英语动词变化表

动词词形变化一览表
(1)规则动词变化表：
注意：①在加ing或ed时动词如果以“r”结尾,尾音节又重读的动词,“r”应双写。

②s/es的读音规则：在清辅音后读[s]；在浊辅音后和元音后读[z]；在
[ s ]、[ F]、[z]、[tF]、[dV]后读[iz].
③ed的读音规则：在清辅音后读[t]；在浊辅音后和元音后读[d]；在[t]、[d]后读[id].
(2)不规则动词变化表：( 原形→过去式→过去分词)
动词的各种时态变化：
3、be(“是/存在”)
注意：句型变化时,
否定句在am /is /are /will /have /has /was /were /had /would 后面加not,而且not都可以缩写为n’t (am后面not不可以缩
写)；
疑问句将am /is /are /will /have /has /was /were /had /would 提前到句首。

4、其它谓语动词(主动语态)的时态变化一览表：。

英语单三变化规则表在英语中，动词的单三变化规则是指动词在第三人称单数时变化的规则。

下面是英语单三变化规则表。

1. 一般情况下，动词加-s。

例如：- He walks to school every day.- She speaks French fluently.2. 如果动词以-s，-x，-sh，-ch或-o结尾，加-es。

例如：- He watches TV in the evening.- She fixes the computer when it breaks down.3. 如果动词以辅音字母+y结尾，变y为i再加-es。

例如：- He studies hard for his exams.- She tries her best to help others.4. 如果动词以元音字母+y结尾，加-s。

例如：- She buys a new dress for the party.- He enjoys playing basketball with his friends.5. 如果动词以辅音字母+o结尾，加-es。

例如：- He goes to bed early every night.- She does her homework before watching TV.6. 如果动词以元音字母+o结尾，加-s。

例如：- He plays the guitar very well.- She has a lot of hobbies.7. 如果动词以-s，-x，-sh，-ch或-o和辅音字母+y结尾，加-s。

例如：- He fixes the cars when they break down.- She watches the movies on weekends.以上就是英语单三变化规则表，希望对大家有所帮助。

