外文翻译--财务报告的内部控制
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外文翻译原文Corporate internal control of monetary fundsMaterial Source: Corporate cash management:strategy and practiceAuthor: Philippa Foster BackA monetary goal of capital controls(A) To ensure the authenticity of the currency fund balanceDespite the monetary funds in the balance sheet total assets in the proportion of small, but the assets of the business activities of enterprises played a crucial role. Any person operating a part of the lack of monetary funds, if the participation of the business activities would be difficult to normally. As the monetary assets in the accounting records and business processes that occur at greater risk of errors and fraud, and are reflected in the financial statements of the cash balance will greatly affect management's decision-making, therefore, ensure that is reflected in the balance sheet of the monetary the real balance of funds, as well as in line with the actual number of currency funds is the primary objective of the internal control system, through the establishment of a strict monetary fund operational internal control system, from the personnel functions of the organization, authorization control procedures up to ensure that all monetary income and expenditure of funds to be true record and reflect, as well as shown on the balance sheet of the monetary fund balance is derived from these real records.(B) to ensure the proper use of monetary fundsMoney funds are the most widely used corporate liquidity, corporate links between operators should be used, directly or indirectly, monetary funds, the enterprise's also a great amount of working capital. In order to ensure the currency business links in the resources required, must be a sum of money for each capital expenditure, combined with other operations in a strict examination and approval. Monetary funds business, internal control system is to enable the standardization and institutionalization of examination and approval procedures, reduce unnecessary spending, and revealed with the monetary funds of other business-related internal control system weaknesses to prevent encroachment and misappropriation of fundsin an enterprise's monetary place.(C) to ensure the currency of funding availableThe frequency of monetary capital expenditures require enterprises to the stock of a certain amount of monetary funds. Business management authorities must understand that not all money funds can be used to purchase goods or pay for daily operating costs incurred. To maintain a certain percentage of the monetary funds to meet emergencies or certain specific uses, for example, bonds, trust deed, loan agreement or payment of dividends, wages fund. For example, the purchase agreement stipulates that companies must demand deposits in the bank to retain a certain amount of households, then this balance can not be freely used and listed as cash in cash in the balance sheet under the item, only as a sum of current assets to listed. This is easy to manage the authorities will need to schedule according to operating funds, while the needs of the financial statements are correctly listed on the balance sheet to determine the total amount of monetary funds can be immediately used for any other purpose.(D) To ensure the effectiveness of monetary fundsThe use of a variety of financing, investment means a reasonable and efficient scheduling and use of monetary funds, and prevent or reduce the monetary funds of idle and waste, to maximize the economic benefits of monetary funds. Money-for-money nature of the control method is to formulate monetary and financial income and expenditure, the long-term plans. As predicted in a reasonable period of monetary capital stock of certain circumstances, some delay in the implementation of monetary funds to pay for the procurement policies and speed up the marketing policies of withdrawing currency from circulation through the return on investment, such as the transfer of bonds, stocks or bills discounting and so on, to solve the currency expenditure gap . To achieve these objectives, making financing and investment decisions, it is necessary to conduct a comprehensive analysis of various programs, and options for a feasibility study. Money-for-money of control involving the entire business activities of enterprises, enterprises have the actual situations vary widely, effectiveness of control methods should be closely linked with the actual operation.(A) is incompatible with segregation of duties controlsSeparation of duties between incompatible control means for the relevant duties, must share the responsibility, can not be arranged that a person can serve. This control system allows operation in dealing with the economy, the relevantpersonnel to offset each other, mutual supervision, so that separation of duties, internal containment. Specifically include: (1) cash, bank deposits, collection and payment operations authorized by phase separation with the handling. (2) cash, bank deposits, collection and payment operations managers and review of phase separation. (3) cash, bank deposits, collection and payment operations managers and accounting separation. (4) cash, bank deposits, bank deposits, bills for the custody and accounting personnel separated. (5) cash, bank deposits, bills for the custody and custody seal separation. (6) cash, bank deposits, journal and general ledger accounting phase separation. (7) cash, bank deposits, separation of accounting and auditing. (8) cash, bank deposits, bank deposits, income proof of payment for the custody and separation of accounting journals.(B) authorize the control ofAuthorization control means unit staff at all levels must be authorized and approved, can the relevant economic operations for processing. This control method so that each process, part of a clear responsibility and authority, so that when certain events occur under control. Authorization control requirements call for managers at all levels of the terms of reference and business process rights, but also requires a clear commitment by all levels of management responsibility, to make them responsible for acts of their business processes. Such as the creation of cash, bank deposits, the internal control system, we must first establish the authorization and approval system, that is cash, bank deposits, collection and payment services, it requires by the unit principal executive officer or financial officer for approval to authorize specific personnel to operate, approval generally means that the signature stamp. This process ensures that cash, bank deposits in the balance of payments under the authority of business.(C) security, integrity controlIts scope to include a variety of income and expenditure operations, specifically, corporate income and expenditure of funds occurred in the money business, whether it had been credited to the appropriate accounts according to regulations. (1) Inventory control of cash limits. Cash shall not exceed the limit, more than deposited with the bank. (2) invoices, receipts control. The use of invoices, receipts numbered continuity, checking the monetary funds received whether they are consistent with the invoice receipt to ensure that all the monetary funds received are recorded. On the invoices, receipts must strengthen their production and income, hair, deposit management, and must be even numbers,establish accounts accounting. (3) business volume control. According to the amount of business the past, the size of a business, to review the integrity of the monetary funds. (4) the current account reconciliation control. Through regular contacts with the other units of checking account balances, evaluation of the timeliness of monetary funds accounted for paying overdue bills, but also due to whether it is true. With particular attention to dealing with bad loans have been made whether the accounts receivable to recover money is not accounted for.译文企业货币资金的内部控制资料来源:Corporate cash management:strategy and practice作者:Philippa Foster Back第一,货币资本控制措施(A)确保货币资金的真正平衡尽管货币资金在资产负债表占总资产的比例较小,但在企业的经营活动起了至关重要的作用。
A Clear Look at Internal Controls: Theory and ConceptsHammed Arad (Philae)Department of accounting, Islamic Azad University, Hamadan, IranBarak Jamshedy-NavidFaculty Member of Islamic Azad University, Kerman-shah, IranAbstract: internal control is an accounting procedure or system designed to promote efficiency or assure the implementation of a policy or safeguard assets or avoid fraud and error. Internal Control is a major part of managing an organization. It comprises the plans, methods, and procedures used to meet missions, goals, and objectives and, in doing so, support performance-based management. Internal Control which is equal with management control helps managers achieve desired results through effective stewardship of resources. Internal controls should reduce the risks associated with undetected errors or irregularities, but designing and establishing effective internal controls is not a simple task and cannot be accomplished through a short set of quick fixes. In this paper the concepts of internal controls and different aspects of internal controls are discussed. Keywords: Internal Control, management controls, Control Environment, Control Activities, Monitoring1. IntroductionThe necessity of control in new variable business environment is not latent for any person and management as a response factor for stockholders and another should implement a great control over his/her organization. Control is the activity of managing or exerting control over something. he emergence and development of systematic thoughts in recent decade required a new attention to business resource and control over this wealth. One of the hot topic a bout controls over business resource is analyzing the cost-benefit of each control.Internal Controls serve as the first line of defense in safeguarding assets and preventing and detecting errors and fraud. We can say Internal control is a whole system of controls financial and otherwise, established by the management for the smooth running of business; it includes internal cheek, internal audit and other forms of controls.COSO describe Internal Control as follow. Internal controls are the methods employed to help ensure the achievement of an objective. In accounting and organizational theory, Internal control is defined as a process effected by an organization's structure, work and authority flows, people and management information systems, designed to help the organization accomplish specific goals or objectives. It is a means by which an organization's resources are directed, monitored, and measured. It plays an important role in preventing and detecting fraud and protecting the organization's resources, both physical (e.g., machinery and property) and intangible (e.g., reputation or intellectual property such as trademarks). At the organizational level, internal control objectives relate to the reliability of financial reporting, timely feedback on the achievement of operational or strategic goals, and compliance with laws and regulations. At the specific transaction level, internal control refers to the actions taken to achieve a specific objective (e.g., how to ensure the organization's payments to third parties are for valid services rendered.) Internal controlprocedures reduce process variation, leading to more predictable outcomes. Internal controls within business entities are called also business controls. They are tools used by manager's everyday.