Systolic Arrays & Their Applications.ppt

Google Pixel 6 Pro 128GBGoogle Tensor Application Processor PoP(Tensor AP + Micron 12 GB LPDDR5 MT62F1536M64D8CH-031 WT:A)Kioxia 128 GB NAND Flash MemorySamsung SHANNON A5123 5G ModemSamsung SHANNON 5511 RF TransceiverMaxim MAX77759A PMICSTMicroelectronics NFC Controller ST54KMaxim MAX20339EWB Surge protection ICNXP PCA9468 Battery Charger ICSTMicroelectronics MCU ST33J2M0Google H1D3M Titan M security processorSamsung Exynos SM 5800 Supply Modulator (2 pcs)Cirrus Logic CS35L41B Audio Amplifier (2 pcs)Cirrus Logic CS40L25 Audio Amplifier HapticBroadcom BCM47765 GNSS Receiver ICFigure 1. Google Pixel 6 Pro Board ShotSkyworks SKY53737 FEMSkyworks SKY58260-11 FEMSamsung Exynos SM 5800 Supply ModulatorQorvo QM77080 FEMSkyworks SKY53738 FEM (3 pcs)Skyworks SKY77652-31 PAMSamsung Shannon 5311A PMICIDT P9412 Wireless Charing Receiver ICSamsung PMIC S2MPG10Samsung PMIC S2MPG11Unknown, Wi-Fi/BT Module (likely)Figure 2. Google Pixel 6 Pro Board ShotGoogle Tensor Application ProcessorGoogle’s semi-custom application processor is all about AI. Google built a custom deep learning accelerator (DLA) to challenge Qualcomm and Samsung in inferencing. The custom DLA features 16 (4x4) instantiations of systo lic arrays that outscore both Qualcomm and Samsung on ETH Zurich’s AI-Benchmark. While impressive, AI-Benchmark only tells half the story since it heavily relies on FP16 for inferencing. Most mobile AI network designers like to use INT8 for their layers because of the increased energy efficiency and comparable accuracy. For INT8 processing, the Pixel’s DLA lags both Qualcomm and Samsung in object detection, image segmentation, and image classification according to MLPerf 1.0.1 results.Figure 3. Google Deep Learning Accelerator (DLA)TechInsights' lab team has done a great job in getting the Google Tensor processor die photos quickly. The Tensor die has a die size (seal) of 10.38mm x 10.43mm = 108.26mm2 and is fabbed on Samsung's5nm process node technology. The following images show die marks and the die photo.Figure 4. Google Tensor Die MarkingsFigure 5. Google Tensor Package MarkingsThe die mark “S5P9845” conforms to the traditional Samsung Exynos processor naming rule, where the Exynos 990 Application Processor has the die marks of S5E9830, the Exynos 2100 5G SoC has die marks of S5E9840, and the Exynos 1080 5G SoC has S5E9815.We have heard of possible ties between the Google Tensor and Samsung Exynos processors, and our analysis of the Tensor die continues. It does appear that the foundry supplier for the Tensor die is Samsung. We will confirm the process node soon, which we ex pect is in Samsung’s 5LPE.Figure 6. Google Tensor Die PhotoSecurityGoogle designed the Titan M2, which is a custom RISC-V controller, to support Android Strongbox, securely generating keys, storing passwords, and protecting PINs. The company tested and certified its Titan chip through an external evaluation lab, achieving AVA_VAN.5 certification—one of the highest levels for smartphones.Mobile RF Components in the Google Pixel 6 ProOn the mobile RF front, the Pixel 6 brings about some key new developments:∙Google / Samsung ties in the Tensor: Now that we have spent some time examining the Google Tensor SoC, we have analyzed the device tree file system of the Linux kernel for Google Pixel 6, and it shows that some blocks of the Google GS101 Tensor processor are shared with Samsung’s Exynos.