中国石油考试中心老托福试题及答案

中国石油托福考试试题一、听力部分1. 问题：What is the main topic of the lecture?答案：The lecture is mainly about the exploration and extraction techniques of shale gas.2. 问题：Why does the professor mention the term "fracking"?答案：To illustrate the process used to extract oil and gas from rock formations.二、阅读部分3. 问题：According to the passage, what is one advantage of offshore drilling?答案：It can access large deposits of oil that are not accessible from land.4. 问题：What is the author's attitude towards renewable energy sources?答案：The author is supportive and believes they are a key to a sustainable future.三、语法部分5. 问题：Choose the correct verb form to complete the sentence: "By the year 2030, scientists predict that solar power will have _______ oil as the primary energy source."答案：replaced6. 问题：Identify the error in the following sentence: "Petroleum isa natural resource that is used for fuels, lubricants, and for making plastics."答案：No error (the sentence is correct).四、口语部分7. 问题：Talk about a technology that has had a significant impact on the oil industry. Include reasons and examples to support your response.答案：Hydraulic fracturing, or fracking, has revolutionized the oil industry by allowing access to previously unavailable oil and gas deposits. This technology has increased production and contributed to energy independence in many countries.五、写作部分8. 问题：Write a paragraph about the environmental impacts of oil drilling.答案：Oil drilling has significant environmental impacts, including habitat destruction, water pollution, and contribution to climate change. To mitigate these effects, strict regulations and advanced technologies are necessary.9. 问题：Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? "The world should completely stop using fossil fuels in the near future." Use specific reasons and examples to support your answer.答案：(This requires a personal opinion, but here's a sample response for the agree perspective:) I agree that the world should transition away from fossil fuels. Renewable energy sources like solar and wind are becoming more efficient and affordable, and they do not have the negative environmental impacts of fossil fuels.10. 问题：Summarize the main points of the lecture on the history of the oil industry.答案：The lecture traced the history of the oil industry from its inception in the 19th century to the modern era. Key points included the discovery of major oil fields, the development of new extraction technologies, and the impact of oil on global politics and the environment.。

中石油托福考试听力partB真题中石油托福考试听力题型均为传统老托福样式，听力前20道题目均为短对话形式。

第二部分是15道短对话，男女3句对话方式。

第三部分是3长对话和1篇lecture，也是15道。

下面就是我给大家带来的托福考试听力真题，希望能关怀到大家!听力part B原题31.(A) There aren’t enough cabinets.(B) There is too much noise.(C) Office supplies are taking up space.(D) Some teaching assistants don’t have desks.32.(A) To chat with Jack socially.(B) To get help in the course.(C) To hand in their assignments.(D) To practice giving interviews.33.(A) Give Jack a different office.(B) Complain to the department head.(C) Move the supplies to the storage room.(D) Try to get a room to use for meetings. 34.(A) They’d have to get permission.(B) Jack wouldn’t like it.(C) She thinks it might work.(D) The other assistants should be consulted.35.(A) Mating habits of squid and octopus.(B) The evolution of certain forms of sea life.(C) The study of marine shells.(D) Survival skills of sea creatures.36.(A) He didn’t understand the lecture.(B) He wants to borrow her notes next week.(C) He needs help with a makeup exam.(D) He was sick and unable to attend.37.(A) Some sea creatures developed vertebrae.(B) The first giant squid was captured.(C) Some sea creatures shed their shells.(D) Sea life become more intelligent.38.(A) She has always believed they exist.(B) She heard about them in New Zealand.(C) Stories about them may be based on giant squid.(D) The instructor mentioned them in the lecture.参考答案：B B DC BD C C听力原文：Questions 31-34A: Stan, do you have a minute?B: Oh, hi, Cathy, sure. What’s up?A: Well, I’ve been meaning to talk to you about the situation in the office.B: I’m not in there very often. It’s so noisy that I can’t work.A: That’s exactly what I’m getting at. We’re supposed to be able to do our preparationand marking in that office. But have you notice? Jack constantly has students comingin to get help with his course. A lot of people are going in and out.B: Has anybody spoken to him about it?A: No, not yet. But someone’s going to have to.B: We can’t really ask him to stop having students come in for help, can we?A: No, of course not. But I’m not able to do my work and neither are you. I imagine it’s the same for the others in the office.B: Hum… could we ask for a kind of meeting room? When TAs have to talk with thestudents, they could go to the meeting room and not use the office. You know, there’s a room down the hall, a rather small room that we could ask to use. It’s only for storing supplies.A: You mean that little storage room? Oh, that would be too small.B: Are you sure? With the cabinets taken out, it might be bigger than it looks.A: Come to think of it, you maybe on to something. I’d like to have a look at that room.B: Can we go there now?A: Sure, let’s go.31. What problem at the office are Cathy and Stan discussing?32. Why do Jack’s students come to see him?33. What does Stan suggest they do?34. What does Cathy say about Stan’s suggestion?Questions 35-38A: I really appreciate you’re filling me in on yesterday’s lecture.B: No problem. I thought you might want to go over it together. And anyway, it helpsme review. Hope you’re feeling better now.A: I am, thanks. So you said she talked about squid? Sounds a little strange.B: Well, actually, it was about the evolution of sea life, a continuation from last week.A: The octopus and the squid descended from earlier creatures with shells. They survivedby shattering(打碎)their shells, somewhere between 200 and 500 million years ago.B: That’s a pretty long span of time.A: I know. That’s what she said though. To be precise, exactly when theyemerged isuncertain and why is still unexplained.中石油托福考试听力partB真题B: Some squid are really huge. Can you imagine something that big if it still hadashell?A: Actually, it’s because they lost their shells that they could evolve to a biggersize.B: Make sense. But some are really huge. I’ve read about fishermen that caughtsquid that weight over a ton. Did she talk about how that happens?A: Not really, but she did mention some unusual cases. In 1933 in New Zealand,theycaught a squid… let’s see here… it was 22 yards long. Its eyes were 18 inchesacross.B: Can you imagine?A: Reminds me about all those stories of sea monsters.B: Doctor Simpson thinks there are probably even larger ones that haven’t beenfound,because squid are intelligent and fast—so they can easily get away fromhumans.A: Maybe some of those monster stories are true.35. What topic are the man and woman discussing?36. Why does the man need to talk to the woman about the class?37. According to the woman, what happened 200 to 500 million years ago?38. What does the woman imply about sea monsters?。