* Writing procedures to encourage compliance, locking your office to discourage theft, and reviewing your monthly statement of account to verify transactions are common internal controls employed to achieve specific objectives.All managers use internal controls to help assure that their units operate according to plan, and the methods they use--policies, procedures, organizational design, and physical barriers-constitute. Internal control is a combination of the following:1. Financial controls, and2. Other controlsAccording to the institute of chartered accountants of India internal control is the plan of organization and all the methods and procedures adopted by the management of an entity to assist in achieving management objective of ensuring as far as possible the orderly and efficient conduct of its business including adherence to management policies, the safe guarding of assets prevention and detection of frauds and error the accuracy and completeness of the accounting records and timely preparation of reliable financial information, the system of internal control extends beyond those matters which relate to the function of accounting system. In other words internal control system of controls lay down by the management for the smooth running of the business for the accomplishment of its objects. These controls can be divided in two parts i.e. financial control and other controls.Financial controls:- Controls for recording accounting transactions properly.- Controls for proper safe guarding company assets like cash stock bank debtor etc- Early detection and prevention of errors and frauds.- Properly and timely preparation of financial records I e balance sheet and profit and loss account.- To maximize profit and minimize cost.Other controls: Other controls include the following:Quality controls.Control over raw materials.Control over finished products.Marketing control, etc6. Parties responsible for and affected by internal controlWhile all of an organization's people are an integral part of internal control, certain parties merit special mention. These include management, the board of directors (including the audit commit tee), internal auditors, and external auditors.The primary responsibility for the development and maintenance of internal control rests with an organization's management. With increased significance placed on the control environment, the focus of internal control has changed from policies and procedures to an overriding philosophy and operating style within the organization. Emphasis on these intangible aspects highlights the importance of top management's involvement in the internal control system. If internal control is not a priority for management, then it will not be one for people within the organization either.As an indication of management's responsibility, top management at a publicly owned organization will include in the organization's annual financial report to the shareholders a statement indicating that management has established a system of internal control that management believes is effective. The statement may also provide specific details about the organization's internal control system.Internal control must be evaluated in order to provide management with some assurance regarding its effectiveness. Internal control evaluation involves everything management does to control the organization in the effort to achieve its objectives. Internal control would be judged as effective if its components are present and function effectively for operations, financial reporting, and compliance. he boards of directors and its audit committee have responsibility for making sure the internal control system within the organization is adequate. This responsibility includes determining the extent to which internal controls are evaluated. Two parties involved in the evaluation of internal control are the organization's internal auditors and their external auditors.Internal auditors' responsibilities typically include ensuring the adequacy of the system of internal control, the reliability of data, and the efficient use of the organization's resources. Internal auditors identify control problems and develop solutions for improving and strengthening internal controls. Internal auditors are concerned with the entire range of an organization's internal controls, including operational, financial, and compliance controls.Internal control will also be evaluated by the external auditors. External auditors assess the effectiveness of internal control within an organization to plan the financial statement audit. In contrast to internal auditors, external auditors focus primarily on controls that affect financial reporting. External auditors have a responsibility to report internal control weaknesses (as well as reportable conditions about internal control) to the audit committee of the board of directors.8. Limitations of an Entity's Internal ControlInternal control, no matter how well designed and operated, can provide only reasonable assurance of achieving an entity's control objectives. The likelihood of achievement is affected by limitations inherent to internal control. These include the realities that human judgment in decision-making can be faulty and that breakdowns in internal control can occur because of human failures such as simple errors or mistakes. For example, errors may occur in designing,Maintaining, or monitoring automated controls. If an entity’s IT personnel do not completely understand how an order entry system processes sales transactions, they may erroneously design changes to the system to process sales for a new line of products. On the other hand, such changes may be correctly designed but misunderstood by individuals who translate the design into program code. Errors also may occur in the use of information produced by IT. For example, automated controls may be designed to report transactions over a specified dollar limit for management review, but individuals responsible for conducting the review may not understand the purpose of such reports and, accordingly, may fail to review them or investigate unusual items.Additionally, controls, whether manual or automated, can be circumvented by the collusion of two or more people or inappropriate management override of internal control. For example, management may enter into side agreements with customers that alter the terms and conditions of the entity’s standard sales con tract in ways that would preclude revenuerecognition. Also, edit routines in a software program that are designed to identify and report transactions that exceed specified credit limits may be overridden or disabled.Internal control is influenced by the quantitative and qualitative estimates and judgments made by management in evaluating the cost-benefit relationship of an entity’s internal control. The cost of an entity's internal control should not exceed the benefits that are expected to be derived. Although the cost-benefit relationship is a primary criterion that should be considered in designing internal control, the precise measurement of costs and benefits usually is not possible.Custom, culture, and the corporate governance system may inhibit fraud, but they are not absolute deterrents. An effective control environment, too, may help reduce the risk of fraud. For example, an effective board of directors, audit committee, and internal audit function may constrain improper conduct by management. Alternatively, the control environment may reduce the effectiveness of other components. For example, when the nature of management incentives increases the risk of material misstatement of financial statements, the effectiveness of control activities may be reduced.9. Balancing Risk and ControlRisk is the probability that an event or action will adversely affect the organization. The primary categories of risk are errors, omissions, delay and fraud In order to achieve goals and objectives, management needs to effectively balance risks and controls. Therefore, control procedures need to be developed so that they decrease risk to a level where management can accept the exposure to that risk. By performing this balancing act "reasonable assurance” can be attained. As it relates to financial and compliance goals, being out of balance can causebe proactive, value-added, and cost-effective and address exposure to risk.11. ConclusionThe concept of internal control and its aspects in any organization is so important, therefore understanding the components and standards of internal controls should be attend by management. Internal Control is a major part of managing an organization. Internal control is an accounting procedure or system designed to promote efficiency or assure the implementation of a policy or safeguard assets or avoid fraud and error. According to custom definition, Internal Control is a process affected by an entity's board of directors, management and other personnel designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the achievement of objectives in the following categories namely. The major factors of internal control are Control environment, Risk assessment, Control activities, Information and communication, Monitoring. This article reviews the main standards and principles of internal control and described the relevant concepts of internal control for all type of company.内部控制透视:理论与概念哈米德阿拉德(Philae)会计系,伊斯兰阿扎德大学,哈马丹,伊朗巴克Joshed -纳维德哈尼学院会员伊斯兰阿扎德大学,克尔曼伊朗国王,伊朗摘要:内部控制是会计程序或控制系统,旨在促进效率或保证一个执行政策或保护资产或避免欺诈和错误。