记住这些规则，能够帮助你更加流利地运用英语。

1. am/is – was be“是”41. learn — learnt/learned学，得悉2. are — were be“是”42. let — let 松开，允3. become— became ，成43. leave — left 走开，离，离开4. begin — began 开始44. lie — lay 躺，卧5. buy— bought 45. make— made 制作，制造，整理6. bring — brought 拿来，来46. meet— met 遇，看，引7. beat — beat 敲打，拌47. may— might 能够，允8. blow — blew 吹，吹48. mean— meat 意思是，决定做9. break — broke 打破，打坏，折断49. put — put 放，布置10. build — built 建筑，建筑50. ride — rode 乘，，坐11. can— could 能，会，允，能够51. rise — rose 升起，出12. come— came 到，到来，来52. read — read ，朗13. catch — caught 捕获，抓住53. run — ran 跑，奔跑14. cut — cut 切，割54. ring — rang ⋯打，画15. cost — cost 花55. shall — should 命令，允16. choose — chose 56. swim— swam 游泳，游17. do/does — did 干，做57. sing — sang 唱，唱歌18. drink — drank 喝58. sit — sat 坐，就坐19. drive — drove ，，赶59. send— sent 送，寄，20. draw— drew 画60. spend— spent 花（，）21. dig — dug 挖，掘，刨61. sweep— swept 打，清理22. eat — ate 吃62. smell — smelt ，嗅23. fly — flew/flied 放（筝）63. sleep — slept 睡，睡24. forget — forgot 忘，忘64. speak — spoke ，，25. fall — fell 落下，掉下，摔倒65. sell — sold ，销售26. feel — felt 触摸，感，得66. see— saw 看，看，望27. find — found 找，，找到67. say — said ，28. give — gave ，予68. stand — stood 站立，站起29. go— went 去，离开，走开69. steal — stole ，偷取30. get — got 开始，收到70. think — thought 思虑，考31. grow— grew 生，成71. teach — taught 教，教，教授32. have/has — had 有，获得，拿72. take — took 获得，拿走，抓住33. hurt — hurt 使受，使痛疼73. throw — threw 扔，投，34. hit — hit 打，撞，碰撞74. write — wrote 写，写，写字35. hang— hung 挂，吊75. win — won ，得36. hear — heard 听，听，收到76. wake— woke 醒，使活37. hold — held 抓住，握住，拿住77. will — would 将要，能够，会38. know— knew 知道，认识78. wear— wore 衣着，佩带39. lose — lost 失，失40. lend — lent 借，小学英语不规则动词变化表1. am/is –was be“是”42. let—let 松开，允2. are—were be“是”43. leave—left 走开，离，离开3. become—became ，成44. lie—lay 躺，卧4. begin—began 开始45. make—made 制作，制造，整理5. buy—bought 46. meet—met 遇，看，引6. bring—brought 拿来，来47. may—might 能够，允7. beat—beat 敲打，拌48. mean—meat 意思是，决定做8. blow —blew 吹，吹49. put— put 放，布置9. break—broke 打破，打坏，折断50. ride—rode 乘，，坐10. build —built 建筑，建筑51. rise—rose 升起，出11. can—could 能，会，允，能够52. read—read ，朗12. come—came 到，到来，来53. run—ran 跑，奔跑13. catch—caught 捕获，抓住54. ring—rang ⋯打，画14. cut—cut 切，割55. shall—should 命令，允15. cost—cost 花56. swim—swam 游泳，游16. choose—chose 57. sing—sang 唱，唱歌17. do/does—did 干，做58. sit—sat 坐，就坐18. drink —drank 喝59. send—sent 送，寄，19. drive—drove ，，赶60. spend—spent 花（，）20. draw—drew 画61. sweep—swept 打，清理21. dig—dug 挖，掘，刨62. smell—smelt ，嗅22. eat—ate 吃63. sleep— slept 睡，睡23. fly —flew/flied 放（筝）64. speak—spoke ，，24. forget—forgot 忘，忘65. sell—sold ，销售25. fall —fell 落下，掉下，摔倒66. see— saw 看，看，望26. feel—felt 触摸，感，得67. say—said ，27. find —found 找，，找到68. stand—stood 站立，站起28. give— gave ，予69. steal—stole ，偷取29. go—went 去，离开，走开70. think— thought 思虑，考30. get—got 开始，收到71. teach—taught 教，教，教授31. grow—grew 生，成72. take—took 获得，拿走，抓住32. have/has— had 有，获得，拿73. throw—threw 扔，投，33. hurt—hurt 使受，使痛疼74. write— wrote 写，写，写字34. hit —hit 打，撞，碰撞75. win —won ，得35. hang—hung 挂，吊76. wake—woke 醒，使活36. hear—heard 听，听，收到77. will —would 将要，能够，会37. hold— held 抓住，握住，拿住78. wear—wore 衣着，佩带38. know —knew 知道，认识39. lose—lost 失，失40. lend— lent 借，41. learn—learnt/learned 学，得悉。