20**年1月TOEFL试题Section One: Listening Comprehension1. (A) She'll type the man's paper for him.(B) The computer won't be available immediately.(C) The man should be more patient.(D) She doesn't want the man to use her computer.2. (A) Read the woman's letter.(B) Visit Jeff in Alaska.(C) Write to Jeff.(D) Mail a letter for the woman.3. (A) He went to the library twice to look for the book.(B) He already returned the book to a library out of town.(C) He called the library to say the book would be overdue.(D) He couldn't return the library book because he was away.4. (A) Where the midterm exam was held.(B) Where she can see the results of the midterm exam.(C) Where she can buy a copy of the chemistry textbook,(D) Where the chemistry study group meets.5. (A) He'll ask the driver for help with the luggage.(B) He doesn't mind driving by himself.(C) He doesn't have much luggage.(D) He'd like the woman to drive him.6. (A) The suit is out of style.(B) The suit is more appropriate for the occasion.(C) The woman looks better in blue than in black.(D) The suit doesn't fit the woman well.7. (A) Writing her thesis was easier than she thought it would be.(B) She intends to work on her thesis during her vacation. (C) She intentionally chose an easy topic to write about.(D) She plans to spend some time relaxing.8. (A) He hasn't had a chance to meet Kathy yet(B) Kathy had already told him the news(C) He didn't know that Kathy was being moved.(D) His new office will be located in New York.9. (A) She'd like the man to visit her.(B) She can help the man clean up.(C) She left her room on time this morning.(D) She hasn't cleaned her room either.10. (A) He doesn't know what's wrong with the computer,(B) The woman misunderstood what he said.(C) The problem is different from what he thought it was(D) The computer cannot be repaired11. (A) She didn't see it(B) It had nothing to do with politics.(C) Some people wouldn't find it interesting.(D) The man ought to watch it again12. (A) He doesn't feel well enough to exercise(B) He prefers to exercise in the morning.(C) He accepts the woman's invitation.(D) He doesn't like to exercise in cold weather.13. (A) Change the topic of her research project.(B) Sign up for a different political science course.(C) Ask Mary to help her choose a topic.(D) Take a class together with Mary.14. (A) Send the man to a store that sells cassettes.(B) Borrow a blank cassette from her friends.(C) Sell the man one of her cassettes(D) Purchase some extra cassettes15. (A) The books were sent out late.(B) The books were sent to the wrong place.(C) He didn't mind helping the woman move.(D) He doesn't know the woman's new address.16. (A) Let him borrow her heavy jacket.(B) Stay in her car if the weather is too cold.(c) Leave campus in a couple of hours.(D) Be prepared for the possibility of cooler weather.17. (A) The man was absent when she gave them to the class.(B) She'll give some of them to the class on Wednesday.(C) She has no more of them to give to the man.(D) The man must do many more of them to pass the test.18 (A) She has never had a class with Professor Smith.(B) She's surprised the man is taking a history class.(C) The assignment must be finished by 3 o'clock. (O) Professor Smith's classes are very demanding.19. (A) She'll return the questionnaire soon.(B) The first question is optional.(C) The man doesn't need to answer all the questions.(D) The man doesn't need to submit a questionnaire.20. (A) She doesn't like the painting.(B) She hasn't seen the man's office.(C) She'll hang the painting on the wall.(D) She doesn't know where to put the painting.21. (A) He doesn't like to cook spaghetti sauce.(B) He isn't careful when he's preparing food.(C) He makes very good desserts.(D) He cooks for the Spanish club quite often.22. (A) She doesn't plan to continue studying next year.(B) She recently visited a different university.(C) She already told the man about her plans. (D) She isn't planning to transfer to a different university.23. (A) Start cleaning sooner.(B) Hire a cleaning service.(C) Wait a while before giving another party.(D) Have his party at a different24. (A) She prefers to remain indoors.(B) She has the same allergies that the man has.(C) She doesn't think the man is sincere.(D) She doesn't understand what the man said.25. (A) He has invited many people to(B) He intentionally cooked a lot of soup.(C) He doesn't like leftovers either.(D) He used leftovers in the soup.26. (A) She can't help the man make his decision(B) A bicycle isn't a safe method of transportation.(C) The man doesn't need a new bicycle,(D) She doesn't know how to fix a bicycle,27. (A) Ed is happy with his job.(B) Ed isn't as good a worker as the boss thinks.(C) The boss plans to give Ed a raise in salary.(D) The boss hasn't treated28. (A) She left work after the man.(B) She was unable to follow the man's directions.(C) It only rained in a small area.(D) She doesn't mind driving in29. (A) It isn't necessary to attend the lecture.(B) There isn't enough time to eat dessert(C) Eating in the lecture hall is prohibited.(D) The lecture probably won't start on time.30. (A) She doesn't think that Oakville is very far.(B) She thinks the man misunderstood what he(C) She didn't know that Matthew planned to move to Oakville.(D) She wants to buy a car from Matthew.31. (A) They've lost their suitcases.(B) They can't find their dormitory.(C) Their dorm rooms have been given to other students.(D) They've missed the bus to their dormitory.32. (A) It has no bus service(B) It is small(C) It is located outside of town.(D) It is very hilly.33. (A) It's far from the academic buildings.(B) No buses go to it.(C) There are few first-year students living there.(D) It's older than the other dormitories.34. (A) They bring too many things with them.(B) They waste their time.(C) They don't familiarize themselves with the campus(D) They don't make realistic career plans.35 (A) Judging people's behavior.(B) Common causes of anger.(C) Changing people's attitudes.(D) The effects of negative behavior.36. (A) When they're unable to control the person's behavior.(B) When the causes of the behavior are obvious.(C) When the consequences of the behavior are unpleasant.(D) When the behavior is expected.37. (A) It's not always clear why people behave in certain ways.(B) People usually blame others for their mistakes.(C) Certain conditions cause drivers to behave strangely.(D) The reason for some behavior is obvious.38. (A) They usually accept responsibility.(B) They blame factors beyond their control(C) They complain about their personal problems.(D) They compare their behavior to the behavior of others. 39. (A) Settlement patterns in desert.(B) Causes of desertification.(C) Plant adaptation to desert conditions.(D) Regions most affected by desertification.40. (A) It receives more nutrients than it can absorb.(B) It becomes oversaturated with water.(C) It loses the ability to support insect life.(D) It loses nutrients that aren't replaced.41. (A) Too many animals eating the plants in one small area.(B) Planting too much vegetation in one small area.(C) Too many people building houses in one small area.(D) Bringing together the wrong kinds of animals and plants.42. (A) The animals overfertilize the soil.(B) Dead plant roots can't hold the soil together.(C) The wrong types of plants are left standing.(D) There is a buildup of plant and animal matter.43. (A) It can cause flooding in an(B) It can carry diseases that affect animals.(C) It can introduce too much salt into the soil.(D) It can divert water from important crops.44. (A) A possible explanation for why green turtles nest in certain locations.(B) Physical differences among various groups of green turtles.(C) Several examples of mating behavior in green turtles.(D) The impact of continental drift on the diet of green turtles.45. (A) Teach their young how to swim.(B) Mate and lay eggs.(C) Hide from predators.(D) Eat different kinds of fish.46. (A) Its geography is similar to Brazil's.(B) Their instinct leads them to the place they werehatched.(c) There are other species of turtles located there.(D) Its climate is milder than Brazil's.47. (A) To discover how long their ancestors lived.(B) To analyze how their appearance has evolved.(C) To find out how a disease has spread(D) To determine how closely groups of turtles are related.48. (A) To demonstrate George Washington's survival skills.(B) To show that some stories about famous people may be historically inaccurate.(C) To describe a historical event that was portrayed in a painting. (D) To tell a story that George Washington told about himself.49. (A) She led her tribe to victory against the colonists(B) She was considered to be extremely beautiful.(C) She created popular American Indian art.(D) She helped establish peace between her tribe and the colonists50. (A) They have only recently been discovered.(B) They were painted by the colonists who knew her.(C) Most of them portray her as a child.(D) They might not reflect her true appearance.Section Two: Structure and Written Expression1. .........crumbles readily when exposed to a moist, acid atmosphere, but the stone is durable in adry atmosphere.(A) The surface of marble is(B) The surface of marble, which(C) Although the surface of marble(D) The surface of marble2. By using their trunks, elephants can tell the shape of an object and ........ is rough or smooth, orhot or cold.(A) it(B) whether it(C) how(D) since it3. In 1989 Carret Hongo was chosen as ........ for the Pulitzer Prize in poetry.(A) his being one of the finalists(B) to be one of the finalists(C) one of the finalists(D) the one finalist who4. The Moon is much closer to Earth ...... is the Sun, and thus it had greater influence on the tides.(A) unlike(B) than(C) but(D) where5. The brain of an average adult is one of the largest organs of the body, ........about three pounds.(A) weighs(B) is weighed(C) weighing(D) to weigh it6. Throughout history ........different representations for numbers and for the basic process ofcounting.(A) have been many(B) there have been many(C) many(D) when many7. Democratic governments constantly face the problem of balancing …..... the i ndividual with theneeds of society.(A) the rights of(B) to the rights for(C) for the rights to(D) with the rights by8. Connecticut was the fifth of the original thirteen states …..... the Constitution of the UnitedStates.(A) ratified(B) ratify(C) to ratify(D) have ratified9. The chemical composition of sandstone is the same as ….....(A) that of sand(B) that sand is(C) sand is that(D) what of sand10. Hydrofoils can exceed 75 miles per hour, as compared with conventional watercraft, whosemaximum speeds .......... approach 50 miles per hour.(A) are rarely(B) rarely(C) of rarely(D) they rarely11. It was novelist and poet ….... in 1968 founded JacksonStateUniversity's Institute for theStudy of the History, Life, and Culture of Black People.(A) Margaret Walker did(B) Margaret Walker(C) Margaret Walker who (D) Margaret Walker and12. Before the Europeans arrived, American Indians were using virgin copper …... into ornaments,knives, and other artifacts.(A) Which was hammering(B) which hammered(C) was hammered(D) hammered13. In western North America, …...... form the Great Divide, which separates the areas fromwhich waters flow either eastward to the Atlantic or westward to the Pacific.(A) the Rocky Mountains(B) where the Rocky Mountains(C) the Rocky Mountains in which(D) there are the Rocky Mountains14. Some ecologists believe ….... more than 50 percent of existing species will be lost in thenext100 years.(A) because(B) that(C) while there is(D) that there are15. Almost ….... substances expand in volume when heated and contract when cooled.