∙ A first for the US market: Samsung has developed a full 5G radio solution, which is included in the Pixel 6, making this the first major 5G phone in the US that does not include a Qualcommmodem.Looking forward, we note that Oppo is looking to develop their own SoC solutions for higher end phones - is Qualcomm’s dominance in this space diminishing?UWB ConnectivityConfirmed: the Google Pixel 6 Pro supports UWB connectivity, operating between 6489.6 MHz and 7987.2 MHz. Similar to the Galaxy S21 Ultra UWB design, the Google Pixel 6 Pro has multiple UWB patch antennas. However, in Google Pixel 6 Pro, only one antenna is used to transmit, whereas in the Galaxy S21 Ultra, two UWB antennas are used to send UWB signals.Although the Google Pixel 6 Pro design has similar components to the Samsung Galaxy S20 and Galaxy S21 Ultra, the Teardown team identified a new Qorvo UWB component instead of the same NXP SR100T that was found in the Samsung Galaxy S21 Ultra.WiFi 6EAnother point of similarity between the Google Pixel 6 Pro and the Samsung Galaxy S21 Ultra: the Pixel supports WiFi 6. This, however, is not just a protocol advancement - it requires new hardware designs. So far, we can confirm that the WiFi 6E modules from both phones include the Broadcom WiFi 6E SoC.Samsung Design WinsWith the exception of the Google Tensor Application Processor - which is now in our , the phone's key components are from Samsung, including: Samsung SHANNON A5123 5G Modem, Samsung SHANNON 5511 RF Transceiver, SHANNON 5800 Envelope Tracker IC, Samsung SHANNON 5311A PMIC, And more! The Samsung SHANNON A5123 5G Modem is not new to us. We originally found it in the Galaxy S20 Ultra in early 2020, where it paired with the Samsung Exynos 990 Application Processor as a standalone 5G Modem.As we have confirmed that there is a standalone Samsung 5G Modem in the Pixel 6 Pro, it stands to reason that the Google Tensor is an Application Processor without integrated Modem functionality, but we have not seen the die photos yet - we will confirm when we do.The Samsung SHANNON 5511 RF Transceiver is not new to us either. We originally found it in Samsung Exynos 1080 and 2100 5G SoC platform smartphones, such as Vivo X60 and Samsung Galaxy S21 series in early 2021.Additional Design WinsIn Memory, the Google Pixel 6 Pro we have torn down has a Micron 12 GB LPDDR5 which should have 8 pieces die of Micron’s 1y nm 12 Gb LPDDR5.KIOXIA has won the NAND Flash slot.There is a standalone GNSS Receiver IC from Broadcom. The BCM47765 is the company’s second generation Dual-Frequency (L1+L5) GNSS chip. TechInsights has analyzed the first generationBCM47755.The Pixel 6 Pro supports NFC and Wi-Fi/BT functions too. We have identified two likely modules and will confirm them through further analysis.STMicroelectronics keeps the NFC slot design win with the same die that we have seen in the Google Pixel 4 and Pixel 4 XL. We have confirmed that inside the wireless combo IC module is the Broadcom BCM4389 Wi-Fi 6E and Bluetooth 5 wireless combo SoC, which we first saw in the Samsung Galaxy S21 Ultra 5G phone.Google Pixel 6 Pro US Model GA03149-USWe have now done a quick tear down on a Google Pixel 6 Pro GA03149-US, a United States model of the phone that supports 5G mmWave and Sub-6.Comparison with the Canadian model we have been examining shows that the US model has a Samsung mmWave RF Transceiver Exynos RF 5710. So Samsung is the second silicon supplier of the 5G NR mmWave cellular chipsets, alongside Qualcomm. TechInsights will be creating a series of reverse engineering reports on the Exynos RF 5710 for our Mobile RF Analysis subscribers.We have also found a Murata mmWave Module SS1707051 found in the US phone. We are currently working to identify the die inside.Figure 7. Samsung mmWave RF Transceiver Exynos RF 5710Figure 8. Dual mmWave antenna module from Murata。