财务报告的内部控制【外文翻译】本科毕业论文(设计)外文翻译外文题目 Auditing Internal Control Over Financial Reporting外文出处《 Auditing Internal Control Over Financial Reporting》University of Hawai’i at Hilo 2004(12):100-107外文作者 James E. Hunton原文:Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (PCAOB) Auditing Standard No. 2 , AnAudit of Internal Control Over Financial Reporting Performed in Conjunction With an Audit of Financial Statements, (AS-2) addresses the work that is required to audit internal control over financial reporting and the relationship of that audit to the audit of the financial statements.Since the issuance of AS-2, auditors and other parties have raised questions on a variety of issues about the implications of AS-2. To answer those questions, on June 23, 2004, the Office of the Chief Auditor of the PCAOB issued guidance in the form of questions and answers on issues related to the implementation of AS-2. Refer to the September 30, 2004, and October 15, 2004, GAAS Update Service issues for coverage of the topics previously addressed by the PCAOB staff in its June release, which relate to the following areas: auditor independence;scope and extent of testing; evaluating deficiencies; multi-location issues; using work of others;and serviceorganizations. In response to additional implementation questions that continue to be raised, on October 6, 2004, the PCAOB staff updated its June release, Auditing Internal Control Over Financial Reporting, on frequently asked questions. The updated PCAOB release issued in October 2004 provides additional interpretive and implementation guidance on issues relating to scope and extent of testing, evaluating deficiencies, and service organizations.PCAOB staff questions and answers represent the staff’s opinions on issues related to the implementation of the standards of the PCAOB. They are intended to1provide guidance to auditors on implementing the PCAOB’s standards. However, they are neither rules of the PCAOB nor have they been approved by the PCAOB.Scope and Extent of TestingQ. Does the scope of internal control over financial reporting as it relates to compliance with laws and regulations under AS-2 encompass controls over a broader array of circumstances than those described in AU Section 317, Illegal Acts byClients?A. Yes. AU Section 317, Illegal Acts by Clients, provides that the auditorconsider the laws and regulations that have a direct and material effect on the determination of financial statement amounts. However,paragraph 15 of AS-2 does not use the phrase “direct and materialeffect on the determination of financial statement amounts.” Rather, paragraph 15 of AS-2 provides that operations andcompliance with laws and regulations directly related to the presentation of and required disclosures in financial statements are encompassed in internal control over financial reporting. This provision in AS-2 includes: (1) the “direct and material”effects described in AU Section 317, such as compliance with taxlaws that affect accruals and the amount recognized as expense in the accounting period; and (2)other circumstances that would be classified under AU Section 317 as having only indirect effects on the financial statementsIn the PCAOB staff’s view, internal control over financialreporting encompasses controls over the identification, measurement, and reporting of all material actual loss events that have occurred, including controls over the monitoring and risk assessment of areas in which such actual loss events are reasonably possible. The staff guidance illustrates this point by indicating that, for example, a waste disposal company’s internal control over financial reporting ordinarily would encompass controls for identifying and measuring environmental liabilities for existing and newly acquired landfills, even if there is no governmental investigation or enforcement proceeding underway.The PCAOB staff believes that its interpretation is consistent with the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) staff’s views regarding management’s2responsibilities for assessing internal control over financial reporting. According to the SEC staff, while it may be possible to connect the violation of any law, rule, or regulation to the financial statements by observing that if the violation is significant enough it will have a material effect on the registrant’s financial statements, the SEC staff does not believe that compliance with all laws fits within the definition. The SEC’s financial reporting requirements and the Internal Revenue Code are examples of regulations that are directly related to the preparation of the financial statements. Conversely, rules requiring disclosure as to the existence of a code of ethics or disclosure as to the existence of an audit committee financial expert are examples of rules promulgated under the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 (SOA) that are not directly related to the preparation of financial statementsEvaluating DeficienciesWhat is the effect on the auditor’s evaluation of management’s assessment of internal control and the au ditor’s report in circumstances under which management’s assessment and the auditor’s audit procedures do not include certain controls that should have beenencompassed because neither management nor the auditor has the ability to evaluate those controls?A. There may be circumstances in which there are restrictions on the scope of the auditor’s engagement to audit internal control over financial reporting. For example, both management and the auditor may be unable to obtain evidence of operating effectiveness of controls at a service organization used by the company because a type 2 Statement on Auditing Standards (SAS) No. 70, Service Organizations, (SAS-70) report that is deemed to be necessary under the circumstances is not available. If neither management nor the auditor is able toperform tests of controls at the service organization (e.g., because management does not have a contractual right to do so), a scope limitation exists.An SEC staff interpretation states that, subject to limited exceptions, management cannot issue a report on internal control with a scope limitation. Under paragraph 20 of AS-2, in order for the auditor to satisfactorily complete an audit of internal control over financial reporting, management must fulfill several3responsibilities, including evaluating the effectiveness of the company’s internal control over financial reporting and supporting its evaluation with sufficient evidence. Therefore, if management is unable to assess certain controls over financial reporting that should have been included in its assessment, a control deficiency exists. If the transaction or events subject to controls that management is unable toassess are material to the company’s financial statements, the auditor ordinarily would determine that this control deficiency represents a material weakness. In addition, the auditor would need to determine whether management, under the circumstances, had failed to fulfill its responsibilities to evaluate the effectiveness of the company’s internal control over financial reporting and support its evaluation with sufficient evidence. If the auditor determines that management has not fulfilled its responsibilities, the auditor is required to disclaim an opinion. Also, to the extent that management has willfully decided not to fulfill its responsibilities, the auditor may have additional responsibilities under AU Section 317 and under Section 10A of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934.In making the determination of whether management has fulfilled its respons ibilities to evaluate the effectiveness of the company’s internal control over financial reporting, the PCAOB staff indicates that the auditor could evaluate factors, such as the following: • The date of the contract or other transaction documents that co uld have provided management with the ability to assess controls or otherwise to obtain evidence of the operating effectiveness of relevant controls;• The relative ease or difficulty with which management could renegotiate the contract or transaction documents and the extent to which management has attempted to do so; and• Whether management is able to assess the controls, or obtain evidence of operating effectiveness of relevant controls, in the absence of having access to the controls. The PCAOB staff provides the following examples of how to apply the aforementioned guidance:• Inability to obtain evidence of the operating effectiveness of controls at the4service organization.When the transactions or events subject to the internal controls at the service organization are material to the company’s financial statements, and management is unable to obtain evidence about their operating effectiveness, the auditor ordinarily would determine that a material weakness exists. However, for example,if the servicing contract with the service organization was executed in 2001 (i.e., well before the existence of the SOA) and management already has negotiated with the service organization to provide a suitable type 2 SAS-70 report next year, the auditor might determine that management had fulfilled its responsibilities under AS-2. Accordingly, the auditor might be able to complete the audit of internal control over financial reporting. On the other hand, the auditor ordinarily would determinethat management had not fulfilled its responsibilities under AS-2 in the following circumstances: (1) if management recently renewed its contract with the service organization but did not negotiate either an agreement about obtaining a suitable type 2 SAS-70 report or permission to test controls at the service organization; or (2) if the contract with theservice organization is long-dated and management has not attempted to negotiate to obtain the necessary evidence of operating effectiveness of controls. Accordingly, in these circumstances, the auditor would be required to disclaim an opinion and would need to evaluate his or her additional responsibilities under AU Section 317 and under Section 10A of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934.