(A) all(B) they all(C) all of(D) all are16. A children's librarian often conducts story hours and other activities to help childrenA Benjoy herself while developing an interest in reading and the library's resources.C D17. Titanium has the strength of steel but weighs half only as much, hence its advantageA B Cfor use in aircraft.D18. Protective behaviors of amphibians include hiding in the presence of danger andA Bhaving coloration such closely matching the environment that the animal is notC Dobvious.19. As the highest-paid star of the silent screen, earning a reputedly income of $20, 000AB Ca week, Gloria Swanson epitomized the glamour of Hollywood in the 1920's.D20. Candles may be made by repeatedly dipping wicks in tallow, by molding, nor byA Bpouring melted wax over the wicks and rolling them into shape.C D21. While models of automobiles date back as far as the late 1600's, the 1880'sA Bseen the first commercial interest in the vehicle.C D22. The conceptual of musical harmony is generally traced to the ninth century becauseA B Cit is first mentioned in treatises of that period.D23. Palcontologists have examined fossil embryos and hatchlings from three type ofA B Cduck-billed dinosaurs to figure out how they matured.D24. Lightning tends to strike the nearest good conductor, and hence often strikesA Bin same place more than once.C D25. When study different cultures and societies, anthropologists often focus on marriageA Bas a contractual agreement between different parties.C D26. The first piloted balloon flight across the Atlantic Oceantook place at 1978.A B CD27. The Arts and Crafts Movement of the late nineteenth century strove to revitalizingA handicrafts and applied arts during an era of increasing mass production.B C D28. When cannedusing proper methods, food suffers no loss in vitamins or anotherA B C Dnutritive elements.29. Heat exhaustion is causing by excessive loss of body fluids and body salts.A B C D30. Primitive humans probably did not deliberately cook food until long after they hadA Blearned to use fire for light and warm.C D31. The poor condition of prisoners are what concerned Dorothea Dix, an AmericanA B Csocial worker and director of a school in Boston.D32. Found in the shells of lobsters, shrimp, and crabs, glucosamine is also presentA B Cin human cartilage, which covering the bones in joints.D33. Between 1871 until 1891, the population of Torontomore than tripled, increasingA B Cfrom 56,000 to 181,000.D34. In the nineteenth century, Montreal grew into an important transportation andA Bindustrial center, aided by its many natural resources and an abundant ofC Dhydroelectric power.35. In the initial planning for theaters, auditoriums, but any room intended primarilyA B Cfor listening, acoustics is a major consideration.D36. The pulse that may be felt wherever an artery passes over a solid structure, such asA B Ca bone or cartilage.D37. Through his essays, poems, and lectures, Ralph Waldo EmersonAestablished himself as a major thinker of his time and as a figure leadingB C Dof American literature.38. The "method", which is both a style of acting a system of training for the actor,A Bstresses inner motivation and psychological truth.C D39. On September 6, 1996, civil rights activist Rosa Parks was awarded the PresidentialA BMedal of Freedom, the highest honor the United States government gives to civilian.C D40. Basalt, which composes most of the ocean floor, is a dark-grey rock rich in ironA B C Dand magnesium than most surface rocks.Section Three: Reading ComprehensionQuestions 1-10By far the most important United States export product in the eighteenth andnineteenth centuries was cotton, favored by the European textile industry over flax orwool because it was easy to process and soft to tile touch. Mechanization of spinningLine and weaving allowed significant centralization and expansion in the textile industry during (5) this period, and at the same time the demand for cotton increased dramatically. Americanproducers were able to meet this demand largely because of tile invention of the cotton ginby Eli Whitney in 1793. Cotton could be grown throughout the South, but separating thefiber---or lint--from the seed was a laborious process. Sea island cotton was relativelyeasy to process by hand, because its fibers were long and seeds were concentrated at the (10) base of the flower, but it demanded a long growing season, available only along thenation's eastern seacoast. Short-staple cotton required a much shorter growing season,but the shortness of the fibers and their mixture with seeds meant that a worker couldhand-process only about one pound per day. Whitney's gin was a hand-powered machinewith revolving drums and metal teeth to pull cotton fibers away from seeds. Using the gin, (15) a worker could produce up to '50 pounds of lint a day. The later development of largergins, powered by horses, water, or steam, multiplied productivity further.The interaction of improved processing and high demand led to the rapid spread ofthe cultivation of cotton and to a surge in production. It became the main Americanexport, dwarfing all others. In 1802, cotton composed 14 percent of total American(20))exports by value. Cotton had a 36 percent share by 1810 and over a 50 percent sharein 1830. In 1860, 61 percent of the value of American exports was represented by cotton.In contrast, wheat and wheat flour composed only 6 percent of the value of Americanexports in that year. Clearly, cotton was king in the trade of the young republic. Thegrowing market for cotton and other American agricultural products led to an(25) unprecedented expansion of agricultural settlement, mostly in the eastern half of theUnited States---west of the Appalachian Mountains and east of the Mississippi River.1. The main point of the passage is that the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries were a time when(A) the European textile industry increased its demand for American export products(B) mechanization of spinning and weaving dramatically changed the textile industry (C) cotton became a profitable crop but was still time-consuming to process(D) cotton became the most important American export product2. The word "favored" in line 2 is closest in meaning to(A) preferred(B) recommended(C) imported (D) included3. All of the following are mentioned in the passage as reasons for the increased demand forcotton EXCEPT(A) cotton's softness(B) cotton's ease of processing(C) a shortage of flax and wool(D) the growth that occurred in the textile industry.4. The word "laborious" in line 8 is closest in meaning to(A) unfamiliar(B) primitive(C) skilled(D) difficult5. According to the passage, one advantage of sea island cotton was its(A) abundance of seeds(B) long fibers(C) long growing season(D) adaptability to different climates6. Which of the following can be inferred from the passage about cotton production in the United States after the introduction of Whitney's cotton gin?(A) More cotton came from sea island cotton plants than before.(B) More cotton came from short-staple cotton plants than before.(C) Most cotton produced was sold domestically.(D) Most cotton produced was exported to England.7. The word "surge" in line 18 is closest in meaning to(A) sharp increase(B) sudden stop(C) important change(D) excess amount8. The author mentions "wheat and wheat flour" in line 22 in order to (A) show that Americans exported more agricultural products than they imported.(B) show the increase in the amount of wheat products exported.(C) demonstrate the importance of cotton among American export products.(D) demonstrate that wheat farming was becoming more profitable.9. The word "unprecedented" in line 25 is closest in meaning to(A) slow(B) profitable(C) not seen before(D) never explained10. According to the passage, the Mississippi River was(A) one of the boundaries of a region where new agricultural settlement took place(B) a major source of water for agricultural crops(C) the primary route by which agricultural crops were transported(D) a main source of power for most agricultural machineryQuestions 11-19The origins of nest-building remain obscure, but current observation of nest-buildingactivities provide evidence of their evolution. Clues to this evolutionary process can befound in the activities of play and in the behavior and movements of birds during mating, Line such as incessant pulling at strips of vegetation or scraping of the soil. During the early (5)days of the reproductive cycle, the birds seem only to play with the building materials. Inpreparation for mating, they engage in activities that resemble nest-building, and continue these activities throughout and even after the mating cycle. Effective attempts at construction occur only after mating.Although nest-building is an instinctive ability, there is considerable adaptability in(10) both site selection and use of materials, especially with those species which build quiteelaborate constructions. Furthermore, some element of learning is often evident sinceyounger birds do not build as well as their practiced elders. Young ravens, for example,first attempt to build with sticks of quite unsuitable size, while a jackdaw's first nestincludes virtually any movable object. The novelist John Steinbeck recorded the contents (15) of a young osprey nest built in his garden, which included three shirts, a bath towel, andone arrow.Birds also display remarkable behavior in collecting building materials. Crows havebeen seen to tear off stout green twigs, and sparrowhawks will dive purposefully onto a branch until it snaps and then hang upside down to break it off. Golden eagles, over (20) generations of work, construct enormous nests. One of these, examined after it had beendislodged by high winds, weighed almost two tons and included foundation branchesalmost two meters long. The carrying capacity of the eagles, however, is only relative to their size ant1 most birds are able to carry an extra load of just over twenty percent of their body weight.11. The word "obscure" in line 1 is closest in meaning to(A) interesting(B) unclear(C) imperfect(D) complex12. According to the passage, which of the following activities is characteristic of the early part ofthe reproductive cycle of birds?(A) Selecting a mate(B) Collecting nest-building materials(C) Playing with nest-building materials(D) Building a nest13. The word "display" in line 17 is closest in meaning to(A) communicate(B) imitate(C) initiate(D) exhibit14. The novelist John Steinbeck is mentioned in line14 because he(A) conducted a scientific study on the behavior of ospreys(B) was the first to describe where ospreys built their nests(C) described the materials ospreys can use to build their nests(D) compared the size of osprey nests with the nests of other species15. Which of the following birds are mentioned as those that build nests that include unusual objects? (A) Ravens(B) Ospreys(C) Crows(D) Sparrowhawks16. According to the passage, when gathering materials to build their nests, sparrowhawks do which of the following?(A) Hang upside down(B) Select only green twigs(C) Use objects blowing in the wind(D) Collect more branches than necessary17. The word "these" in line 20 refers to(A) golden eagles(B) generations(C) winds(D) nests18. The word "load" in line 23 is closest in meaning to(A) weight(B) number(C) section(D) level19. The author mentions twenty percent in line 23 to indicate that(A) eagles are twenty percent bigger than most birds(B) twenty percent of all nests include foundation branches(C) the nests of eagles are twenty percent of larger than those of other birds(D) birds can carry twenty percent of their own weightQuestions 20-30A survey is a study, generally in the form of an interview or a questionnaire, that providesinformation concerning how people think and act. In the United States, the best-knownsurveys are the Gallup poll and the Harris poll. As anyone who watches the news duringLine campaigns presidential knows, these polls have become an important part of political life in (5) the United States.North Americans are familiar with the many "person on the street? interviews on localtelevision news shows. While such interviews can be highly entertaining, they are notnecessarily an accurate indication of public opinion. First, they reflect the opinions of only those people who appear at a certain location. Thus, such samples can be biased in favor (10) of commuters, middle-class shoppers, or factory workers, depending On which area thenewspeople select. Second, television interviews tend to attract outgoing people who arewilling to appear on the air, while they frighten away others who may feel intimidated bya camera. A survey must be based on a precise, representative sampling if it is to genuinelyreflect a broad range of the population.(15) In preparing to conduct a survey, sociologists must exercise great care in the wordingof questions. An effective survey question must be simple and clear enough for people tounderstand it. It must also be specific enough so that there are no problems in interpreting the results. Even questions that are less structured must be carefully phrased in order to elicit the type of information desired. Surveys can be indispensable sources of information, but (20) only if the sampling is done properly and the questions are worded accurately.There are two main forms of surveys: the interview and the questionnaire. Each of theseforms of survey research has its advantages. An interviewer can obtain a high response rate because people find it more difficult to turn down a personal request for an interview than to throw away a written questionnaire. In addition, an interviewer can go beyond written (25) questions and probe for a subject's underlying feelings and reasons. However, questionnaireshave the advantage of being cheaper and more consistent.20. What does the passage mainly discuss?(A) The history of surveys in North America(B) The principles of conducting surveys(C) Problems associated with interpreting surveys(D) The importance of polls in American political life21. The word "they" in line 8 refers to(A) North Americans(B) news shows(C) interviews(D) opinions22. According to the passage, the main disadvantage of person-on-the-street interviews is thatthey(A) are not based on a representative sampling (B) are used only on television(C) are not carefully worded(D) reflect political opinions23. The word "precise" in line 13 is closest in meaning to(A) planned(B) rational(C) required(D) accurate24. According to paragraph 3, which of the following is most important for an effective survey?(A) A high number of respondents(B) Carefully worded questions(C) An interviewer's ability to measure respondents' feelings。

