托福口语范文task4

智 课 网 托 福 备 考 资 料托福口语task4真题及解析-智课教育旗下智课教育托福口语task4该怎样解题呢？答案和题目之间有什么关系呢？现在就跟着智课教育小编一起来学习吧！在托福口语 考试中，task4是比较难的题目，你知道这类话题该怎样解答吗?我们又应该怎样做才能在托福口语考试中取得高分呢?这类话题中的范文又应该怎样组织呢?现在就跟着智课教育小编一起来看看这则托福口语范文解析吧!Reading Part:Experimenter EffectOne objective of any experiment is, of course, to obtain accurate results. Sometimes, however, problems occur that lead to in accurate results. One such problem is the experimenter effect. ①The experimenter effect occurs when are searcher’s expectations affect the outcome of the experiment. The researcher expects a particular result from the experiment, and that expectation causes the researcher to act in ways that influence the behavior of the experiment participants, thereby invalidating the results of the experiment.Listening Part:Now listen to part of a lecture on this topic in a psychology class.(male professor) ②For example, I recently read about a case in which a researcher was given two groups of monkeys and he was asked to train these monkeys to pick up a ball and put it in a box. And he was told to record how many hours it took to train each monkey to learn to do this.③Now, before he started the training, the researcher was told that one group of monkeys was highly intelligent and the other group was less intelligent. In truth, there was no difference between them. All the monkeys were actually very similar in terms of intelligence. But the researcher didn’t know that. Hethought one group was smarter, so he expected that group would be easier to train.So, what happened? Well, the researcher trained the monkeys to perform the action, and it turned out that.④ On average, it took him two hours less time to train the supposedly smart monkeys than the supposedly less intelligent monkeys. Why? ⑤Well, it turns out that with the supposedly smart monkeys the researcher smiled at them a lot, gave them a lot of encouragement, talked to them a lot, worked hard to communicate with them but with the monkeys he thought were less intelligent, he wasn’t this enthusiastic, he didn’t try this hard, wasn’t quite optimistic.Question:Explain how the example from the professor ’s lecture illustrates the experimenter effect.一.范文The professor talks about experimenter effect which occurs when a researcher’s expectation affect the outcome of an experiment. In the study, researcher was asked to train two groups of monkeys. He was told that one group of monkey was smarter than the other, although they are equally intelligent. It turned out monkeys from the first group took two hours less to train on average. The reason was that the researcher expected the smarter group to be easier to train so he smiled to those monkeys and encouraged them a lot during the training. But he didn’t work as hard with the monkeys from the other group.二.重点词汇1. objective：adj. 客观的;目标的;宾格的Our main objective was the recovery of the child safe and well.2. invalidate：vt. 使无效;使无价值An official decree invalidated the vote in the capital.3. encouragement：n. 鼓励Friends gave me a great deal of encouragement.4. enthusiastic：adj. 热情的;热心的;狂热的Tom was very enthusiastic about the place.三.重点句型1. ①when引起了时间状语从句，这句话给实验者效应下定义，实验者的期望有时候会影响实验的结果。

【必备资料】托福TPO4口语Task4题目文本及答案解析在托福口语备考中，想要快速提升自己的托福口语能力，除了不断的累积自己的词汇和句型之外，从TPO练习入手也不失为一个不错的方法。

那么，在以下内容我们就为大家带来托福口语TPO的题目和答案解析。

托福TPO4口语task4题目 Reading Part:Nonverbal LanguagesNonverbal language refers to human emotional expressions without involvingverbal statements. Facial expressions and body moments are the two mostlyattributed types of nonverbal languages. It is generally believed that nonverballanguages function as the enhancement of emotional expressions when they consistwith verbal languages.Under the circumstances that nonverbal languages and verbal languagescontradict in the contents they express, nonverbal languages are more likely torelease people’s true emotions.托福TPO4口语task4题目 Listening Part:Now listen to part of a lecture on this topic in a psychology course.Professor (male) Last month, my favorite uncle paid me a surprise visit. Ihadn’t seen him in many years. The door bell rang, I opened the door and therewas uncle Pete. Now, I am sure when I saw him I said something like, “UnclePete, what a surprise! How nice to see you.” Anyway, my wife was standing nextto me, and according to her, I wasn’t really aware of this, my eyes got really wide and I broke into a huge big smile, she said I was really jumping up anddown like a little boy. Well, anyway, later that evening uncle Pete told me how very good he felt when he saw how happy I was to see him.But compared that with this: my daughter, she’s six, we were building a bird house together last week, and I was showing her how to use a hammer and a nail. And, of course, stupid me, I wasn ’t being very careful when I smashed my thumb with the hammer. Boy, it hurt! I almost felt like screaming, but I didn’t wantto upset my daughter, so I said, “Don’t worry, honey. It’s nothing.” Meanwhile, I was shaking my hand as if that would stop my thumb from hurting and my facewas contorted in pain.My voice was trembling, too. So, even though I told my daughter I was OK, Iam sure she didn’t believe me, because she kept asking me if I was OK.托福TPO4口语task4题目 Question:Explain how the examples from the professor’s lecture illustrate therelationship between verbal and nonverbal communication.托福TPO4口语task4答案解析：1. Reading key(1.1) Main idea: relationship between verbal and nonverbal communication (1.1.1) Agree with one another: enhance and support each other(1.1.2) Conflict with one another: nonverbal is more accurate2. Listening key(2.1) Example 1:(2.1.1) Uncle visits(2.1.2) Verbal: so happy to see you!(2.1.3) Nonverbal: jumping up and down, huge big smile, eyes got really wideNonverbal signals enhance verbal message(2.2) Example 2:(2.2.1) Teaches daughter how to use a hummer and nail(2.2.2) Verbal: it’s fine, it’s alright(2.2.3) Nonverbal: shakes hand, face full of pain(2.2.4) Nonverbal signals are telling the truth托福TPO4口语task4范文：In the lecture, the professor talks about the relationship between verbal and nonverbal communication. The first example is that his uncle Pete gave him a surprise visit. His eyes got wide, he broke into a huge big smile, and he was jumping up and down like a little boy. His expression enhanced how happy he was to see Uncle Pete. The second example is he hurt his thumb when teaching his daughter how to work with a hammer. Even though he kept saying he’s fine, he was shaking his hand and his face was twisted in pain. Those expressions told his daughter the truth: he was really in a lot of pain.本文部分信息来源于新东方在线。

