钛及钛合金焊接管、钛及钛合金铸锭、钛网板-学习总

钛及钛合金焊接工艺钛及钛合金焊接工艺引言•钛及钛合金是一种广泛应用于航空航天、船舶和汽车等领域的优质材料。

•钛及钛合金的焊接工艺对产品的质量和性能具有重要影响。

优势•钛及钛合金具有优异的耐腐蚀性和高的强度重量比。

•焊接是钛及钛合金制造中重要的一环，能够将不同构件连接为一个整体。

需要注意的问题1.材料准备•焊接前必须对钛及钛合金进行表面处理，以确保清洁和脱氧。

•需要根据焊接材料的类型和规格选择合适的电极、焊条和气体。

2.焊接方法•常用的钛及钛合金焊接方法包括氩弧焊、电子束焊和激光焊。

•不同的焊接方法适用于不同的应用场景，需要根据具体需求选择合适的方法。

3.焊接参数•焊接参数包括焊接电流、电压、焊接速度和焊接角度等。

•焊接参数的设置直接影响焊接质量和效率，需要进行充分测试和调整。

4.焊接环境•钛及钛合金焊接需要在惰性气体保护下进行，以避免氧化和污染。

•焊接环境的温度、湿度和风速等因素也需要被控制在合适范围内。

5.焊接后处理•焊接完成后，还需要进行后处理，如除渣、退火和表面处理等。

•合适的后处理可以提高焊接接头的强度和外观质量。

结论•钛及钛合金焊接工艺的规范和控制对于确保产品质量和安全性至关重要。

•合理选择焊接方法、调整焊接参数以及正确进行后处理是保证焊接效果的关键。

（文章仅供参考）钛及钛合金焊接工艺引言•钛及钛合金是一种广泛应用于航空航天、船舶和汽车等领域的优质材料。

•钛及钛合金的焊接工艺对产品的质量和性能具有重要影响。

优势•钛及钛合金具有优异的耐腐蚀性和高的强度重量比。

•焊接是钛及钛合金制造中重要的一环，能够将不同构件连接为一个整体。

需要注意的问题1.材料准备•对钛及钛合金进行表面处理，确保清洁和脱氧。

•选择合适的焊接材料：电极、焊条和气体。

2.焊接方法•氩弧焊：适用于一般焊接需求。

•电子束焊：适用于高精度焊接，但适应范围较窄。

•激光焊：适用于高速焊接和复杂形状的组件。

3.焊接参数•焊接电流、电压、焊接速度和焊接角度等参数需要根据实际情况进行设置。

钛及钛合金的焊接方法嘿，咱今儿就来聊聊钛及钛合金的焊接方法。

你说这钛及钛合金啊，那可真是厉害的角色呢！就好像是一位武林高手，有着独特的本领。

先来说说钨极惰性气体保护焊吧，这就像是一位细心的工匠，一点一点地雕琢着作品。

它能提供稳定的保护，让焊接过程顺顺利利的，焊缝那叫一个漂亮。

你想想看，是不是就像在给钛及钛合金打造一件精致的外衣呀！还有熔化极惰性气体保护焊呢，这就像是一支勇往直前的先锋队，效率高高的。

它能快速地完成焊接任务，而且质量也很不错哦。

就好比是在战场上冲锋陷阵的勇士，果断又有力。

埋弧焊也不能落下呀，它就如同一个沉稳的大力士。

虽然动作可能没那么灵活，但一旦发力，那效果也是杠杠的。

能焊接厚板，让钛及钛合金的连接更加牢固。

那等离子弧焊呢，像是一个身怀绝技的高手，能在一些特殊情况下大显身手。

它可以焊接更复杂的形状，这可不是一般方法能做到的哟！在进行钛及钛合金焊接的时候，可得注意很多细节呢。

就像我们做饭一样，火候、调料都得恰到好处。

焊接的环境要干净，不能有杂质，这就好比我们吃饭不能有沙子咯牙呀！保护气体也得选对，不然就像战士没有了合适的武器，怎么能打胜仗呢？焊接的参数也要设置好，电流、电压这些可都不能马虎。

这就像给汽车加油，加少了跑不动，加多了也不行呀！而且焊工的技术那也是相当重要的，一个经验丰富的焊工就像是一位大师傅，能做出美味的菜肴一样，能焊接出高质量的焊缝。

总之啊，钛及钛合金的焊接方法各有各的特点和用处，我们得根据具体情况来选择。

就好像我们穿衣服，不同的场合要穿不同的衣服嘛。

只有选对了方法，注意了细节，才能让钛及钛合金发挥出它们最大的作用呀！你说是不是这个理儿呢？咱可不能小瞧了这些焊接方法，它们可是让钛及钛合金大显身手的关键呢！。

钛及钛合金焊接工艺标准QB-CNCEC J22105-20061适用范围本施工工艺标准适用于钛及钛合金的手工钨极氩弧焊、熔化极氩弧焊和惰性气体保护等离子焊接。

2施工准备2.1技术准备2.1.1施工技术资料2.1.1.1设计文件（施工图、材料表、标准图、设计说明及技术规定等）及焊接工艺评定。

2.1.2现行施工标准规范•JB/T4745《钛制焊接容器》•GB/T2965《钛及钛合金棒材》•SH3502《钛管道施工及验收规范》•GB/T3620.1《钛及钛合金牌号和化学成分》•GB/T3621《钛及钛合金板材》•GB/T3623《钛及钛合金焊丝》•GB/T3624《钛及钛合金管》•GB/T3625《换热器及冷凝器用钛及钛合金》•GB/T4842《纯氩》•《锅炉压力容器压力管道焊工考试与管理规则》2.1.3施工方案2.1.3.1焊接施工方案、焊接工艺评定报告、焊接工艺指导书钛及钛合金材料的焊接工艺评定应当按GB50236《现场设备、工艺管道焊接工程施工及验收规范》的要求进行，或者按设计要求的标准进行评定；依据评定合格的焊接工艺编制焊接工艺指导书。

2.1.4技术及安全交底工号技术员应按要求向所有焊接人员进行技术及安全交底。

2.1.5焊工培训考试2.1.5.1从事钛及钛合金材料焊接的焊工应进行培训和考试，考试包括基本知识和焊接操作技能两部分，基本知识考试合格后才能参加操作技能的考试，考试内容应与焊工所从事的工作范围相适应。

2.1.5.2钛及钛合金焊接的焊工考试依据设计文件要求进行，如设计没有明确规定可以按《锅炉压力容器压力管道焊工考试与管理规则》和GB50236《现场设备、工艺管道焊接工程施工及验收规范》要求进行。

2.2作业人员表2.2 主要作业人员2.3.1.1工程材料的验收⑴ 应由具有材料知识、识别能力、实践经验及熟悉规章制度的人员管理参与验收。

⑵ 材料入库时，业主、监理、施工单位三方共同进行验收，应检查下列项目符合要求方可验收：•制造厂合格证及质量证明书•核对材质、规格型号、数量•外观检查•按规定要求做好检查记录2.3.1.2工程材料的保管⑴ 经检验合格的钛材，应按规定尺寸分别放置在垫木上，单独堆放，严禁与钢材混堆和直接接触或碰伤，防止污染和腐蚀。

钛及钛合金的焊接----压力容器焊工培训教材钛及钛合金的焊接第一节钛及钛合金一、概述钛是一种银白色的有色金属,其主要物理性能到于表1.钛及钛合金的特点是具有较高的比重的强度,良好的塑性,韧性和较高的耐蚀性,尤其是对碱介质,氯化物,硫化物,硝酸化合物,强腐蚀性气体(氯气、亚硫酸气、硫酸氢)等，具有很高耐蚀性（年腐蚀率在0.13mm以下）,因此广泛应用于研究航天工业,化学工业,也用于制造船舶与海洋工程及火电,核电设备中的海水淡化装置及热交换器等.表1 钛与奥氏体不锈钢的物理性能二、钛及钛合金分类钛材分为工业纯钛和含有稳定化元素的钛合金二大类。

