本科毕业设计 （ 论文） 开题报告 题目： 基于单片机的脉搏测量仪的设计课 题 类 型：设计丁实验研究□论文口学 生 姓 名： 学 号： 专 业 班 级： 学 院：信息工程学院 指 导教师：开 题 时 间 年月日 开题报告内容与要求一、毕业设计（论文）内容及研究意义（价值）随着科技发展的不断提高， 生命科学和信息科学的结合越来越紧密， 出现了各种新 颖的脉搏测量仪器，特别是电子脉搏仪的出现，使脉搏测量变得非常方便。
脉诊在我 国已具有2600 多年临床实践，是我国传统中医的精髓，但祖国传统医学采用“望、闻、问、切”的手段进行病情诊断，受人为的影响因素较大，测量精度不高。
科技的创新，脉搏测试不再局限于传统的人工测试法或听诊器测试法，脉搏测量可利用电子仪器测量出精度更就的数据。
人体脉搏信号中包含丰富的生理信息，也逐渐引起了临床医生的很大兴趣，达到了方便、快捷、准确的测量脉搏的目的。
随着电子测量技术的迅速发展，现代电子测量仪器以极快的速度向数字化、自动化的方向发展。
制成的脉搏测量仪器性能良好，结构简单，有较好的应用和推广价值。
脉搏测量仪的设计，必须是通过采集人体脉搏变化引起的一些生物信号，然后把生物信号转化为物理信号，使得这些变化的物理信号能够表达人体的脉搏变化，最后要得出每分钟的脉搏次数，就需要通过相应的硬件电路及芯片来处理物理变化并存储脉搏次数。
在硬件设计中一般的物理信号就是电压变化。
本系统的组成包括传感器、信号处理、单片机电路、显示电路、键盘输入等部分。
二、毕业设计（论文）研究现状和发展趋势（文献综述）随着科学技术的发展，脉搏测量技术也越来越先进，对脉搏的测量精度也越来越高，国内外先后研制了不同类型的脉搏测量仪，脉搏测试不再局限于传统的人工测试法或听诊器测试法，脉搏测量可利用电子仪器测量出精度更就的数据。
人体脉搏信号中包含丰富的生理信息，也逐渐引起了临床医生的很大兴趣，达到了方便、快捷、准确在测量脉搏的目的。
随着电子测量技术的迅速发展，现代电子测量仪器以极快的速度向数字化、自动化的方向发展。
制成的脉搏测量仪器性能良好，结构简单，有较好的应用和推广价值。
而其中关键是对脉搏传感器的研究。
起初用于体育测量的脉搏测试集中在对接触式传感器的研究，利用此类传感器所研制的指脉、耳脉等测量仪各有其优缺点。
指脉测量比较方便、简单，但因为手指上的汗腺较多，指夹常年使用，污染可能会使测量灵敏度下降：耳脉测量比较干净，传感器使用环境污染少，容易维护。
但因耳脉较弱，尤其是当季节变化时，所测信号受环境温度影响明显，造成测量结果不准确。
过去在医院临床监护和日常中老年保健中出现的日常监护仪器，如便携式电子血压计，可以完成脉搏的测量,但是这种便携式电子血压计利用微型气泵加压橡胶气囊，每次测量都需要一个加压和减压的过程，存在体积庞大、加减压过程会有不适、脉搏检测的精确度低等缺点。
脉搏测量仪的发展主要向以下几个趋势发展：（1）自动测量脉搏并且对所得到的脉搏进行自动分析。
目前很多脉搏测量仪都具有检测血氧等其他的功能，但是对这些信号的分析和诊断还需要一些有经验的医生观察，进行分析后才能确认结果，浪费大量的人力，且由人为引入的误差较大。
因此，未来脉搏自动检测的内容将更加详细，自动分析诊断功能也更强大。
（2）数字化技术等先进技术的应用。
随着数字科学技术的发展，脉搏测量仪集成度将更高，更便于携带。
数字信号处理的运用将使干扰更小，测量更为准确。
（3）多功能化越来越明显目前的脉搏测量仪，一般都具有测试血氧，心电图等等功能，单纯的脉搏测量仪已经很少见。
随着电子技术的发展，脉搏测量仪必然可以实现更多的功能。
人体脉搏测试仪是用来测量人体心脏跳动频率的电子仪器，也是心电图的主要组成部分。
心脏跳动频率通常用每分钟心脏跳动的次数来表示。
采用数显式脉搏计测量心脏跳动的频率不但精确，而且使用方便，显示结果醒目。
近年来国内外致力于开发无创非接触式的传感器，这类传感器的重要特征是测量的探测部分不侵入机体，不造成机体创伤，能够自动消除仪表自身系统的误差，测量精度高，通常在体外，尤其是在体表间接测量人体的生理和生化参数。
通过查阅资料发现主要的脉率采集有三种方法：采用一对红色发光二极管实现、采用反射式的红外管实现和采用压电陶瓷芯片实现。
方法一：检测的基本原理：随着心脏的搏动，人体组织半透明度随之改变。
当血液送到人体组织时，组织的半透明度减小；当血液流回心脏，组织的半透明度增大。
这种现象在人体组织较薄的手指尖、耳垂等部位最为明显。
因此，本脉率计将红外发光二极管产生的红外线照射到人体的上述部位，并用装在该部位另一侧或旁边的红外光电管来检测机体组织的透明程度并把它转换成电信号。
由于此信号的频率与人体每分钟的脉搏次数成正比，故只要把它转换成脉冲并进行整形、计数和显示，就能实现实时检测脉搏次数的目的。
方法二：采用反射式的红外管。
现在市场上的脉率计普遍采用这种传感器来采集信号，因为此红外管接收和发的，对红外的知识了解相对匮乏，得到需要的信号也不太容易。
方法三：采用压电陶瓷片通过脉搏的跳动采集信号。
随着心脏的搏动，人体手腕的脉搏和颈部的搏动较为明显，采用压电传感器放于上述部位，把压电传感器测得的信号转换成脉冲并进行整形、计数和显示，就能实现实时检测脉搏次数的目的。
当脉搏跳动时，压电陶瓷片便会产生相应的信号，虽然这是一种很陈旧的方法，但是却很实用，测试的时候能够明显的观测到信号的变化。
射都在手指的同一侧，所以就不用考虑每个人手指情况不同所造成的麻烦了。
但是同样人体心室周期性的收缩和舒张导致主动脉的收缩和舒张，是血流压力以波的形式从主动脉根部开始沿着整个动脉系统传播，这种波成为脉搏波。
从脉搏波中提取人体的心理病理信息作为临床诊断和治疗的依据，历来都受到中外医学界的重视。
脉搏波所呈现出的形态（波形）、强度（波幅）、速率（波速）和节律（周期）等方面的综合信息，在很大程度上反映出人体心血管系统中许多生理病理的血流特征，因此对脉搏波采集和处理具有很高的医学价值和应用前景。
但人体的生物信号多属于强噪声背景下的低频的弱信号，脉搏波信号更是低频微弱的非电生理信号，因此必需经过放大和后级滤波以满足采集的要求。
三、毕业设计（论文）研究方案及工作计划（含工作重点与难点及拟采用的途径）本设计采用单片机AT89C51为控制核心，实现脉搏测量仪的基本测量功能。
系统硬件框图如下图1所示：图1脉搏测量仪硬件框图本设计的难点在软件编码与调试这一部分，软件这部分用C语言编写，C语言编写比较简单，而且看起来脉络清晰，明白，易懂。
并且调试、修改起来也比较方便。
编写时各个模块可以独立编写，各个模块用一个函数表示，需要时只需调用即可，最后再将各个模块联系起来。
当然，各个模块程序的编写还是相当不容易的，需要多查阅资料与学习。
重点在硬件设计，硬件设计主要就是各个模块的设计，其关键在于仪器选型和电路设计，如：显示电路用LED显示，键盘主要用于设定脉搏波速上下限，不在此范围，则就报警。
这部分也需多查阅资料，多多请教别人，多思考。
