers are beginning to weaken,life for the wolves is getting easier. They are now successfully hunting about twice a week. They even have the energy to play. But their play has a purpose. It fine-tunes their hunting skills and helps bond the all-important pack structure. Though there are 16 of them, they can only hunt an animal as large as an elk if they hunt as one. The strength of the pack is what will get them through the winter. Bald eagles spot carcasses from miles away. But there is strong competition for a kill like this. A coyote. He has been shadowing the wolves, and moves in now they have gone. It’s December, and even the great Yellowstone River is succumbing to the cold. It's only where the water runs fast that it still runs free. It looks uncomfortably cold, but then the water, at around freezing point, can be 50 degrees warmer than the air. Under the ice there's a rich supply of stone fly larvae waiting to hatch in the spring. Dippers make the most of these few small windows to a liquid world before they shut completely. Where the water stands still it is now frozen solid. Yellowstone Lake is 136 square miles, and now completely covered in three feet of ice. A coyote travels across this frozen desert looking for something to eat. ]It's a wonder that anything can survive here at all. Hundreds of feet beneath him on the lake bed, geysers erupt just like they do on land and they melt holes in the ice, the only sign that there is a lake here at all. As the year comes to an end, it seems hard to imagine this winter getting any tougher. But there's another twist to the volcano's story that is about to make things evenworse. Over time the continent of North America has moved, inch by inch, over many millions of years.[21:38.87][21:40.64]But deep down below the Earth's moving crust,[21:43.71][21:43.80]the source of magma that fuels Yellowstone's volcano[21:47.39][21:48.12]has stayed put.[21:49.79][21:58.00]As the crust has moved over this volcanic hotspot,[22:02.39][22:02.48]eruption after eruption has blasted a massive 500-mile-long scar[22:07.47][22:07.56]right through the Rockies.[22:09.59][22:15.96]In the winter this giant scar, called the Snake River Plain,[22:20.79][22:20.88]funnels moist air from the Pacific Ocean[22:24.07][22:24.16]right through the wall of the Rocky Mountains[22:26.87][22:26.96]and up into Yellowstone's deep freeze.[22:29.63][22:36.04]Here it finally freezes and falls as snow,[22:40.19][22:41.16]huge quantities of it.[22:42.99][23:00.04]Whilst everywhere around gets 10 feet of snow a year,[23:03.71][23:03.80]thanks to the legacy of its volcano, Yellowstone can get as much as 50. [23:08.66][23:18.56]Otters seem to thrive in the Yellowstone winter.[23:21.79][23:31.52]But now that the rivers are not only frozen but covered in deep snow, [23:36.27][23:36.36]they are struggling to find open water to fish in.[23:39.55][23:56.00]They can't fish here, the fast flowing water is too dangerous.[24:00.55][24:00.64]Somehow they need to find a way past the falls.[24:03.79][24:53.64]With the falls safely behind them, the otters are forced to keep moving on. [24:58.31][25:02.68]Open water has become a rare thing in Yellowstone.[25:09.16](BISON GRUNTING)[25:10.83][25:16.68]Out on the frozen grasslands, the bison are struggling, too.[25:20.59][25:22.88]This year is already the snowiest for the last decade,[25:26.39][25:26.48]snowier than many of this herd have experienced in their lives.[25:30.47][25:32.36]Now, as the snow gets deeper than a critical four feet,[25:36.03][25:36.12]the effort of swinging this massive head back and forth for so little reward [25:41.11][25:41.20]is becoming too much.[25:43.15][25:50.20]Though the snow front is passing through,[25:53.03][25:53.12]it's followed by the wind,[25:54.91][25:55.00]which now starts to scour the heart of Yellowstone.[25:58.31][26:20.48]A bison's coat can keep it warm down to minus 30 degrees Fahrenheit. [26:24.83][26:28.52]The wind chill is now pushing these bison to that limit.[26:32.47][26:43.96]But these are the last wild bison herds in America[26:47.55][26:47.64]which have survived here for tens of thousands of years.[26:51.67][26:51.76]They know what to do.[26:53.71][27:07.32]To move is risky, it will tap into their now dwindling energy reserves. [27:12.18][27:14.60]But this year, it's a gamble worth taking.[27:17.59][27:25.52]Their way out is a river whose water is not frozen.[27:29.03][27:30.52]A thermal river fed by warm water from Yellowstone's geysers,[27:35.54][27:36.04]an ancient route which leads to a place where, if they're lucky,[27:40.11][27:40.20]they will be able to survive.[27:42.39][28:03.20]It's January, and night is twice as long as day[28:06.72]in Yellowstone's deep freeze.[28:08.95][28:10.24]The wind and the storms have gone,[28:12.87][28:12.96]but now the clear skies suck any last trace of heat into space.[28:17.15][28:20.28]As morning comes, something extraordinary has happened.[28:24.23][28:35.04]All moisture in the air has turned to ice,[28:37.91][28:39.08]diamond dust.[28:40.47][29:47.76]But this is a cruel beauty.[29:50.75][29:50.84]Minus 66 Fahrenheit was recorded here in Yellowstone.[29:55.11][29:55.20]Off the record, it gets colder still.[29:57.99][30:07.08]This bison is still out on the open plateau.[30:11.39][30:11.48]The deep snow with its windblown crust has made it almost impossible to feed.[30:15.95][30:16.60]The extreme cold will now tip the balance of survival further,[30:20.55][30:20.64]most likely too far even for a bison.[30:23.23][30:43.72]A red fox can stay in the cold heart of Yellowstone all winter,[30:48.23][30:48.32]so long as it can find food.[30:50.59][30:55.28]It's looking for mice[30:56.63][30:56.72]that survive the winter insulated beneath the blanket of snow.[31:00.63][31:04.52]The fox is light enough to move about on the delicate crust[31:08.03][31:08.12]but the mice are six feet beneath it.[31:10.83][31:35.16]It listens for the tiny sounds of its prey moving about below,[31:39.75][31:39.84]but must take great care not to scare them away.[31:42.95][32:38.12]The otter family has arrived at Yellowstone Lake.[32:41.27][32:42.32]Here they can fish in the holes kept open by the underwater geysers. [32:46.47][32:55.24]But every time they catch something,[32:57.87][33:01.04]this coyote has been watching and waiting.[33:04.03][33:33.16]The otter dives under the ice to hide its fish from the coyote.[33:37.15][33:44.52]The coyote can't see the otter because of the thick cover of snow.[33:48.63][33:52.40]But he can hear him.[33:54.15][34:01.12]The otter emerges without the fish.[34:04.39][34:05.04]He's stashed it somewhere under the snow. But where?[34:09.55][34:32.44]A huge Yellowstone cutthroat trout.[34:35.43][34:40.16]With the help of the otters, a wily coyote can catch fish, too.[34:44.71][35:11.64]The thermal river has led the bison to one of the main geyser fields. [35:15.87][35:20.60]Here the heat from below comes close enough to the surface to melt the snow.[35:24.99][35:30.28]And a bison can graze as if it were spring.