工业纯钛根据其杂质(主要是氧和铁)含量,以及由此而引起的强度差别分为T A0、 T A1、 T A2、T A3 等牌号.它具有良好的耐蚀性、塑性、韧性、和焊接性,主要用作化学工业的耐蚀结构材料。

钛合金按所含稳定化元素形成不同的固熔相,又可分为α型钛合金α＋β型钛合金和β型钛合金。

α型钛合金主要通过加入铝（Al）,有的再加入中性元素锰( Sn)等进行固溶强化而形成，例如牌号为T A7（Ti-5Al-2.5Sn）钛合金。

α型钛合金的强度比工业纯钛高，具有良好的耐蚀性和焊接性能。

α＋β型钛合金的组织，是以α型钛为与β型钛为基的两相固溶体组织结构。

它的特点是可通过热处理强化而得到高强度，因此，其力学性能可以在较宽的范围内变化，以适应不同的用途。

但是，随着其中的β相比例的提高，使焊接性能变差。

β型钛合金含有较高的β相稳定化元素，在一般的工艺条件下，其组织几乎全为β相，通过时效热处理，β型钛合金强度增高。

单一β相的β型钛合金，具有良好的加工硬化特性，常用作弹簧，销钉等物件，其缺点是低温脆性大，焊接性能差。

三、压力容器用钛及钛合金材料1、钛制焊接压力容器对钛材的要求钛制焊接压力容器，由于其使用制造和检验要求，因此，对用于钛制焊接压力容器的钛及钛合金材料，有它特殊的要求，主要有下列三方面：⑴制造容器用钛及钛合金材料应当具有良好的耐蚀性能、力学性能、焊接性能、成形性能及其他工艺性能。

钛及钛合金焊接指南钛合金具有密度低、比强度高、耐蚀性好、导热率低、无毒无磁、可焊接；广泛应用于航空、航天、化工、石油、电力、医疗、建筑、体育用品等领域。

(1)杂质污染引起的脆化由于钛的化学活性大，在焊接热循环的作用下，焊接熔池及高于350℃的焊缝金属和热影响区极易与空气中的氢、氧、氮及焊件、焊丝上的油污、水分等发生反应。

钛在300C以上快速吸氢，600℃以上快速吸氧，700℃以上快速吸氮，含碳量较多时，会出现网状TiC脆性相。

以上情况使钛及钛合金焊接接头塑性、韧性急剧降低导致焊接接头的性能变坏。

钛表面生成氧化膜的颜色与生产温度有关。

在200℃以下为银白色、300C时为淡黄色400C时为金黄色、500C和600℃时为蓝色和紫色，700 ~900℃为深浅不同的灰色。

可根据表面生成氧化膜的颜色来判断焊接过程未保护区的温度。

(2)焊接相变引起的性能变坏有两种同素异构的晶体结构，882C以上到熔点为体心立方晶格，叫β钛，882C以下为密排六方晶格，叫αo容器用钛中含β稳定元素很少，都是a铁合金。

这些钛在焊接高温下，焊缝及部分热影响区为β晶格，有晶粒急剧长大的倾向。

钛又具有熔点高、比热容大、热导率低等特性，因此焊接时高温停留时间较长约为钢的3~4倍，高温热影响区较宽，使焊缝和高温热影响区的β晶粒长大明显，会使焊接接头的塑性下降较多，因而钛焊接时，通常应采用较小的焊接热输入和较快的冷却速度以减少高温停留时间，减少晶粒长大的程度，缩小高温热影响区，减少塑性下降的影响。

(3)焊接区需采用惰性气体保护在高温下和空气中氧的亲和力非常强，在200℃以上的区域必须采用惰性气体保护，以避免氧化。

钛的弹性模量仅为碳钢的一半，在同样的焊接应力下，钛的焊接变形量会比碳钢大1倍。

因此焊接钛时，一般应用垫板及压板压紧工件，以减小焊接变形量。

(5)易产生气孔气孔是钦焊缝中常见的缺陷。

钛焊接中产生的气孔主要是氢气孔，也有CO气体形成的气孔。

钛及钛合金焊接技术摘要：随着我国社会生产力的快速发展，我国综合实力得到了显著的提高，科学技术也在发展中得到了不断地完善。

先进的焊接技术是能够降低材料的消耗以及减轻结构质量的有效途径。

本文对钛及钛合金焊接技术，钛及钛合金焊接特点进行了分析。

关键词：钛及钛合金；焊接技术；广义来讲，钛及钛合金是以建筑结构材料形式产生的，同时由于钛及钛合金密度小以及抗拉强度相对较高等特点现已倍受青睐。

而在300 摄氏度到 500 摄氏度的高温状态下，钛合金金属材料仍具有足够高的强度，并且钛及钛合金具有优良抗腐蚀性，被多用于船只建造。

随着产业结构的变化和科学技术的发展，先进的焊接结构是降低材料消耗、减轻结构质量的有效途径, 各种焊接技术将有着广阔的应用前景。

1.慨况钛及其合金具有优良的耐蚀性、小的密度、高的比强度及较好的韧性和焊接性，在航空、航天、造船、化工等工业部门中得到广泛应用。

钛属于多晶形材料，基本上决定了钛合金焊接时的行为。

适于钛及其合金的焊接方法有很多，但对焊接方法的分类国内外各有差异，把它分为 3 大类：族系法、一元坐标法和二元坐标法。

而最常用的族系法又分为 3 种：熔化焊接、固相焊接及钎焊。

钨极氩弧焊、等离子弧焊、电子束焊、激光焊等熔化焊接方式在钛及钛合金的焊接中应用广泛，在钛及钛合金的焊接中，钎焊适于焊接受载不大或在常温下工作的接头，对于精密的、微型复杂的及多钎缝的焊件尤其适用。

其他焊接方法如：高频焊、爆炸焊、摩擦焊、扩散焊等随着焊件的具体焊接情况而采用相应地焊接方法。

二、钛及钛合金焊接特点1.钛及钛合金的物理、化学性能。

钛的化学活性强，随着温度的增高，其化学活性也将迅速增大，并在固态下能强烈地吸收各种气体。

例如：将纯钛板加热到300℃时，在钛板表面就会吸附氢气；而加热至400℃时即吸收氧气；600℃吸收氮气。

含有氧、氮、氢等杂质元素的纯钛，焊接接头的强度显著提高，而塑性和韧性急剧下降。

钛的熔化温度高、热容量大、电阻系数大、热导率比铝、铁等金属低，所以钛的焊接熔池具有更高的温度、较大的熔池尺寸，热影响区金属在高温下的停留时间长，因此，易引起焊接接头的过热倾向，使晶粒变得十分粗大，接头的塑性显著降低。

钛及钛合金的焊接工艺一、常用钛及钛合金及其分类钛是一种活性金属，常温下能与氧生成致密的氧化膜而保持高的稳定性和耐腐蚀性。

钛及钛合金的最大优点是比强度大，综合性能优越。

钛合金首先在航空工业中得到应用，钛及钛合金具有良好的耐腐蚀性能；在化工、海水淡化、电站冷凝器等方面成功应用。

钛及钛合金按其退火态的组织分为α钛合金、β钛合金、α＋β钛合金三类，分别用TA、TB和TC表示。

在压力容器制作中，牌号为TA2的工业纯钛使用居多，使用状态一般为退火态。

二、钛及钛合金的焊接性1、间隙元素沾污引起脆化由于钛的活性强，高温下钛与氧、氮、氢反应速度很快。

氧和氮固溶于钛中，使钛晶格畸变，强度硬度增加，塑性韧性降低；而氢含量增加，焊缝金属的冲击韧性急剧降低，塑性下降较少；碳以间隙形式固溶于钛中，使强度提高，塑性下降，作用不如氮、氧显著，但碳量超过溶解度时，易于引起裂纹，因此钛及钛合金焊接时必须进行有效的保护。