工作计划四、主要参考文献（不少于10篇，期刊类文献不少于7篇，应有一定数量的外文文献，至少附一篇引用的外文文献（3个页面以上）及其译文）[1]程光，赵崇侃•指动脉搏波光电传感器的研制[J] •南京医学院学报，1991年第11 卷第 4 期，329—330.[2]朱国富，廖明涛，王博亮.袖珍式脉搏波测量仪[J].电子技术应用，1998,第1期，1 —3.[3]韩文波，曹维国，张精慧．光电式脉搏波监测系统[J] ．长春光学精密机械学院学报，1999，第22卷第4期，2．[4]欧阳俊，谢定等．基于BL-410 的指端脉搏波采集系统应用研究[J] ．实用预防医学，2004，第11卷第2期，2—4．[5]刘云丽，徐可欣等．微功耗光电式脉搏测量仪[J] ．电子测量技术，2005，第 2 期，2—5．[6]刘文，杨欣，张铠麟•基于AT89C205仲片机的指脉检测系统的研究[J].医疗装备，2005，第9 期，2—14．[7]程咏梅，夏雅琴，尚岚．人体脉搏波信号检测系统[J] ．北京生物医学工程，2006，第25 卷第5 期，1—3．[8 ]李海滨. 单片机技术课程设计与项目实例[M]. 北京：中国电力出版社，2009[9]J McLaughlin, M McNeill, B Braun and P D McCormack. Piezoelectric sensor determination of arterial pulse wave velocity [M]. UK ：INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS PUBLISHING ，2003, 6-4.[10]J.C.Candy and G.C.Temes ．Oversampling Methods for Data Conversion[M]．IEEE Pacific Rim conferenceon Communications，Computers and Signal Processin，g May 1991，9-10[11]John D．Ryder Electronic Fundamentals and Applications[M．] 1983，1-24．外文文献：Piezoelectric sensor determination of arterial pulse wave velocityArterial pulse wave velocity (APWV) is a measure of the elasticity (or stiffness) of peripheral arterial blood vessels. The pulse referred to here will be the pressure pulse as opposed to the flow pulse measured by ultrasound Doppler.The pressure pulse velocity varies over the range from about 12 m s-1 to15 m s-1 in stiff peripheral arteries, whereas in normal arteries it has a velocity in the range of 7 to 9 m s-1.The aim of this project was the development of a fast and easy to use system for the determination of peripheral arterial pulse wave velocity. The principle of the PWV measurementis based on simultaneous measurement of two pulse waves at two different positions, such as the radial artery at the wrist and the brachial artery just above the elbow. By determining the pulse transit time between these points and the distance measured between the twolocations,pulse wave velocity may then be calculated. The pressure pulse detection is done byusing two piezoelectric sensorswhich generate a measurable voltage at the output contacts if they are mechanically deformed. The deformation produced voltage is first amplified and filtered and then digitalized with a data acquisition card. The analysis of the data obtained from the sensorsincludes a filtering process, the calculation of the PWV with three different method—s foot-to-foot, cross-correlation and peak-to-pea—k and the determination of the arterial pulse rate.The sensor technique used in this work involves the piezoelectric effect in polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF), which produces an output voltage in response to mechanical pressure on the material.Three methods of APWV determination are used: foot-to-foot APWV; peak-to-peak APWV and cross-correlation APWV. The FFAPWV and CCAPWV methods are less sensitive to pressure wave reflections at bifurcations, etc in the arterial tree, than the PPAPWV method. Mean values and standard deviations were computed for all three methods and compared.‘ Foo-tto-foot ' APWV (FFAPWV). This is based on the velocity of the ‘ foot ' , oleading edge, of the pressure pulse wave. The arrival times of the foot of the pulse wave at two positions along the artery are recorded. IfA t is the difference in arrival times and A s the distance between the two recording positions (proximal and distal), the FFAPWV is simplyFFAPWV = A s/A t.