为了帮助大家高效备考托福，为大家带来托福TPO14口语Task4阅读文本+听力文本+题目+满分范文，希望对大家备考有所帮助。

托福TPO14口语Task4阅读文本： Comfort Zone Bias Psychologists have found that when people make important decisions, they often choose to stay in their “comfort zones”, that is, they prefer remaining in comfortable, familiar situations, rather than entering into new, unfamiliar ones. This tendency is often referred to as the comfort zone bias. When people are reasonable content, they often decide not to pursue a new opportunity, even if it attracts them and offers more advantages. Psychologists believe that the comfort zone bias exists not only because we have a natural preference for what we already know, but also because we want to avoid taking risks. 托福TPO14口语Task4听力文本： Now listen to part of a lecture in a psychology class. (male professor) OK, so this comes up a lot when people make career decisions.A friend of mine from college always wanted to be a film reviewer. He was a film major and he loved movies. Most of all, he loved to write about movies. So, when he graduated, he looked for a job as a film reviewer for a newspaper, because as a film reviewer, he gets to see films for free and would be paid to write about them.That's what he loved! But, he couldn't find the job as a film reviewer. So, he took a position as a news reporter instead, for a newspaper, investigating stories, writing about events, what news reporters do.Now, at first, my friend wasn't sure if he'd be any good at this. He'd never been as a news reporter before. But, eventually, he adjusted and gained confidence and he got used to the job. And he realized he was actually a pretty good reporter.Anyway, here's the thing: after a few years, the film reviewer for the paper where he worked quit, and my friend was offered her job. This was his dream, right? Here’s opportunity to be a film reviewer had finally come! And the new job would actually pay more, too.But, did he take the job? No! He turned it down. He told me he’d gotten used to being a news reporter and he just didn't want to try something else. It seemed like too big a change, since, well, there was a chance the new job might not work out. 托福TPO14口语Task4题目： Using the example from the lecture, explain the comport zone bias. 托福TPO14口语Task4满分范文： When making important decisions, people prefer to remain in familiar situations that make them feel comfortable and give up new opportunities. This tendency is called comfort zone bias. And the professor takes his friend's experience. One of his friends in college was a film major who was crazy about films. However, he couldn't find a job as a film reviewer, so he became a news reporter instead. It wasn't easy for him to become a journalist at first, but when he adapted himself to the job, he realized that he was actually good at it, and therefore a job reporter became his comfort zone. So later even when he was offered the position of a film reviewer, he declined it because of his bias toward his reporter job. (181 words) 以上是给大家整理的托福TPO14口语Task4阅读文本+听力文本+题目+满分范文，希望对你有所帮助!。

为了帮助大家高效备考托福，为大家带来托福TPO29口语Task4阅读文本+听力文本+题目+满分范文，希望对大家备考有所帮助。

托福TPO29口语Task4阅读文本： Scatter Hoarding Many animals live in environments where food is plentiful during certain times of the year and scarce during other times of the year. In such environments, some animals collect and prepare food when it is plentiful, then hoard it – store it – for future use. Some types of hoarders engage in scatter hoarding. Unlike other types of hoarders, scatter hoarders do not store the food all in once place; instead, they scatter it – divide it up and hide it in many different places. Later, at a time when food is scarce, the hoarders return to these hiding places and recover the food. 托福TPO29口语Task4听力文本： Now listen to part of a lecture on this topic in a biology class. (male professor) OK, so we sometimes see this with animals that live in parts of the world where it gets very cold in the winter. For example, in the northeaster United States, there's a species of squirrels that does this. This squirrel, like many species of squirrel, loves to eat nuts. Nuts are one its primary sources of food. Now, nuts are very difficult to find in the winter. But in the autumn, they are lying all over the place because that's when they fall from the trees.So, what this squirrel does is in the autumn it spends a lot of time finding nuts. After it finds a nut, it prepares it. It takes off the outer shell and cleans it. This preparation may in some way help preserve the nut and or may make it easier to eat later on. The squirrel then digs a little hole in the ground and buries the nut. In one autumn, this squirrel may bury hundreds of nuts.But it doesn't just dig a big hole and put all the nuts in it and cover them up. No, it digs hundreds of holes all over the place. And it puts just one nut in each hole. Now, why would it do that? Well, probably primarily because even if other animals happen to find some of the holes, some of the nuts, the squirrel will still have a lot of other holes with nuts in them so it’ll still have enough food to survive the winter. 托福TPO29口语Task4题目： Explain how the example from the professor’s lecture illustrate the practice of scatter hoarding. 托福TPO29口语Task4满分范文： Animals usually hoard some food for the time when there's no food. And some animalsdivide their storage of food into different places and when the food is scarce, they return to the places and recover the food. For example, there's a kind of squirrels feeding on nuts that are plentiful in autumn while scarce in winter. So they spend a lot of time in autumn finding nuts. Then they prepare nuts by taking off the shells and cleansing them, which helps preserve and makes the nuts easier to eat later on. After that the squirrels dig thousands of holes at different places to hoard the prepared nuts so that even if some of the nuts are found by other animals, they still have enough food for the winter. (132 words) 以上是给大家整理的托福TPO29口语Task4阅读文本+听力文本+题目+满分范文，希望对你有所帮助!。