[35:33.11][35:42.12]The same volcanic forces, so massive that they created the weather [35:47.06][35:47.16]that drove the bison here, now offer comfort.[35:51.55][35:58.80]The only problem is, the grass that the bison now relish[36:02.34][36:02.44]has such a high concentration of silica that it wears down their teeth. [36:06.79][36:08.04]And it's laced with enough arsenic to slowly poison them.[36:11.79][36:20.52]For these bison, it's not an easy choice to come here.[36:24.03][36:27.56]But as long as they don't have to stay here too long[36:30.23][36:30.32]it's a lot better than facing the Yellowstone winter head on.[36:43.36]Incredibly, there is life that thrives here.[36:46.47][36:48.72]In Yellowstone's thermal springs,[36:50.87][36:50.96]the temperature is a constant near-boiling.[36:53.91][36:55.84]Yet here are huge colonies of heat-tolerant microbes.[36:59.27][37:03.28]As the boiling water flows out from the centre of springs, [37:07.15][37:07.24]it cools, forming bands of different temperatures,[37:11.07][37:11.16]each with a different collection of microbes[37:13.51][37:13.60]with a totally different colour.[37:15.98][37:21.64]Grand Prismatic Spring is one of the wonders of the natural world. [37:25.83][37:29.40]It's thought that it was in conditions like this[37:32.31][37:32.40]that life on Earth first started.[37:34.86][37:51.12]It's now February,[37:52.83][37:52.92]and when almost everything else in Yellowstone is on its last legs, [37:56.70][37:56.80]the Druid pack is reaching peak condition.[37:59.79][38:02.68]And it's now that the young females come into season.[38:06.03][38:10.04]Hanging back from the pack is a lone male wolf.[38:13.23][38:17.48]He has no territory of his own but follows the pack,[38:20.51][38:20.60]scavenging from their successes.[38:22.95][38:27.16]But right now, food is not his priority.[38:30.63][38:35.88]The young females won't mate with the pack's alpha male [38:39.07][38:39.16]as he is their father.[38:40.99][38:43.60]So the intruder could well be in with a chance,[38:47.28]as long as the alpha doesn't see him.[38:49.87][38:50.20](WOLVES WhINING)[38:51.71][38:56.32]Whilst the pack are distracted, one female sneaks away.[39:00.19][39:05.72]She won't give up the security of the pack for him,[39:09.03][39:09.12]so they meet close by in secret.[39:11.58][39:24.04]But the pack are now coming their way.[39:26.79][39:42.32]The alpha male is on to him.[39:44.62][39:49.52]He won't tolerate any other male in his territory,[39:52.39][39:52.48]let alone with one of his females.[39:54.94][39:55.96]When wolves mate, they become locked together for up to half an hour. [40:00.15][40:00.84]The intruder can't break free.[40:03.19][40:43.12]For now the alpha male has done enough.[40:45.75][40:45.84]He's seen the intruder off and he needs to return[40:48.59][40:48.68]to reassert his position in the pack.[40:51.03][40:58.80]The intruder retreats to a precarious life in the shadows.[41:02.95][41:04.36]But whatever happens to him, so long as he was coupled for long enough, [41:09.03][41:09.12]he will have young brought up[41:11.03][41:11.12]in the security of one of the strongest packs in Yellowstone.[41:14.63][41:25.28](WOLVES HOWLING)[41:27.15][41:48.52](WhIMPERING)[41:49.99][41:52.52]Since the beginning of winter,[41:54.03][41:54.12]Yellowstone's herds have been getting steadily weaker.[42:00.28]Now at the end of February,[42:02.43][42:02.52]the tables have completely turned to favour the Druid pack. [42:06.83][43:16.84](WOLVES HOWLING)[43:18.75][43:18.84]As February turns to March, it seems like the winter will never end. [43:23.07][43:25.88]But now the clear, cold days have gone.[43:28.59][43:30.88]The snow still comes, but it's a wet snow[43:33.75][43:33.84]that strips the warmth from you faster,[43:36.51][43:39.68]now, when you are right at the end of your strength.[43:42.83][44:04.40]But there is hope.[44:06.23][44:07.12]Now is the turning point of the winter.[44:09.79][44:15.24]At the spring equinox, there are 12 hours of night,[44:18.35][44:18.44]and 12 hours of day.[44:20.35][44:21.76]From now on, light starts to win over dark.[44:25.51][44:37.48]March is also the turning point in the history of Yellowstone. [44:41.39][44:43.84]On 1st March, 1872,[44:46.63][44:46.72]American President Ulysses S Grant[44:49.43][44:49.52]recognised the extraordinary wonders of Yellowstone[44:52.63][44:52.72]by making it the world's first national park.[44:55.71][45:16.40]The park's creation marked the beginning of a new era[45:19.59][45:19.68]where the world's wild places would be valued[45:22.91][45:23.40]simply for being wild.[45:25.07][45:39.12](BIRDS CAWING)[45:51.08]Now, as the days lengthen,[45:53.11][45:53.20]the winter starts to loosen its grip on Yellowstone.[45:56.51][46:04.08]But with the end of winter, also comes the end of the wolves' reign. [46:08.39][46:19.44]On a mountain peak right on the edge of Yellowstone,[46:22.83][46:22.92]footprints in the snow are the sign that a challenger has appeared [46:26.46][46:26.56]to reclaim this land.[46:28.51][46:36.36]A grizzly bear mother with her new cubs emerges from her den. [46:41.11][46:44.36]For six months, snow and ice have ravaged Yellowstone,[46:48.31][46:48.40]but she has slept underground, waking only to give birth to her cubs. [46:53.03][46:53.12]And then from time to time, to feed them.[46:55.95][47:04.48]As winter gives way to spring,[47:06.63][47:06.72]she leads them out into the wilderness for the first time.[47:10.42][47:16.12]In Yellowstone's great volcano,[47:19.35][47:19.44]in spite of everything the winter has thrown at them,[47:23.19][47:23.28]most have made it through.[47:25.35][47:38.44]The forces that have helped keep Yellowstone[47:40.63][47:40.72]in the grip of such a deep winter have finally let go.[47:44.83][47:46.60]It is the sun that will now dominate once more.[47:49.71][47:56.84]Its power will now take over,[47:59.27][48:05.16]bringing new life to this place.[48:07.59][48:21.84]But also it will bring new challenges[48:24.67][48:25.72]that all will have to face[48:29.76]in the heat of Yellowstone's summer.[48:32.75][48:48.00]Bringing Yellowstone's unique, natural beauty to the screen[48:51.31][48:51.40]would have been impossible without the tireless help of the local experts [48:54.91][48:55.00]that know it like the back of their hand.[48:57.79][48:57.88]Each has their own story to tell.[49:00.67][49:00.76]JEFF hENRY: I was born the night of a blizzard[49:02.59][49:02.68]and my mother has always told me that[49:04.27][49:04.36]she thinks that's why I'm so in love with winter.[49:06.59][49:10.80]NARRATOR: Ex-park ranger and photographer[49:12.95][49:13.04]Jeff Henry's 30 years of experience in Yellowstone[49:16.27][49:16.36]helped the BBC crew unlock some of the national park's hidden secrets. [49:20.99][49:22.64]But they could never get hold of Jeff once the snow started to fall. [49:26.79][49:29.56]Winter's by far my favourite season.[49:32.79][49:32.88]I wish I could be the reverse of a bear and hibernate in the summer [49:36.99][49:37.08]and just wake up in the autumn, be looking at a new winter.