• Consolidation of variable interes t entities. The SEC allows management tolimit its assessment of internal control over financial reporting by excluding certain entities that are subject to consolidation under FASB Interpretation No. 46, Consolidation of Variable Interest Entities—an Interpretation of ARB No. 51(FIN-46). For example, management is permitted to exclude from the scope of its assessment the controls of an entity in existence prior to December 15, 2003, that is consolidated pursuant to FIN-46, for which the company does not have the right or authority to assess the controls and also lacks the ability to make that assessment. In such situations, according to AS-2, the auditor may limit the audit of internal control over financial reporting in the same manner and report without reference to the scope5limitation. On the other hand, if management is unable to assess the controls of an entity consolidated pursuant to FIN-46 that came into existence subsequent to December 15, 2003, the auditor would concludethat a control deficiency exists; accordingly, if the consolidated variable interest entity is material to the company’sfinancial statements, the auditor ordinarily would conclude thatthis represents a material weakness in internal control over financial reporting. Also, the auditor needs to determine whether management has fulfilled its responsibilities as described in paragraph 20 of AS-2. If the auditor determines that management has not fulfilled its responsibilities, the auditor is required to disclaim an opinion. Also, to the extent that management has willfully decided not to fulfill its responsibilities, the auditor may have additional responsibilities under AU Section 317 and under Section 10A of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934.Service Organizations• By vir tue of the requirement in AS-2 for the auditor to perform at least one walkthrough for each major class of transactions, if a service organization’s services involve the processing of a major class of transactions, should the auditor perform walkthroughs at the service organization?• AS-2 requires the auditor to perform at least one walkthrough for each major class of transactions. In a walkthrough, the auditor traces all types of company transactions and events: (1) from origination; (2) through the comp any’s accounting, information, and financial reporting system; and (3) to their inclusion and disclosure in the company’s financial statements. Because of the importance of walkthroughs and thefact that they accomplish several objectives, AS-2 specifically requires the auditor to: • Perform walkthroughs in each annual audit of internal control over financial reporting;• Perform the walkthroughs directly himself or herself (i.e., the auditor is precludedfrom delegating the performance of walkthroughs to others, e.g., to management or tothe internal auditors); and• Perform at least one walkthrough for each major class of transactions. If theprocessing of a major class of transactions involves the services ofa service6organization, the PCAOB staff advises that auditors would not haveto perform walkthroughs at the service organization, as long as they were able to obtain sufficient evidence to achieve the objectives of the walkthrough by other means, for example through a service auditor’s repor t. In evaluating if the service auditor’s report provides evidence sufficient to achieve the objectives of a walkthrough, the PCAOB guidance indicates that auditors should follow the directions in paragraphs B21 to B24 of AS-2, which indicate:• The audit or may obtain evidence about whether controls that are relevant to management’s assessment and the auditor’s opinion are operating effectively by performing procedures, such as the following:—Performing tests of the user organization’s controls over the activities of the service organization (e.g., testing the user organization’s independent performance of selected items processed by the service organization or testing the user organization’s reconciliation of output reports with source documents).— Performing tests of controls at the service organization.—Obtaining a service auditor’s report on controls placed in operation and tests of operating effectiveness, or a report on the application of agreed-upon procedures that describes relevant tests of controls.• If a service auditor’s report on controls placed in operation and tests of operating effectiveness is available, management and theauditor may evaluate whether this report provides sufficient evidence to support the assessment and opinion, respectively.In evaluating whether such a service auditor’s report provides sufficient evidence, management and the auditor should consider the following factors: — The time period covered by the tests of controls and its relation to the date of management’s assessment;— The scope of the examination and applications covered, the controls tested,and the way in which tested controls relate to the company’s controls; and—The results of those tests of controls and the service auditor’s opinion on the operating effectiveness of the controls.• If the service auditor’s report on controls placed in operation and tests of operating7effectiveness contains a qualification that the stated control objectives might be achieved only if the company applies controls contemplated in the design of the system by the service organization, the auditor should evaluate whether the company is applying the necessary procedures. For example, completeness of processing payroll transactions might depend on the company’s validat ion that all payroll records sent to the service organization were processed by checking a control total. • In determining whether the service auditor’s report provides sufficient evidence tosupport management’s assessment and the auditor’s opinion, management and the auditor should make inquiries concerning the service auditor’s reputation, competence, and independence. The auditor should refer to AU Section 543,Part of AuditPerformed by Other Independent Auditors, for additional guidance. If the companyauditor concludes that information is not available to obtain sufficient evidence to achieve the objectives of the walkthrough, he or she may: (1) consider contacting the service organization, through the user organization, to obtain specific information or to request that a service auditor be engaged to perform the procedures that will providethe necessary information; or (2) visit the service organization and perform the necessary procedures.Source:James E. Hunton, Auditing Internal Control Over Financial Reporting :University of Hawai’i atHilo. December 2004(12):100-1078译文:财务报告的内部控制上市公司会计监督委员会(PCAOB)审计准则第2号,内部审计对财务报告与审计财务报表的控制,解决了所需要的内部控制审计财务报告工作和相关的财务报表的审计。
会计内部控制中英文对照外文翻译文献(文档含英文原文和中文翻译)内部控制系统披露—一种可替代的管理机制根据代理理论,各种治理机制减少了投资者和管理者之间的代理问题(Jensen and Meckling,1976; Gillan,2006)。
传统上,治理机制已经被认定为内部或外部的。
内部机制包括董事会及其作用、结构和组成(Fama,1980;Fama and Jensen,1983),管理股权(Jensen and Meckling,1976)和激励措施,起监督作用的大股东(Demsetz and Lehn,1985),内部控制系统(Bushman and Smith,2001),规章制度和章程条款(反收购措施)和使用的债务融资(杰森,1993)。
外部控制是由公司控制权市场(Grossman and Hart,1980)、劳动力管理市场(Fama,1980)和产品市场(哈特,1983)施加的控制。
各种各样的金融丑闻,动摇了世界各地的投资者,公司治理最佳实践方式特别强调了内部控制系统在公司治理中起到的重要作用。
内部控制有助于通过提供保证可靠性的财务报告,和临时议会对可能会损害公司经营目标的事项进行评估和风险管理来保护投资者的利益。
这些功能已被的广泛普及内部控制系统架构设计的广泛认可,并指出了内部控制是用以促进效率,减少资产损失风险,帮助保证财务报告的可靠性和对法律法规的遵从(COSO,1992)。
尽管有其相关性,但投资者不能直接观察,因此也无法得到内部控制系统设计和发挥功能的信息,因为它们都是组织内的内在机制、活动和过程(Deumes and Knechel,2008)。
由于投资者考虑到成本维持监控管理其声称的(Jensen and Meckling,1976),内部控制系统在管理激励信息沟通上的特性,以告知投资者内部控制系统的有效性,是当其他监控机制(该公司的股权结构和董事会)比较薄弱,从而为其提供便捷的监控(Leftwich et等, 1981)。
Internal management, establish a sound internal control system, enterprises and the needs for enterprises to face market risks and challenges. Only in accordance with the actual situation of their own, developed to meet the needs of internal management control system, and strictly follow the implementation can be sustained, steady and healthy development.内部管理,建立健全内部控制制度,企业和企业面临的市场风险和挑战的需要。
只有按照自己的实际情况,开发出满足内部管理控制系统的需求,并严格遵照执行能够持续,稳定和健康的发展。
The so-called internal control, the means by the enterprises board of directors, managers and other staff implementation, in order to ensure the reliability of financial reporting, operating efficiency and effectiveness of existing laws and regulations to follow, and so provide reasonable assurance that the purpose of the course. Internal controls related to enterprise production and management of the control environment, risk assessment, supervision and decision-making, information and transfer and self-examination, from a business perspective on the whole in all aspects of production. Their effective implementation will undoubtedly promote enterprise production and management to a new level, to promote the rationalization of business processes and standardization.所谓内部控制,董事会的企业董事会,经理和其他员工实施的,为保证财务报告的可靠性,现有的法律法规,经营的效率和效果跟踪,并提供合理的保证,本课程的教学目的。
会计内部控制中英文对照外文翻译文献(文档含英文原文和中文翻译)内部控制透视:理论与概念摘要:内部控制是会计程序或控制系统,旨在促进效率或保证一个执行政策或保护资产或避免欺诈和错误。
内部是一个组织管理的重要组成部分。
它包括计划、方法和程序使用,以满足任务,目标和目的,并在这样做,支持基于业绩的管理。
内部控制是管理阶层的平等与控制可以帮助管理者实现资源的预期的有效管理的结果通过。
内部控制应减少或违规错误的风险关联未被发现的,但设计和建立有效的内部控制不是一个简单的任务,不可能是一个实现通过快速修复短套。
在此讨论了内部文件的概念的不同方面的内部控制和管制。
关键词:内部控制,管理控制,控制环境,控制活动,监督1、介绍环境需要新的业务控制变量不为任何潜在的股东和管理人士的响应因子为1,另外应执行/她组织了一个很大的控制权。
控制是管理活动的东西或以上施加控制。
思想的产生和近十年的发展需要有系统的商业资源和控制这种财富一个新的关注。
主题之一热一回合管制的商业资源是分析每个控制成本效益。
作为内部控制和欺诈的第一道防线,维护资产以及预防和侦查错误。
内部控制,我们可以说是一种控制整个系统的财务和其他方面的管理制定了为企业的顺利运行;它包括内部的脸颊,内部审计和其他形式的控制。
COSO的内部控制描述如下。
内部控制是一个客观的方法用来帮助确保实现。
在会计和组织理论,内部控制是指或目标目标的过程实施由组织的结构,工作和权力流动,人员和具体的管理信息系统,旨在帮助组织实现。
这是一种手段,其中一个组织的资源被定向,监控和测量。
它发挥着无形的(重要的作用,预防和侦查欺诈和保护组织的资源,包括生理(如,机械和财产)和乙二醇,声誉或知识产权,如商标)。
在组织水平,内部控制目标与可靠性的目标或战略的财务报告,及时反馈业务上的成就,并遵守法律,法规。
在具体的交易水平,内部控制是指第三方采取行动以实现一个具体目标(例如,如何确保本组织的款项,在申请服务提供有效的。
会计学内部控制外文文献外文翻译J.Wild,Ken W.Shaw,Barbara Ghiappetta. Principles of Accounting本节将介绍内部控制及其基本原则,并讨论科学技术对内部控制的影响和控制程序的局限性。
一、内部控制的目的小型企业的管理者(或老板)常常需要控制企业整体经营。
他们要负责资产的采购、员工的雇佣和管理、合约洽谈以及支票签发。
这些管理者通过亲自接触和观察来了解企业是否取得了已进行过支付的资产或劳务。
但更多企业无法通过这种监督方式保证企业的运转,他们必须划分责任并依靠正式程序来控制企业经营活动。
管理者使用内部控制制度监督和控制企业的各种活动。
内部控制制度(internal control system)是由各种政策和程序构成的,管理者通常使用他们: , 保护企业资产。
, 确保会计录的可靠性。
, 提高运营效率。
, 保证公司政策的贯彻执行。
一套设计完善的内部控制制度是系统设计、分析和实施的关键环节。
管理者之所以重视内部控制制度是因为他可以预防可避免的损失,帮助经营者制定运营计划,监督企业运营期情况和员工表现。
尽管内部控制无法提供担保,但可以降低企业遭受损失的风险。
二、内部控制的原则隐隐无性质和企业规模等因素的不同,不同企业采用的内部控制政策和程序也各不相同。
但有些基本原则是普遍适用的,这些普遍适用的内部控制原则(principles of internal control)包括:, 明确责任。