1. ---ratchet is a wheel or bar that can move in only one direction.(A)A(B)It is a(C)Although a(D)There is a2. Thomas Jefferson’s achievements as an architect rival his contributions ---a politician.(A)such(B)more(C)as(D)than3. The chief foods eaten in any country depend largely on ---best in its climate and soil.(A)it grows(B)what grows(C)does it grow(D)what does it grow4. Possibly the greatest advance in ---materials came with the invention of a cheap way to make steel.(A)bridge-building(B)building of bridges(C)building a bridge(D)bridges are built5. ---, snakes frequently subdue their prey without injecting poison.(A)Contrary to general belief(B)General belief contrary to(C)Belief contrary to general(D)Contrary belief general to6. Two years after she was chosen president of the Texas State Senate, ---successfully for a seat in the United States Congress.(A)Barbara Jordan’s campaign being(B)Barbara Jordan campaigned(C)Campaigning for Barbara Jordan(D)Barbara Jordan campaigning7. The values of a people, their customs, and their perceptions of the world ---their language.(A)are influenced(B)be influenced(C)influencing(D)influence8. Over a very large number of trials, the probability of an event’s ---is equal to the probability that it will not occur.(A)occurs(B)will occur(C)can occur(D)occurring9. ---fashioned from a wick floating in a bowl of oil functioned according to the principle of capillary action.(A)All lamps early(B)Lamps all early(C)All early lamps(D)Early all lamps10. Annie Jump Cannon, ---discovered so many stars that she was called “the census taker of the sky.”1。