2、焊接相变引起的性能变化对于常用的工业纯钛，其组织为α合金，这类合金的焊接性最好。

在用钨极氩弧焊填加同质焊丝或不加焊丝，在保护良好的条件下焊接接头强度可与母材等强度，接头塑性较差。

焊接接头塑性降低的主要原因有：①焊缝为铸造组织，它比轧制状态塑性低；②焊接时由于导热性差、比热小、高温停留时间长、冷却速度慢，易形成粗晶；③若采用加速冷却，又易产生针状α组织，也会使塑性下降。

3、裂纹由于钛及钛合金中杂质很少，因此很少出现热裂纹，只有当焊丝或母材质量有问题时才可能产生热裂纹。

由氢引起的冷裂纹是钛合金焊接时应注意防止的，例如选用氢含量低的焊接材料和母材，注意焊前清理，在可能的条件下，焊后进行真空去氢处理等。

4、气孔气孔是钛及钛合金焊接时最常见的焊接缺陷。

在焊接热输入较大时，气孔一般位于熔合线附近；而焊接热输入较小时，气孔则位于焊缝中部。

气孔主要降低焊接接头的疲劳强度，能使疲劳强度降低一半甚至四分之三。

影响气孔的主要因素是焊丝和坡口表面的清洁度，焊丝表面的润滑剂、打磨时残留在坡口表面的磨粒、薄板剪切时形成的粗糙的端面等等都可能使焊缝产生气孔。

钛合金焊接通用知识钛及钛合金1 物理化学性能良好的耐腐蚀性能（常温表面形成致密氧化膜），优于不锈钢10倍，在还原性介质中稍差，经氮化处理后增强；比强度大。

工业用量最大的是TC4，其次是工业纯钛和TA7。

纯钛抗拉强度350-700Mpa ，伸长率20-30%，冷弯角80-130，具有良好的低温性能，线膨胀系数和热导率小，利于焊接。

钛合金中合金元素分类 相α稳定元素 β 中性元素置换式 置换式 Sn Zr HfAl(<6%或10%) V Cr Co Cu Fe Mn Ni WMo Pa Ta 间隙式间隙式 O(<0.2%)N(<0.05)C(<0.1) H(<0.015%)工业纯钛在化学工业得到广泛应用，w(Pd)0.2%的钛-0.2Pd合金抗间隙腐蚀能力比工业纯钛好。

TA7（美国称ELI级）具有良好的超低温性能，ONH 等间隙元素含量很低，可用于液氢、液氦贮箱和其他超低温构件。

钛合金分为α、β、α+β相，牌号分别为TA、TB、TC。

α型钛合金不能热处理强化，可进行退火消除残余应力；α+β型钛合金可热处理强化，代表合金TC4，淬火-时效处理比退火状态抗拉强度提高180Mpa，综合性能良好，广泛应用于航空航天工业，缺点是淬透性较差，不超过25mm，为此发展了高淬透性和强度略高的TC10。

TB2钛合金是近年研制的高强钛合金，属于亚稳β合金，强度高、冷成形性好、焊接性尚可。

Ti-33Mo属于稳定β合金，耐腐蚀非常好。

常用钛及钛合金室温力学性能见表13-32 钛及钛合金的焊接性2.1 间隙元素玷污引起脆化钛是一种活性金属，常温下与氧生成致密的氧化膜而保持高的稳定性和耐腐蚀性。

540℃以上生成的氧化膜不致密，300℃以上快速吸氢，600℃以上快速吸氧，700℃以上快速吸氮，在空气中容易进行。

必须对其焊缝及热影响区进行保护，焊接过程中，要求对其400以上区域进行保护。

O和N间隙固溶于钛，变形抗力增加，强度和硬度增加，塑性和韧性下降。

钛合金管焊接施工工艺方法1. 引言钛合金是一种轻巧但强度高、耐腐蚀的材料，广泛应用于航空航天、化工等领域。

钛合金管的焊接施工工艺方法对于确保焊缝质量和结构强度至关重要。

2. 准备工作在进行钛合金管焊接之前，需要进行以下准备工作：- 清洁钛合金管表面，去除氧化物和污垢，以确保良好的焊接接触。

- 移除焊接区域附近的易燃和易爆物质，确保焊接安全。

- 准备焊接设备和工具，包括焊接机、电极、焊丝等。

3. 焊接方法钛合金管的焊接可以采用以下几种常用的方法：3.1 离子束焊接离子束焊接是一种高能量焊接方法，通过将离子束聚焦到焊接区域，加热并融化钛合金管表面来进行焊接。