[49:41.03][49:41.12]I get really excited when the first snows come in the autumn.[49:45.67][49:46.96]Snow to me is a mystical, magical substance.[49:51.39][49:52.44]I've always thought that it's very coarse of the English language[49:55.00][49:55.08]to have just one word for it. There's snow and then there's snow, [49:58.39][49:58.48]and then there's snow and then there's snow.[50:00.63][50:00.72]Fresh snow that falls from the sky and it's here in Yellowstone,[50:03.43][50:03.52]tends to be light and fluffy, is vastly different from the snow[50:07.52]that's been underground for three or four months.[50:09.87][50:14.40]NARRATOR: Three million tourists travel each year[50:17.27][50:17.36]to enjoy Yellowstone's spectacular wilderness.[50:20.35][50:20.44]When winter arrives, however, the crowds disappear.[50:23.95][50:29.04]But for the last 30 years, Jeff has enjoyed a very unusual way[50:33.11][50:33.20]of both staying for the winter and indulging his love of snow.[50:36.63][50:39.48]His task is to stop the few buildings in the heart of Yellowstone[50:42.91][50:43.00]being completely swallowed.[50:44.79][50:47.12]Jeff becomes what is officially known as a roof shoveller.[50:50.90][50:52.72]The reason I do that is the snow loads can sometimes, at least some years, [50:56.59][50:56.68]become so heavy they can crush buildings or break parts of buildings. [51:00.11][51:03.12]NARRATOR: Jeff must clear up to three metres of compacted snow [51:05.99][51:06.08]from the roofs, before it falls on anything wandering beneath,[51:09.67][51:09.76]including himself.[51:11.79][51:11.88]If the building were to avalanche on top of me,[51:14.03][51:14.12]it would be the end of the line for me.[51:16.11][51:18.52]NARRATOR: From December onwards, Jeff spends five months[51:21.51][51:21.60]clearing snow off Yellowstone's roofs.[51:24.16][51:24.24]Timing is critical. If he starts a roof too early,[51:27.59][51:27.68]fresh spring snow will undo all his hard work.[51:30.47][51:30.56]Too late, and the roof may collapse.[51:33.23][51:39.28]JEFF: This particular roof has a pitch that's steep enoughthat the snow will avalanche off if it's undercut. And to undercut the snow, I have to first dig some channels or trenches with a shovel. After I've cut those channels, I can lay a steel cable into each trench. And I pass that cable underneath the snow pack, between the snow pack and the shingles. And after the snow is undercut, it will avalanche off. Oh, I have to admit I get a tremendous kick out of the work. Little me at 190 pounds can move untold tons of snow in one swoop. NARRATOR: Jeff is especially drawn to what are know as cornices, the overhanging shelves of snow that cling to the edges of roofs. It's kind of a love/hate relationship. This lovely pattern, there's lovely lines in the snow. You can see the major lines between major wind events, but you can see more minor lines, I guess, between more minor wind events. It's almost like the growth rings on a tree. It's just absolutely beautiful. Fascinating. I can't wait to get up there and destroy it. Cornices are especially threatening, structurally, because there's so much weight hanging out over the edge of the building. It's not uncommon for an eaves to break when it has a big overhang. I love to do this work. I love to move snow. It's a thrill, it's exciting, it's fun. I can honestly say there's no place else I'd rather be. NARRATOR: But there's one building that's a real challenge for Jeff. JEFF: The Canyon General Store is approximately 50 years old, 52 years old, something in that range. And I've cleared this building for about half of its life. It's by far the largest building that I have to do. I often joke that it is the Bismark of the enemy fleet. And it takes me a great many working days, as many as 40 of 50 working days per winter. NARRATOR: This roof collects more snow than any other in the park. Instead of using gravity to remove the compacted snow, Jeff has to rely on sweat and toil. But he's perfected his own methodical precision labour-saving technique. (JEFF GRUNTING) Well, I try to cut the blocks large enough so that they'll be stable when I move them across the roof. ]But not so large that I can't move them. On this particular building this year, there'll be somewhere in the order of 3,000 blocks of snow. So I always reason that if I could save just one or two percent of the effort that it takes to move each block, that would be one or two percent times 3,000. That's why I work in this checkerboard pattern, and move all the blocks that I just cut. And I don't have to go back and forth between the saw and the shovel that often. I suppose in some ways, analogous to Yellowstone's wildlife in the winter where they have to be so mindful of their energy equation, they cannot consistently expend more energy than they take in. And if they do, it's the end of the line. NARRATOR: Fifty days spent alone on a roof gives Jeff a lot of time to just think. Sometimes I find my imagination runs away with me. I think about how this snow not very long ago was warm sea water in the South Pacific Ocean. In just over three or four months it will be water vapor or liquid water, seeping into the earth here in Yellowstone or flowing down the Yellowstone River. NARRATOR: Jeff's snow clearing work allows him to be in the most beautiful parts of the park when no one else is around. ]JEFF: And I think everybody appreciates a little bit of solitude. I guess that's part of the reason I do the work that I do and spend as much time as I can in the park in the winter. Occasionally, it just seems to me that I'm the only person for miles around and that's a special feeling, especially in the early 2 1st century. I know that my parents first brought me here when I was six months old, ]and essentially I've spent my entireadult life here in Yellowstone. I don't know if I believe in destiny in the general sense, but I do believe that it was my destiny to come here and to spend most of my life here. Because of the work I do in the winter here, I've had a special opportunity, I think, to make empirical observations about the way things have gone in terms of winter weather in Yellowstone. I don't think there's any question that things are warmer and drier overall than they were when I first got here. I've always been dreading the day when I got too old to do this, but over the last 10 years or so it seemed that maybe Yellowstone would run out of snow before I got too old to move it. here's good snow this year, so I certainly hope it continues, certainly hope there's snow to move in Yellowstone long after I'm not able to do it any more. We'll see, I guess. like the challenge when I first climb up onto the roof and take that first block of snow off, and then when I take the last block off a roof, ]I certainly feel a sense of satisfaction. I also immediately start thinking about next season when I'll be able to do the same building again. Yellowstone will always be my special place.。