‘Pea-kto-peak' APWV (PPAPWV). This is completely analogous to the FFAPWV except that the points of observation are the two (proximal and distal) peaks of the pulse wave andPPAPWV = A s/A t.Apparent pulse wave velocity (AAPWV). The pressure wave may be represented as aFourier series,P(t) = P0 +Pn sin(n® t + 0 n)Where P0 is the mean fluid pressure, n is the harmonic number, Pn is the amplitude of the nth harmonic and 0 n is the phase angle of the nth harmonic.The spatial rate of change of the phase for one harmonic based on two simultaneous pressure measurements separated by a distance _s along an artery, is related to the apparentarterial pulse wave velocity (AAPWV) by the following equation,AAPWVn = ( △ s)n(f )(360°)/( 0 x1- 0 x2)Where AAPWVn is the apparent pulse wave velocity for the nth harmonic, f is the heart rate,0 x1 is the phase angle for the proximal harmonic n and0 x2 is the phase angle for the distal harmonic n.Cross-correlation PWV. If the arterial pulse at the proximal measurement position is represented by the pressure time series P(x1, t) and that at the distal position by P(x2, t) and the cross-correlation coefficient is^x1,x2( T ), then ① will have a maximum value at some time lag.The correlation function can be expressed as① X1,X2(T ) = (1/T ) P(x1, t)P(x2, t) dt.The value of t at which maximum correlation occurs represents the transit time (_t) of the pressure wave from position x1 to position x2 along the arterial segment. From the separation distance and transit time data the correlation arterial pulse wave velocity isCCAPWV = (x2 - x1)/ △ t.In this work normal, young test subjects were used, and it has the primary objectives of optimizing the measurement procedures and establishing the statistical spread and mean values of the observed PWVs for a specific peripheral arterial segment. Based on this, it is planned to use the system in clinical trials involving patients withperipheral arterial disease(due to diabetes, hypertension, etc), pre-, during and post treatment (pharmaceutical or surgical).Analogue and digital circuitryAnalogue charge amplifier. Piezoelectricmaterials convert mechanical stress or strain into proportionate electrical energy, by producing a charge when subjected to mechanical stress. The charge is converted to a voltage by an operational amplifier connected as a current integrator, called a charge amplifier. The signal output of the amplifier is approximately -30 mV. It is augmented by signal amplification.Analogue signal amplification . This is done by use of an inverting amplifier. Because a dc signal appears at the output of the charge amplifier, dc offset removal is essential and isimplemented in the inverting summingThe next phase of the analogue circuitry is a low pass filter to remove the 50 Hz noise interference.Digital controlled data acquisition and analysis. A data acquisition board (DAQ) isrequired when the transducer signals need interfacing with a PC. The board contains 12 bit plus sign and a successive approximation and self-calibrating analogue-to-digital (ADC) converter. The ADC incurs a systematic error known as the quantization error. It is due to limited resolution and withthe analogue input limit set at -5 to +5 V, the quantization error of the A/D converter used here was calculated to be 0.122 m. VThe data acquisition and analysis was done using Lab Vie—wa powerful instrumentation and analysis programming