放开，允许—let am/is –was be动词“是”42.let1.离开，离别，离去be动词“是”43.leave—left 2.are—were躺，卧 3.become—became 变为，变成44.lie —lay制作，制造，整理made 开始45.make—4.begin—began遇见，看见，引见买46.meet—met 5.buy—bought可以，允许47.may—might 6.bring—brought 拿来，带来意思是，决定做敲打，搅拌48.mean—meat 7.beat—beat放，安置吹，吹动49.put—put 8.blow—blew 乘，骑，坐—rode 9.break—broke 打破，打碎，折断50. ride 升起，出现rose built 建筑，建造51.rise—10. build—阅读，朗读—11.can—could 能，会，允许，可以52. readread跑，奔跑到，到来，来临53.run—ran e—came打电话，画图给…—rang caught catch—捕捉，抓住54. ring13.命令，允许—should 切，割55.shall14.cut—cut游泳，游花费56.swim—swam 15.cost—cost唱，唱歌选择57.sing—sang chose 16.choose—坐，就坐做58.sit—sat 17.do/does—did干，送，寄，递喝59.send—sent 18.drink—drank花费（钱，时间）—spent drive—drove 驾驶，驾驭，驱赶60.spend19.打扫，清理sweep 画61.—swept 20.draw—drew闻，嗅smell—smelt 21.dig—dug 挖，掘，刨62.睡觉，睡—slept 吃63.sleep—22.eatate 说话，讲话说，64.speak—spoke 23.fly—flew/flied 放（风筝）卖，出售忘记，遗忘65.sell—sold 24. forget—forgot看，看见，望saw fall—fell 落下，掉下，跌倒66.see —25.说话说，触摸，感觉，觉得67.say—said 26.feel—felt 站立，站起—found 寻找，发现，找到68.standstood 27.find偷，盗给给69steastole28givgave思考，考去，离去，离70thinthoughtg29went教教导教开始收71teactaught30gegot得到，拿走，抓生长成72taktook31grogrew扔，投，throthrewhave/ha32had拥有，取得，73写，书写，写74writwrote33hurhurt使受伤，使痛获胜，赢打撞击碰75wiwonhit34hi醒，使活76wakwoke35hanhung悬挂可以将要wilwould36heaheard听，听见，收77穿着wore抓住握住拿wea37holheld佩78知道，了38knoknew遗丢失los39lost借给，贷lent40len学习得learnt/learnedlear412/ １．小学英语不规则动词变化表允许—let放开，letbe动词“是”42.am/is1.–was离别，离去离开，leave43.—are—werebe动词“是2.”left躺，卧lay44.liebecame3.become—变为，变成—制作，制造，整理make4.—made45.begin —began开始看见，引见met遇见，46.meetboughtbuy5.—买—可以，允许47.may6.—mightbring —brought拿来，带来意思是，决定做7.mean—48.meatbeatbeat—敲打，搅拌安置put49.放，put —8.blow—blew吹，吹动乘，骑，坐50.riderodebrokebreak—打破，打碎，折断—9.升起，出现rise51.—rosebuild—10.built建筑，建造朗读read阅读，readcould11.can—能，会，允许，可以—52.奔跑跑，—camecome—到，到来，来临12.53.ranrun画图给ring—rang…打电话，caughtcatch —捕捉，抓住13.54.命令，允许should55.cut14.cut—切，割shall—游泳，游15.56.swam—costcost 花费swim—唱，唱歌—chose选择sang16.57.sing—choose坐，就坐—do/doesdid干，做—58.sit17.sat寄，递sent—59.送，18.drink—drank喝send（钱，时间）60.19.驾驶，驾驭，驱赶spend —spent花费drovedrive—打扫，清理sweep61.—20.sweptdraw—drew画闻，嗅—smelldugdig—挖，掘，刨smelt62.21.睡sleptsleep—睡觉，22.63.eat—ate吃讲话—23.speakspoke说话，64.说，（风筝）flew/fliedfly—放出售sell24.忘记，遗忘forgot—sold65.卖，—forget看，看见，望fall —66.see25.落下，掉下，跌倒—fellsaw说话said触摸，感觉，觉得—feelfeltsay67.26.—说，站立，站起stood寻找，—27.findfound发现，找到stand68.—偷，盗取69.—给予gavegive28.—给，stolestea 思考，考thin29though70去gwen离去，离教教taughteac30收goge开始71教导拿走，抓too成生长31grogre72得到tak扔，投，取得，hahave/ha32拥有thre73thro写，书写，写使受伤，使痛hurhurwrot3374writ获胜，赢打hihi撞击wi碰wo3475醒，使活wak悬挂hun35wok76han36wil 将要听见，收听hearheawoul77可以穿着抓住helhol握住37wea拿wor佩78知道，了kne38kno 遗39丢失loslos借给，贷40lenlen得lear41learnt/learne学习，2/ １．。

动词过去式、过去分词变化规则一、规则变化：1. 一般在动词原形后加-ed look -> looked; need -> needed2. 以-e结尾的动词加-d move -> moved3. 以辅音字母加y结尾的动词，变y为i，再加-ed carry -> carried; study -> studied4. 以元音字母加y结尾的词，直接加-ed stay -> stayed; play -> played5.末尾只有一个辅音字母的重读闭音节词，双写该辅音字母，再加-ed stop -> stopped; regret -> regretted（但fix的过去式和过去分词x不双写，为fixed）6. 以-r音节结尾的词，双写r字母，再加-ed refered -> referred; prefer -> preferred二、不规则变化英语不规则动词记忆表1.AAA动词原形过去式过去分词cost[k?st]cost[k?st]cost[k?st]花费cut[k?t]cut[k?t]cut[k?t]割，切hurt[h?:t]hurt[h?:t]hurt[h?:t]受伤hit[hit]hit[hit]hit[hit]打，撞let[let]let[let]let[let]让put[put]put[put]put[put]放下read[ri:d]read[ri:d]read[ri:d]读set[set]set[set]set[set]安排，安置spread[spred]spread[spred]spread[spred]展开，传播，涂spit[spit]spit/spat[spit]spit/spat[spit]吐痰,shut[??t]shut[??t]shut[??t]关上, 闭起,停止营业2.ABB动词原形过去式过去分词beat[bi:t]beat[bi:t]beaten['bi:tn] 打败3.ABA动词原形过去式过去分词become[bi'k?m]became[bi'keim]become[bi'k?m]变come[k?m]came[keim]come[k?m]来run[r?n]ran[r?n]run[r?n]跑4.ABB（1）在动词原形后加一个辅音字母d, t或ed构成过去式或过去分词。