离子束焊接具有焊缝小、热影响区域小的优点，适用于焊接薄壁钛合金管。

3.2 氩弧焊接氩弧焊接是一种常用的钛合金管焊接方法。

在氩气保护下，用钨极产生的电弧加热并融化钛合金管及焊丝，形成焊缝。

氩弧焊接适用于不同厚度的钛合金管。

3.3 氩弧钨极惰性氩气保护焊（TIG焊接）TIG焊接是一种在钳式电弧焊机的保护下进行氩弧焊接的方法。

通过先在焊接区域放置一根无焊心的钨极，在钨极和钛合金管之间形成电弧，加热并融化钛合金管表面进行焊接。

TIG焊接适用于焊接高品质的钛合金管。

3.4 激光焊接激光焊接是一种高能量密度焊接方法，通过激光束对焊接区域进行加热和融化。

激光焊接具有快速、高效和低热影响的优点，适用于高精度焊接需求的钛合金管。

4. 质量控制为确保焊接质量，需要进行质量控制措施：- 对焊接设备和工具进行定期维护和检修，保持其正常工作状态。

- 严格控制焊接参数，如焊接电流、电压和速度，以确保焊缝质量。

- 进行焊接后的无损检测，如X射线检测和超声波检测，以确保焊接质量符合要求。

5. 安全要点在钛合金管焊接过程中，需要注意以下安全要点：- 佩戴防护设备，如手套、面罩和防火服，以保护焊接人员的安全。

- 确保焊接区域通风良好，防止有害气体积聚。

- 注意焊接区域附近的火源和易燃物，避免火灾和爆炸事故的发生。

钛及钛合金焊管标准钛及钛合金焊管是一种广泛应用于航空、航天、化工、医疗等领域的重要材料。

在使用钛及钛合金焊管时，需要遵循一系列的标准和规范，以确保其质量和性能符合要求。

钛及钛合金焊管的标准包括了材料的化学成分、力学性能、尺寸和表面状态等方面的要求。

其中，最常用的标准有ASTM B338、ASTM B861和ASTM B862等。

这些标准规定了钛及钛合金焊管的材料、制造工艺、机械性能、化学成分和尺寸等方面的要求。

钛及钛合金焊管的材料要求符合相关标准的化学成分要求。

钛合金是由钛与其他金属元素合金化而成，其中最常见的是钛6-4合金，即由6%的铝和4%的钛组成。

这种合金具有优异的耐腐蚀性、高强度和良好的焊接性能。

在生产过程中，需要对原材料进行严格的质量控制，确保化学成分的准确性和稳定性。

钛及钛合金焊管的制造工艺要符合标准的要求。

一般来说，焊管的制造包括管坯的制备、焊接、热处理和表面处理等过程。

焊接是焊管制造过程中最关键的环节，影响着焊管的质量和性能。

常用的焊接方法有TIG焊、EBW焊和LASER焊等。

在焊接过程中，需要控制好焊接参数，确保焊缝的质量和可靠性。

钛及钛合金焊管的机械性能也是一个重要的指标。

机械性能包括抗拉强度、屈服强度、延伸率和冲击韧性等。

这些性能对于焊管的使用具有重要的影响。

根据不同的应用领域和要求，可以选择不同的钛及钛合金焊管，以满足特定的性能要求。

钛及钛合金焊管的尺寸和表面状态也需要符合标准的要求。

尺寸包括管径、壁厚和长度等方面的要求。

表面状态包括管子的表面光洁度、无缺陷和无杂质等要求。

这些要求旨在确保焊管的尺寸精度和表面质量，以满足不同领域的应用需求。

总结起来，钛及钛合金焊管的标准规范了焊管的材料、制造工艺、机械性能、化学成分和尺寸等方面的要求。

遵循这些标准，可以确保钛及钛合金焊管的质量和性能符合要求，提高其在航空、航天、化工、医疗等领域的应用价值。

未来，随着科技的进步和需求的增加，钛及钛合金焊管的标准也将不断更新和完善，以适应不断发展的市场需求。

Designation:B862–09Standard Specification forTitanium and Titanium Alloy Welded Pipe1This standard is issued under thefixed designation B862;the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of original adoption or,in the case of revision,the year of last revision.A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A superscript epsilon(´)indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.1.Scope*1.1This specification covers the requirements for33grades of titanium and titanium alloy welded pipe intended for general corrosion resisting and elevated temperature service as follows: 1.1.1Grade1—Unalloyed titanium,low oxygen,1.1.2Grade2—Unalloyed titanium,standard oxygen,1.1.2.1Grade2H—Unalloyed titanium(Grade2with58 ksi minimum UTS),1.1.3Grade3—Unalloyed titanium,medium oxygen,1.1.4Grade5—Titanium alloy(6%aluminum,4%vana-dium),1.1.5Grade7—Unalloyed titanium plus0.12to0.25% palladium,standard oxygen,1.1.5.1Grade7H—Unalloyed titanium plus0.12to0.25% palladium(Grade7with58ksi minimum UTS),1.1.6Grade9—Titanium alloy(3%aluminum,2.5%va-nadium),1.1.7Grade11—Unalloyed titanium plus0.12to0.25% palladium,low oxygen,1.1.8Grade12—Titanium alloy(0.3%molybdenum,0.8%nickel),1.1.9Grade13—Titanium alloy(0.5%nickel,0.05%ru-thenium),low oxygen,1.1.10Grade14—Titanium alloy(0.5%nickel,0.05% ruthenium),standard oxygen,1.1.11Grade15—Titanium alloy(0.5%nickel,0.05% ruthenium),medium oxygen,1.1.12Grade16—Unalloyed titanium plus0.04to0.08% palladium,standard oxygen,1.1.12.1Grade16H—Unalloyed titanium plus0.04to0.08%palladium(Grade16with58ksi minimum UTS),1.1.13Grade17—Unalloyed titanium plus0.04to0.08% palladium,low oxygen,1.1.14Grade18—Titanium alloy(3%aluminum,2.5% vanadium plus0.04to0.08%palladium),1.1.15Grade19—Titanium alloy(3%aluminum,8% vanadium,6%chromium,4%zirconium,4%molybdenum), 1.1.16Grade20—Titanium alloy(3%aluminum,8% vanadium,6%chromium,4%zirconium,4%molybdenum) plus0.04to0.08%palladium,1.1.17Grade21—Titanium alloy(15%molybdenum,3% aluminum,2.7%niobium,0.25%silicon),1.1.18Grade23—Titanium alloy(6%aluminum,4% vanadium,extra low interstitial,ELI),1.1.19Grade24—Titanium alloy(6%aluminum,4% vanadium)plus0.04to0.08%palladium,1.1.20Grade25—Titanium alloy(6%aluminum,4% vanadium)plus0.3to0.8%nickel and0.04to0.08% palladium,1.1.21Grade26—Unalloyed titanium plus0.08to0.14% ruthenium,1.1.21.1Grade26H—Unalloyed titanium plus0.08to0.14%ruthenium(Grade26with58ksi minimum UTS),1.1.22Grade27—Unalloyed titanium plus0.08to0.14% ruthenium,1.1.23Grade28—Titanium alloy(3%aluminum,2.5% vanadium)plus0.08to0.14%ruthenium,1.1.24Grade29—Titanium alloy(6%aluminum,4% vanadium with extra low interstitial elements(ELI))plus0.08 to0.14%ruthenium,1.1.25Grade33—Titanium alloy(0.4%nickel,0.015% palladium,0.025%ruthenium,0.15%chromium),1.1.26Grade34—Titanium alloy(0.4%nickel,0.015% palladium,0.025%ruthenium,0.15%chromium),1.1.27Grade35—Titanium alloy(4.5%aluminum,2% molybdenum,1.6%vanadium,0.5%iron,0.3%silicon), 1.1.28Grade37—Titanium alloy(1.5%aluminum),and 1.1.29Grade38—Titanium alloy(4%aluminum,2.5% vanadium,1.5%iron).N OTE1—H grade material is identical to the corresponding numeric grade(that is,Grade2H=Grade2)except for the higher guaranteed minimum UTS,and may always be certified as meeting the requirements of its corresponding numeric grade.Grades2H,7H,16H,and26H are intended primarily for pressure vessel use.The H grades were added in response to a user association request based on its study of over5200commercial Grade2,7,16,and26test reports, where over99%met the58ksi minimum UTS.1This specification is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee B10onReactive and Refractory Metals and Alloys and is the direct responsibility ofSubcommittee B10.01on Titanium.Current edition approved May1,2009.Published June2009.Originallyapproved st previous edition approved in2008as B862–08a.*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard. Copyright©ASTM International,100Barr Harbor Drive,PO Box C700,West Conshohocken,PA19428-2959,United States.1.2Pipe 8in.NPS (nominal pipe size)and larger is most frequently custom made for an order.In such cases,the purchaser carefully should consider the applicability of this specification.Since the pipe is custom made,the purchaser may choose a wall thickness other than those in Table 1to meet specific operating conditions.The purchaser may also be better served to specify only the portions of this specification that are required to meet the operating conditions (for example,anneal-ing,flattening test,chemistry,properties,etc.).1.3Optional supplementary requirements are provided for pipe where a greater degree of testing is desired.These supplementary requirements may be invoked by the purchaser,when desired,by specifying in the order.1.4The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard.The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.2.Referenced Documents 2.1ASTM Standards:2A 370Test Methods and Definitions for Mechanical Testing of Steel ProductsB 600Guide for Descaling and Cleaning Titanium and Titanium Alloy SurfacesE 8Test Methods for Tension Testing of Metallic Materials E 29Practice for Using Significant Digits in Test Data to Determine Conformance with SpecificationsE 539Test Method for X-Ray Fluorescence Spectrometric Analysis of 6Al-4V Titanium AlloyE 1409Test Method for Determination of Oxygen and Nitrogen in Titanium and Titanium Alloys by the Inert Gas Fusion TechniqueE 1417Practice for Liquid Penetrant TestingE 1447Test Method for Determination of Hydrogen in Titanium and Titanium Alloys by Inert Gas Fusion Ther-mal Conductivity/Infrared Detection MethodE 1941Test Method for Determination of Carbon in Refrac-tory and Reactive Metals and Their AlloysE 2371Test Method for Analysis of Titanium and Titanium Alloys by Atomic Emission Plasma SpectrometryE 2626Guide for Spectrometric Analysis of Reactive and Refractory Metals2.2ANSI/ASME Standards:3B.1.20.1Pipe Threads,General Purpose (Inch)B 36.10Carbon,Alloy and Stainless Steel Pipes B 36.19M-1985Stainless Steel PipeASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code Section VIII 2.3AWS Standard:4AWS A5.16/A5.16M-2007Specification for Titanium and Titanium Alloy Welding Electrodes and Rods3.Terminology 3.1Definitions:3.1.1lot ,n —a number of pieces of pipe of the same nominal size and wall thickness manufactured by the same process from a single heat of