language for PCs.Digital data acquisition program. The data acquisition circuit performs all the necessary operations for the data acquisition with Lab View. The functions of the circuit initialize the data acquisition and read the data from the acquisition card. These data are stored for later use in the data analysis part of the program.Lab View programs are called virtual instruments (VIs) because of their appearance and operations are analogous to measuring instruments. A VI that is called within another VI is called a sub-VI and is analogous to a subroutine in text-based languages.The data acquisition, analysis and presentation are comprised of three main procedures:(1)Data acquisition card to interface the hardware to the PC.(2)Data acquisition program to acquire and store data in a spreadsheet file.(3)Data analysis to carry out digital signal processing, calculate PWV and present results. PWV Calculation1.PWV calculation using peak detection. To calculate PWV using peaks, the location of the peaks must first be determined, so that the transit time of the wave between the peaks can be determined. It was found that the best method of peak detection is the derivative of the curve method. If the first derivative of a curve is zero, then an extreme value can exis—t either a peak or a turning point. It is necessary to take the second derivative at this po—initf thisis also zero, then an extreme value exists. The second VI used to determine the PWV is PWVcalc,using the time separation between the located peaks.2.PWV with pressure wave foot detection. The VI named PWV Foot determines the leading edge (foot) of the pressure wave at the upstream and downstream locations. The VI named PWVcalc is again used to compute the PWV from the time separation between the two leading edges ( ‘-tof-ofoot t ' APWV or FFAPWV).3.PWV with cross-correlation. The PWV determination with cross-correlation is done with the VI named CalcPWV. The VI is in two parts: a part for the initialization function and a part for the calculation of the CCAPWV.In all cases PWV values are assembled in an array and the mean value, standard deviation and variance are calculated.Sensor positioningSensor placement is critical to obtaining consistent measurements. A screw mechanism was first used to apply the sensors to the skin. But readings were very variable and so this technique was replaced by that in which the sensors are fixed to the skin by elastic strips.This led to better results.Arm position is another critical feature of measurement. Two positions, normal and dependent, were analyzed in detail, using one test subject. In the normal position, the subject sits with the arm resting on a table. All test subject measurements were made in this position. In the dependent position, the subject sits with the arm hanging straight down.The PWV values were smaller in this position and the variability was much greater, so this technique was discarded.A correction module, ‘ Delete Incorrect ' , was used to delete PWV values resulting from aberrant signals, caused commonly by arm movement during the measurement. These unrealistic values were deleted before the PWV values were passed to the analysis VI.中文翻译压电传感器测定动脉脉搏波速度动脉脉搏波速度(APWV是一个测量的弹性(或刚度)的外周动脉血管。