高二英语地理奇观与人文特色单选题50题1.The Grand Canyon is known for its magnificent depth. What is the main reason for the formation of the Grand Canyon?A.Erosion by windB.Erosion by waterC.V olcanic activityD.Earthquakes答案：B。

解析：大峡谷主要是由科罗拉多河的水流侵蚀作用形成的。

选项A，风蚀一般形成的地貌特征与大峡谷不同。

选项C，大峡谷不是由火山活动形成的。

选项D，地震一般不会直接形成大峡谷这样的地貌。

2.The Great Barrier Reef is the world's largest coral reef system. What kind of organism builds the Great Barrier Reef?A.AlgaeB.Coral polypsC.SeaweedD.Fish答案：B。

解析：大堡礁是由珊瑚虫这种生物建造的。

选项A，藻类不是建造大堡礁的主要生物。

选项C，海草不是建造大堡礁的生物。

选项D，鱼不会建造大堡礁。

3.The Victoria Falls is one of the world's largest waterfalls. What river forms the Victoria Falls?A.The Amazon RiverB.The Nile RiverC.The Zambezi RiverD.The Mississippi River答案：C。

解析：维多利亚瀑布是由赞比西河形成的。

选项A，亚马逊河不形成维多利亚瀑布。

选项B，尼罗河不形成维多利亚瀑布。

选项D，密西西比河不形成维多利亚瀑布。

4.The Northern Lights are a natural phenomenon. What causes the Northern Lights?A.Solar wind interacting with Earth's magnetic fieldB.Cloud formationsC.V olcanic eruptionsD.Hurricanes答案：A。