为了帮助大家高效备考托福，为大家带来托福TPO46口语Task4阅读文本+听力文本+题目+满分范文，希望对大家备考有所帮助。

托福TPO46口语Task4阅读文本： Warning Coloration Many animals have defense mechanisms that help protect them from predators. In some cases, these animals have distinct coloring that signals predators of the presence of such defenses. This type of coloring is called warning coloration. If a predator does not recognize the meaning of this coloration and attacks, it may suffer significant discomfort or injury when its would-be prey employs its defense mechanism. As a result, the predator learns to associate the warning coloration with negative consequences, and will from that point forward avoid attacking animals that have that coloration. 托福TPO46口语Task4听力文本： Now listen to part of a lecture in a biology class. We have a good example of this with the skunk. As most of you know, the skunk is a furry little mammal that can be found throughout North America. Skunks have a very distinctive marking. Their body is mostly black, and they have a big white stripe that runs from the top of their head all the way down their back and along their big bushy tail. So they're very easy to see and very easy to recognize even from a distance. Skunks also have special glands under their tail that produce a terrible, smelling liquid. And when skunks are approached by a predator, they lift their tail and spray the predator with this liquid. For example, let's say a wolf is preparing to attack a skunk. As the wolf approaches, the skunk lifts its tail and sprays the wolf. That's very very unpleasant for the wolf because it's now covered with this repulsive, foul-smelling liquid. The wolf doesn't want to be sprayed again, so it backs off and leaves the skunk alone. And from then on, whenever that wolf sees a furry, little black body with a big white stripe running from its head to its tail, it'll recall that terrible smell and it'll be sure to stay far away. 托福TPO46口语Task4题目： Explain how the professor’s example from the lecture illustrates warning coloration. 托福TPO46口语Task4满分范文： Warning coloration refers to a type of coloring that animals have to signal predators of the presence of defenses. In the lecture, the professor uses skunk as an example to illustrate this term. Skunks have a big white stripe that runs from the top of the head down their back and along the big bushy tail. The special glands under their tail can produce a terrible, smelling liquid. When a wolf is preparing to attack a skunk, the skunk lifts its tail and sprays the wolf. So the wolf backs off and leaves the skunk alone. From then on, whenever the wolf sees the skunk, it will recall the terrible smell and stay far away from it. 以上是给大家整理的托福TPO46口语Task4阅读文本+听力文本+题目+满分范文，希望对你有所帮助!。

新托福口语模板4〔托福〕口语task4的内容是学术讲座,所以很多中国考生觉得难度很大,不知道怎么答,得分点在哪里,分数自然也不会太高。

下面是我为您整理的关于新托福口语模板4，希望对你有所帮助。

新托福口语模板41. TOPIC SENTENCE： The professor talks about the theory that。

SUPPORTING DETAILS： He/she gives one/two examples to illustrate/explain such a point.(接下来陈述实验对象，实验过程，实验结果)。

2、(1)类型：The reading passage： definitionListening passage： examples， study， research 模版：The reading passagegives the definition of(关键的抽象词)。

XXX is(定义的内容)In the listening passage，the professor goes on todemonstrate it by introducing some researches / examples. This first is(最后一句注意挂钩)The second is(同样挂钩)(2)类型：The reading passage： the phenomenon / the problem/the process /somefunctions/some featuresListening passage： research， analysis.。

.模版：the reading passage describes the phenomenon / the problem/the process /somefunctions/some features(关键的抽象词)。

为了帮助大家高效备考托福，为大家带来托福TPO48口语Task4阅读文本+听力文本+题目+满分范文，希望对大家备考有所帮助。

托福TPO48口语Task4阅读文本： Optimal Foraging Food provides animals with the energy they need to survive. However, animals also lose energy in the process of obtaining, or foraging, for food. Therefore, in order to conserve energy, many animals behave in ways that minimize the energy they expend in the foraging process while at the same time maximizing their nutritional benefits. This energy-efficient approach to obtaining food is known as optimal foraging. The practice of optimal foraging allows animals to expend the least possible amount of energy while at the same time obtaining prey with high food value that will provide them with necessary nutrients. 托福TPO48口语Task4听力文本： Now listen to part of a lecture from a biology class. All right. So I've got a good example of this. There's a bird, a species of crow, that lives near the water and it feeds on a type of shellfish that has a hard outer shell. In order to eat the shellfish, the bird has to crack open its hard shell. So when this bird feeds, what it does is: it dives down out of the air into shallow water, grabs a shellfish in its mouth, then carries the shellfish up in the air. It then drops the shellfish, lets it fall onto the rocks below. When the shellfish hits the rocks, its shell cracks and splits open and the bird can eat it. Now, this bird, this crow, doesn't just swoop down, grab the first shellfish it sees and then fly up to any height and let it fall. Instead, it does two things. First, it carefully selects only the biggest shellfish. That means it's going to get the biggest possible meal for its efforts. Okay? Second, it carries the shellfish up to a specific height, about five meters, and drops it from there. If the bird dropped the shellfish from a lower height, it would have to pick it p and drop it too many times in order to break the shell. On the other hand, if the bird carried the shellfish up to a higher altitude, an altitude higher than it's necessary to crack the shell, it would be wasting energy. So this bird expends just the right amount of energy - no more no less - that it needs to obtain just the right kind of food. 托福TPO48口语Task4题目： Using the example from the lecture, explain the concept of optimal foraging. 托福TPO48口语Task4满分范文： The reading passage introduces a term called “Optimal Foraging”, which means the energy-efficient approach to gaining food by maximizing food nutrition and minimizing foraging energies. The lecturer further illustrates this term by using the example of a species of crow. Firstly, this bird will dive down into shallow water and choose the biggest shellfish rather than grab the first shellfish it sees so that its efforts will yield greatest harvest. Second, the crow drops the shellfish from about five meters in the air to crack open the shell by the rock below. The height won’t be too little to break the shell at one time and won’t be too much to waste the flying energy. 以上是给大家整理的托福TPO48口语Task4阅读文本+听力文本+题目+满分范文，希望对你有所帮助!。