VOCABULARY AND READING COMPREHENSION1. Recent discoveries in Montana indicate that some dinosaurs may have resided in colonies.(A) lived(B) died(C) hunted(D) fed2. Algae vary in their capacity to tolerate salinity changes.(A) desire(B) ability(C) effort(D) purpose3. Most classical music is recorded in studios where minimal extraneous sounds and distractions are likely to occur.(A) reliable(B) complementary(C) the loudest(D) the fewest4. Voted the most valuable player of the National League in 1949, baseball player Jackie Robinson also received a gold medal that year for his role in bettering race relations.(A) improving(B) discussing(C) evaluating(D) bartering5. Although great strides in agricultural technology have resulted in massive production increases, weather remains an important limitation.(A) abrupt(B) enormous(C) long-term(D) overdue6. The American dancer Loie Fuller used perfume to create special effects during her performances.(A) dim lights(B) strange music(C) darkness(D) scent7. The circulatory system helps dispose of wastes that would harm the body if they accumulated.(A) catch up with(B) bear up under(C) get rid of(D) run out of8. The amount of time spent watching television in the average household in the United States has risen steadily since television sets were introduces in the 1950's.(A) discreetly(B) consistently(C) automatically(D) disproportionately9. In 1896 George Washington Carver became director of the Department of Agricultural Research at Tuskegee Normal and Industrial Institute, a position he retained for the rest of his life.(A) expanded(B) managed(C) cherished(D) kept10. Penicillin was discovered by chance in 1928.(A) finally(B) accidentally(C) experimentally(D) opportunely11. Lamp filaments are made from tungsten, a strong metal that can hold up under high temperatures without melting.(A) reduce(B) withstand(C) illuminate(D) reflect12. The junior college has become a significant component in the expansion of educational opportunities in the United States since the Second World War.(A) force(B) element(C) concept(D) academy13. During their winter hibernation period, bears doze.(A) sleep lightly(B) lose fur(C) go hungry(D) have babies14. Asbestos is a mineral fiber that can cause cancer if inhaled.(A) picked up(B) taken indoors(C) breathed in(D) eaten up15. Known as "The First Lady of Song." Ella Fitzgerald got her start as a professional singer when she won a contest at the Apollo Theater in Harlem in 1934.(A) an award(B) an argument(C) a competition(D) a contract16. Chromium is a comparatively scarce element, occurring in nature only in compounds.(A) complex(B) strong(C) hard(D) rare17. Many photographers prefer to take pictures at twilight, when they can take advantage of the special effects of the setting sun.(A) at dusk(B) at noon(C) in the spring(D) in the fall18. The climate of the Middle Atlantic region of the United States varies with the altitude and land surface.(A) ocean waves(B) humidity(C) wind direction(D) elevation19. Since the Second World War, most urban growth in the United States has occurred on the outskirts of existing metropolitan areas.(A) in the counties(B) on the edges(C) on the streets(D) at the intersections20. A recent study concluded that unstable weather patterns may cause migraine headaches.(A) unforeseen(B) variable(C) violent(D) unusual21. Janet Guthrie was the first woman to compete in the Indianapolis 500, the most prestigious automobile race in the United States.(A) fastest(B) wealthiest(C) most honored(D) most dangerous22. Logrolling is a sport in which contestants perform various maneuvers while treading on a floating log.(A) speeches(B) duties(C) marches(D) moves23. The reproductive potential of aphids is unmatched in the insect world.(A) unqualified(B) unrecognized(C) underestimated(D) unequaled24. The boom in silver production after 1860 spurred the use of innovative machinery in crafting silver flatware and vessels.(A) stimulated(B) allowed(C) required(D) accompanied25. Barbara Reed, a probation officer in Ohio, tried to climinate overly sweet foods from probationers’ diets in order to temper their antisocial behavior.(A) explain(B) moderate(C) do away with(D) learn about26. If roundworms are removed from the soil and placed in a liquid, they thrash helplessly around.(A) carelessly(B) tirelessly(C) powerlessly(D) heartlessly27. H.L.Mencken's sardonic prose left an indelible mark on the English language.(A) an unrivaled(B) an unmistakable(C) a pretentious(D) a permanent28. In studying social groups, sociologists often gain insightthrough the use of such devices as questionnaires.(A) access(B) credibility(C) publicity(D) understanding29. After his military defeat in 1865, Robert E. Lee entreated the people of the South to work for national harmony.(A) warned(B) urged(C) commanded(D) recruited30. The value of a topaz is largely determined by its quality.(A) especially(B) actually(C) mainly(D) alwaysVOCABULARY AND READING COMPREHENSION1. In addition to being organs of hearing our ears assist us in maintaining our sense of balance.(A) Without(B) Instead of(C) Besides(D) In contrast to2. British Columbia's first gold rush was followed directly by the discovery of gold in eastern Canada.(A) secretly(B) importantly(C) smoothly(D) immediately3. The scientist and agricultural innovator George Washington Carver aided the economy of the South by developing hundreds of commercial uses for crops such as the peanut.(A) restored(B) stabilized(C) helped(D) changed4. Although best known for his political writing, reformer W. E. B.Du Bois also produced noteworthy fiction and poetry.(A) musical(B) unnoticed(C) extensive(D) significant5. The Mandan Indians lived beside the Missouri River where they cultivated fields of beans, corn, squash, sunflowers, and tobacco.(A) surveyed(B) farmed(C) irrigated(D) discovered6. Copper is commonly alloyed with zinc to make brass.(A) mixed(B) beaten(C) layered(D) heated7. Colorful parades were commonly organized on the frontier to display newly arrived merchandise.(A) cavalry mops(B) objects for sale(C) immigrants to the West(D) circus shows8. Europeans established permanent colonies on the eastern shores of what is now the United States t hroughout the seventeenth century.(A)during(B) before(C) up until(D) just after9. The Atlantic trade winds and the belt of calms between them shift northward and southward with the seasons.(A) intensify(B) twist(C) move(D) rush10. Eudora Welty's stories deal with life in the rural South.(A) criticize(B) elevate(C) concern(D) ridicule11. Boston owes some of its economic success to its outstanding public transportation network.(A) busy(B) scenic(C) remarkable(D) gigantic12. In 1973 Ernest Vincent Wright wrote the 50,100-word novel Gadsby without once using the letter "e"(A) simply(B) ever(C) at once(D) at first13. Caused by an ascorbic acid deficiency, scurvy was a serious humana affliction until fairly recent times(A) attribute(B) notion(C) situation(D) problem14. Because light travels more quickly than sound, a rumble of thunder never precedes a bolt of lightning.(A) follows(B) accompanies(C) brings about(D) comes before15. Inuits depend mainly on fishing and hunting for their sustenance.(A) training(B) luxuries(C) recreation(D) livelihood16. Long acclaimed as one of the world's leading sopranos. Beverly Sills retired from her singing career to become artistic directorof the New York City Opera.(A) principal(B) versatile(C) imposing(D) demanding17. Under proper conditions an iceboat can actually travel faster than the presuming breech.(A) suitable(B) unlikely(C) various(D) windy18. Swallows nest in barns, sheds, chunneys and other secluded places.(A) isolated(B) high(C) comfortable(D) rural19. The harpsichord, developed during the Middle Ages, was one of the forerunners of the piano.(A) competitors(B) imitators(C) predecessors(D) offspring20. Geneticist Barbara McClintock discovered that genes, which prescribe the function of cells in plants and animals, can move in unpredictable ways.(A) inhibit(B) mimic(C) alter(D) dictate21. Artists of the school of New Realism deliberately avoid expressing what they feel or think about the subject of their paintings.(A) subtly(B) actually(C) consistently(D) intentionally22. Citizens of foreign countries who hold certificates of deposit in Canadian banks are responsible for paying the Canadian government a tax on their investment earnings.(A) revenue(B) commission(C) product(D) banking23. In the Nothern Hemisphere, summer days are considerably longer than winter days.(A) above all(B) very much(C) in a way(D) on the whole24. In the 1400's artists often created their own pigments by pulverizing semiprecious stones.(A) washing color from(B)making a powder of(C) imitating colors of(D) brushing dust from25. The genetic material DNA contains coded information for the synthesis of proteins.(A) analysis(B) formation(C) absorption(D) functioning26. Cosmologists are more concerned with the origin and evolution of the universe than with the composition of the planets and stars.(A) interaction(B) background(C) outlook(D) make-up27. Gorillas build make-shift-hit nests each night after a day of foraging for leaves and beetles.(A) erode temporary(B) wide strong(C) skillfully camouflaged(D) individually tailored28. Until about A. D. 1400 iron was invariably smelted by the direct or bloomery process.(A) cheaply(B) rapidly(C) always(D) seldom29. For centuries before the first astronomers' probings, the Sun had been viewed only as a deity and was therefore not often the subject of scientific study.(A) a satellite(B) a god(C) an illusion(D) a planet30. Most of the great mountain systems now in existence developed fairly late in geologic history.(A) equally(B) somewhat(C) decidedly(D) altogether。

花了一天时间做了一份真题答案，特做几点申明：1、仅为参考答案，由于水平问题，可能与每个人的答案会有出入，见仁见智吧，毕竟官方不给出标准答案。

2、作答依据大部分来源于网上搜索，尽可能地找到原题出处，实在无法找到出处的根据个人理解给出答案。

3、每题后列出了题目出处，并做出简单解析。

前40题错误应该不多，阅读理解部分无法保证全对。

中石油职称英语考试2016年真题及参考答案解析I. VocabularySection ADirections: There are some sentences in this section. Below each sentence are four other words or phrases. You are to choose the one word or phrase which would best keeping the meaning of the original sentence if it were substituted for the underlined word or phrase. Then mark your answer on the answer sheet.1、In most countries, the crime of murder carries harsh penalties.A. unconsciousB. thriveC. severeD.prudent【参考答案】C【释义】harsh adj.残酷的；严酷的；严厉的；恶劣的unconscious adj.无知觉的；昏迷的；不省人事的；无意识的thrive v.繁荣；茁壮成长；蓬勃发展；兴旺发达severe adj.极为恶劣的；十分严重的；严厉的；苛刻的prudent adj.谨慎的；慎重的；精明的2、I tell my mother about my trials at work and brag about the kids.A. lieB. boastC. secretiveD. feel awkward【参考答案】B【出处】2016版《通用选读》第28课That "Other Woman" in My Life第8段。