★☆英语动词不规则变化表☆★★记忆法一：常见93个不规则动词的变化规律归纳如下一、A—A—A型，即原形、过去式和过去分词三者都相同。

（共9个）cost—cost—cost cut—cut—cut hit—hit—hit hurt—hurt—hurt let—let— let put—put—put read—read—read set—set—set shut—shut—shut二、A—B—B型，即过去式、过去分词相同。

（共41个）1.过去式和过去分词都含有-ought。

（3个）bring—brought—brough t buy— bought—bought think—thought—t hought2. 词尾有-ild，-end时，只需把d变为t。

（4个）build—built—built lend—lent— lent send—sent—sent spend—spent— spent3.过去式、过去分词都含有-aught。

（2个）catch—caught—caught teach—taught—taught 4把-eep变为-ept。

（3个）keep—kept—keptsleep—slept—sleptsweep— swept—swept5把-ell变为-old。

（2个）tell—told—told sell—sold—sold6过去式、过去分词都含有-elt或-ilt。

（4个）smell—smelt—smelt spell—spelt—spelt feel—felt— felt spill—spilt—spilt7过去式、过去分词都在原形词尾加t。

（3个）learn—learnt—learnt mean—meant—meant spoil—spoilt—spoilt8过去式、过去分词词尾是d。

（4个）say—said—said pay—paid—paid lay—laid—laid hear—heard—heard9改变元音字母。

1.am/is –was be动词“是”2.are —were be 动词“是”3.become—became变为，变为4.begin —began开始5.buy—bought买6.bring —brought拿来，带来7.beat —beat敲打，搅拌8.blow —blew吹，吹动9.break —broke打破，打坏，折断10.build —built建筑，建造11.can—could能，会，同意，能够e—came到，到来，到临13.catch —caught捕获，抓住14.cut —cut切，割19.drive —drove驾驶，驾御，驱逐20.draw—drew画21.dig — dug挖，掘，刨22.eat — ate吃23.fly — flew/flied放（风筝）24.forget — forgot忘掉，遗忘25.fall—fell落下，掉下，跌倒26.feel—felt触摸，感觉，觉得27.find—found找寻，发现，找到28.give —gave给，给予29.go—went去，离开，走开30.get — got开始，收到15.cost —cost花费31.grow—grew生长，成长16.—选32.have/has —had拥有，获得，choose chose择拿17.do/does — did干，33. hurt —hurt使受伤，使痛做疼18.drink —drank34.hit — hit打，撞击，碰喝撞35.hang—hung挂，吊36.hear —heard听，听，收52.read —read，朗到37.hold —held抓住，握住，拿53.run — ran跑，奔住跑38.know—knew知道，认识54.ring —rang⋯打，画39.lose —lost失，失55.shall —should命令，允40.lend —lent借，56.swim—swam游泳，游41.learn —learnt/learned学，57.sing —sang唱，唱歌得悉58.sit — sat坐，就42.let —let松开，允坐59.send—sent送，寄，43.leave —left走开，离，离去60.spend—spent花（，）44.lie —lay躺，61.sweep—swept打，清理卧45.make—made制作，制造，整理62.smell —smelt，嗅46.meet—met遇，看，引63.sleep —slept睡，47.may—might能够，允睡48.—意思是，决定做64.speak—spoke，，mean meat49.put —put放，安置65.sell —sold，出50.ride —rode乘，，售坐66.see— saw看，看，望51.rise —rose升起，出67.say— said，68.stand —stood站立，站起69.steal —stole偷，盗取70.think —thought思虑，考虑71.teach —taught教，教育，教授72.take —took获得，拿走，抓住73.throw —threw扔，投，掷74.write —wrote写，书写，写字75.win —won获胜，博得76.wake—woke醒，使活跃77.will —would将要，能够，会78.wear—wore衣着，佩带小学英语不规则动词变化表1.am/is –was be“是”42.let—let松开，允2.are—were be“是”43.leave—left走开，离，离开3.become—became，成44.lie—lay躺，卧4.begin—began开始45.make—made制作，制造，整理5.buy—bought46.meet—met遇，看，引6.bring—brought拿来，来47.may—might能够，允7.beat—beat敲打，拌48.mean—meat意思是，决定做8.blow —blew吹，吹49.put— put放，布置9.break—broke打破，打坏，折断50.ride—rode乘，，坐10.build —built建筑，建筑51.rise—rose升起，出11.can—could能，会，允，能够52.read—read，朗e—came到，到来，来53.run—ran跑，奔跑13.catch—caught捕获，抓住54.ring—rang⋯打，画14.cut—cut切，割55.shall—should命令，允15.cost—cost花56.swim—swam游泳，游16.choose—chose57.sing—sang唱，唱歌17.do/does—did干，做58.sit—sat坐，就坐18.drink —drank喝59.send—sent送，寄，19.drive—drove，，赶60.spend—spent花（，）20.draw—drew画61.sweep—swept打，清理21.dig—dug挖，掘，刨62.smell—smelt，嗅22.eat—ate吃63.sleep— slept睡，睡23.fly —flew/flied放（筝）64.speak—spoke，，24.forget—forgot忘，忘65.sell—sold，销售25.fall —fell落下，掉下，摔倒66.see— saw看，看，望26.feel—felt触摸，感，得67.say—said，27.find —found找，，找到68.stand—stood站立，站起28.give— gave，予69.steal—stole，偷取29.go—went去，离开，走开70.think— thought思虑，考30.get—got开始，收到71.teach—taught教，教，教授31.grow—grew生，成72.take—took获得，拿走，抓住32.have/has— had有，获得，拿73.throw—threw扔，投，33.hurt—hurt使受，使痛疼74.write— wrote写，写，写字34.hit —hit打，撞，碰撞75.win —won，得35.hang—hung挂，吊76.wake—woke醒，使活36.hear—heard听，听，收到77.will —would将要，能够，会37.hold— held抓住，握住，拿住78.wear—wore衣着，佩带38.know —knew知道，认识39.lose—lost失，失40.lend— lent借，41.learn—learnt/learned学，得悉。

1.am/is –was be动词“是”2.are—were be动词“是”3.become—became 变为，变成4.begin—began 开始5.buy—bought买6.bring—brought 拿来，带来7.beat—beat 敲打，搅拌8.blow—blew 吹，吹动9.break—broke 打破，打碎，折断10.build—built 建筑，建造11.can—could 能，会，允许，可以e—came 到，到来，来临13.catch—caught 捕捉，抓住14.cut—cut 切，割15.cost—cost 花费16.choose—chose 选择17.do/does—did 干，做18.drink—drank 喝19.drive—drove 驾驶，驾驭，驱赶20.draw—drew 画21.dig—dug 挖，掘，刨22.eat—ate 吃23.fly—flew/flied 放（风筝）24.forget—forgot 忘记，遗忘25.fall—fell 落下，掉下，跌倒26.feel—felt 触摸，感觉，觉得27.find—found 寻找，发现，找到28.give—gave 给，给予29.go—went 去，离去，离开30.get—got 开始，收到31.grow—grew 生长，成长32.have/has—had 拥有，取得，拿33.hurt—hurt 使受伤，使痛疼34.hit—hit 打，撞击，碰撞35.hang—hung 悬挂，吊36.hear—heard 听，听见，收到37.hold—held 抓住，握住，拿住38.know—knew 知道，了解39.lose—lost 丢失，遗失40.lend—lent 借给，贷给41.learn—learnt/learned 学习，得知42.let—let 放开，允许43.leave—left 离开，离别，离去44.lie—lay 躺，卧45.make—made 制作，制造，整理46.meet—met 遇见，看见，引见47.may—might 可以，允许48.mean—meat 意思是，决定做49.put—put 放，安置50.ride—rode 乘，骑，坐51.rise—rose 升起，出现52.read—read 阅读，朗读53.run—ran 跑，奔跑54.ring—rang 给…打电话，画图55.shall—should 命令，允许56.swim—swam 游泳，游57.sing—sang 唱，唱歌58.sit—sat 坐，就坐59.send—sent 送，寄，递60.spend—spent 花费（钱，时间）61.sweep—swept 打扫，清理62.smell—smelt 闻，嗅63.sleep—slept 睡觉，睡64.speak—spoke 说，说话，讲话65.sell—sold 卖，出售66.see—saw 看，看见，望67.say—said 说，说话68.stand—stood 站立，站起69.steal—stole 偷，盗取70.think—thought 思考，考虑71.teach—taught 教，教导，教授72.take—took 得到，拿走，抓住73.throw—threw 扔，投，掷74.write—wrote 写，书写，写字75.win—won 获胜，赢得76.wake—woke 醒，使活跃77.will—would 将要，可以，会78.wear—wore 穿着，佩戴。