为了帮助大家高效备考托福，为大家带来托福TPO35口语Task4阅读文本+听力文本+题目+满分范文，希望对大家备考有所帮助。

托福TPO35口语Task4阅读文本： Integrated Farming Many farmers keep animals and raise crops at the same time. While some farmers treat the cultivation of their animals and plants as two separate activities, others integrate the two so that they work together. This is called integrated farming. Integrated farming uses the natural behavior of animals in a way that helps to keep both animals and crops healthy and thriving. By integrating a particular animal with a specific crop, farmers create a system in which both animals and plants provide for each other’s needs. 托福TPO35口语Task4听力文本： Now listen to part of the lecture from an environmental science class. Okay, so an example of this is when chickens are used to prepare a field for planting. Farmers who do this have a special kind of little house that they keep their chickens in. This little house has four walls and a roof but it doesn't have any floor. And it has wheels attached to it so it can easily be moved from one location to another. So farmers move this little house to a field where something is going to be planted. Say, bean plants. And then the chickens are placed inside the house, now remember there is no floor in this house and what the chickens do is they walk around inside the house and peck up the soil and eat any weeds or wild plants that they find. And then when the chickens are done eating the weeds in that location, the farmers move the house to the next section of the field. And again the chickens peck up the soil and eat the weeds. So the chickens get to eat a lot of weeds which are good for them. Now this activity is also good for the bean plants that'll be growing in the field, because when the chickens eat the weeds they're improving the quality of the soil. Thanks to the chickens when the bean plants start to grow there won't be any weeds there to compete with them for crucial resources, like sunlight and water. 托福TPO35口语Task4题目： Explain how the example from the lecture illustrate the concept of integrated farming. 托福TPO35口语Task4满分范文： Integrated farming means farmers treat the cultivation of the animals and the plants together in order to create a system in which both animals and plants providefor each other's needs. The professor illustrates the concept of integrated farming by using an example of farmers using chickens to help grow bean plants. In the example, the farmers move a little house that has no floor to some field preparing for growing bean plants. The farmers put the chicken in the little house and the chickens peck and eat up the weeds or plants in the soil, and when the chickens are done eating, the farmers will move to other places. According to the professor, this system is good for both the chickens and the bean plants because the chickens have enough weeds to feed and the quality of the field for the bean plants is improved since there will be no more competing weeds for crucial resources against the bean plants. 以上是给大家整理的托福TPO35口语Task4阅读文本+听力文本+题目+满分范文，希望对你有所帮助!。

为了帮助大家高效备考托福，为大家带来托福TPO19口语Task4阅读文本+听力文本+题目+满分范文，希望对大家备考有所帮助。

托福TPO19口语Task4阅读文本： Social Learning One way people learn is by watching the behavior of others. Sometimes called social learning, this type of learning involves the process of learning to copy – or not copy – the action of another. By observing the results, or consequences, of another’s behavior, people learn, over time, to either imitate or avoid imitating that behavior. In general, people tend to imitate the behavior of another when they see that it leads to a desirable consequence – hoping to repeat it for themselves. Of course, the opposite is also true – people tend to avoid imitating the behavior of another when they see it result in an undesirable consequence. 托福TPO19口语Task4听力文本： Now listen to part of a lecture in a psychology class. (male professor) OK, so an example to illustrate this, uh, you've often see this happen in families, let's say, there're these two kids, a sister and the brother. Uh, let's say the girl is six and the boy's four, and one day they're all out shopping with their mother, and they're in the store, and the girl sees a toy she wants. She asks her mother to buy, uh, to buy the toy for her but the mother says “no.” So, what does the little girl do? She starts crying and screaming and, you know, “Mommy, I want this!” And, finally, Mom gives in and says, “OK, fine, you can have it,” and buys the girl the toy.Now, don't forget, the little brother's there and he's watching all this happen, and maybe he sees these sorts of thing happen a lot, as mother giving in when his sister cries and screams. What do you think he's going to start doing when he wants something from Mom? He'll probably cry and scream, right?But, what if the opposite happened? Say Mom didn't give in and didn't buy the girl the toy, if fact, say, the Mom instead disciplined the girl for screaming and crying when they got home she didn’t let the little girl watch her favorite TV program. Again, the little boy is watching. Now, what’s the little boy likely to do if he finds himself in a similar situation and he wants Mom to buy him something? Chances are, he’s not gonna cry and scream. Right? 托福TPO19口语Task4题目： Use the examples from the lecture to explain the concept of social learning. 托福TPO19口语Task4满分范文： Sometimes people learn by watching the behavior of others, which is called social learning. And according to the professor there're two situations of this. When people realize that the behavior may lead to desirable consequence, they're likely to copy it. For example, a 4-year-old boy goes out shopping with his mother and his 6-year-old sister. And he sees how his sister gets the doll she wants by crying after their mother refuses her request to buy one. So next time the boy wants to get something he likes, he probably will do that, too. However, when people realize that the consequence is undesirable, they will not copy the behavior. Back to the boy, if his sister doesn't get the toy and is even punished later at home, like that their mother doesn't allow her to watch her favorite TV program, the boy probably won't scream or cry the next time he wants something from his mother. This is how social learning influences the boy's behavior. (171 words) 以上是给大家整理的托福TPO19口语Task4阅读文本+听力文本+题目+满分范文，希望对你有所帮助!。

为了帮助大家高效备考托福，为大家带来托福TPO45口语Task4阅读文本+听力文本+题目+满分范文，希望对大家备考有所帮助。

托福TPO45口语Task4阅读文本： Method of Loci Special techniques, or memory devices, are often used to help us recall information. One technique, the method of loci (i.e., method of location), is particularly helpful for remembering several pieces of information in a particular order. To use this technique, we first imagine a familiar place such as a building or an outdoor area. This familiar place should have a series of landmarks or locations within it that we can imagine walking past in a predictable, logical order. Once the landmarks have been identified in a given order, we assign one piece of the information that we want to later recall to each location. The information should be assigned in the order in which we want to remember it. To later recall the new information in order, we imagine walking through the familiar place, recalling what is stored at each location along the way. 托福TPO45口语Task4听力文本： Now listen to part of a lecture on this topic. So how would this work? Well, let's say you need to learn the names of the planets, in order, by distance from the Sun. So, first, think about the landmarks you pass as you walk from, say, your dormitory, to the student center. The first one might be the front door of your dormitory, then the big tree in front of the dorm. The next landmark you pass might be the statue in front of the library- Next, the steps to the science building. You get the idea. You memorize the major points along the walk, imagining yourself going from the first landmark to the second, the third, and so on. Now, the next thing you do is assign one planet to each of your landmarks in sequence. Since Mercury is the closest planet to the Sun, you assign it to the first landmark, the front door of your dorm. The next planet, Venus, to the tree in front of the dorm. The third planet. Earth, you assign to the third landmark, the statue in front of the library, and so on and so on. And each time you picture the association in your mind as vividly as possible. Then later, say you are sitting in the classroom taking a test, and you have to write the order of the planets from the Sun. What do you do? You imagine yourselfon that familiar walk to the student center, passing each landmark as usual. When you think about walking out of the door of your dorm, you are reminded of Mercury. When you see the beautiful tree in front of the dorm, you'd think of Venus. At each landmark along the way, you recall the next planet and write it down. 托福TPO45口语Task4题目： Using the professor’s example, explain how the method of loci is used to recall information in sequence. 托福TPO45口语Task4满分范文： Method of Loci is particularly helpful for remembering several pieces of information in a particular order. In the lecture, the professor uses learning the names of planets in order by distance from the sun as an example to illustrate this method. In order to do this, you memorize the landmarks from the dormitory to the student center. The first landmark is the front door of your dorm, which you assign as the Mercury, the closest planet to the sun. The second landmark is the tree in front of your dorm, which you assign as Venus. And the third landmark is the statue in front of the library, which you assign as Earth. In this way, when you take a test and have to write down the order of the planets from the Sun, you will recall the planet according to the association with the landmarks. 以上是给大家整理的托福TPO45口语Task4阅读文本+听力文本+题目+满分范文，希望对你有所帮助!。