0310托福真题0310听力1A She is younger than her sister .B she does not spend much time with her sister’s children.C she does not get along well with her sisterD she no longer resembles her sister.2A Paper plates are cheaper than dishes.B Dishes break more easily than paper plates.C There is no need to wash any dishes now.D The woman’s roommate will return soon.3A She has not applied to any universities yet,B She will begin university classes in a few weeks.C She does not know yet if a university will accept her.D She is too busy to contact the university right now.4A Reconsider his position laterB Allow the student to miss classC Lower the student’s gradeD Suggest that the student try to reschedule the operation5A He does not have enough money for the trip yet.B He is planning to work during spring break .C The trip is too far off in the future to think about.D He has changed his mind about going to Canada.6A The photograph is not good enough to send.B The photograph was not taken at the Grand Canyon.C They already sent Mary a photograph of their vacation.D Sending pictures through the mail is too expensive.7A She should have asked to be excused from the trip.B She deserves the zero.C She is right to be angry.D She should have gone on the field trip.8A He wants to live off campus.B There are advantages and disadvantages to living off campus.C Living space in the dorm is crowded.D There are only a few apartments available off campus.9A Turn down the volume of the musicB Turn the music offC Play a different style of music.D Listen to music in a different room.10A It took a long time to finish the building.B He was too busy to notice the opening of the hotel.C He did not know the hotel had a restaurant.D He would like to meet the woman for brunch next Sunday.11A Go to her class.B Cancel her appointment with the president.C Ask her professor to excuse her from class.D Attend the presentation.12A She admires Steve’s relationsh ip with his father.B She does not know Steve or his father.C Her daughter is older than Steve.D She disagrees with the man.13A He has heard the new CD.B He does not enjoy classical music.C He is not interested in the CD.D He rarely listens to music.14A Buy tickets for the next showing.B Leave the theaterC Change their seats for a better viewD Ask the couple in front of them to be quiet15A The library closes earlier during the summer.B The library is closed during summer vacation.C The library will be open until midnight tonight.D She does not usually go to the library during the summer.16A She is sorry the man has to cancel the plansB She wants to hand in her report early.C She would like to go with the man.D she does not usually enjoy the symphony.17A He has other plans for the eveningB He is looking forward to attending the party.C He often misses Linda’s parties.D he wants to know if he should bring anything to the party.18A There is just about enough time to do the jobB The desk has never been so orderly.C The clock on the desk needs to be set.D The desk really needs organizing.19A He enjoys looking at the flowers.B He thinks the park is boring.C He does not like walking with the woman.D He does not see any trees.20A There are not very many hotels in the area.B She stayed at the Clover Inn last month.C She is not sure the man’s parents would like the Clover Inn.D It may be too late to get a room at the Clover Inn.21A Wait until later to eatB Go to the cafeteria without herC Bring her some food from the cafeteriaD Meet her at the cafeteria22A He has to work with his brother .B He has no definite plans.C He usually works on weekends.D His plants depend on the woman.23A Buy stamps at the post officeB Mail the woman’s billC Drive to the woman’s houseD Pick up a package from the post office24A The woman should call Bill to check his schedule.B The woman should have left for the airport earlier.C The woman does not need to rush to meet Bill .D Traffic near the airport could delay the woman’s arrival.25A She did better on the quiz than the man did.B She did not have to take the quiz.C She has not yet received her grade on the quiz.D She did not do well on the quiz.26A He will be happy to share their dessertB He did not know what time he was supposed to arrive.C He expected the traffic to be bad.D He is not upset that they ate lunch.27A She has to quit her job in the laboratory.B She cut herself while working in the laboratory.C She enjoys doing laboratory experiments.D She feels that the man is dedicated to his work too.28A Ask for directionsB Try a different route to the beachC Go back for the mapD Cancel their trip29A He would like the woman to reschedule the meeting.B He will meet the woman briefly on FridayC The report will not be ready until Thursday.D The report was finished last Friday.30A Find out when the bookstore opensB Withdraw some cashC Inquire about a jobD Spend her extra money on books31A Ways to determine the age of a fossilB The identity of a fossil the woman foundC A comparison of two shellfish fossilsD Plans for a field trip to look for fossils32A The class is going to study them .B They evolved from brachiopods.C They are similar to brachiopods in appearance.D They belong to the same species as brachiopods.33A It has a ribbed shell.B It has an unusually large valve.C It was found near the water.D It is smaller than a mollusc.34A He has never seen a fossil that old.B It could be many millions of years old.C It is probably a recent specimen.D He will ask the lab how old it is.35A Take it to classB Put it in her collectionC Take it to the labD Leave it with her professor36A A jewelry store robberyB Buying a birthday presentC Writing a storyD Doing research for a class assignment37A Her professor did not like her story .B She had trouble finishing her assignmentC she did not like the topic she had chosen for her paper.D She was taking too many courses,38A Take some extra timeB Do a writing exerciseC Do some work for another courseD Write the story ending first39A To go shoppingB To do research for her storyC To meet with her professorD To take a break from her work40A To describe ways pests can damage plantsB To examine the life cycle of caterpillarsC To explain how corn plants developD To describe how a natural pesticide works41A Caterpillars chewing on its leavesB Wasps laying eggs on its leavesC Pesticides sprayed on its leavesD Knives cutting its stalk42A By flying in circles around a fieldB By detecting a chemical signalC By inspecting individual corn leavesD By noticing the caterpillar’s coloration43A Recently discovered manuscriptsB Similarities among religionsC Methods of analyzing ancient manuscriptsD How ancient manuscripts are preserved44A The simplicity of their languageB Their ageC The location of their discoveryD The material they are made of45A Orally preserved teachingsB A collection of lettersC A diaryD A scholarly article46A Ancient settlers in AsiaB How Buddhism is practiced todayC The spread of Buddhism in AsiaD Why some languages disappear47A The language they are written in is not widely known.B They cannot be moved from where they were foundC The writing in them has fadedD Many people want credit for the discovery.48A The advantages of an economy based on farmingB Reasons farmers continued using river transportationC The role of cotton in the United States economyD Improved methods of transporting farm crops49A The new technology used to build roadsB The ability to transport goods over landC The trade in grain and cottonD The linking of smaller local roads into one long road50A Reduced charges for transporting farm productsB Required payment from vehicles that used their roadsC Made repairs to older roadsD Installed streetlights on roads connecting major cities10月语法1.The musical comedy Oklahoma! did much to expand the potential of the musical stage, and it encouraged others to attempt......(a)original themes(b)to original themes(c)that were original themes(d)how original themes2.Despite its fishlike form, the whale is......and will drown if submerged too long.(a)an animal breathes air that(b)an animal that breathes air(c)an animal breathes air(d)that an animal breathes air3.The saguaro ,found in desert regions in the southwestern United States ,......cactus in the world.(a)is the largest(b)the largest(c)that is the largest(d)the largest that is a4.It is said that United Stales literature......individuality and identity in the twentieth century, after long imitation of European models.(a)was achieved(b)achieved(c)to achieve(d)achieving5.Lucy Stone ,......first feminists in the United States ,helped organize the American Woman Suffrage Association in 1869.(a)the one(b)who was the(c)another(d)one of the6.......,including climate, mineral content, and the permanency of surface water, wetlands may be mossy ,grassy , scrubby, or wooded.(a)Depending on many factors(b)Many factors depending on(c)Factors depending on many(d)On many factors depending(7)Duke Ellington's orchestra ,......his own often complex compositions, made many innovations in jazz.(a)he played(b)playing(c)that it played(d)was playing(8)The term "ice age" refers to any of several periods of time when glaciers covered considerably more of Earth's surface......(a)as is today(b)than today is(c)than they do today(d)that today(9)From colonial times ,United States property owners agreed to tax themselves on the theory......directly from services that the government could provide.(a)property owners benefited so that(b)why property owners benefited(c)that if property owners benefited(d)that property owners benefited(10)Helium is not flammable and ,next to hydrogen ,is......(a)known the lightest gas(b)lightest the known gas(c)the lightest gas known(d)the known gas lightest(11)Wild eagles that survive to adulthood are believed......from 20 to30 years.(a)live(b)to live(c)they live(d)their living(12)Portland,......,is located primarily on two hilly peninsulas overlooking Casco Bay and its many island.(a)which Maine's largest city(b)Maine's largest city where(c)is Maine's largest city(d)Maine's largest city13.......widely used in the chemical industry, sodium carbonate is principally consumed by the glass industry.(a)Despite(b)Whether(c)Though(d)Except for14.Cells,first identified by the early microscopists, began to be considered......in the nineteenth century.(a)them as microcosm of living organisms(b)the microcosm of living organisms(c)the microcosm of living organisms to be(d)as which ,the microcosm of living organisms15.Like Jupiter, Saturn is a large ,gaseous planet composed......of hydrogen and helium.(a)it is mostly(b)mostly(c)almost(d)both are almost16．Bacterial cultures are used commercially in the preparation of food products such that yogurt ,sour cream ,and vinegar.17.Anyone with absolute ,or perfect,pitch are able to identify by ear any note at some standard pitch or to sing a specified note at will.18.Sea horses usually live along the shore among seaweed and other plants to which they cling to by their tails.19.Babies have soft spots between the bones of their skulls ,which allowing for further growth.20.T.S.Elot,who a poet ,playwright, literary critic ,and editor ,was a leader of the Modemist movement in poetry.21.The Pacific Ocean comprises almost th e entire boundary westernof North and South America.22．Established in 1948 ,the State University of New York is the singly largest university system in the United States.23.Photography disseminates information about humanity and nature ,records the visible world, and extension human knowledge into areas the eye cannot penetrate.24.Because of their rapidly changing economically fortunes, many frontier towns of the American West underwent spectacular fluctuations in population in the nineteenth century.25.Virtually no disease exists today for which there is no drug that can be given ,neither to cure the disease or to alleviate its symptoms.26.Calcium is essential for blood clotting ,for the action of certain enzymes, and for the normal contraction and relax of muscles.27.The large collection of the Williams College Museum of Art includes ancient and medieval art ,but much exhibits are modern or contemporary.28.The technique of spectroscopy allows analyst of incoming light after it has been separated into its component wavelengths by passage througha prism.29.Today,fifty years after its construction ,the Alaska Highway conveys 40,000 vehicles in normal year.30.Since prehistoric times ,artists (have been)arranged colors on surfaces (in ways) (that express) their ideas (about people) ,the world ,and religion.31.