, 保持适当的记录, 为资产投保,并为关键员工投保忠诚险, 保证资产报关与记录相分离, 划分相关交易的责任, 应用各种控制技术, 定期实施独立核查本节将介绍这七项原则以及如何使用内部控制将偷窃和欺诈风险减值最小。
这些程序也将增加会计记录的可靠性和准确性。
1( 明确责任良好的内部控制意味着将各工作任务的职责划分清楚并指派给适credit history, individual score of the borrower, loan purpose, source of payments, repayment options, guarantor of basic information and for loan amount, term, interest rate, payment methods, such as recommendations, if the customer agreed to process the business 当的员工,否则在发生差措施将很难确定是谁的责任。
附录A:internal control systeminternal control the management of internal checking, with the development of society has put forward the accounting control, management control, internal control structure, internal control integrated framework, internal control risk management framework, concepts.1.internal checkingas recorded in the historical books, as early as in the year before 3600 left and right of the Mesopotamia Cultural period, which, at that time was extremely simple financial management activities, the author requested the money to be paid for by money payment list, and by another record will be the inventory reconciliation and summary reports; and in ancient Egypt, the oversight officer of the institution; and the ancient Roman Empire of the royal treasury, there has been a double account; my Western Zhou period there have been "a bit financial access, the tree, the eyes and ears had been chapter." The period during the Song dynasty in the main library and 3 in the easy. All of these are internal checking of the application. Therefore, internal checking a person is not safe disposal account, and another person cannot be independent of the control system, that is to say it must be two employees of mutual restraint and mutual inspection. internal checking the implementation of the system is to two is of universal significance of the basic assumption that: One is two or more than two persons or departments inadvertently committing the same the possibility of errors is very small, 2 is two or more than two persons or departments of conscious collusion collusion and fraud of possibilities is far lower than a single individual or department for fraud. As part of its internal control, internal checking requirements in management, all the assets and cash and cash equivalents of receipt and payment, clearing and its registration, it should be by two or more people to deal with, in order to check each other, and troubleshooting the disadvantages.2.internal control systemwith the industrial revolution, the AB, the market competition is becoming increasingly intense, the original simple internal checking system gradually by individual economic control to all economic activities. The United States registered accounting belonging to the Association of the audit procedures in the 1958 release of the 29 audit procedures bulletin the independent auditors evaluating internal control of the internal accounting controls, in the internal control in the internalaccounting control", and "internal management control, and the internal accounting control" is defined as: "The security of property and the accuracy of the accounting records, and reliability with direct contact of the methods and procedures. internal accounting control, including the authorization and approval system, the financial assets of the physical control; accounting and preparation of financial statements, their property assets, and other on-the-job separation; as well as the internal audit and control.In 1972, the American Institute of Certified Public Accountants in the Auditing Standards Bulletin No. 1 in accounting control and management control of the definition of a re-specification. The notice pointed out that the accounting control plans and procedures, in order to safeguard assets and financial data for reliability, and for the following points provide reasonable assurance that: 1. Implementation of the economic business must meet the level of a general authorization or special authorization requirements; 2. Record economic business must, in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, or other criteria based on financial statements, and the protection of assets; 3. To access assets, must be approved by the senior management; 4. accounting personnel must be in a certain interval period, the assets of the account number for the amount and the physical assets of the number and amount in the inventory stock, once it is found that difference, it is timely to take effective measures to remedy the situation. In 1973, the Auditing Standards Bulletin No. 1 of the amendment, it is necessary to further improve the accounting control of the definition and scope.3 internal control structure80's of the 20th Century, Western auditors gradually believe that internal control should be the focus of the internal control structure. In 1988 the American Institute of Certified Public Accountants in the audit guidelines Bulletin No. 55 of the notice stated that: "The Enterprise Internal control structures, including the provision to meet enterprise-specific goals and establish the norms and procedures. Notice of the internal control structure of the 3 elements, namely the control environment, the accounting system and control procedures. control environment, including the establishment of, and the strengthening or weakening of specific policies and procedures that affect various factors; accounting system provides the economic business identification, analysis, classification, and registration, as well as a report of the method, at the same time it made clear the assets and liabilities of the operational and management responsibilities; and control procedures wherebymanagement guidelines and procedures, with a view to achieving a certain goal. internal control structure, there are no longer clear distinction between accounting control and management control, and the content and scope has expanded to include more management control of the content. The salient features of which are the control environment, the elements, and stressed that the management of internal control of the attitudes, awareness and behavior, and control of their environment, lease, and that these factors is to achieve control objectives of the environment that requires auditors to assess the risks involved, in addition to our concern about accounting system and control procedures, it is responsible for the internal and external environment for evaluation. From the accounting control" and "management control" of the case, and that the internal control structure of the building, so that internal control has expanded the scope and content, and, more importantly, from a single policy and procedural changes to the 3 elements of build Chongqing people have learned, + thesis into the "structure" in order to bring about the internal control of the heat sink to the system of change and development. This shift also led the internal control from the technology-oriented enterprise to guide development.4 internal control the overall research frameworkto the 1990s, in order to curb the ever fiercer accounting fraud activities, 1992 COSO Committee published the internal control integrated framework report, as a result of the 1994 revision, and the internal control is defined as: "The internal control is a business by the Board, the management and other staff, the management layer is designed to achieve the following objectives and provide reasonable assurance that the process: Improve business performance and efficiency, and ensure that the financial reporting reliable and relevant laws are followed. Report and the internal control of the "3 elements" to "5 elements, namely control environment, risk assessment, control activities, information and communication, and monitoring. Since then, internal control into the overall framework of the era. COSO consolidation of the internal control framework emphasized the following concepts: the first, internal control is a long-term process that is used to achieve the purpose of the tool, and not an end in itself; its 2, internal control is in the organization at every level of staff, and is not simply a policy, the manual and a table; its 3, the internal control of the board of directors and management to provide reasonable assurance that, rather than an absolute guarantee of its 4, the internal control by adjusting to achieve one or more independent, but there are cross-cuttingobjectives.5 risk-management frameworksince the start of the 21st century, there have been a few major events, in particular, the Enron bankruptcy, WorldCom's scandal and Xerox's take account of events, the heavy blow to the investor confidence in capital markets. Based on this, and in 2004 for the month of September, the Commission COSO published the enterprise risk management framework, the constructor has an internal risk control framework, internal control of 4 goals and 8 major elements. 4 goals, strategic objectives, operational objectives, objective of the report and the legitimacy of target. 8 elements, respectively, to control the environment, goals, risk identification, risk assessment, risk response, control activities, information and communication, and monitoring. The report also pointed out that the risk to the business management is a process, and it is composed of a main body of the board of directors and management, as well as all of the other employees, and to the specified strategic and cross-cutting the enterprise production and management, and is designed to identify and assess the possible impact that the principal objectives of the potential issues and risk management, and to make it to the main goal of providing a risk capacity within reasonable assurance.The COSO for the enterprise risk management" concept of the State, has a strong emphasis on the following concepts: A. enterprise risk management is a process, and it flows to the business; B. enterprise risk management is applied to develop a strategy for the entire process; C. enterprise risk management is in the organization at all levels of all staff in the implementation of the; D. enterprise risk management throughout the business, at all levels and units, including the Enterprise at all levels of the risk portfolio;E. enterprise risk management to identify any in the event of a may affect business operations and production potential, and the risk to control the inclusion of risk capacity; F. enterprise risk management will be able to provide a corporate board and management to provide reasonable assurance that; G Enterprise Risk Management's goal was to achieve one or more different types, but also cross-cutting goals.附录B:内部控制制度发展内部控制源于企业管理的内部牵制,随着社会的发展先后提出了会计控制、管理控制、内部控制结构、内部控制整合框架、内部控制风险管理框架等概念。