sysctl用法sysctl是一个用于读取和修改内核参数的工具。

它通过/proc/sys 目录来与内核进行交互，可以访问和更改内核的运行时设置。

使用sysctl的基本语法如下：```sysctl [options] [variable[=value] ...]```其中，options是sysctl命令的选项，variable是要读取或修改的内核参数的名称，value是要设置的新值。

以下是一些常用的sysctl选项：- -a：显示所有可用的内核参数和当前的值。

- -e：在尝试修改内核参数时忽略无效或错误的值。

- -n：只打印内核参数的值，而不修改它。

- -p file：从指定的文件中加载内核参数的值。

对于variable参数，可以是单个的内核参数名，也可以是以'.'分隔的一组名称来引用内核树的特定部分。

下面是一些常见的sysctl内核参数及其用途：- vm.swappiness：控制内核在系统内存不足时使用交换空间的程度。

- kernel.sysrq：启用或禁用sysrq标志，它允许通过按下特定的键序列来进行低级别的操作控制。

- net.ipv4.ip_forward：启用或禁用IP转发功能，允许在不同网络接口之间转发IP数据包。

- net.ipv4.tcp_max_syn_backlog：设置SYN队列的最大长度，用于控制TCP连接的新建速度。

- net.core.somaxconn：设置系统中每个套接字的最大挂起连接数。

除了通过命令行使用sysctl，也可以通过编辑/sysctl.conf文件来永久设置内核参数。

该文件是在系统启动时加载的，并包含一组sysctl参数的键值对配置。

在编辑该文件之后，可以使用sysctl -p 命令重新加载新的参数值。

sysctl不仅可以用于管理常规的内核参数，还可用于优化网络、安全和性能方面的参数。

需要注意的是，在修改内核参数之前，最好了解参数的含义和影响，并谨慎地进行修改。

波束形成器的fpga实现英文回答。

Beamformer FPGA Implementation.A beamformer is a signal processing technique that combines multiple signals to form a single, enhanced signal. This can be used to improve the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of a signal, or to steer the beam in a specific direction.Beamformers can be implemented in hardware using FPGAs (Field Programmable Gate Arrays). FPGAs are programmable logic devices that can be configured to perform a wide variety of tasks. This makes them ideal for implementing beamformers, which can be complex and require high-performance processing.There are many different ways to implement a beamformer on an FPGA. One common approach is to use a tapped delayline (TDL) architecture. In this architecture, each inputsignal is delayed by a different amount, and then the delayed signals are summed together to form the output signal. The delays are typically controlled by a set of coefficients, which are stored in memory.Another approach to implementing a beamformer on an FPGA is to use a systolic array architecture. In this architecture, the input signals are processed in a series of stages, each of which performs a specific operation. The stages are typically connected in a pipeline, so that the output of one stage is the input to the next stage.The choice of which architecture to use depends on the specific requirements of the application. TDL architectures are typically more efficient for small beamformers, while systolic array architectures are more efficient for large beamformers.FPGAs are a powerful and versatile platform for implementing beamformers. They offer high performance, low power consumption, and small size, making them ideal for a wide range of applications.中文回答。

TCL脚本语言学习（1）当输入的命令较长时，可以使用反斜线 \ 将一行命令分割为几行,例如：set target_library \/home/fzz/synopsys/library/slow.db上面的命令等价于set target_library /home/fzz/synopsys/library/slow.db（2）缩略语命令：Synopsys的命令可以缩略到非含糊的形式，但是在脚本文件中应该少使用缩略命令，因为脚本文件在某些Synopsys的工具或者TCL中的命令易于发生变化，这种变化因为缩略而变得含糊。

（3）可以使用Synopsys中的“history”命令列举或者执行出先前使用过所有命令，例如：dc_shell> history info 5该命令将列举出最近执行过的5跳指令dc_shell> history redo 4该命令将执行在当前 dc_shell中执行过的命令中的第4条指令，这里面redo 后面的数据如不是有效的，则将重复执行最后输入的命令。

例如dc_shell> history redo -4, -4 无效，将重复执行最后输入的有效指令也可以采用快捷键的方式，输入“!!”命令，重新执行命令。

例如：dc_shell> !!set target_library /home/fzz/synopsys/library/slow.db/home/fzz/synopsys/library/slow.db能够重复执行某条指令可以使用Dc_shell> !5(4)以命令行方式获得help使用-help 命令获得帮助Dc_shell> echo –help同样可以使用for命令获得help的所有命令，输入方式如下：dc_shell> help for*也可以获得特殊的命令组的所有命令的列表，通过输入命令集合的名字，例如：dc_shell> help procedures使用man命令也可以使用man命令获取Synopsys中获得帮助的相应命令，例如：dc_shell > man query_objects(5)Command Status命令状态时命令返回值，所有的命令都返回一个一个字符串或者 null，默认时命令状态值返回控制窗口，例如：dc_shell >set total_cells 0 ,这里定义了一个新的变量dc_shell >incr total_cells(6)Quoting 引用使用quoting disable一些特殊字符的含义（例如:[],$ and ;）dc_shell> set a 5; set b 1010dc_shell> echo {[expr $b - $a]} evaluates to [expr $b - $a][expr $b - $a] evaluates to 5双引号标示特殊的较弱的quoting，使用举例如下：dc_shell> Set A 10; set B 44dc_shell> ech o “A is $A; B is $B.\nNet is [expr $A - $B].”chapter 2 Tcl基础Variables变量dc_shell> set buf_name 1si_10K/B1I1si_10K/B1Idc_shell> set a 11dc_shell> set b 2.5Tcl中所有的变量都是字符串，Tcl不识别变量是整数或者实数的变量dc_shell> set b 1010dc_shell> incr b11dc_shell> incr b -65Incr的默认增加值是1，如果增加的不是整数值，那么则会报错，例如：dc_shell> set b 2.42.4dc_shell> incr bError …为了查找一个变量是否存在，可以使用tcl的info exists命令，例如说，为了查看变量total_cells是否存在，键入：dc_shell> info exists total_cells如果变量存在，则info exists返回1，否则，返回0。