titanium or titanium alloy and heat treated by the same furnace parameters in the same furnace.3.1.2welded pipe ,n —a hollow tubular product produced by forming flat-rolled product and seam welding to make a right circular cylinder.4.Ordering Information4.1Orders for materials under this specification shall in-clude the following information as required:4.1.1Quantity,4.1.2Grade number (Section 1and Table 2),4.1.3Nominal pipe size and schedule (Table 1),4.1.4Diameter tolerance (see 9.2),4.1.5Method of manufacture and finish (Sections 5and 10),4.1.6Product analysis,if required (Sections 6and 7;Table 1and Table 3),4.1.7Mechanical properties,(Sections 8,11,13,14,and 15,and Table 4),4.1.8Packaging (Section 22),4.1.9Inspection and test reports (Sections 18,19and 20),and4.1.10Supplementary requirements.5.Manufacture5.1Welded pipe shall be made from annealed flat-rolled products by a welding process that will yield a product meeting the requirements of this specification.Filler metal,if used,shall be produced to the latest revision of Specification AWS A5.16/A5.16M-2007employing the ER Ti-X grade listed in Table 5,unless specified otherwise on the purchase order.5.1.1Welded pipe may be further reduced by cold working or hot working.Cold reduced pipe shall be annealed after cold working at a temperature of not less than 1000°F.Hot worked pipe finished above 1400°F (760°C)need not be further heat treated.5.2Pipe shall be furnished as follows unless otherwise specified:5.2.1Grades 1,2,2H,7,7H,11,13,14,16,16H,17,26H,33,and 37shall be furnished as welded or annealed.5.2.2Grades 3,12,15,and 34shall be furnished as annealed.5.2.3Grade 5,Grade 23,Grade 24,Grade 25,or Grade 35shall be furnished as annealed,or aged.5.2.4Grade 9,Grade 18,or Grade 38shall be furnished as annealed.5.2.5Grade 19,Grade 20,or Grade 21shall be furnished as solution treated,or solution treated and aged.6.Chemical Composition6.1The grades of titanium and titanium alloy metal covered by this specification shall conform to the requirements of the chemical compositions shown in Table 2.2For referenced ASTM standards,visit the ASTM website,,or contact ASTM Customer Service at service@.For Annual Book of ASTM Standards volume information,refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.3Available from American National Standards Institute (ANSI),25W.43rd St.,4th Floor,New York,NY 10036,.4Available from American Welding Society (AWS),550NW LeJeune Rd.,Miami,FL 33126,.B 862–096.1.1The elements listed in Table 2are intentional alloy additions or elements that are inherent to the manufacture of titanium sponge,ingot,or mill product.6.1.1.1Elements other than those listed in Table 2are deemed to be capable of occurring in the grades listed in Table 2by and only by way of unregulated or unanalyzed scrap additions to the ingot melt.Therefore,product analysis for elements not listed in Table 2shall not be required unless specified and shall be considered to be in excess of the intent of this specification.6.1.2Elements intentionally added to the melt must be identified,analyzed,and reported in the chemical analysis.6.2When agreed upon by the producer and purchaser and requested by the purchaser in a written purchase order,chemi-cal analysis shall be completed for specific residual elements not listed in this specification.6.3At least two samples for chemical analysis shall be tested to determine chemical composition.Samples shall be taken from the ingot or the opposite extremes of the product to be analyzed.7.Product Analysis7.1When requested by the purchaser and stated in the purchase order,an analysis of chemical composition shall be made on the finished product.7.2The product analysis tolerances listed in Table 3do not broaden the specified analysis requirements but cover varia-tions between different laboratories in the measurement of chemical content.The manufacturer shall not ship finished product outside of the limits specified in Table 2for the applicable grade.8.Tensile Requirements8.1The tensile properties of the pipe,in the condition specified,shall conform to the room temperature requirements of Table 4.Mechanical properties for other conditions may be established by written agreement between the manufacturer and the purchaser.9.Permissible Variations in Dimensions9.1A system of standard pipe sizes approved by ANSI as American National Standard for Stainless Steel Pipe (ANSI/ASME B 36.19M-1985)reproduced as Table 1shall apply.9.2Permissible variations in dimensions at any point in the length of the pipe shall conform to the following:9.2.1Variations in outside diameter,unless otherwise speci-fied,shall not exceed the limits prescribed in Table 6.For diameters greater than 30in.,the diameter shall not exceed 60.5%of the specified outside diameter.The tolerances on the outside diameter include ovality except as provided for in 9.2.2and 9.2.3.9.2.2Thin-wall pipe usually develops significant ovality (out-of-roundness)during final annealing,straightening,or both.Thin-wall pipe are defined as having a wall thickness of 3%or less of the outside diameter.9.2.3The diameter tolerances of Table 6are not sufficient to provide for additional ovality expected in thin-wall pipe and are applicable only to the mean of the extreme (maximum and minimum)outside diameter readings in any one cross section.However,for thin-wall pipe the difference in extreme outside diameter readings (ovality)in any one cross section shall not exceed 1.5%of the specified outside diameter.9.2.4Straightness shall be determined by using a 10ft (3m)straight edge placed so that both ends of the straight edge are in contact with the pipe.The separation between the straight edge and the pipe shall not exceed 0.250in.at any point.9.2.5Thickness of the wall shall be measured by any appropriate means.The variation in thickness at any point shall not be more than 612.5%of the nominal wall thickness specified,unless otherwise agreed upon between the purchaser and manufacturer at the time of the order.Maximum reinforce-ment of the weld shall conform to the values prescribed in Table 7.9.2.6Length —Pipe shall be furnished in lengths as speci-fied in the purchase order.The length tolerance for pipe ordered in specified lengths of 24ft or less shall be plus 1⁄4in.(6.4mm)minus zero.Random lengths of pipe and lengths of pipe over 24ft may be ordered and the maximum and minimum lengths supplied shall be specified in a purchase order.10.Finish10.1The finished pipe shall be straight and shall have smooth ends,be free of burrs,and shall be free of injurious external and internal imperfections.Minor defects may be removed,providing the dimensional tolerances of 9.2.5are not exceeded.Unless otherwise specified,the pipe shall be fur-nished free of scale.11.Number of Tests11.1Tests shall be made as follows on 2%of the process length pipes selected at random,from each lot,but in no caseTABLE 3Permissible Variations in Product AnalysisElementProduct Analysis Limits,Max or Range,%Permissible Variation in Product Analysis Aluminum 0.5to 2.560.20Aluminum 2.5to 6.7560.40Carbon 0.10+0.02Chromium 0.1to 0.260.02Chromium 5.5to 6.560.30Hydrogen 0.02+0.002Iron 0.80+0.15Iron1.2to 1.860.20Molybdenum 0.2to 0.460.03Molybdenum 1.5to 4.560.20Molybdenum 14.0to 16.060.50Nickel 0.3to 0.960.05Niobium2.2to3.260.15Nitrogen 0.05+0.02Oxygen 0.30+0.03Oxygen 0.31to 0.4060.04Palladium 0.01to 0.0260.002Palladium 0.04to 0.0860.005Palladium 0.12to 0.2560.02Ruthenium 0.02to 0.0460.005Ruthenium 0.04to 0.0660.005Ruthenium 0.08to 0.1460.01Silicon 0.06to 0.4060.02Vanadium 2.0to 4.560.15Vanadium 7.5to 8.560.40Zirconium3.5to4.560.20Residuals A (each)0.15+0.02AA residual is an element in a metal or alloy in small quantities inherent to the manufacturing process but not addedintentionally.shall less than one pipe be tested.Results of the following tests shall be reported to the purchaser or their representative.11.1.1One tension test from each pipe selected.11.1.2The guided bend test or flattening test specified in 14.1and 14.2.11.2If any test specimen shows defective machining or develops flaws due to the preparation,the specimen may be discarded and another substituted.11.3If the percentage of elongation of any tension test specimen is less than that specified in 8.1,and any part of the fracture is more than 3⁄4in.