中文4500字本科生毕业设计(论文)外文原文及译文所在系管理系学生姓名郭淼专业会计学班级学号指导教师2013年6月外文文献原文及译文Internal ControlEmergence and development of the theory of the evolution of the internal controlInternal control in Western countries have a long history of development, according to the internal control characteristics at different stages of development, the development of internal control can be divided into four stages, namely the internal containment phase, the internal control system phase, the internal control structure phase, overall internal control framework stage.Internal check stages: infancy internal controlBefore the 1940s, people used to use the concept of internal check. This is the embryonic stage of internal control. "Keshi Accounting Dictionary" definition of internal check is "to provide effective organization and mode of operation, business process design errors and prevent illegal activities occur. Whose main characteristic is any individual or department alone can not control any part of one or the right way to conduct business on the division of responsibility for the organization, each business through the normal functioning of other individuals or departments for cross-examination or cross-control. designing effective internal check to ensure that all businesses can complete correctly after a specified handler in the process of these provisions, the internal containment function is always an integral part. "The late 1940s, the internal containment theory become important management methods and concepts. Internal check on a "troubleshooting a variety of measures" for the purpose of separation of duties and account reconciliation as a means to money and accounting matters and accounts as the main control object primary control measures. Its characteristics are account reconciliation and segregation of duties as the main content and thus cross-examination or cross-control. In general, the implementation of internal check function can be roughly divided into the following four categories: physical containment; mechanical containment; institutional containment; bookkeeping contain. The basic idea is to contain the internal "security is the result of checks and balances," which is based on two assumptions: First: two or more persons1西安交通大学城市学院本科毕业设计(论文)or departments making the same mistake unconsciously chance is very small; Second: Two or more the possibility of a person or department consciously partnership possibility of fraud is much lower than a single person or department fraud. Practice has proved that these assumptions are reasonable, internal check mechanism for organizations to control, segregation of duties control is the foundation of the modern theory of internal control.Internal control system phases:generating of internal controlThe late1940s to the early1970s, based on the idea of internal check, resulting in the concept of the internal control system, which is the stage in the modern sense of internal control generated. Industrial Revolution has greatly promoted the major change relations of production, joint-stock company has gradually become the main form of business organization of Western countries, in order to meet the requirements of prevailing socio-economic relations,to protect the economic interests of investors and creditors, the Western countries have legal requirements in the form of strengthen the corporate financial and accounting information as well as internal management of this economic activity.In 1934, the "securities and exchange act" issued by the U.S. government for the first time puts forward the concept of "internal accounting control", the implementation of general and special authorization book records, trading records, and compared different remedial measures such as transaction assets. In 1949, the American institute of certified public accountants (AICPA) belongs to the audit procedures of the committee (CPA) in the essential element of internal control: the system coordination, and its importance to management department and the independence of certified public accountants' report, the first official put forward the definition of internal control: "the design of the internal control includes the organization and enterprise to take all of the methods and measures to coordinate with each other. All of these methods and measures used to protect the property of the enterprise, to check the accuracy of accounting information, improve the efficiency of management, promote enterprise stick to established management guidelines." The definition from the formulation and perfecting the inner control of the organization, plan, method and measures such as rules and regulations to implement internal control, break through the limitation of control related to the financial and accounting department directly, the four objectives of internal control, namely the enterprise in commercial2外文文献原文及译文activities to protect assets, check the veracity and reliability of financial data, improve the work efficiency, and promote to management regulations. The definition of positive significance is to help management authorities to strengthen its management, but the scope of limitation is too broad. In 1958, the commission issued no. 29 audit procedures bulletin "independent auditors evaluate the scope of internal control", according to the requirements of the audit responsibility, internal control can be divided into two aspects, namely, the internal accounting control and internal management control. The former is mainly related to the first two of the internal control goal, the latter mainly relates to the internal control after two goals. This is the origin of the internal control system of "dichotomy". Because the concept of management control is vague and fuzzy, in the actual business line between internal control and internal accounting control is difficult to draw. In order to clear the relations between the two, in 1972 the American institute of certified public accountants in the auditing standards announcement no. 1, this paper expounds the internal management control and internal accounting control: the definition of "internal management control including, but not limited to organization plan, and the administrative department of the authorized approval of economic business decision-making steps on the relevant procedures and records. This authorization of items approved activities is the responsibility of management, it is directly related to the management department to perform the organization's business objectives, is the starting point of the economic business accounting control." At the same time, the important content of internal accounting control degree and protect assets, to ensure that the financial records credibility related institutions plans, procedures and records. After a series of changes and redefine the meaning of the internal control is more clear than before and the specification, increasingly broad scope, and introduces the concept of internal audit, has received recognition around the world and references, the internal control system is made.The internal control structure stage: development of the internal controlTheory of internal control structure formed in the 90 s to the 1980 s, this phase of western accounting audit of internal control research focus gradually from the general meaning to specific content to deepen. During this period, the system management theory has become the new management idea, it says: no physical objects in the world are composed of elements of3西安交通大学城市学院本科毕业设计(论文)system, due to the factors, there exists a complicated nonlinear relationship between system must have elements do not have new features, therefore, should be based on the whole the relationship between elements. System management theory will enterprise as a organic system composed of subsystems on management, pay attention to the coordination between the subsystems and the interaction with the environment. In the modern company system and system management theory, under the concept of early already cannot satisfy the need of internal control systems. In 1988, the American institute of certified public accountants issued "auditing standards announcement no. 55", in the announcement, for the first time with the word "internal control structure" to replace the original "internal control", and points out that: "the enterprise's internal control structure including provide for specific target reasonable assurance of the company set up all kinds of policies and procedures". The announcement that the internal control structure consists of control environment, accounting system (accounting system), the control program "three components, the internal control as a organic whole composed of these three elements, raised to the attention of the internal control environment.The control environment, reflecting the board of directors, managers, owners, and other personnel to control the attitude and behavior. Specific include: management philosophy and operating style, organizational structure, the function of the board of directors and the audit committee, personnel policies and procedures, the way to determine the authority and responsibility, managers control method used in the monitoring and inspection work, including business planning, budgeting, forecasting, profit plans, responsibility accounting and internal audit, etc.Accounting systems, regulations of various economic business confirmation, the collection, classification, analysis, registration and preparing method. An effective accounting system includes the following content: identification and registration of all legitimate economic business; Classifying the various economic business appropriate, as the basis of preparation of statements; Measuring the value of economic business to make its currency's value can be recorded in the financial statements; Determine the economic business events, to ensure that it recorded in the proper accounting period; Describe properly in the financial statements of4外文文献原文及译文economic business and related content.The control program, refers to the management policies