习题一1.什么是程序存储工作方式？答：计算机的工作方式——存储程序工作方式。

即事先编写程序，再由计算机把这些信息存储起来，然后连续地、快速地执行程序，从而完成各种运算过程。

2.采用数字化方法表示信息有哪些优点？用数字化方法表示信息的优点：（1）抗干扰能力强, 可靠性高。

（2）依靠多位数字的组合，在表示数值时可获得很宽的表示范围以及很高的精度。

（3）数字化的信息可以存储、信息传送也比较容易实现。

（4）可表示的信息类型与范围及其广泛，几乎没有限制。

（5）能用逻辑代数等数字逻辑技术进行信息处理，这就形成了计算机硬件设计的基础。

3.如果有7×9点阵显示出字符A的图像，请用9个七位二进制代码表示A的点阵信息。

4.数字计算机的主要特点是什么？1.（1）能在程序控制下自动连续地工作；（2|）运算速度快；（3）运算精度高；（4）具有很强的信息存储能力；（5）通用性强，应用领域及其广泛。

5.衡量计算机性能的基本指标有哪些？答：衡量计算机性能的基本指标：（1）基本字长——参加一次运算的数的位数；（2）数据通路宽度——数据总线一次能并行传送的位数；（3）运算速度——可用①CPU的时钟频率与主频，②每秒平均执行指令数，③典型四则运算的时间来表示。

（4）主存储器容量——可用字节数或单元数（字数）×位数来表示。

（5）外存容量——常用字节数表示。

（6）配备的外围设备及其性能。

（7）系统软件配置。

7.系统软件一般包括哪些部分？列举你所熟悉的三种系统软件。

系统软件一般包括操作系统，编译程序、解释程序、各种软件平台等。

例如WINDOWS98操作系统，C语言编译程序等，数据库管理系统。

8.对源程序的处理有哪两种基本方式？对源程序的处理通常有两种处理方式：解释方式和编译方式。

习题二1.将二进制数(101010.01)2转换为十进制数及BCD码。

解：(101010.01)2 = (42.25)10 = (01000010.00100101)BCD2.将八近制数(37.2)8转换为十进制数及BCD码.解:(37.2)8 = (31.25)10 =(011001.010101)BCD3.将十六进制熟(AC.E)转换为十进制数及BCD码.解: (AC.E)16 =(174.875)10 = (000101110100.100001110101)BCD4.将十进制数(75.34)10转换为8位二进制数及八进制数、十六进制数。

sysctl 源码原理
sysctl 是 Linux 内核中的一个接口，用于获取和设置内核的运行时参数。

其源码位于 `kernel/sysctl_binary.c` 文件中。

sysctl 的原理可以分为以下几个步骤：
1. 用户空间调用 sysctl 系统调用。

2. 内核接收到系统调用后，根据传入的参数解析出要获取或设置的内核参数的路径。

3. 根据路径查找对应的内核参数。

4. 如果是获取内核参数，则将参数的值拷贝到用户空间中；如果是设置内核参数，则将用户空间传入的值拷贝到内核空间中，并根据需要更新相应的内核状态。

5. 返回给用户空间相应的结果。

具体实现细节如下：
1. 内核通过`sysctl_table` 数组保存了所有的内核参数，数组中的每个元素都是一个struct ctl_table 结构体，包含了参数的路径、类型、读写权限等信息。

2. 当用户空间调用sysctl 系统调用时，内核会根据传入的参数路径，在 sysctl_table 数组中查找对应的内核参数。

3. 内核会根据参数的类型，调用不同的处理函数处理参数的读取或写入操作。

处理函数可以是通用的，也可以是特定类型的处理函数。

4. 内核通过`proc_sys_root` 目录下的文件系统接口来实现参数的读取和写入。

通过在`/proc/sys` 目录下创建相应的文件，用户空间可以方便地读取和修改内核参数。

sysctl 的原理是通过在内核中维护一个参数表，根据用户空间传入的参数路径，查找对应的内核参数，并通过文件系统接口实现参数的读取和写入。