(19mm)from the center of the gauge length as indicated by scratches marked on the specimen before testing,the specimen may be discarded and another substituted.11.4Each length of pipe shall be subjected to the hydro-static test specified in 15.1and 15.2.12.Retests12.1If the chemical or mechanical test results of any lot are not in conformance with the requirements of this specification,the lot may be retested at the option of the manufacturer.The frequency of the retest will be double the initial number of tests.If the results of the retest conform to the specification,then the retest values will become the test values for certifica-tion.Only original conforming test results or conforming retest results shall be reported to the purchaser.If the results for the retest fail to conform to the specification,the material will be rejected in accordance with Section 19.TABLE 4Tensile Requirements ATensile Strength,minYield Strength (0.2%Offset)Elongation 2in.or 50mm,gauge length,min %Grade minmaxksi (MPa)ksi (MPa)ksi (MPa)135(240)20(138)45(310)24250(345)40(275)65(450)202H B ,C 58(400)40(275)65(450)20365†(450)†55(380)80(550)185130(895)120(828)......105D 160†(1103)150(1034)......6750(345)40(275)65(450)207H B ,C 58(400)40(275)65(450)20990(620)70(483)......151135(240)20(138)45(310)241270(483)50(345)......181340(275)25(170)......241460(410)40(275)......201570(483)55(380) (1816)50(345)40(275)65(450)2016H B ,C 58(400)40(275)65(450)201735(240)20(138)45(310)241890(620)70(483)......1519E 115(793)110(759)......1519D 135(930)130(897)159(1096)1019D 165(1138)160(1103)185(1276)520E 115(793)110(759)......1520D 135(930)130(897)159(1096)1020D 165(1138)160(1103)185(1276)521E 115(793)110(759)......1521D 140(966)130(897)159(1096)1521D 170(1172)160(1104)185(1276)823120(828)110(759)......1024130(895)120(828)......1025130(895)120(828) (1026)50(345)40(275)65(450)2026H B ,C 58(400)40(275)65(450)202735(240)20(138)45(310)242890(620)70(483)......1529120(828)110(759)......103350(345)40(275)65(450)203465(450)55(380)80(550)1835130(895)120(828)......53750(345)31(215)65(450)2038130(895)115(794)......10A Properties for as welded or annealed condition except as noted.BMaterial is identical to the corresponding numeric grade (that is,Grade 2H =Grade 2)except for the higher guaranteed minimum UTS,and may always be certified as meeting the requirements of its corresponding numeric grade.Grade 2H,7H,16H,and 26H are intended primarily for pressure vessel use.CThe H grades were added in response to a user association request based on its study of over 5200commercial Grade 2,7,16,and 26test reports,where over 99%met the 58ksi minimum UTS.DProperties for material in the solution treated and aged condition.EProperties for material in the solution treated condition.†Tensile strength for Grade 3was corrected editorially.†Tensile strength for Grade 5was correctededitorially.13.Test Specimens and Methods of Testing13.1The test specimens and the tests required by this specification shall conform to those described in Test Methods and Definitions A370.Test specimens shall be cut from the welded pipe except as specified in13.2.13.2For pipe sizes over14in.outside diameter,a prolon-gation made from the same heat of raw material and subjected to all welding and heat treatment procedures as the ordered pipe may be used for mechanical property testing instead of testing the ordered pipe.13.3All routine mechanical tests shall be made at room temperature.13.4The chemical analysis shall normally be conducted using the ASTM standard test methods referenced in2.1.Other industry standard methods may be used where the ASTM test methods in2.1do not adequately cover the elements in the material or by agreement between the producer and purchaser. Alternate techniques are discussed in Guide E2626.14.Pipe Weld Quality Tests14.1Assessment of pipe weld quality shall be performed by either theflattening test or the guided bend test.Test specimens shall be selected randomly from each lot of pipe manufactured. Test plates of the same material may be attached to the pipe and welded as prolongations of the pipe longitudinal seam.See Table7.14.1.1Guided Bend Test—For Grades1,2,2H,7,7H,11, 13,14,16,16H,17,26H,and33a longitudinal or transverse guided bend test of the weld shall be performed in accordance with the method outlined in the ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code,Section VIII,Paragraph UNF-95.The ductility of the weld shall be considered acceptable when there is no evidence of cracks after bending in the weld or between the weld and the tube metal.Test specimens shall be randomly selected from the pipe manufactured in accordance with13.1,13.2,and11.1.2.14.1.2For Grades3,5,9,12,15,18,19,20,21,23,24,25, 34,35,37,and38the requirements for the guided bend test shall be negotiated between the manufacturer and the pur-chaser.14.2Flattening Test—Welded pipe in thefinal condition shall be capable of withstanding,without cracking,flattening under a load applied gradually at room temperature until the distance between the load platens is H inches.The weld shall be positioned at either90°or270°to the direction of the applied load.H is calculated as follows:H,in.~mm!5~11e!te1~t/D!(1)where:H=minimumflattened height,in.(mm),t=nominal wall thickness,in.(mm),D=nominal pipe outside diameter,in.(mm)(not pipe size),andFor Grades1,2,2H,3,7,7H,11,13,14,16,16H,17,and 26H:e=0.04through1in.pipe size,ande=0.06over1in.pipe size.For grades not shown above,the requirements for the flattening test shall be negotiated between the manufacturer and purchaser.14.2.1All calculations are rounded to two decimal places. Examination for cracking shall be by the unaided eye.14.2.2When low D–to–t ratio tubular products are tested, because the strain imposed due to geometry is unreasonably high on the inside surface at the six and twelve o’clock locations,cracks at these locations shall not be cause for rejection if the D–to–t ratio is less than ten(10).15.Hydrostatic Test15.1Each length of pipe shall withstand,without showing bulges,leaks,or other defects,an internal hydrostatic pressure that will produce in the pipe wall a stress of50%of the minimum specified yield strength at room temperature.This pressure shall be determined by the equation:P5SEt/~R o20.4t!(2) where:P=minimum hydrostatic test pressure,psi(MPa),S=allowablefiber stress of one-half the minimum yield strength,psi(MPa),t=wall thickness,in.(mm),R o=outside tube radius,in.(mm),andE=0.85for welded pipe.15.2The maximum hydrostatic test pressure shall not ex-ceed2500psi(17.2MPa)for sizes3in.(76mm)and under,or 2800psi(19.3MPa)for sizes over3in.(76mm).HydrostaticTABLE5Permissible Filler Metal AA ERTi-XX Filler metal grades as listed in AWS A5.16/A5.16M-2007.pressure shall be maintained for not less than 5s.When requested by the purchaser and so stated in the order,pipe in sizes 14in.