(Few substances) look less (alike than) coal and diamonds ,yet both (are fashioned) (from same) elemental carbon.32.Meteorologists can program their computes to scan for a specific set of weather criteria, such as falling barometric pressure ,increase cloud cover ,and rising humidity.33.Obsidian is formed when siliceous lava cools too rapidly to crystallized into rock-forming minerals.34.European settlers in North America moved from the Atlantic coast across 3,000 miles forests, grasslands, deserts, and mountains until they reached the Pacific Ocean.35.Philosophy tries to discover the nature of true and knowledge and to find what is of basic value and importance in life.36.In this world of high technology ,it is easy to forget that the most important tools ever developed for learning is still the book.37.The element potassium makes up less than one half percentage of the human body.38.Twenty thousand years ago a sheet of ice a thousand meters thick covered the coastal region which the cities of Vancouver and Juneau now are located.39.The Crow ,Blackfoot ,and Sioux tribes traditionally adorned they dwellings and costumes with colorful and highly valued beaded decorations.40.In the late 1800’s ,United States painter Thomas Eakins develop a broad ,powerful Realist style that became almost expressionistic in his later years.Questions 1-9:Europa is the smallest of planet Jupiter’s four largest moons and the second moonout from Jupiter. Until 1979, it was just another astronomy textbook statistic. Thencame the close-up images obtained by the exploratory spacecraft Voyager 2, and withindays, Europa was transformed-in our perception, at least-into one of the solar system’s(5)most intriguing worlds. The biggest initial surprise was the almost total lack of detail,especially from far away. Even at close range, the only visible features are thin, kinkedbrown lines resembling cracks in an eggshell. And this analogy is not far off the mark.The surface of Europa is almost pure water ice, but a nearly complete absence ofcraters indicates that Europa’s surface ice resembles Earth’s Antarctic ice cap. The(10) eggshell analogy may be quite accurate since the ice could be as little as a few kilometersthick –a true shell around what is likely a subsurface liquid ocean that , in turn, encasesa rocky core. The interior of Europa has been kept warm over the eons by tidal forcesgenerated by the varying gravitational tugs of the other big moons as they wheel aroundJupiter. The tides on Europa pull and relax in an endless cycle. The resulting internal heat(15) keeps what would otherwise be ice melted almost to the surface. The cracklike marks onEuropa’s icy face appear to be fractures where water or slush oozes from below. Soon after Voyager 2’s encounter with Jupiter in 1979, when the best images ofEuropa were obtained, researchers advanced the startling idea that Europa’s subsurfaceocean might harbor life. Life processes could have begun when Jupiter was releasing a(20 )vast store of internal heat. Jupiter’s early heat was produced by the compression of thematerial forming the giant planet. Just as the Sun is far less radiant today than the primalSun, so the internal heat generated by Jupiter is minor compared to its former intensity.During this warm phase, some 4.6 billion years ago, Europa’s ocean may have been liquidright to the surface, making it a crucible for life.1.What does the passage mainly discuss?(A)The effect of the tides on Europa’s interior(B)Temperature variations on Jupiter’s moons(C)Discoveries leading to a theory about one of Jupiter’s moons(D)Techniques used by Voyager 2 to obtain close-up images.2.The word “intriguing” in line 5 is closest in meaning to(A)changing(B)perfect(C)visible(D)fascinating3.In line 7, the another mentions “cracks in an eggshell”in order to help readers(A)visualize Europa as scientists saw it in the Voyager 2 images(B)appreciate the extensive and detailed information available by viewingEuropa from far away(C)understand the relationship of Europa to the solar system(D)recognize the similarity of Europa to Jupiter’s other moons4. It can be inferred from the passage that astronomy textbooks prior to 1979(A) provided many contradictory statistics about Europa(B) considered Europa the most important of Jupiter’s moons(C) did not emphasize Europa because little information of interest was available(D) did nor mention Europa because it had not yet been discovered5. what does the author mean by stating in line 7 that “this analogy is not far off the mark”?(A) The definition is not precise.(B) The discussion lacks necessary information.(C) The differences are probably significant.(D) The comparison is quite appropriate.6. IT can be inferred from the passage that Europa and Antarctica have in commonwhich of the following?(A) Both appear to have a surface with many craters.(B) Both may have water beneath a thin, hard surface.(C) Both have an ice can that is melting rapidly.(D) Both have areas encased by a rocky exterior.7. The word “endless” in line 14 is closest in meaning to(A) new(B) final(C) temporary(D) continuous8. According to the passage, what is the effect of Jupiter’s other large moons on Europa?(A) They prevent Europa’s subsurface waters from freezing.(B) They prevent tides that could damage Europa’s surface.(C) They produce the very hard layer of ice that characterizes Europa.(D) They assure that the gravitational pull on Europa is maintained at a steady level.9 According to the passage, what is believed to cause the thin lines seen on Europa’s surface?(A) A long period of extremely high tides(B) Water breaking through from beneath the surface ice(C) The continuous pressure of slush on top of the ice(D) Heat generated by the hot rocky coreQuestion 10-19Both in what is now the eastern and the southwestern United States, the peoples ofthe Archaic era (8,000-1,000 B.C) were, in a way, already adapted to beginnings ofcultivation through their intensive gathering and processing of wild plant foods. In bothareas, there was a well-established ground stone tool technology, a method of pounding(5)and grinding nuts and other plant foods, that could be adapted to newly cultivated foods.By the end of the Archaic era, people in eastern North America had domesticated certainnative plants, including sunflowers; weeds called goosefoot, sumpweed, or marsh elder;and squash or gourds of some kind. These provided seeds that were important sources of carbohydrates and fat in the diet.(10) The earliest cultivation seems to have taken place along the river valleys of theMidwest and the Southeast, with experimentation beginning as early as 7,000 years agoand domestication beginning 4,000 to 2,000 years ago. Although the term “Neolithic” isnot used in North American prehistory, these were the first steps toward the same major subsistence changes that took place during the Neolithic (8,000-2,000 B.C.) period(15)elsewhere in the world.Archaeologists debate the reasons for beginning cultivation in the eastern part of thecontinent. Although population and sedentary living were increasing at the time, there islittle evidence that people lacked adequate wild food resources; the newly domesticatedfoods supplemented a continuing mixed subsistence of hunting, fishing, and gathering(20)wild plants, Increasing predictability of food supplies may have been a motive. It has been suggested that some early cultivation was for medicinal and ceremonial plants rather thanfor food. One archaeologist has pointed out that the early domesticated plants were allweedy species that do well in open, disturbed habitats, the kind that would form aroundhuman settlements where people cut down trees, trample the ground, deposit trash, and(25)dig holes. It has been suggested that sunflower, sumpweed, and other plants almostdomesticated themselves, that is , they thrived in human –disturbed habitats, so humans intensively collected them and began to control their distribution. Women in the Archaic communities were probably the main experimenters with cultivation, becauseethnoarchaeological evidence tells us that women were the main collectors of plant foodand had detailed knowledge of plants.10. The passage mainly discusses which of the following aspects of the life of Archaic peoples?(A) The principal sources of food that made up their diet(B) Their development of ground stone tool technology(C) Their development of agriculture(D) Their distribution of work between men and women11. The word “these” in line 13 refers to(A) seeds(B) river valleys(C) the Midwest and the Southeast(D) experimentation and domestication12 According to the passage, when did the domestication of plants begin in North America?(A) 7,000 years ago(B) 4,000 to 2,000 years ago(C) Long after the Neolithic period(D) Before the Archaic period13. The word “adequate” in line 18 is closest in meaning to(A) sufficient(B) healthful(C) varied(D) dependable14. According to the passage, which of the following was a possible motive for thecultivation of plants in eastern North America?(A) Lack of enough wild food sources(B) The need to keep trees from growing close to settlements(C) Provision of work for an increasing population(E)Desire for the consistent availability of food15. The phrase “rather than” in line 21 is closest in meaning to(A)in addition to(B)instead of(C)as a replacement(D)such as16. The plant “sumpweed” is mentioned in line 25 in order to(A) contrast a plant with high nutritional value with one with little nutritionalvalue(B) explain the medicinal use of a plant(C) clarify which plants grew better in places where trees were not cut down(D) provide an example of a plant that was easy to domesticate17. The word “thrived” in line 26 is closest in meaning to(A) stayed(B) originated(C) grew well(D) died out18. According to the passage, which of the following is true about all earlydomesticated plants?(A) They were varieties of weeds.(B) They were moved from disturbed areas.(C) They succeeded in areas with many trees.(D) They failed to grow in trampled or damaged areas.19. According to the passage, it is thought that most of the people who begancultivating plants were(A) medical workers(B) leaders of ceremonies(C) women(D) huntersQuestions 20-29Many ants forage across the countryside in large numbers and undertake mass migrations; these activities proceed because one ant lays a trail on the ground for the othersto follow. As a worker ant returns home after finding a source of food, it marks the routeby intermittently touching its stinger to the ground and depositing a tiny amount of trail(5 )pheromone—a mixture of chemicals that delivers diverse messages as the contextchanges. These trails incorporate no directional information and may be followed by other ants ineither direction.Unlike some other messages, such as the one arising from a dead ant, a food trail has tobe kept secret from members of other species. It is not surprising then that ant species use(10)a wide variety of compounds as trail pheromones. Ants can be extremely sensitiveto these signals. Investigators working with the trail pheromone of the leafcutter ant Atta texana calculated that one milligram of this substance would suffice to lead a column of ants three times around Earth.The vapor of the evaporating pheromone over the trail guides an ant along the way,(15)and the ant detects this signal with receptors in its antennae. A trail pheromone willevaporate to furnish the highest concentration of vapor right over the trail, in what is called a vapor space. In following the trail, the ant moves to the right and left, oscillating from sideto side across the line of the trail itself, bringing first one and then the other antenna intothe vapor space. As the ant moves to the right, its left antenna arrives in the vapor space.(20)The signal it receives causes it to swing to the left, and the ant then pursues this new courseuntil its right antenna reaches the vapor space. It then swings back to the right, and soweaves back and forth down the trail.20. What does the passage mainly discuss?(A) The mass migration of ants(B) How ants mark and follow a chemical trail(C) Different species of ants around the world(D) The information contained in pheromones21. The word “forage” in line 1 is closest in meaning to(A) look up(B) walk toward(C) revolve around(D) search for food22. The word “intermittently” in live 4 is closest in meaning to(A) periodically(B) incorrectly(C) rapidly(D) roughly23. The phrase “the one” in line 8 refers to a single(A) message(B) dead ant(C) food trail(D) species24. According to the passage, why do ants use different compounds as trailpheromones?(A) To reduce their sensitivity to some chemicals(B) To attract different types of ants(C) To protect their trail from other species(D) To indicate how far away the food is25. The author mentions the trail pheromone of the leafcutter ant in line 11 to pointout(A) how little pheromone is needed to mark a trail(B) the different types of pheromones ants can produce(C) a type of ant that is common in many parts of the world(D) that certain ants can produce up to one milligram of pheromone26. According to the passage, how are ants guided by trail pheromones?(A) They concentrate on the smell of food.(B) They follow an ant who is familiar with the trail(C) They avoid the vapor spaces by moving in a straight line.(D) They sense the vapor through their antennae.27. The word “furnish” in line 16 is closest in meaning to(A) include(B) provide(C) cover(D) select28. The word “ oscillating “ in line 17 is closest in meaning to(A) falling(B) depositing(C) swinging(D) starting。