and procedures, to ensure to achieve certain purpose. It includes economic business and activity approval; Clear division of the responsibility of each employee; Adequate vouchers and bills setting and records; The contact of assets and records control; The business of independent audit, etc. Internal structure of control system management theory as the main control thought, attaches great importance to the environmental factors as an important part of internal control, the control environment, accounting system and control program three elements into the category of internal control; No longer distinguish between accounting control and management control, and uniform in elements describe the internal control, think the two are inseparable and contact each other.Overall internal control framework stages: stage of internal controlAfter entering the 1990 s, the study of internal control into a new stage. With the improvement of the corporate governance institutions, the development of electronic information technology, in order to adapt to the new economic and organizational form, using the new management thinking, "internal control structure" for the development of "internal control to control the overall framework". In 1992, the famous research institutions internal control "by organization committee" (COSO) issued a landmark project - "internal control - the whole framework", also known as the COSO report, made the unification of the internal control system framework. In 1994, the report on the supplement, the international community and various professional bodies widely acknowledged, has wide applicability. The COSO report is a historical breakthrough in the research of internal control theory, it will first put forward the concept of internal control system of the internal control by the original planar structure for the development of space frame model, represents the highest level of the studies on the internal control in the world.The COSO report defines internal control as: "designed by enterprise management, to achieve the effect and efficiency of the business, reliable financial reporting and legal compliance goals to provide reasonable assurance, by the board of directors, managers and other staff to5西安交通大学城市学院本科毕业设计(论文)implement a process." By defining it can be seen that the COSO report that internal control is a process, will be affected by different personnel; At the same time, the internal control is a in order to achieve business objectives the group provides reasonable guarantee the design and implementation of the program. The COSO report put forward three goals and the five elements of internal control. The three major target is a target business objectives, information and compliance. Among them, the management goal is to ensure business efficiency and effectiveness of the internal control; Information goal is refers to the internal control to ensure the reliability of the enterprise financial report; Compliance goal refers to the internal controls should abide by corresponding laws and regulations and the rules and regulations of the enterprise.COSO report that internal control consists of five elements contact each other and form an integral system, which is composed of five elements: control environment, risk assessment, control activities, information and communication, monitoring and review.Control Environment: It refers to the control staff to fulfill its obligation to carry out business activities in which the atmosphere. Including staff of honesty and ethics, staff competence, board of directors or audit committee, management philosophy and management style, organizational structure, rights and responsibilities granted to the way human resources policies and implementation.Risk assessment: It refers to the management to identify and take appropriate action to manage operations, financial reporting, internal or external risks affecting compliance objectives, including risk identification and risk analysis. Risk identification including external factors (such as technological development, competition, changes in the economy) and internal factors (such as the quality of the staff, the company nature of activities, information systems handling characteristics) to be checked. Risk analysis involves a significant degree of risk estimates to assess the likelihood of the risk occurring, consider how to manage risk.Control activities: it refers to companies to develop and implement policies and procedures, and 6外文文献原文及译文to take the necessary measures against the risks identified in order to ensure the unit's objectives are achieved. In practice, control activities in various forms, usually following categories: performance evaluation, information processing, physical controls, segregation of duties.Information and communication: it refers to enable staff to perform their duties, to provide staff with the exchange and dissemination of information as well as information required in the implementation, management and control operations process, companies must identify, capture, exchange of external and internal information. External information, including market share, regulatory requirements and customer complaints and other information. The method of internal information including accounting system that records created by the regulatory authorities and reporting of business and economic matters, maintenance of assets, liabilities and owners' equity and recorded. Communication is so that employees understand their responsibilities to maintain control over financial reporting. There are ways to communicate policy manuals, financial reporting manuals, reference books, as well as examples such as verbal communication or management.Monitoring: It refers to the evaluation of internal controls operation of the quality of the process, namely the reform of internal control, operation and improvement activities evaluated. Including internal and external audits, external exchanges.Five elements of internal control system is actually wide-ranging, interrelated influence each other. Control environment is the basis for the implementation of other control elements; control activities must be based on the risks faced by companies may have a detailed understanding and assessment basis; while risk assessment and control activities within the enterprise must use effective communication of information; Finally, effective monitoring the implementation of internal control is a means to protect the quality. Three goals and five elements for the formation and development of the internal control system theory laid the foundation, which fully reflects the guiding ideology of the modern enterprise management idea that security is the result of systems management. COSO report emphasizes the integration framework and internal control system composed of five elements, the framework for the7西安交通大学城市学院本科毕业设计(论文)establishment of an internal control system, operation and maintenance of the foundation.In summary,because of social, economic and environmental change management, internal control functions along with the changes, in order to guide the evolution of the internal control theory. As can be seen from the history of the development of internal control theory, often derived from the internal control organizational change management requirements, from an agricultural economy to an industrial economy, innovation management methods and tools for the development of the power to bring internal controls.From the internal containment center,controlled by the internal organization of the mutual relations between the internal control of various subsystems and went to COSO as the representative to the prevention and management loopholes to prevent the goal, through the organization of control and information systems,to achieve the overall system optimization of modern internal sense of control theory, from Admiral time, corresponding to the two economic revolution.Therefore, in the analysis of foreign internal control theory and Its Evolution, requires a combination of prevailing socio-economic environment and business organization and management requirements, so as to understand the nature of a deeper internal control theory of development.8外文文献原文及译文译文:内部控制Ge.McVay一、内部控制理论的产生与发展演进内部控制在西方国家已经有比较长的发展历史,根据内部控制在不同发展阶段的特征,可以将内部控制的发展分为四个阶段,即内部牵制阶段、内部控制制度阶段、内部控制结构阶段、内部控制整体框架阶段。
会计内部控制中英文对照外文翻译文献(文档含英文原文和中文翻译)内部控制透视:理论与概念摘要:内部控制是会计程序或控制系统,旨在促进效率或保证一个执行政策或保护资产或避免欺诈和错误。
内部是一个组织管理的重要组成部分。
它包括计划、方法和程序使用,以满足任务,目标和目的,并在这样做,支持基于业绩的管理。
内部控制是管理阶层的平等与控制可以帮助管理者实现资源的预期的有效管理的结果通过。
内部控制应减少或违规错误的风险关联未被发现的,但设计和建立有效的内部控制不是一个简单的任务,不可能是一个实现通过快速修复短套。
在此讨论了内部文件的概念的不同方面的内部控制和管制。
关键词:内部控制,管理控制,控制环境,控制活动,监督1、介绍环境需要新的业务控制变量不为任何潜在的股东和管理人士的响应因子为1,另外应执行/她组织了一个很大的控制权。
控制是管理活动的东西或以上施加控制。
思想的产生和近十年的发展需要有系统的商业资源和控制这种财富一个新的关注。
主题之一热一回合管制的商业资源是分析每个控制成本效益。
作为内部控制和欺诈的第一道防线,维护资产以及预防和侦查错误。
内部控制,我们可以说是一种控制整个系统的财务和其他方面的管理制定了为企业的顺利运行;它包括内部的脸颊,内部审计和其他形式的控制。
COSO的内部控制描述如下。
内部控制是一个客观的方法用来帮助确保实现。
在会计和组织理论,内部控制是指或目标目标的过程实施由组织的结构,工作和权力流动,人员和具体的管理信息系统,旨在帮助组织实现。
这是一种手段,其中一个组织的资源被定向,监控和测量。
它发挥着无形的(重要的作用,预防和侦查欺诈和保护组织的资源,包括生理(如,机械和财产)和乙二醇,声誉或知识产权,如商标)。
在组织水平,内部控制目标与可靠性的目标或战略的财务报告,及时反馈业务上的成就,并遵守法律,法规。
在具体的交易水平,内部控制是指第三方采取行动以实现一个具体目标(例如,如何确保本组织的款项,在申请服务提供有效的。