(356mm)in diameter and smaller,shall be tested to one and one-half times the specified working pressure,provided the fiber stress corresponding to those test pressures does not exceed one-half the minimum specified yield strength of the material,as determined by the equation given in 15.1.When one and one-half times the working pressure exceeds 2800psi (19.3MPa),the hydrostatic test pressure shall be as agreed upon between the manufacturer and the purchaser.16.Referee Test and Analysis16.1In the event of disagreement between the manufacturer and the purchaser on the conformance of the material to the requirements of this specification,a mutually acceptable ref-eree shall perform the tests in question using the ASTM standard methods in 2.1.The referee’s testing shall be used in determining conformance of the material to this specification.17.Rounding-Off Procedure17.1For purposes of determining conformance with the specifications contained herein,an observed or a calculated value shall be rounded off to the nearest “unit”in the last right-hand significant digit used in expressing the limiting value.This is in accordance with the round-off method of Practice E 29.18.Inspection18.1All specified tests and inspection shall be made prior to shipment and at the manufacturer’s expense unless otherwise specified,and shall be so conducted as not to interfereunnecessarily with the operation of the works.When purchaser inspection is specified in the order,the manufacturer shall notify the purchaser in time so that the purchaser may have his inspector present to witness any part of the tests desired.19.Rejection19.1Material not conforming to this specification or to authorized modifications shall be subject to rejection.Unless otherwise specified,rejected materials may be returned to the manufacturer at the manufacturer’s expense,unless the pur-chaser receives,within three weeks of notice of rejection,other instructions for disposition.19.2Each length of pipe received from the manufacturer may be inspected by the purchaser.Pipe not meeting the requirements of this specification or requirements specified in a purchase order may be rejected and the manufacturer shall be notified.Disposition of rejected material shall be as stated in 19.1.20.Certification20.1The manufacturer shall supply at least one copy of the report certifying that the material supplied has been manufac-tured,inspected,sampled,and tested in accordance with the requirements of this specification and that the results of chemical analysis,tensile,and other tests meet the require-ments of this specification for the grade specified.The report shall include results of all chemical analysis,tensile tests,and all other tests required by the specification.21.Product Marking21.1Each length of pipe 3⁄8in.(9.5mm)nominal diameter and larger,manufactured in accordance with this specification,shall be legibly marked,either by stenciling,stamping,or rolling the following data:21.1.1Manufacturer’s private identification mark,21.1.2ASTM designation and revision date,21.1.3Grade of titanium,21.1.4Pipe size and schedule,21.1.5Heat number and lot number,and21.1.6Heat treatment condition,for example,annealed (ANN),solution treated (ST),solution treated and aged (STA),stress relieved (SR),not heat treated (No HT).21.2On smaller than 3⁄8in.(9.5mm)nominal diameter pipe that is bundled,the same information may be stamped legibly on a metal tag securely attached to each bundle.TABLE 6Permissible Variations in DiameterNominal Outside Diameter (NPS)APermissible Variations inOutside DiameterOverUnder 1⁄8in.to 11⁄2in.(3.2mm to 38mm)1⁄64in.(0.397mm)1⁄32in.(0.794mm)over 11⁄2in.to 4in.(38mm to 102mm)1⁄32in.(0.794mm)1⁄32in.(0.794mm)over 4in.to 8in.(102mm to 203mm)1⁄16in.(1.588mm)1⁄32in.(0.794mm)over 8in.to 18in.(203mm to 432mm)3⁄32in.(2.382mm)1⁄32in.(0.794mm)over 18in.to 26in.(432mm to 660mm)1⁄8in.(3.175mm)1⁄32in.(0.794mm)over 26in.to 30in.(660mm to 762mm)5⁄32in.(3.969mm)1⁄32in.(0.794mm)ANPS =nominal pipe size.TABLE 7Maximum Weld ReinforcementActual Material Thickness,in.Maximum Reinforcement,in.(mm)Circumferential Joints in PipeOther Welds Less than 3⁄323⁄32(2.832)1⁄32(0.794)3⁄32to 3⁄16,incl.1⁄8(3.175)1⁄16(1.588)Over 3⁄16to 1⁄2,incl.5⁄32(3.969)3⁄32(2.832)Over 1⁄2to 1,incl.3⁄16(4.764)3⁄32(2.832)Over 1to 2,incl.1⁄4(6.35)1⁄8(3.175)Over 2to 3,incl.1⁄4(6.35)5⁄32(3.969)Over 3to 4,incl.1⁄4(6.35)7⁄32(5.558)Over 4to 5,incl.1⁄4(6.35)1⁄4(6.35)Over 55⁄16(7.94)5⁄16(7.94)22.Packaging22.1The pipe shall be packaged in agreement with the manufacturer’s standard practice,unless otherwise agreed to between the manufacturer and purchaser and so stated in the purchase order.23.Keywords23.1pipe;titanium;titanium alloy;welded pipeSUPPLEMENTARY REQUIREMENTSOne or more of the following supplementary requirements shall apply only when specified in the purchase order.Subject to agreement between the purchaser and manufacturer,retest and retreatment provisions of these supplementary requirements may be modified.The extent and quantity of tests to be performed shall be specified by the purchaser.S1.Pipe Requiring Special ConsiderationS1.1.Liquid Penetrant Inspection:S1.1.1Liquid penetrant inspection shall be performed on all weld surfaces on the outside diameter and a length up to1.5 times the nominal diameter on the inside diameter weld.An acceptance standard shall be agreed upon between the pur-chaser and the manufacturer prior to acceptance of the order.At a minimum,procedures and acceptance shall meet the require-ments of Practice E1417.Evidence of S1.1.1shall be required in the certification.S1.2.Radiographic Examination:S1.2.1The entire length of weld in each welded pipe shall be examined radiographically,using x-radiation,in accordance with Paragraph UW-51of Section VIII,Division1of the ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code.In addition to the marking required by Section21,each pipe shall be marked “RT”after the specification and grade.Evidence of S1.2.1shall be required in the certification.S1.2.2Pipe welds shall be spot radiographed,using x-radiation,in accordance with Paragraph UW-52of Section VIII,Division1of the ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code. Evidence of S1.2.2shall be required in the certification.S1.3.Stress Relief Heat Treatment:S1.3.1The stress relieving heat treatment shall consist of holding the pipe at a minimum temperature of1100°F for not less than0.5h/in.of wall thickness.S1.3.2Minimum time at temperature shall be20min.All stress relieved pipe shall be subsequently cleaned so as to be free of oxide scale in accordance with Guide B600.SUMMARY OF CHANGESCommittee B10has identified the location of selected changes to this standard since the last issue (B862-08a)that may impact the use of this standard.(Approved May1,2009.)(1)Chemistry Table2was reformatted for improved utility.“Other Elements”replaced“Residual Elements”and notes were editorially revised and reorganized.(2)Changed Gr.25hydrogen from0.0125to0.015.(3)Changed Gr.29hydrogen from0.015to0.0125.ASTM International takes no position respecting the validity of any patent rights asserted in connection with any item mentioned in this ers of this standard are expressly advised that determination of the validity of any such patent rights,and the risk of infringement of such rights,are entirely their own responsibility.This standard is subject to revision at any time by the responsible technical committee and must be reviewed everyfive years and if not revised,either reapproved or withdrawn.Your comments are invited either for revision of this standard or for additional standards and should be addressed to ASTM International Headquarters.Your comments will receive careful consideration at a meeting of the responsible technical committee,which you may attend.If you feel that your comments have not received a fair hearing you should make your views known to the ASTM Committee on Standards,at the address shown below.This standard is copyrighted by ASTM International,100Barr Harbor Drive,PO Box C700,West Conshohocken,PA19428-2959, United States.Individual reprints(single or multiple copies)of this standard may be obtained by contacting ASTM at the above address or at610-832-9585(phone),610-832-9555(fax),or service@(e-mail);or through the ASTM website().。