英语不规则动词过去式、过去分词表1）AAA 型（动词原形、过去式、过去分词同形）cost （花费）cost cost shut shut shut 关闭cut （割）cut cut hit （打）hit hi thurt 伤害）hurt hurtlet （让）let let put （放）put putread （读）read read（2） AAB 型（动词原形与过去式同形）beat （跳动）打打架beat beaten（3） ABA 型（动词原形与过去分词同形）become （变成）became becomecome （来）came come run （跑）ran run（4） ABB 型（过去式与过去分词同形）dig （挖）dug dug build uilt builtget （得到）got got/gotten 抓赶上catch caught caught hang （吊死）hanged hanged 处理deal dealt dealt hang （悬挂）hung hung 喂养feed fed fedhold （抓住）held held find found foundshine （照耀）shone shone sit （坐）sat satpay paid paid win （赢）won wonsend sent sent meet （遇见）met met shoot shot shot 射击keep （保持）kept kept tell told told sleep （睡）slept sleptwin won won sweep（扫）swept sweptfee（l 感觉）felt felt smel（l 闻）smelt/smelled smelt/ smelledleave （离开）left left build （建设）built builtlend（借出）lent lent send （传送）sentsentspend （花费）spent spent lose （丢失）lost lostburn （燃烧）burnt burnt learn （学习）learnt learnt mean （意思是）meant meant catch （抓住）caught caught1 / 22 / 2understand 明白 understood understoodhide 藏 hidhidde n hide and seekbegin （开始） bega n begu n take （取） took taken drink （喝） dra nk drunk mistake （弄错） mistook mistake nring （铃响）rang rungride （骑）rode riddensing （唱） sang sung do （做） did done swim （游泳） swam swum write （写） wrote writte n blow （吹） blew blow n go （去）went gone draw （画） drew draw nlie （平躺）lay lainlie （说谎）liedlied fly （飞）flew flownsee （看见） saw see n grow （生长） grew grow n wear （穿）wore wornknow （知道） knew known be （ am, is, are ）（是）was, were been throw（投掷） threw throw nshow （出示） showed show nbreak （打破） broke broke n choose （选择）chose chosen forget（忘记）forgot forgotte n （forgot ）bear（生育）bore born e/bor nspeak （说，讲） spoke spoken draw 绘画 drew drawn⑸ABC 型（动词原形、过去式与过去分词三者不同形） wake （ 醒） woke wokenfall （落下） fell falle n lie lied lied 撒谎 give （给） gavegive nlie lay lain 躺rise （升咼）rose rise nsee saw seenshake （摇动）shook shakensteal （偷）stolecan----couldmay---might will---wouldshall---shouldmust-——mustate eate n stoleneat lay laid laid 放置 teach （教） taught 1 taughtbring （带来） brought broughtfight （战斗）fought fought thi nk （想）thought thoughtsell （卖）sold soldthough 尽管 through 穿过say （说） said said have/has （有） had hadbuy （买）boughtboughthear （听见） heard heard tell （告诉） told told find （找到）fou nd found make （制造）made madestand （站） stood stooddream 梦 dreamt/ dreamed dreamt/ dreameddrive （驾驶） drove driven。