语言与文化作业（一）I. Translate the following terms into Chinese and then define each of them in English. 70%1. culture 文化Culture is the unique style and custom, which a nation forms in the history of its own development.2. communication 交际Communication may be defined as that which happens whenever someone responds to the behavior or the residue of the behavior of another person.3. one-way communication 单向沟通Communication without feedback is called one-way communication4. ethnocentrism 民族中心主义，民族优越感Ethnocentrism is a kind of psychological trend ,that is to interpret or to judge all other groups , their environments and their communication according to the categories and values of our own culture.5. privacy 私事权freedom from undesirable intrusions6. tips 小费The word“tips”is the abbreviation of the phrase“to insure prompt service”7. vocalic 非言语交际Vocalics refers to anything that that is spoken and heard except for words.II. Answer the following questions in English. 30%1.What are the differences between Chinese and English compliments?In English people exchange compliments each other: father to son, husband to wife, friend to friend, etc. But there are culturaldifferences between English and Chinese. Firstly cultural differences exist in who can be complimented. In English speaking countries one can praise members of one’s own family. A woman can talk about how hard her husband works and how well he has done in his career, and she might do the same about how well her children do at school. But Chinese people do not praise members of their own families. They consider it bad taste.Secondly, cultural differences exist in what can e complimented. It is quite common for a male English speaker to compliment females on their good looks, while it is almost a taboo in Chinese culture.2.What is the rule of introduction in the United States?In English culture the general rule is to introduce a young person to an older one, a man to a woman, an inferior to a superior, the guest to the host, an individual to a group. And be sure to mention first the name of the person we wish to honor. When introducing a man and a woman, mention the woman’s name first unless the man is much older than the woman or very famous. When introducing two males or two females, put the older person’s name first.When people are introduced, people normally shake hands in formal or business situations. In this occasion, men usually take off their gloves before shaking hands, but women do not have to. When a man and a woman are to shake hands, it is the woman who extends her hand first.pare Chinese and English "thanks".Differences lie in what to thank for. English speakers thank others for many reasons and on many occasions such as borrowing a pencil, asking for directions , requesting someone to pass on a message, receiving mails for others, calling a person to the phone and so on and so forth, and this seems to be unnecessary and sometimes even hypocritical to many Chinese people. On the other hand, the Chinese people tend to thank the one who has done them a major favor several times, this may seem excessive, empty or insincere to English speakers and therefore make them uncomfortable.Differences also lie in whom to thank. In English culture a male thanks his wife, a female thank her husband, a father thanks his son and close friends thank each other for having done anything. That is because people are treated as individuals and the kindness they have shown in whatever may should be appreciated explicitly. But in China, most of the polite expressions are reserved for stranger and casual friends. Family members and close friends never thank each other, for the Chinese attitude is that the appreciation is understood and need not be expressed among close friends and family members. However, this attitude may be taken for rudeness or lack of consideration by English speakers.语言与文化作业（二）I. Fill in each underlined space with a proper expression. 40％1. Nonverbal messages that are used to emphasize distinct points in verbal messages serve the function of accenting.2. Hypotactic relation at the sentential level refer to constructions whose components are linked through the use of conjunction.3. When one offers or urges another person to be first in going through a door, thenormal expression is After you .4. Cultures that allow people to interact at a close distance are referred to as__contact_ cultures.5. The English speaking people say "__Excuse me____" when they need to pass infront of others, to answer the phone or a door bell while talking with others.6. It is often said that English is a _paratactic _ language and Chinese a paratactic one.7. The English functional equivalent for “这是我应该做的”is _It’s my pleasure .8. In Western culture, individualism is one of the central themes. In contrast, thecentral theme of traditional Chinese culture was__environmentalism or collectivism _.II. Multiple Choice. Each of the following incomplete statements is followed by four alternatives. Decide which of the four alternatives best complete the statement. There might be more than one correct answer. 30％1. The most common English replies to thank are “_____CD________.”a. It is nothingb. It is my dutyc. Not at alld. It is my pleasure2. When English speaking people part, they usually say “____AD________.”a. Good-byeb. It''''s nice to meet youc. Walk well, pleased. So long3. When responding to compliment" you look very nice in this dress",you should say “______CD________.”a. Thank you, but it is just so sob. No, it is quite ordinaryc. Thank you, I''''m glad that you like itd. Do you really think so? I was not sure whether it suits me4. Paratactic relations refer to construction which are linked through___ABD_____.a. juxtapositionb. punctuationc. conjunctiond. intonation5. Which of the following questions would offend speakers of English?a. Do you go to church?b. Are you married or single?c. Who will you vote for?d. May I know your age?III. Define the following term in English and then translate it into Chinese. 30%《语言communicative competenceCommunicative competence - knowledge of not only if something is formally possible in a language, but also the knowledge of whether it is feasible, appropriate, or done in a particular speech community.交际能力的知识不仅有正式的语言，同时也知道它是否是可行的，适当的，或在特定语言环境。