2004年01月TOEFL真题Section One: Listening Comprehension1. (A) She reads more slowly than the man does.(B) She has a 1ot of material to read before she has coffee.(C) The man does more work than is necessary.(D) The man seems to be taking a long time preparing for philosophy class.2. (A) The woman should have shown him the newspaper.(B) He thinks the woman will win the contest.(C) The woman's pictures are on top of the newspapers.(D) The new photograph does not look anything like her others.3. (A) Return his literature books to the bookstore.(B) Keep his books from the literature class.(C) Sell his literature books to the woman.(D) Visit the reference section of the library.4. (A) Give the secretary Janet's new address and phone number.(B) Ask Janet a question about his health.(C) Get information about Janet from the secretary.(D) Visit Janet at her new school.5. (A) She will help the man find the exhibit.(B) She has already seen the exhibit.(C) She will help the man read the map.(D) She knows where to get a map.6. (A) She is also planning to travel.(B) She already picked up money for the trip.(C) She has to study instead of traveling.(D) She thinks the man should take more money.7. (A) The woman should not get involved in the situation(B) The woman should not be angry with he friends.(C) He wants to talk to Sally and Mark.(D) He will explain to the woman what happened.8. (A) What travel plans Philip is making(B) How Philip s parents are going to travel(C) What Philip said(D) Where Philip heard the news9. (A) She will have to postpone her trip.(B) She has already gotten her passport application.(C) The passport office is closed.(D) She was late in applying for her passport.10. (A) He has not played tennis in a while.(B) He does not know how to play tennis.(C) His tennis racket is broken.(D) He needs to rest before he plays.11. (A) No one was interested in the discussion.(B) Politics is a sensitive topic.(C) The woman is not being serious.(D) People avoided discussing politics.12. (A) She already read the book.(B) She will not lend her book to the man.(C) The man can use her book whenever he likes.(D) The man does not need the book.13. (A) It is about to start raining.(B) The rain will stop soon.(C) It has been raining all day.(D) It just stopped raining.14. (A) She is not permitted to live off-campus this year.(B) She has been living off-campus for a year.(C) She is happy with her living arrangements.(D) She is required to move next year.15. (A) She misses her old roommate.(B)She changes roommates often.(C) She does not know Julie very well.(D) She did not really enjoy living with Julie.16. (A) Take a shorter route(B) Buy new sun glasses(C) Drive on a different road(D) Consider using Route 2717. (A) Give her ticket to the man(B) Borrow some jazz music from someone else(C) Go to the concert without the man(D) Help the man to complete his paper18. (A) Sullivan's has never been able to keep its chef.(B) The service at Sullivan's is dependable.(C) The quality of the cooking at Sullivan's is inconsistent.(D) Customers get a lot of personal attention at Sullivan's.19. (A) She thinks the wearier is pleasant.(B) She has been working hard in the lab.(C) She is not feeling very well today.(D) She has been staying up quite late recently.20. (A) The woman can wear it all winter.(B) The woman may have trouble paying for it.(C) It may not be warm enough.(D) It will not fit if the woman loses weight.21. (A) Introduce Michelle to the other reporters(B) Take Michelle home(C) Take a tour of the office(D) Start working at his desk22, (A) They should turn left when they see a stop sign.(B) He does not have the directions with him.(C) He does not see the stop sign yet(D) He does not know which way to turn.23. (A) Ho has not been to the new restaurant yet.(B) He would like to go to the new restaurant with the woman(C) The food at the new restaurant is not very good.(D) A restaurant 's atmosphere is very important to him24. (A) She is planning to drop the class.(B) She thinks the man wants to take the class.(C) She only has one class on Tuesdays and Thursdays.(D) She has to leave for class.25. (A) Ho does not feel very well.(B) He had several teeth filled.(C) The dentist gave him some medication.(D) The woman is mistaken.26. (A) Business courses have become popular(B) The school only offers business courses.(C) The business school has a new program.(D) The school has just started to offer business courses.27. (A) His alarm clock is broken.(B) He bas been late before.(C) He prefers to study early in the morning.(D) He worked in the lab last night.28. (A) He will lend the woman moneyto buy a computer.(B) The woman should wait a while before buying a computer.(C) The woman should find a better way to invest her savings.(D) The woman should buy a computer.29. (A) There are none left.(B) They are too expensive.(C) They might be available at the concert.(D) They need to be purchased in advance.30. (A) She will go to the restaurant with the man.(B) She will meet the man and his friends later in the evening.(C) She has already had dinner.(D) She will not change her original plans.31. (A) A famous photographer(B) Photographic processes in the 1800's(C) Photographic equipment used in the 1800's(D) A new museum32. (A) Her subjects home(B) Her subject's social status(C) Her subject's personality(D) Her subject 's role in history33. (A) Backlighting(B) Flashbulbs(C) Time-lapse photography(D) Soft focus34. (A) Children(B) Historical scenes(C) Well-known people(D) Landscapes35. (A) Which major the woman will be choosing(B) An anthropology course the woman is taking(C) How to find a job in publishing(D) Which anthropology professors the man recommends36.(A) It is not as difficult as she had thought it would be.(B)She would like her professor to explain it more clearly.(C) She took a class on it last semester.(D) Her professor will write a book on it soon.37. (A) lt might lead to a job in publishing.(B) It is being taught by a famous anthropologist.(C) It will help her with her courses overseas.(D) It will prepare her for future work in anthropology.38. (A)Her professor(B) A classmate(C) Her former boss(D) A foreign diplomat39. (A) So they can feel its weight(B) So they can examine its contents(C) So they can guess its age(D) So they can admire its beautiful color40. (A) How amber changes shape when heated(B) How clear amber is(C) How common is around the world(D) How easily amber can break41. (A) Tropical insects(B) Decayed leaves(C) Tree resin(D) Bird feathers42. (A) Its amber contains numerous fossils.(B) Its amber is the most durable.(C) Its amber is opaque.(D) It is the site of the oldest amber deposits.43. (A) Amber mined from the Appalachian Mountains(B) Amber with no imperfections(C) Amber containing organic material(D) Amber with no inclusions44. (A) The difficulties faced by the colonists(B) The skill of military heroes(C) The courage of one man(D) The cause of the Revolutionary War45. (A) He did not fight in the Revolution my War.(B) He did not really exist.(C) He was an important town leader.(D) He was not the only messenger.46. (A) It was well planned.(B) It was completed in a short time.(C) It was led by military commanders.(D) It helped him get elected to public office.47. (A)To explain how angles are measured(B) To prove that Mesopotamians did not know how to use square numbers(C) To discuss a mistaken historical interpretation(D) To explain why tablets are reliable historical records48. (A) They did not use square numbers.(B) They used complex measuring instruments.(C) They recorded math exercises on tablets.(D) They calculated the length of triangle sides.49. (A) Pictures of triangles(B) Calculations using square numbers(C) Measurements of angles(D) Greek symbols50. (A) They taught the Mesopotamians about square numbers.(B) They were less advanced in mathematics than the Mesopotamians.(C) They did not use square numbers.(D) They knew how to measure angles.Section Two: Structure and Written Expression1. The ancestors of the horse lived ..... and were about half a meter tall.(A) years ago 60 million(B) 60 million years ago(C) ago 60 million years(D) million years ago 602. The museum on Ellis Island, a former immigration station, contains documents andartifacts......to four centuries of United States immigration.(A) related them(B) related(C) related that(D) be related3. ......, particularly the oxides of sulfur, greatly increases the rate at which rust forms.(A) The presence of air pollutants(B) Air pollutants are present(C) Because the presence of air pollutants(D) Air pollutants whose presence4. The Sun, the Moon, and Earth have magnetic fields, and......evidence that the stellar that extend through vast regions galaxies have fields of space.(A) which is(B) is(C) because(D) There is5. The “confederation school”poets of nineteenth-century Canada were primarily nature poets,----- a wealth of eulogies to Canadian rural life.(A) and producing(B) who they produced(C) producing(D) whose production of6. Since prehistoric people first applied natural pigments to cave walls, ---- have painted toexpress themselves.(A) when artists(B) artists(C) artists who(D) that artists7. About 42 million bushels of oats are used annually --- manufacture of breakfast foods in die United States.(A) the(B) is the(C) in the(D) to8. Any acid can, in principle, neutralize any base, although .......between some of the more reactive compounds.(A) side reactions can occur(B) the occurrence of side reactions can(C) can side reactions occur(D) side reactions that can occur9. Just over two-thirds of Earth’s surface is covered by wafer, ...... more than 98 percent of this water is contained in the oceans.(A) with(B) which(C) and(D) resultingl0. Pleasing to look at and touch, beads come in shapes, colors, and materials .......to handle and to sort them.(A) that almost compel one(B) one compels(C) that compel almost(D) one is almost compelled11. In 1978 the united States National Air and Space Administration selected Sally Ride.......thefirst woman astronaut.(A) who being(B) to be(C) and being(D) was12. Adhesions are ....... formed within the body in response to inflammation or injury.(A) that thin bands of scar tissue(B) they thin bands of scar tissue when(C) thin bands of scar tissue(D) thin bands of scar tissue able to13. The planet Neptune is about 30 times ...... from the Sun as Earth is.(A) far(B) as far(C) more far(D) far that14. Not until the 1850's ...... a few public-spirited citizens and state legislatures seek to rescuehistoric buildings in the United States from destruction or alteration.(A) both(B) came(C) did(D) when15. ----- 200 bones forming the framework, or skeleton, of the human body.(A) Being over(B)There are over(C) Where over(D)Over16. The world's water balance is regulated by the constant circulation of water inA B CLiquid and vapor tom among the oceans, the atmospheric, and the land.D17. The major purpose of the United States Department of Education are to ensureAequal educational opportunity for all and to improve the quality of education.B C D18. Massive gains in computer speed, power, and reliably have been largely dueA B Cto advances in silicon technologies and manufacturing processes.D19. The sunflower, the official state flower of Kansas, and is widespread inA Bthe prairies of the western United States.C D20. Lake Superior, part of the United States-Canadian boundary, is a largestA B Cfreshwater lake in the world.D21. The snapper, a large-headed fish with a long dorsal fin, is named to itsA Bcharacteristic way of suddenly, shutting its mouth.C D22. The aim of the decorative arts is to beautiful our surroundings.A B C D23. Modern digital synthesizers, based on microprocessors, are virtually unlimitedA Bin the number and range of musical sounds it can produce.C D24. During the years he composed, Charles Ives was isolation from the music world;A Bnone of his major works was publicly performed.C D25. Psychoanalysis is a form of therapy that attempts to eliminate conflict by alter theA B Cpersonality in a positive way.D26. Globally, the 1990's stood out as the warmest decade for what we have weatherA B C Drecords.27. Silicon chips are reliable and cheap to produce in large numbers and areAused them in computers, calculators, programmed household appliances, andB Cmost electronic applications.D28. Because its pitch cannot easily be altered, the oboe serves as the standardA Bwhich by the symphony orchestra is tuned.C D29. Bursae are fluid-filled sacs that form cushions between tendons and bones andA B Cprotect them while movement.D30. In 1916, United States suffragist Alice Paul founded the National Woman’s Party,Aa political party dedicate to establishing equal rights for women.B C D31. The spice cinnamon and the drugs cascara and quinine all come from bark, theAprotective out layer of stems and roots of woody plants.B C D32. Tunas migrate long distances over all the world's oceans and occupy tropical,A B Ctemperate, and even some the cooler waters.D33. Taste buds, small sensory organ located on the tongue and palate, recognize fourA Bprimary tastes: sweet, sour, salty and bitter.C D34. Astronauts receive extensive training to prepare themselves both physically andA B Cpsychologically for complexity and rigor of a space mission.D35. By 1900 several prominent technical institutions, including the MassachusettsAInstitute of Technology, fashioned its own educational offerings to meet theB Cindustrial needs of the United States.D36. Some of the earliest mechanical devices were designed to raise water fromA B Cstreams for the irrigate of crops.D37. The Louisiana Purchase of 1803 increased the territory of the United StatesAby approximate 846,000 square miles, practically doubling the area of theB C DUnited States.38. A most useful tool for analyzing the elemental composition of fossils is theA B Celectron probe, a modify electron microscope.D39. Few substance on Earth equal the beauty of gemstones such as twinklingA B Cdiamonds, green emeralds, red rubies, blue sapphires, and multicolored opals.D40. For the purposes of the fine and decorative arts, metals have been used either inA B Ctheir simple state and in uncomplicated alloys.DSection Three: Reading ComprehensionQuestion 1-10After 1785, the production of children's books in the Untied States increased but remained largely reprints of British books, often those published by John Newbery, thefirst publisher to produce books aimed primarily at diverting a child audience. Ultimate]y, Line however, it was not the cheerful, commercial-minded Newhery, but Anglo-Irish author5 Maria Edgeworth who had the strongest influence on this period of American children'sliterature. The eighteenth century had seen a gradual shift away from the spiritual intensity of earlier American religious writings for children, toward a more generalized moralism.Newbery notwithstanding, Americans still looked on children's books as vehicles forinstruction, not amusement, though they would accept a moderate amount of fictional10entertainment for the sake of more successful instruction. As the children's book market expanded, then, what both public and publishers wanted was the kind of fiction MariaEdgeworth wrote: stories interesting enough to attract children and morally instructiveenough to allay adult distrust of fiction,American reaction against imported books for children set in after the War of 1812 15with the British. A wave of nationalism permeated everything, and the self-conscious new nation found foreign writings (particularly those from the British monarchy) unsuitable for the children of a democratic republic, a slate of self-governing, equal citizens. Publishers of children's books began to encourage American writers to write for American children.When they responded, the pattern established by Maria Edgeworth was at hand, attractive 20to most of them for both its rationalism and its high moral tone. Early in the 1820's, stories of willful children learning to obey, of careless children learning to take care,of selfish children learning to "tire for others," started to flow from American presses,successfully achieving Edgeworth's tone, though rarely her lively style. Imitative asthey were, these early American stories wee quite distinguishable from their British25counterparts. Few servants appeared in them, and if class distinctions had by no means disappeared, there was much democratic insistence on the worthiness of every level ofbirth and work. The characters of children in this fiction were serious, conscientious.self-reflective, and independent-testimony to the continuing influence of the earlierAmerican moralistic tradition in children's books.1. What does the passage mainly 4. The word "they" in line 9 refers todiscuss?(A) children(A) The career of Maria (B) AmericansEdgeworth as an author (C) booksof children's books (D) vehicles(B) The development of children'sliterature in the United States 5. The word "allay" in line 13(C) Successful publishers of is closest in meaning tochildren's books in Britainand North America (A)clarify(B) attack(D) Basic differences between (C)reduceBritish and American (D) confirmliterature for children2. The publisher John Newbery is 6: It can be inferred from the passageprincipally known for which of the that American children's books sold following reasons? before 1785 were almost always(A) He produced and sold books (A) written by Maria Edgeworthwritten by Maria Edgeworth. (B) attractive and interesting to(B) He had more influence on childrenAmerican children's (C) written by American authorsliterature than any other (D) intended only for religious andpublisher, moral instruction(C) He published books aimedamusing children rather thaninstructing them.(D) He was commercially mindedand cheerful.3. The word "notwithstanding" inline 8 is closest in meaning to(A) in spite of(B) in addition to(C) as a result of(D) as a part of7. By the end of the eighteenth 9. According to the passage, American century, the publishers of children’s children's stories differed from their looks in the United States were British equivalents in that themost concerned about which of the characters in American stories were following?(A) children who showed a change (A) Attracting children with of behaviorentertaining stories that (B) children who were wellprovided lessons of correct behavedbehavior (C) rarely servants(B) Publishing literature consisting (D) generally not from a varietyof exciting stories that would of social classesappeal to both children andadults 10. The word" testimony to" in line 28(C) Expanding markets for books is closest in meaning toin both Britain and theUnited States (A) inspiration for(D) Reprinting fictional books (B) evidence offrom earlier in the century (C) requirement for(D) development of8. The word "permeated" in line 15(A) opposed(B) improved(C) competed with(D) spread throughQuestion 11-21Lichens. probably the hardiest of all plants, live where virtually nothing else can---not just on rugged mountain peaks but also on sunbaked desert rocks. They are usually thefirst life to appear on a mountainside that has been scraped bare by an avalanche.Line Unlike other members of the plant kingdom, lichens are actually a partnership between5 two plants. The framework of a lichen is usually a network of minute hairlike fungus thatanchors the plant, The other component is an alga (similar to the green film of plant lifethat grows on stagnant pools) that is distributed throughout the fungus. Being green plants, algae are capable of photosynthesis--that is, using energy from the Sun to manufacturetheir own food. The fungi arc believed to supply water, minerals, and physical support to10 the partnership.Lichens are famous for their ability to survive ~ water shortage. When water is scarce (as is often the case on a mountain), lichens may become dormant and remain in thatcondition for prolonged periods of time. Some lichens can even grow where there is norain at all, surviving on only occasional dew--the moisture that condenses on the surface15 of the plants at night, And unlike most other plants, lichens are little affected by the strongultraviolet rays in the mountains.Lichens use little energy, for they grow slowly. Some grow so slowly and are so old that they are called "time stains." You may find lichens that are centuries old; certain ofthese lichen colonies have been established for an estimated 2,000 years.20 For decades, scientists wondered how the offspring of an alga and a fungus got togetherto form a new lichen, it seemed unlikely that they would just happen lo encounter oneanother. It was finally discovered that in many cases the two partners have never beenseparated. Stalklike "buds" that form on certain lichens are broken off by the wind or byanimals; these toll or are blown to a new location11. Which of the following questions 12. The word "hardiest" in line I isdoes the passage answer? closest in meaning to(A) Where can the oldest lichens (A) most unusualbe found? (B) most basic(B) How long does it take for (C) most abundantlichens to establish (D) most vigorousthemselves?(C) How large can lichens he?(D) Where do lichens usuallyoccur?13. The word "framework" in line 5 is 18. All of the following are mentionedclosest in meaning to in the discussion of lichens EXCEPT:(A) structure (A) They are capable of producing(a) fragment their own food.(C) condition (B)They require large amounts of(D)environment minerals lo prosper.(C)They are a union of two14, The author mentions "the green film separate plants.of plant life that grows on stagnant (D) They can live thousands ofpools" (lines 6-7) in order to explain years.(A) how the sun affects lichens 19. What does the phrase "lichen(B) why plants depend on water colonies (line 19)suggest?(C) where fungi become algae(D) what algae arc (A) Nothing but lichens live insome locations.15. It can be inferred from the passage (B) Many lichens live together inthat lichens use less energy and one area.grow more slowly when (C) Lichens displace the plantsthat surround them.(A) the environment is polluted (D)Certain groups of lichens have(B) they are exposed to ultraviolet never been separated.rays(C) they are very old 20. The word "encounter" in line 21 is(D) the supply of water is closest in meaning toinadequate(A) lose16: Which of file following terms is (B) supportdefined in the passage? (C) meet(A) "anchors" (line 6) (D) create(B) "stagnant" (line 7) 21. The word "these" in line 24 refers to(C) "dew" (line 14.)(D) "ultraviolet" (line 16) (A)partners(B) buds17. The word "prolonged" in line 13 is (C) lichensclosest in meaning to (D) animals(A)precise(B) extended(C) approximate(D)regularQuestion 22-31The languages spoken by early Europeans are still shrouded in mystery. There is nolinguistic continuity between the languages of Old Europe (a term sometimes used forEurope between 7000 and 3000 B.C.) and the languages of the modem world, and we Line cannot yet translate the Old European script, Scholars have deciphered other ancient5languages, such as Sumerian, Akkadian, and Babylonian, which used the cuneiform script, because of the fortuitous discovery of bilingual inscriptions, When cuneiformtablets were first discovered in the eighteenth century, scholars could not decipher them.Then inscriptions found in baa at the end of the eighteenth century provided a link: these inscriptions were written in cuneiform and in two other ancient languages, Old Persian10 and New Elamite--languages that had already been deciphered. It took several decades,but scholars eventually translated the ancient cuneiform script via the more familiarOld Persian language:Similarly, the hieroglyphic writing of the Egyptians remained a mystery until French troops unearthed the famous Rosetta stone in the late eighteenth century. The stone carried 15the same message written in ancient Greek, Egyptian hieroglyphs, and Egyptian hieratic,a simplified form of hieroglyphs. The Rosetta stone thwarted scholars' efforts for severaldecades until the early nineteenth century when several key hieroglyphic phrases weredecoded using the Greek inscriptions. Unfortunately, we have no Old European Rosettastone to chart correspondences between Old European script and the languages that20replaced it.Tim incursions of Indo-European tribes into Old Europe from the late fifth to the early third millennia B.C. caused a linguistic and cultural discontinuity. These incursions disrupted the Old European sedentary farming lifestyle that had existed for 3,000 yearsAs the Indo-Europeans encroached on Old Europe from the east, the continent underwent 25 upheavals. These severely affected the Balkans, where the Old European culturesabundantly employed script. The Old European way of life deteriorated rapidly, although pockets of Old European culture remained for several millennia, ~ new peoples spokecompletely different languages belonging to the Indo-European linguistic family. TheOld European language or languages, and the script used to write them, declined andeventually vanished.22. What does the passage mainly 24, According to the passage, scholarsdiscuss? were able to decipher cuneiform(A) Reasons for the failure to script with the help ofunderstand the written (A) the Sumerian, Akkadian,records of Old European and Babylonian languagesculture (B) Old Persian.(B) Influences on the development (C) tablets written in Oldof Old European script European(C) Similarities between (D) a language spoken inOld European script and eighteenth century Iran。