为了帮助大家高效备考托福，为大家带来托福TPO42口语Task4阅读文本+听力文本+题目+满分范文，希望对大家备考有所帮助。

托福TPO42口语Task4阅读文本： Habituation Habituation is a form of learning that is quite common among animals. When an animal experiences a situation for the first time, particularly one it considers threatening, it may instinctively respond by running away or by warning other members of its community with alarm calls. Normally, it responds this way each time the situation occurs. However, if through continuous and prolonged exposure the animal learns that the situation is harmless, the behavior gradually diminishes. Ultimately, it will stop responding to the situation altogether. Thus, through habituation a natural or instinctive behavior gradually changes. 托福TPO42口语Task4听力文本： Now listen to part of a lecture in a biology class. Prairie dogs are small animals you're likely to find on wide, relatively flat, grassy areas of land in North America. They tend to live together in large numbers. Now, generally these animals don't come into contact with human beings, but every now and then, they do. So let's assume that some prairie dogs happen to live in an area where human beings frequently come and go. Now the first time the animals would see a human being, they'd instinctively react by making a sharp barking sound like a dog and jumping up and down, essentially warning or alerting other prairie dogs that are nearby of this potential threat, exactly the same way they'd react if they came upon or were threatened by a snake or a hawk, an animal that preys on them. Their instinctive reaction would be one of fear. They'd keep an eye on the human beings until these scary, possibly threatening individuals are gone. And...they're likely to react this way every time they see a human being. However, if people pass through the area day after day without threatening them or trying to harm them, well, it turns out that the prairie dogs will gradually stop barking and jumping up and down when they see a human being passing through the area. At some point, they'd stop reacting to humans as though they were a threat. 托福TPO42口语Task4题目： Explain how the example of the prairie dog illustrates the concept of habituation. 托福TPO42口语Task4满分范文： In the lecture, the professor mainly talked about the theory that through habituation a natural behavior gradually changes. To reinforce the theory, the professor gave an example in his speech. That is, assume prairie dogs live in an area where human beings frequently come and go. The first time the animals see a person, they’d react by barking like a dog and jumping up and down instinctively to warn or alert other prairie dogs nearby, they’d do the same to the animal that preys on them, such as a snake or a hawk. This kind of reaction is out of their fear. And they’d keep an eye on the human beings until these possible threatening individuals are gone. However, if people pass through the area day by day without hurting them, then the prairie dogs will gradually stop barking and jumping up and down when they see a person passing through the area, they’d stop reacting to humans as a threat. And that's the example the speaker presented to explain his idea. 以上是给大家整理的托福TPO42口语Task4阅读文本+听力文本+题目+满分范文，希望对你有所帮助!。

为了帮助大家高效备考托福，为大家带来托福TPO28口语Task4阅读文本+听力文本+题目+满分范文，希望对大家备考有所帮助。

托福TPO28口语Task4阅读文本： Refute-and-Persuade Sometimes companies realize that consumers may have developed a negative impression of a product. One way in which they can resolve this problem is by using an advertising technique known as refute-and-persuade. Refute-and-persuade means that in advertising a product, the company first indicates its awareness of the product’s disadvantage. But then the company refutes or challenges that disadvantage by demonstrating how the advantage of buying and using the product makes up for any limitation it may have. In this way, companies can persuade consumers to purchase a product despite its drawbacks. 托福TPO28口语Task4听力文本： Now listen to part of a lecture in a business class. (male professor): Allright, so I actually saw a good example of this just the other day: I watched an advertisement on television about a well known companies pots and pans, and in the advertisement there was a woman, a professional cook, talking about how she uses the companies pots and pans in her own kitchen. Now the woman in the advertisement began by saying that this company's pots and pans were expensive. She just came right out and admitted to the audience that they cost a lot more than most other companies pots and pans. And she also said that she realized that when people went shopping for new cookware, they might feel that they just didn't want to spend all that money on such expensive pots and pans since there were so many in the store that cost a lot less.But then, she went on to explain that the extra cost was worthwhile, because, although these pots and pans cost more to begin with, they actually saved you money in the long run. How? Well, they came with a special lifetime warranty, which meant that the company would replace them free if anything ever went wrong, and that’s something most companies that make pots and pans couldn't say about their products. 托福TPO28口语Task4题目： Explain how the example of the television advertisement for pots and pans from the lecture illustrates the technique of refute and persuade. 托福TPO28口语Task4满分范文： Refute-and-persuade is one way companies often use to reduce the negativeimpression that consumers have on their products. That is, they first admit the disadvantages of their products and then challenge themselves by demonstrating howthe advantages outweigh the disadvantages. For example, there's a kind of pots andpans that are very expensive, so in its commercial, the spokeswoman, a professionalcook first admits that the pots and pans are indeed very expensive, which is the "refute". But then she goes on to persuade the audience by demonstrating that they're actually not that expensive as they can help save money in the long run. This is because products of their brand last longer and they have life-warranty that allows the consumers to have free replacement if anything's wrong with their products, but thisis something other brand products cannot provide. In this way, the woman can successfully persuade the consumer to buy the pots and pans of this brand. (129 words) 以上是给大家整理的托福TPO28口语Task4阅读文本+听力文本+题目+满分范文，希望对你有所帮助!。