黄石寨英文导游词附翻译黄石寨英文导游词（附翻译）相传汉留侯张良隐居此地受难被其师黄石公搭救，故名黄石寨。

黄石寨位于森林公园中部，为一方山台地，海拔1080米，是雄伟高旷的观景台。

下面店铺为大家整理了黄石寨的导游词，一起来看看吧：Hello, dear friends,Welcome to Zhangjiajie. I am very glad to be your tour guide. Today we will visit Zhangjiajie's biggest sightseeing terrace soaring into the air, the Huangshizhai, or Yellow Stone Stockade. People often say that “You can't be said to have been to Zhangjiajie if you have not reached Huangshizhai”.So we can see that Huangshizhai is the quintessence of Zhangjiajie scenic area. The mountain, seen from afar, resembles an almighty lion. Since the Chinese words “lion” and “stone” are the same in sound. namely“shi", hence the name “Yellow ( ‘Huang’ in Chinese) Lion Stockade”, or Huangshi Stockade.Huangshizhai is located in the center of the Zhangjiajie National Forest Park, rising about l,200 meters above sea level. The stockade area covers over 133 hectares. It is a magnificent, strange and beautiful terrace, with numerous sheer precipices and overhanging rocks. Overlooking the periphery from the top of the stockade, you can see numerous valleys covered by clouds, many of peaks clustering together, with green trees poking into the sky and floating thin mist. A renowned poet once praised Huangshizhai with the following poem:Advancing five steps, you praise it “Marvelous” ,Advancing seven steps, you praise it “Matchless” ,Advancing ten steps beyond, you will become speechless.Secluded Path in the Fir ForestBefore us first we see a line of steep and winding stone steps, half-hidden in the thick and tranquil fir forest. That is the “secluded path in the fir forest”. In the ancient times there was only one path up to Huangshizhai, and it was located at the back of the mountain. The path we are using was finished and opened a decade ago. Scenic views abound alongside this secluded path and provide a visual feast for your eyes.The Arhat is Welcoming the GuestsThe scenic spot before us is called “The arhat is we lcoming the guests". Please look at the stone wall on the upper left. A big-bellied arhat is sitting by a pine tree with his legs crossed. He is wearing a monk cap, and with his mouth and eyes slanting, he is all smiles as he overlooks the mountains.Big Stone HouseNow let us go on our visit. This is a stone cover where we are. It is about 3 meters high and about 20 meters long. Over it is a suspending stone cover called “big stone house”. It is not only a fit place for visitors to have a short rest, but also a wonderful terrace for sightseeing. The views looking to the east include Huaxiyu (The Flower Stream Valley) , the Seed Garden, and Luoguta (The Tower of Gongs and Drums). They constitute a fairyland with range upon range of mountains, dozens of peaks towering into the clouds and mist.Half -MountainOver the “big stone house” there is a peak protruding out from the mountainside. It takes on a golden and brilliant color when the sun is shining. Seen from below, it resembles a big hand with its five fingers stretching out and its palm slightly contracted. People call it ‘‘half-mountain” because it resembles the half of a mountain that has been cut open by an axe.Terrace for SingingPlease listen to the singing like sounds coming from in front of us. These are melodious Tujia national minority folk or mountain songs. The place we see in the front is a terrace on which stand Tujia girls wearing beautiful dresses singing and dancing to greet you. Will their pleasant melodies make you yearn to learn more about Tujia national minority morals and customs? Will their hospitality, simplicity, and kindness bring you relaxation and happiness you have never experienced? Right here and at this time, have you sensed the true meaning of “beautiful mountains, beautif ul rivers and even more beautiful people” of Zhangjiajie?Terrace for Mustering OfficersNow we have reached the middle of the mountain, already half way to the top of the stockade. Please look at the huge stone protruding into the sky in front of us. Under it is a forest of firs, with its vast greenness rising and falling. This scenic spot is “Terrace for Mustering Officers”. Tradition has it that Zhang Liang, Marquis Liu of Han Dynasty, came here to live and study in seclusion. But he was suspected by the powerful and tyrannical Empress Dowager Lü. In order to be ready for any eventuality, Zhang Liang trained his men here day and night. It is said that this is the right place where Zhang Liang once mustered his officers and assigned them tasks.Recreation TerraceNow we have passed the “Terrace for Mustering Officers”. Please go up along the steps on the right, and you will arrive at a concave precipice sightseeing terrace arched by natural stone walls, called “Recreation T errace”. From here, you can see “Treasure Case for Heavenly Books” right in your front. In thedistance, you can see Huaxiyu (The Flower Stream Valley). Looking up, you can see numerous peaks unevenly towering into the sky and vivid green forests. Now please look at the mountain opposite to us on the right. There stands a 20 meter high stone column. On its top is a platform, on which there is a stone case about 3 meters long and 1.5 meters wide. A stone cover is on the case, half of it protruding into the air, and the other covering the case. Around the case are five jade-green pines and cypresses. Legend has it that Zhang Liang once hid the three volumes of the Heavenly Books of his teacher, Master Huangshi, in this case. After the war stopped, he took out the books to put them in another place. But he forgot to put on the drawing cover, leaving the stone case half covered to this day. For the Heavenly Books were once hidden in this stone case, it was honored the name “Treasure Case of Heavenly Books”.South Gate to the Heavenly PalaceNow let us go on climbing up. Please look forward. Two mountains are huddled together, leaving only a small