钛合金焊接方法钛合金是一种重要的结构材料，具有优异的耐腐蚀性、高强度和低密度等特点，因此在航空航天、医疗器械、化工等领域得到广泛应用。

而钛合金焊接作为连接钛合金结构的重要工艺，其质量直接影响着整个结构的性能和安全。

因此，掌握钛合金焊接方法是至关重要的。

钛合金焊接方法主要包括惰性气体保护焊、等离子弧焊、激光焊等多种技术。

其中，惰性气体保护焊是最常用的一种方法。

在惰性气体保护下，焊接区域不会受到空气中的氧气和水蒸气的污染，从而避免了氧化和氢捕获等问题。

此外，惰性气体保护焊还可以采用直流或者交流电源，根据具体情况选择合适的电流形式。

另外，等离子弧焊是一种高能量密度的焊接方法，适用于较厚的钛合金板材。

通过产生高温等离子弧，可以克服钛合金的高熔点和热传导性能较差的特点，实现高效的焊接。

激光焊则是利用激光束对焊接区域进行加热，具有热输入小、变形小、焊缝窄等优点，适用于对焊接质量要求较高的场合。

在进行钛合金焊接时，需要注意以下几点。

首先，要选择合适的焊接材料和焊接工艺。

不同的钛合金材料对焊接工艺的要求不同，需要根据具体情况选择合适的焊接方法。

其次，要保证焊接区域的清洁度。

钛合金对氧、氮等杂质敏感，焊接前需要对焊接区域进行清洁处理，避免引入杂质影响焊接质量。

最后，要控制好焊接过程中的温度和速度，避免产生裂纹和变形。

总的来说，钛合金焊接方法是一门复杂的工艺，需要综合考虑材料特性、焊接工艺和操作技能等多个方面的因素。

只有掌握了正确的焊接方法和技术，才能确保钛合金结构的焊接质量，从而保障整个结构的安全可靠性。

希望本文所述内容能对大家有所帮助，谢谢阅读。

钛及钛合金的焊接工艺方法简介钛及钛合金是一种重要的金属材料，广泛应用于航空航天、汽车、医疗器械等领域。

焊接是钛及钛合金加工中常用的连接方法之一，本文将介绍钛及钛合金的焊接工艺方法。

1. 气体保护电弧焊（GTAW）气体保护电弧焊，又称为TIG焊。

该方法使用惰性气体作为保护气体，将钨熔丝作为电极，通过电弧在焊接部位形成熔池，实现钛及钛合金的焊接。

工艺流程1. 准备工作：清洁焊接部位，去除油污和氧化物。

2. 装配焊接设备：安装惰性气体供应系统和电弧焊机。

3. 调节焊接参数：根据钛及钛合金的厚度和焊接要求，调节电弧电流、气体流量等参数。

4. 开始焊接：将钨极接触焊接部位，通过脚踏开关启动电弧。

同时，用辅助材料（如焊丝）提供补充材料。

5. 焊接结束：焊接完成后，关闭电弧，并进行后续的冷却处理。

优势- 焊接质量高，焊缝外观美观。

- 焊接热输入量小，对焊接材料影响小。

- 钛及钛合金的焊接速度快，适用于大量生产。

2. 电阻焊接电阻焊接是利用电流通过接触部位产生热量，使接触部位熔化并连接在一起的焊接方法。

工艺流程1. 准备工作：清洁焊接部位，确保表面光洁。

2. 调节焊接参数：根据钛及钛合金的厚度和焊接要求，调节电流强度、焊接时间等参数。

3. 开始焊接：将待焊接的两块金属材料夹在电极夹具中，通电使其接触部位产生热量。

同时，用辅助材料（如焊接补偿材料）提供补充材料。

4. 焊接结束：断开电流，冷却焊接部位。

优势- 钛及钛合金的电阻焊接速度快。

- 可以焊接不同材料的组合。

- 适用于大面积焊接和连续焊接。

3. 激光焊接激光焊接利用激光束的高能量将焊接部位加热至熔化温度，实现钛及钛合金的焊接。

工艺流程1. 准备工作：清洁焊接部位，并进行定位和固定。

2. 调节焊接参数：设置激光功率、焦距和扫描速度等参数。

3. 开始焊接：使用激光束扫描焊接部位，将其加热至熔化，并通过辅助材料（如焊丝）提供补充材料。

4. 焊接结束：停止激光焊接，并进行后续的冷却处理。

回复邮件技巧1、对于一开始反馈的客户，给予梯度报价。

报价邮件必需体现的内容：产品型号和配置（最好是用图片来说明）；根据订货的数量来给客户的报价；目的港的信息（FOB 、CIF 等）；报价的有效期。

2、第一时间回复。

3、详尽的签名。

签名要尽量详尽，包括公司的名称、电话、地址、邮件地址等。

4、开头语简洁带过。

开头语特忌讳主动过多介绍自己，没有几个客户会有耐心来阅读你的长篇介绍的，不主动过多介绍自己将一定反而会给客户一种很自信、很专业的印象5、第一次联系客户时，除非客户在询盘中提出，最好不要主动附上图片，以免被删或被国外反垃圾邮件软件拦截钛钛是一种银白色的过渡金属，密度：4.54g/立方厘米熔点：1660.0℃。

特征：高强度、低密度、重量轻、耐湿氯气腐蚀，具有良好的耐高温、耐低温、抗强酸、抗强碱性能，被大量用于航空工业，有"空间金属"“太空金属”之称。

钛没有铁磁性，具有可塑性，高纯钛的延伸率可达50-60%，断面收缩率可达70-80%，但收缩强度低（即收缩时产生的力度）。

在常温下，不会被7%以下盐酸、5%以下硫酸、硝酸、王水或稀碱溶液所腐蚀；只有氢氟酸、浓盐酸、浓硫酸等才可对它作用。

性质：钛中杂质的存在，对其机械性能影响极大（如TA1、TA2、TA3依次杂质含量增高，机械强度、硬度依次增强，但塑性韧性依次下降。

）钛最常见的化合物是二氧化钛，可用于制造白色颜料。

钛的主要特点是密度小，机械强度大，容易加工。

钛的塑性主要依赖于纯度（钛越纯，塑性越大）。

钛基础知识的补充：中国钛谷：因钛产业发达而使宝鸡这座城市被称为中国钛谷，其钛产品产量占全国80%以上，占世界产量的20%以上。

宝鸡高新区以宝钛集团为龙头，钛材加工装备、技术水平及生产能力均居全国第一，生产能力占全国的60%左右，市场份额占国内钛加工材市场80%以上，占世界产量的20%以上，承担着中国90%以上高端钛材产品的生产任务。

分布：钛属于稀有金属，实际上钛并不稀有，其在地壳中的丰度占第七位，占0.45%，远远高于许多常见的金属。

钛及钛合金管道的焊接摘要：本文通过对钛及钛合金金属物理化学性质的总结，分析了钛合金的焊接性及其存在的主要缺陷，提出了相应的解决方案，以作为同类型项目的有益参考。

关键词：钛合金；焊接性；焊接工艺钛及钛合金是二十世纪四十年代末开始发展起来的一种优良的工业金属材料，其主要特点是密度小、比强度高、耐腐蚀、耐高温以及良好的低温性能，并且具有某些特殊的物理、化学特性，如超导、记忆、储氢等特殊功能，因此在宇航、航空、化工、石油、冶金、电力、医疗等领域得到了广泛的应用。

我公司承接的美国某化工项目中涉及到大量的钛及钛合金管道的焊接，该项目采用美国ASTM标准，主要包括ASTM B861GR2，GR7和GR12等级别的材料。

其中ASTM B861GR2位纯钛管材，ASTM B861GR7为添加了0.12%到0.25%的钯元素的钛管，ASTM B861GR12为含钼0.3%，含镍0.8%的钛合金。

由于我国钛资源丰富，储量居世界首位，因此所有钛材都从国内采购，按美国ASME IX 标准进行焊接工艺评定和焊接。

由于这是我公司首次焊接上述钛及钛合金管道，没有现成的工艺可用，因此必须从分析钛及钛合金的物理化学性质及其焊接性开始，制定正确完善的焊接工艺，预判其焊接过程中可能出现的缺陷问题并提前制定预防方案，方能保证该项目的顺利进行。

1.钛及其合金的物理化学性质钛的主要物理性能为：密度4.5g/cm3，熔点1688℃，比热容522J/（kg·K），热导率16J/（m·s·K）。

钛有两种结构：882℃以下为密排六方晶格结构，称为α钛；882℃以上为体心立方晶格结构，称为β钛。

钛和常用的奥氏体不锈钢ASTM A312 TP304L的主要物理性能对比如下：从上表可以看出，钛的比强度接近不锈钢的3倍，这让钛材在某些要求强度高、重量轻的领域（如宇航）相对于不锈钢有不可替代的优势。

钛的化学性质活泼，对氧有极高的亲和力。