为了帮助大家高效备考托福,为大家带来托福TPO51口语Task4阅读文本+听力文本+题目+满分范文,希望对大家备考有所帮助. 托福TPO51口语Task4阅读文本: Image Advertising When companies advertise a product, they depend on the use of images as well as words to achieve their goal of increasing sales. An image can be a symbol, character, or design - any visual figure or representation that will link the company with their product in the consumer's mind. Typically the image is a positive, entertaining one that consumers enjoy so much that it makes them want to buy the product in the future. The image also tends to be easy to remember even though it is usually something not normally or logically associated with the product. 托福TPO51口语Task4听力文本: Now listen to part of a lecture in a marketing class. You know, there are lots of different companies out there that make and sell cookies or biscuits. But there is one company, Big Bear Cookies, that has used this technique to sell more cookies than all its competitors. How? Well, the company has this animal character called Big Bear that it uses in all the advertising. The picture of the bear on its cookie boxes and the character of the bear also appears in its TV commercials. Oh, and of course, the cookies themselves are shaped like big bear. Now most people who eat big bear cookies are children and well they enjoy the bear and think it’s really entertaining and fun. In the TV commercials, for example, he’s always saying funny things and dancing around in a lively, comical way. So big bear makes children feel good about the companies’ cookies, makes children want to get them. And you know, the real interesting thing is that the figure of big bear stays in people’s minds and makes them think of cookies even though bears usually don’t have anything to do with cookies. I mean bears certainly don’t make or eat cookies, right? Yet, big bear is a character that people, particularly children, don’t seem to forget because year after year Big Bear Cookies sells more cookies than any other company. 托福TPO51口语Task4题目: Using the example from the lecture, explain the use of image advertising to sell products. 托福TPO51口语Task4满分范文: In the reading, the article talks about image advertising, which means a companymay advertise a product by using an image even though it may not be closely linked with the company’s brand. In the listening, the professor gives out one example to illustrate this. Many companies want to sell their cookies and biscuits to their customers but the one that truly stands out is the Big Bear Cookies. This company put this image on its biscuits boxes and in its TV commercials. Since whenever it shows up on TV, the bears are always singing or dancing around, the customers always regard it funny and entertaining. Over time, this character stays in people’s mind and whenever they think of cookies, the bear would always pop out at the first thought. Therefore, by giving this example, the professor explains what is meant by image advertising. 以上是给大家整理的托福TPO51口语Task4阅读文本+听力文本+题目+满分范文,希望对你有所帮助!。

tpo34口语task4范文(6篇)tpo34口语task4范文第2篇tpo34口语task4范文第3篇tpo34口语task4范文第4篇Question：Using the example of washing hands, explain the concept of chaining behavior.TPO53综合口语Task4满分范文：Chaining behavior is a technique used by parents to teach children a sequence of complex behaviors. For example, professor taught his daughter how to wash her hands. He divided this complex behavior into 5 steps, and taught his daughter one step at a time. He first showed his daughter step 1 and practiced it with her for a couple of days. When she has mastered this action, he showed her step 2 and let her practice both steps for another few days until she can do both by herself. Then he added the third step after, and also let her practice for a while until she can do them all. For the last two steps, he did the same thing as the previous three steps. Finally she could finish the hand washing all by herself.tpo34口语task4范文第5篇范文：In the lecture, the professor mainly talked about the theory aboutagonistic behavior. To reinforce the theory, the professor gave an example about two rattlesnakes in his speech. In the example, scientists saw two rattlesnakes had found the same hole and both of them wanted to eat the food there. And what happened was the two rattlesnakes faced each other and made themselves as tall as possible. And then they began pushing each other and trying to control one another. But in this process, neither of those two rattlesnakes was trying to hurt each other. And the snake which could have easily bitten the other one, it didn’t, and let it go. Finally the winner got the food. So this example justify the agonistic behavior which is the certain animals species just simply want to show off the power of themselves in the regard of territory or food and prove their strength in the competition.tpo34口语task4范文第6篇托福口语task4模版一：The reading passage introduces the definition/ phenomenon/ problem/ process /somefunctions/some features/ principle/ application/ cause/ effect of……(关键的抽象词). XXX is……(定义的内容)In the listening passage, the professor continues to demonstrate it by providing some托福口语task4模版二：From the reading material, we know that…(关键术语,定义)To demonstrate it, the speaker provides two examples/reasons/researches. One example is that……Another example is that……..So the suggestion is that……(记关键术语，主要观点)托福口语task4整体模版：“In the lecture, the professor mainly talked about the theory that ... . To reinforce the theory, the professor gave two reasons in his speech. The first one is that …. The other one is that …. And that’s the two reasons the speakerpresented to explain his idea.(The conclusion is optional)”例如：The Dead SeaIn this set of materials, the reading part describes the abody of water, and listening part provides additional information about the body of water.The reading part describes the body of water named the Dead Sea. This body of water is said to be ^v^dead^v^ because its high salt level prevents life in it. It's so salty for the reason that it's landlocked with no outlet, and it's in anarea with a high temperaturem this causes rapid evaporation.The listening part makes an additional point about the Dead Sea. Thenew point says that the Dead Sea isn't actually a sea. A sea is a body of water that's part of the ocean or opens into the ocean, while a lake is a body that;s entirelyenclosed. The Dead Sea has no outlet and is therefore a lake.。