path between them, in the shape of a gate. It is said of this gate that if one man guards it, then ten thousand men cannot break it open. This is “Nantianmen”--South Gate to the Heavenly Palace. Please look at the two peaks on both sides. They tower there, one on each side, powerful and almighty, like the ancient palace guards, guarding the gate all the time. People call them the “Door-guarding Generals”. They wear armors, with fine swords and feather arrows, stout as giants, really life-like. It is said that they are also the mountain gods guarding Huangshizhai.Coin WillowHave you noticed this ancient tree soaring into the sky? It is over a hundred years old. People call it the “Qingqian Willow’’or “Coin Willow” , for its fruits are just like ancient coins in strings, with a golden-yellow color when they are ripe, with a kernel in the center of each, and pattems around it. From the bottom, its root splits into big forks. In spring and summer, its crown is just like an open big umbrella, with its dense branches and luxuriant leaves giving us cool shade from the hot sun. In autumn and winter, its leaves tum yellow and its fruits are ripe. As the wind blows, strings of the fruit fall on the ground, just like strings of golden copper-coins. No wonder it is called “the coin tree”.Magical Needle Stabilizing the Sea and Sole Pillar of South SkyNow, this way, please. Not far from the “Coin Tree” in front of it i s the “Magical Needle Stabilizing the Sea”. It towers tall and erect, as if it were supporting the whole mountain with its firm trunk. The “Magical Needle Stabilizing the Sea” and“Golden Whip Rock” echo each other at a distance, forming a most magnificent “Natural Grand Spectacle”. Now what scenic spot is this isolated column peak in front? It protrudes abruptly from the earth and, with a height of over 300 meters, it soars into the clouds. With its roots firmly planted in the earth, it truly resembles a stone pillar in the sky. This is the renowned “Sole Pillar of South Sky”; it has this name because it is standing under the South Gate to the Heavenly World. The sole pillar of the south sky echoes with “the Sole Pillar of West Sky”. Legend has it that they were changed from two macaques, each with only one leg. Long ago, in their attempt to save the Monkey Sun Wukong (the famous Monkey King in the Chinese novel Journey to the West) , they were transformed, by magic, by Erlangshen, a god with a third and vertical eye in his forehead.They had no choice but to just stand here.The “Sole Pillar of South Sky” is the feature of the whole “Wulingyuan” scene. It towers straight from the ground, embodying a stubbornly resistant spirit in the face of constant change. As the miniature of the geomorphology scene of quartzes sandstone peak forest of the whole “Wulingyuan”, it is the festival medal and symbol of “Zhangjiajie Intemational Forest Protection Festival”.Star-- picking TerraceNow, we have smoothly climbed up to Huangshizhai. The round stone peak, whose summit is flat and lower slope is terraced, is Star-Picking Terrace. Standing on the terrace you cannot help but feel that “all peaks are dwarfs under my feet”. From here, you can enjoy many major scenic spots in the distance, such as “Two Doors Open to Welcome Guests”, “Natural Wall-Paining”, “Yupingfeng (Jade Vase Peak)”, and “Rabbit Watching the Moon”. Especially in the evening, you will feel extremely near to the stars, as if you could pick them down when stretching out your hands.Pavilion of Six StrangenessesThis artificial scenic spot is the “Liuqige”, or “Pavilion of Six Strangenesses ". By “six strangenesses”, we mean the strange mountains, waters, clouds, stones, and plants. This is the only artificial scenic spot in the park. It was constructed with marble stones and reinforced concrete. The four-story building, with various corners on its roof and protruding eaves, is a special pavilion integrating the folk customs, calligraphy and natural scenes. Standing on the third floor, you can feast your eyes on the Zhangjiajie's magnificent scenery. On the top of the pavilion, you can see Yuanjiajie, Tianzishan, Chaotianguan, and the Peak ofThree Sisters.Now let us go along the 2,200 meter mountain-top loop-route to visit scenic spots, such as Wuzhifeng (Five-finger peak), the Front Garden, and the Piers of a Ruined Heavenly Bridge. Every rock peak here is an ancient work of art, and in every rock peak are hidden limitless mysteries of nature. Several years ago, a woman writer from northeast China stood on the sightseeing terrace of Five-finger Peak, sighing: “ I feel no regret to die now since I have seen the scenes of Zhangjiajie!” And then she continued to say: “ I feel that I have more reasons to live well si nce I have seen the scenes of the Zhangjiajie!” These words seemed paradoxical. But actually the first sentence expresses that, having seen such wonderful scenes as those in Zhangjiajie, she felt satisfied in her life, while the second sentence expresses that life was so beautiful that she should better treasure her life.Back Mountain GateNow we have arrived at the Back Mountain Gate. It is like a stone gate, steep in the middle and narrow on both sides, very difficult to approach. In the past, this was the only access to Huangshizhai. It was from here that Ex-General Secretary Jiang Zemin ascended and descended Huangshizhai in March of 1995. During a break in the trip up the mountain, he jubilantly played the erhu-the two-stringed, Chinese fiddle-to accompany the local Tujia national minority girl singers. On the stockade top, he couldn't help but sing the Beijing Opera “Taking Weihu Mountain” aria, “Killing a Tiger in the Up-mountain Trip”.So much for Huangshizhai, hopefully, you have had a pleasant and unforgettable memories of the mountain. Welcome back to Huangshizhai for another sightseeing tour at your convenience.【译文见下页】。