为了帮助大家高效备考托福，为大家带来托福TPO27口语Task4阅读文本+听力文本+题目+满分范文，希望对大家备考有所帮助。

托福TPO27口语Task4阅读文本： Swarm Intelligence Some insect species live in large groups, or “swarms.” Such swarms typically include several thousand individual insects. Living in swarms allows these insects to accomplish complex tasks together through complex behaviors. The behavior of the insects as a group demonstrates a greater level of complexity than the behavior of individual group members. This complex group behavior is called swarm intelligence. With swam intelligence, each insect performs a simple instinctual behavior that is repeated by other individuals that results in a complex behavior. Insect swarms are able to accomplish tasks that individual insects would not be able to achieve. 托福TPO27口语Task4听力文本： Now listen to a lecture on this topic in a biology class. (male professor) OK, we can see a great example of this with ants. Ants live in large groups called colonies. They normally move together to get to food sources. And sometimes when the ants are moving toward food source, they'll encounter, find an obstacle in their path. So, for instance, let's say a large number of ants are walking on a tree toward some food on a branch. But when they reach the end of the branch they are walking on, there's a wide space between that branch and the next one, the branch with the food on it. Now, none of these ants alone can cross this wide space to get to the other branch with the food. So, how did they solve this problem?Here's how: one ant walks forward until it reaches the end of the branch and then automatically holds onto the branch with its back legs. Then it stretches its body forward into the open space. Now, this comes naturally to ants and it's a simple action. So then the next ant walks to the end of the branch and right across the first ant’s body. Then it holds onto the first ant and then it stretches its body out into the open space, just a little bit closer to the branch with the food on it. Then, one after another, other ants do the same thing until enough ants connect together to form a bridge between the two branches. Pretty amazing, huh? The connected ants hold this position allowing the rest of the ants in the group to cross over this bridge of ants to reach the food. " 托福TPO27口语Task4题目： Explain how the example from the lecture illustrates the concept of swarm intelligence. 托福TPO27口语Task4满分范文： The complex group behavior that insects living in a large group display to achieve a complex task together is called swarm intelligence. For example, a group of ants are walking on a branch of a tree when they discover food on another branch. But it seems impossible for any ant to reach the food since there's a huge space between the branch with the food and where they are. So they use their swarm intelligence to solve the problem. One ant walks till the end of the branch, attaching itself to it and stretches its body to allow another ant holds on to it, so one after another, the following ants repeat the same action by connecting each other to form a bridge so that the rest of the ants can cross the bridge and reach the food. (139 words) 以上是给大家整理的托福TPO27口语Task4阅读文本+听力文本+题目+满分范文，希望对你有所帮助!。

为了帮助大家高效备考托福，为大家带来托福TPO23口语Task4阅读文本+听力文本+题目+满分范文，希望对大家备考有所帮助。

托福TPO23口语Task4阅读文本： Reference Groups Our thinking and behavior are often influenced by other people. When we admire and respect someone, we naturally try to imitate their behavior and attitudes. Groups of people whom we admire and whose behavior and attitudes we ten to imitate are known as reference groups. Reference groups provide a model – a frame of reference – that can shape how we think and behave. Over the course of a lifetime, we may be influenced by many different reference groups. As we grow older, or encounter new circumstances, our reference groups may change, and our attitudes and behavior may change accordingly. 托福TPO23口语Task4听力文本： Now listen to part of a lecture in a sociology class on this topic. (male professor) I have an example from my own life that illustrates this. When I first began my university studies, I became friends with a bunch of art students. They were older and fun and very creative and I thought they were really cool. And they all liked to dress really casually, in T-shirts and jeans and sneakers. That's what they wore all the time, to class, to the library, to dinner, everywhere, T-shirts and jeans and sneakers. So that's what I started wearing, too. And I fit right in, and I felt really cool.But then I graduated, moved to Chicago, and got a job. And I started working with some really bright, young people who'd already been working in the company for a few years, who were already handling major responsibilities for the company, really impressive. And sometimes some of us would get together on the weekend, maybe for a concert or a baseball game or something. And at first, I just wear a T-shirt and jeans and sneakers. That was, you know, how I was used to dressing. But I soon noticed that my co-workers preferred to dress up a little bit. The men would wear a nice pair of pants, uh, button-up shirt. The women might wear a fashionable dress and some nice shoes. They dress in clothes a lot nicer than what I was used to wearing. And I started thinking, you know, that looks really classy, really sharp. And so I started to dress the same way they did, you know, nicer, a little more formal. And, I don’t know, somehow my T-shirts and jeans and sneakers didn't seem as cool anymore. 托福TPO23口语Task4题目： Using the example from the lecture, explain how people’s behavior is affected by reference groups. 托福TPO23口语Task4满分范文： Reference group is the group of people who we admire and therefore impact on our attitude and behavior. In the lecture, the professor takes his experiences in college and in Chicago. When he was a college student, his reference group was a bunch of art students who really liked to wear T-shirts, jeans and sneakers, and this attitude influenced the professor, so the professor also thought it was cool to dress like that, and he did dress like that, too. However, when he began to work in Chicago, this changed as he met another group of young people who held major responsibilities in their company. He began to take those young people as his reference group, and of course they dressed differently, more formally, like button-up shirts, pants, and suits. So the professor no longer thought it was cool to wear T-shirts and jeans and he began to wear shirts and pants, too. (149 words) 以上是给大家整理的托福TPO23口语Task4阅读文本+听力文本+题目+满分范文，希望对你有所帮助!。

为了帮助大家高效备考托福，为大家带来托福TPO24口语Task4阅读文本+听力文本+题目+满分范文，希望对大家备考有所帮助。

托福TPO24口语Task4阅读文本： Flagship Species Environmental organizations work to protect plants and animals whose natural habitats are threatened by human activity. One way they do this is by selecting a particular species to represent the threatened habitat to the general public. This species, called a flagship species, is one that people are likely to find attractive and interesting. The flagship species is used to raise public awareness and motivate people to take action to protect the threatened habitat. People’s support of the flagship species results in protection for all the plant and animal species living in the threatened area. 托福TPO24口语Task4听力文本： Now listen to part of a lecture on this topic in an environmental science class. (male professor) So, one example of this is the macaw, the great green macaw. Now, the great green macaw is a beautiful bird, a fairly large-sized parrot known for its colorful feathers, gorgeous green feathers with some read and blue feathers, too. The macaw lives in the South American rainforest, in a part of the rainforest where a lot of trees have been cut down, trees that the macaw relies on for its food and nesting. So, the macaw was in trouble.And, of course, along with the trees, a lot of other animals were in trouble, too. Lots of birds, bats, and frogs also live in these trees. So, when the trees were cut down and cleared away, these animals also didn't have a place to live anymore and their populations drastically declined. So, what a concerned group of people in the area did was they started spreading the word about how the macaw, you know this really beautiful bird, needed help.They made little books with information about the macaw, with pictures, full colored pictures of the macaw that showed off its beautiful feathers, and they passed out these little books, these informational brochures. They distributed them to people in schools and community centers in the area. And a lot of people responded. They contributed money, and helped the group set up some protected land, a special area where no one could cut down the trees, so the macaw would be safe. And the macaw’s population started to increase and other birds and bats and frogs came back to the area, too. Their numbers increased along with the trees. 托福TPO24口语Task4题目： Using the example of the macaw from the lecture, explain the concept of a flagship species. 托福TPO24口语Task4满分范文： Flagship species is a particular kind of species that people select to represent an endangered habitat in order to protect that habitat. For example, great green macaw, a very beautiful bird that lives in a part of South American Forests. And since many trees that the bird rely on for food and nesting have been cut down, the great green macaw was in trouble, and the number of many other species in the area also decreases. Because the macaw has nice feathers, a group of people who are concerned with the issue choose it to represent the habitat. They spread the words that the beautiful bird is in danger to the general public and give out brochures with its picture printed on them. With the help of the flagship species, the public becomes aware of the situation and begins to respond by donating money or setting up non-cutting zones to help preserve the forest. With these efforts, the habitat is saved and the number of other species living on the land grows back, too. (172 words) 以上是给大家整理的托福TPO24口语Task4阅读文本+听力文本+题目+满分范文，希望对你有所帮助!。

为了帮助大家高效备考托福，为大家带来托福TPO40口语Task4阅读文本+听力文本+题目+满分范文，希望对大家备考有所帮助。

托福TPO40口语Task4阅读文本： Agonistic Behavior Within certain animal species, conflicts sometimes arise over resources such as territory or food. To resolve these conflicts, two animals of the same species may engage in agonistic behavior. With this type of aggressive behavior, the animals participate in a physical competition that demonstrates which animal is more powerful. While each animal attempts to prove its strength in the competition, it typically does so without harming the other animal. Once the winner is established, that animal gains access to the desired resources, while the weaker animal surrenders and leaves the area. 托福TPO40口语Task4听力文本： Now listen to part of a lecture in a biology class. I know some scientists who were observing snakes in the wild. And they witnessed an encounter of this sort between two rattlesnakes. Uh...as you may know, rattlesnakes eat various kinds of small animals. Small animals that live underground, in burrows, in little holes in the ground. And what these scientists saw was these two rattlesnakes had found the same hole and both wanted to eat whatever food was in that hole. So what happened was: The two rattlesnakes faced each other and then they lifted their bodies into an upright position and made themselves as tall as possible. And then they started pushing each other, kind of wrestling with one another, each snake trying to gain control of the other snake. And what's interesting is that during all these pushing and shoving and maneuvering, neither snake ever tried to bite the other snake. Neither snake ever tried to injure the other snake. So...after this went on for a while, one of the snakes finally gained control of the other snake, pushed it to the ground and held it there. At this point, the snake that was on top could have easily bitten the other snake. But it didn't. Instead, it just released the other snake, just let it go. The snake that had lost just slithered away, and the snake that had won went down into the hole to look for food. 托福TPO40口语Task4题目： Explain how the example in the lecture illustrates agonistic behavior. 托福TPO40口语Task4满分范文： In the lecture, the professor mainly talked about the theory about agonistic behavior. To reinforce the theory, the professor gave an example about two rattlesnakes in his speech. In the example, scientists saw two rattlesnakes had found the same hole and both of them wanted to eat the food there. And what happened was the two rattlesnakes faced each other and made themselves as tall as possible. And then they began pushing each other and trying to control one another. But in this process, neither of those two rattlesnakes was trying to hurt each other. And the snake which could have easily bitten the other one, it didn’t, and let it go. Finally, the winner got the food. So this example justify the agonistic behavior which is the certain animals species just simply want to show off the power of themselves in the regard of territory or food and prove their strength in the competition. 以上是给大家整理的托福TPO40口语Task4阅读文本+听力文本+题目+满分范文，希望对你有所帮助!。

为了帮助大家高效备考托福，为大家带来托福TPO47口语Task4阅读文本+听力文本+题目+满分范文，希望对大家备考有所帮助。

托福TPO47口语Task4阅读文本： Reactance People of all ages generally prefer to have as much freedom as possible in determining their behavior. When individuals feel that their actions are being unfairly limited, they often attempt to restore freedom by directly contradicting or opposing the rule of regulation that threatened their freedom. Both children and adults demonstrate behaviors that are the results of their urge to restore freedom. This reaction, termed “reactance” by psychologists, come from an individual’s desire to reestablish freedom and control of a situation. 托福TPO47口语Task4听力文本： Listen to part of a lecture on this topic in a psychology class. Think about when you were a kid. Imagine you like this one playground. You play there a lot, have lots of fun, you know. Okay. Now imagine that one day, for no apparent reason, your parents decide that they don't want you playing there anymore. You are not allowed to go there anymore. Of course you're not gonna like that one bit. It's not fair. And now that you are not allowed, you want to play there even more than before. So you sneak over there anyway. You go to this playground despite your parents' rules. Here's another example. There was a town that passed a law that banned the sale of a certain kind of soap. There was an ingredient in this soap that was harmful for the environment. So stores weren't allowed the sell the soap anymore. Keep in mind that this ingredient had no effect whatsoever on this soap's ability to clean things. None. But people found out about the upcoming restriction and got upset. They thought they should be able to buy whatever soap they wanted. It wasn't right to take this soap away. And a week before the law went into effect, what happened? People went and bought a whole lot of this particular soap, way more than they would have in another circumstance. 托福TPO47口语Task4题目： Explain how the examples in the lecture illustrate the concept of reactance. 托福TPO47口语Task4满分范文： The reading passage introduces a term called “reactance”, which is the reaction of direct opposition to unfair restrictions of behaviors in order to reestablish freedom and take control of a situation. The lecturer further illustrates this term by using the example of both children and adults. One example is that when a kid is not allowed to have fun on the playground by his parents for no apparent reason, he will have a stronger desire to go there than before, so it is more likely for him to sneak over there. Another example is that when a certain kind of soap was to be banned from sales for the subterfuge of environmental damage, an increasing number of people bought the soap the week before the law was put into effect. 以上是给大家整理的托福TPO47口语Task4阅读文本+听力文本+题目+满分范文，希望对你有所帮助!。