Unit 1Where did you go on vacation?第一课时Section A(1a—2d)Ⅰ.根据汉语提示完成句子。

1．Where did Mary ________ ________ ________(度假)?2．________ ________(大多数) my classmates come to school on foot.3．She went shopping and bought ________ ________ ________(相当多) things.4．My little brother ________ ________ ________(待在家) to watch TV yesterday.5．The children ________ ________ ________ ________(去海滩) on vacation last week. Ⅱ.用所给单词的适当形式填空。

1．Peter ________(go) to summer camp last month.2．—How ________(be) your vacation?—Wonderful.3．The Greens ________(visit) the museum last week.4．________ they ________(have) a meeting yesterday?5．The doctor told Mr.Black ____________(stay) at home to have a good rest.6．She ________(buy) a new bag yesterday.7．Look! There is ____________(anyone) at home.The light is on.Ⅲ.单项选择。

()dies and gentlemen，attention please！I have ________ to tell you.A．nothing important B．something importantC．everything important D．important something()2.I was looking for a birthday gift for my mother，but I couldn't find ________ special. A．something B．anything C．nothing D．everything()3.—Where did you ________ last summer vacation?—We ________ to New York City and had a great time there.A．go; went B．goes; went C．go; go D．went；went()4.This passage is very difficult.________ people can understand it.A．A few B．Few C．A little D．Little()5.—There will be a film tonight.— ________！Let's go to the cinema together.A．Wonderful B．With pleasureC．Take it easy D．SorryⅣ.句子改错。

黄石国家公园简介在所有的国家公园中，黄石国家公园可以说是在很多方面都是位居世界第一位的。

黄石国家公园建于1872年3月1日是世界上第一个国家公园，此后它成为了世界上其他国家修建公园的模本。

它是下属的48个州中最大的公园，超过了特拉华州和罗得岛的结合，约60英里长，60英里宽。

黄石国家公园拥有着全美国家公园中最著名的自然景观，并且其景观的多样性是地球上任何一个地方所不能超越的。

黄石国家公园坐落在三个州 - 怀俄明州，蒙大拿州和爱达荷州，总面积达222.1766英里，其中未开发的土地有3.467平方米，它的面积是罗得岛州和特拉华州面积的总和。

黄石国家公园最丰盛名的就是其超过10,000平方米的自然热源景观，包括温泉池，泥盆，和壮观的喷泉，比如说Old Faithful。

由于热源非常接近地表，黄石国家公园所呈现出的自然景观是如此的多样，如此的壮观，以至于吸引了世界的眼球。

你可以在黄石国家公园300英里的路途中欣赏到公园中最有名最吸引人的自然景观，对于游客来说那就是一顿丰盛的大餐。

物理景观特征也是黄石国家公园的特色之一。

它的山区横跨大分水岭，因此，整个公园的降水量每年在20—40毫米之间，这些降水最终汇入大西洋和太平洋。

黄石国家公园由数条山脉，一个面积巨大的水体—黄石湖以及一些河流和溪涧组成。

黄石国家公园的大峡谷是美国最壮观的峡谷之一。

黄石国家公园也包括数条山脉和大量的山峰，例如：Bunsen Peak，火山喷发和岩浆的残留物在空气中被腐蚀风化，从而使该山峰的海拔达到了8564英尺。

留给人印象最深刻的要数公园中大量的野生生物。

其中包括自由漫步并且随处可见的野牛群、麋鹿群、黑熊、麋以及其他很多野生动物。

这里也是全北美观赏野生动物最佳的地方。

黄石国家公园的大部分区域至今还尚未被开发。

相对于公园中最具盛名的自然景观而言，黄石国家公园中仍然有大量的可以被称为“穷山僻壤”的地方，面积有100英里。

黄石国家公园是世界上最受欢迎的国家公园之一，特别是在美国西部。

就是那个美得不像话的黄石公园，不去一次实在可惜！美西之旅，始于黄石，也止于黄石。

这个号称美国第一座国家公园的地方，到底有多美得不像话黄石公园(Yellowstone National Park)地处号称'美洲脊梁'的落基山脉，一片由水与火锤炼而成的大地原始景观，是地球表面上极为精彩和壮观美景。

有些美好，一旦邂逅，便难以割舍。

我们一起去看看吧。

黄石公园大棱镜大稜镜温泉的令人惊叹之处在于湖面的颜色会随季节而改变。

春天是橙红色，盛夏时节，湖水呈现出绚烂的橙色、红色或黄色。

但到了数九寒冬，就看到水体呈现深邃的墨绿色。

有着“地球最迷人温泉”之称，这温泉水有71℃，更有腐蚀性，可不能泡噢话说大棱镜湖最美还是在上方俯拍的照片，如果你来到这，不妨徒步到附近的一个小山丘，从这看下去，简直是用上帝视角在欣赏大棱镜。

黄石公园老忠实喷泉老忠实泉是世界上最著名的间歇泉。

老忠实泉每隔30至120分钟就会喷发一次，每次喷发维时约一分半钟至五分半钟不等，喷发高度约五十多米。

不喷则已，一喷则如万马奔腾，蔚为壮观。

在老忠实游客中心就有当天的喷发时间表，十分钟之内，非常方便，还有专门的展厅讲解岩浆地热知识黄石公园猛犸温泉黄石公园北门的熔岩“梯田”——猛犸温泉，是好几个热泉从山坡上一节一节地流下来，现在的猛犸温泉俨然是一片肃刹的不毛之地。

原来籍籍无名的地方也可能会一鸣惊人的。

附近猛犸温泉酒店，是黄石公园内所有住宿里，评价居首的，常年有成群的大角鹿在酒店外的草坪上吃草, 场面非常壮观。

猛犸温泉酒店冬季也会开放。

黄石公园西拇指西姆盆地，位于黄石湖边上，热喷泉与湖水结合下，出现了一种烟雾弥漫的奇妙景观：烟雾缭绕处是热泉的蒸气，绿波盈盈处是黄石的湖水，与背景中蓝天白云相互辉映，蓝到不可思议。

黄石公园大峡谷看上去仿佛用艳丽的油彩绘成，即使毫无顾忌地暴露在风吹日晒之中，颜色也是那样绚烂，这些“顽固”的色彩既不会被冲刷而去，也不会因风吹日晒而褪去，大自然神奇实在难以捉摸。

九省联考英语阅读试题参考翻译（A-D篇+续写原文）AYellowstone Poster Exhibition to Be on View at UW’s Coe LibraryA first-of-its-kind exhibition that focuses on the history of Yellowstone National Park posters will be on display at the University of Wyoming’s Coe Library beginning Tuesday, February 1.从2月1日星期二开始，怀俄明州大学科图书馆将首次举办以黄石国家公园海报历史为重点的展览。

“Wonderland Illustrated” will present posters and poster-style illustrations of the park spanning from the 1870s through 2022. The exhibition will be located on Level 3 of Coe Library. It will be on view through Tuesday, May 31.“仙境画报”将展示从19世纪70年代到2022年的公园海报和海报风格的插图。

展览将设在科图书馆三层。

它将展出至5月31日（星期二）。

The exhibition takes place at the same time as this year’s 150th anniversary of the creation o f Yellowstone National Park. The posters in the exhibition serve the purpose of both advertising and art.展览与今年黄石国家公园创建150周年同时举行。