外文翻译--财务报告的内部控制本科毕业论文设计外文翻译外文题目 Auditing Internal Control Over Financial Reporting外文出处《 Auditing Internal Control Over Financial Reporting》University of Hawaii at Hilo 2004 12 100-107 外文作者 James E Hunton原文Public Company Accounting Oversight Board PCAOB AuditingStandard No 2 AnAudit of Internal Control Over Financial ReportingPerformed in Conjunction With an Audit of Financial Statements AS-2addresses the work that is required to audit internal control overfinancial reporting and the relationship of that audit to the audit ofthe financial statementsSince the issuance of AS-2 auditors and otherparties have raised questions on a variety of issues about theimplications of AS-2 To answer those questions on June 23 2004 the Officeof the Chief Auditor of the PCAOB issued guidance in the form of questionsand answers on issues related to the implementation of AS-2 Refer to theSeptember 30 2004 and October 15 2004 GAAS Update Service issues forcoverage of the topics previously addressed by the PCAOB staff in its Junerelease which relate to the following areas auditor independencescope and extent of testing evaluating deficiencies multi-location issues using work of othersand service organizations In response to additional implementation questions that continue to be raised on October 6 2004 the PCAOB staff updated its June release Auditing Internal Control Over Financial Reporting on frequently asked questions The updated PCAOB release issued in October 2004 provides additional interpretive and implementation guidance on issues relating to scope and extent of testing evaluating deficiencies and service organizationsPCAOB staff questions and answers represent the staffs opinions on issues related to the implementation of the standards of the PCAOB They are intended to provide guidance to auditors on implementing the PCAOBs standards However they are neither rules of the PCAOB nor have they been approved by the PCAOBScope and Extent of TestingQ Does the scope of internal control over financial reporting as it relates to compliance with laws and regulations under AS-2 encompass controls over a broader array of circumstances than those described in AU Section 317 Illegal Acts by ClientsA Yes AU Section 317 Illegal Acts by Clients provides that the auditor consider the laws and regulations that have a direct and material effect on the determination of financial statement amounts Howeverparagraph 15 of AS-2 does not use the phrase direct and material effect on the determination of financial statement amounts Rather paragraph 15 of AS-2 provides that operations and compliance with laws and regulations directly related to the presentation of and required disclosures in financial statements are encompassed in internal control over financial reporting This provision in AS-2 includes 1 the direct and material effects described in AU Section 317 such as compliance with tax laws that affect accruals and the amount recognized as expense in the accounting period and 2 other circumstances that would be classified under AU Section 317 as having only indirect effects on the financial statements In the PCAOB staffs view internal control over financial reporting encompasses controls over the identification measurement and reporting of all material actual loss events that have occurred including controls over the monitoring and risk assessment of areas in which such actual loss events are reasonably possible The staff guidance illustrates this point by indicating that for example a waste disposal companys internal control over financial reporting ordinarily would encompass controls for identifying and measuring environmental liabilities for existing and newly acquired landfills even if there is no governmental investigation or enforcement proceeding underwayThe PCAOB staff believes that its interpretation is consistent with the Securities and Exchange Commission SEC staffs views regardingmanagements responsibilities for assessing internal control over financial reporting According to the SEC staff while it may be possible to connect the violation of any law rule or regulation to the financial statements by observing that if the violation is significant enough it will have a material effect on the registrants financial statements the SEC staff does not believe that compliance with all laws fits within the definition The SECs financial reporting requirements and the Internal Revenue Code are examples of regulations that are directly related to the preparation of the financial statements Conversely rules requiring disclosure as to the existence of a code of ethics or disclosure as to the existence of an audit committee financial expert are examples of rules promulgated under the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 SOA that are not directly related to the preparation of financial statements Evaluating DeficienciesWhat is the effect on the auditors evaluation of managements assessment of internal control and the auditors report in circumstances under which managements assessment and the auditors audit procedures do not include certain controls that should have been encompassed because neither management nor the auditor has the ability to evaluate those controlsA There may be circumstances in which there are restrictions on the scope of the auditors engagement to audit internal control over financialreporting For example both management and the auditor may be unable to obtain evidence of operating effectiveness of controls at a service organization used by the company because a type 2 Statement on Auditing Standards SAS No 70 Service Organizations SAS-70 report that is deemed to be necessary under the circumstances is not available If neither management nor the auditor is able toperform tests of controls at the service organization eg because management does not have a contractual right to do so a scope limitation existsAn SEC staff interpretation states that subject to limited exceptions management cannot issue a report on internal control with a scope limitation Under paragraph 20 of AS-2 in order for the auditor to satisfactorily complete an audit of internal control over financial reporting management must fulfill several responsibilities including evaluating the effectiveness of the companys internal control over financial reporting and supporting its evaluation with sufficient evidence Therefore if management is unable to assess certain controls over financial reporting that should have been included in its assessment a control deficiency exists If the transaction or events subject to controls that management is unable to assess are material to the companys financial statements the auditor ordinarily would determine that this control deficiency represents a material weakness In additionthe auditor would need to determine whether management under thecircumstances had failed to fulfill its responsibilities to evaluate the effectiveness of the companys internal control over financial reporting and support its evaluation with sufficient evidence If the auditor determines that management has not fulfilled its responsibilities the auditor is required to disclaim an opinion Also to the extent that management has willfully decided not to fulfill its responsibilities the auditor may have additional responsibilities under AU Section 317 and under Section 10A of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 In making the determination of whether management has fulfilled its responsibilities to evaluate the effectiveness of the companys internal control over financial reporting the PCAOB staff indicates that the auditor could evaluate factors such as the following The date of the contract or other transaction documents that could have provided management with the ability to assess controls or otherwise to obtain evidence of the operating effectiveness of relevant controls The relative ease or difficulty with which management could renegotiate the contract or transaction documents and the extent to which management has attempted to do so andWhether management is able to assess the controls or obtain evidence of operating effectiveness of relevant controls in the absence of having access to the controls The PCAOB staff provides the following examples of how to apply the aforementioned guidanceInability to obtain evidence of the operating effectiveness of controls at the service organizationWhen the transactions or events subject to the internal controls at the service organization are material to the companys financial statements and management is unable to obtain evidence about their operating effectiveness the auditor ordinarily would determine that a material weakness exists However for example if the servicing contract with the service organization was executed in 2001 ie well before the existence of the SOA and management already has negotiated with the service organization to provide a suitable type 2 SAS-70 report next year the auditor might determine that management had fulfilled its responsibilities under AS-2 Accordingly the auditor might be able to complete the audit of internal control over financial reporting On the other hand the auditor ordinarily would determine that management had not fulfilled its responsibilities under AS-2 in the following circumstances 1 if management recently renewed its contract with the service organization but did not negotiate either an agreement about obtaining a suitable type 2 SAS-70 report or permission to test controls at the service organization or 2 if the contract with the service organization is long-dated and management has not attempted to negotiate to obtain the necessary evidence of operating effectiveness of controls Accordingly in these circumstances the auditor would be required to disclaim an opinion and would need to evaluate his or her additionalresponsibilities under AU Section 317 and under Section 10A of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934Consolidation of variable interest entities The SEC allows management to limit its assessment of internal control over financial reporting by excluding certain entities that are subject to consolidation under FASB Interpretation No 46 Consolidation of Variable Interest Entitiesan Interpretation of ARB No 51 FIN-46 For example management is permitted to exclude from the scope of its assessment the controls of an entity in existence prior to December 15 2003 that is consolidated pursuant to FIN-46 for which the company does not have the right or authority to assess the controls and also lacks the ability to make that assessment In such situations according to AS-2 the auditor may limit the audit of internal control over financial reporting in the same manner and report without reference to the scope limitation On the other hand if management is unable to assess the controls of an entity consolidated pursuant to FIN-46 that came into existence subsequent to December 15 2003 the auditor would conclude that a control deficiency exists accordingly if the consolidated variable interest entity is material to the companys financial statements the auditor ordinarily would conclude that this represents a material weakness in internal control over financial reporting Also the auditor needs to determine whether management has fulfilled its responsibilities as described in paragraph 20 of AS-2 Ifthe auditor determines that management has not fulfilled its responsibilities the auditor is required to disclaim an opinion Also to the extent that management has willfully decided not to fulfill its responsibilities the auditor may have additional responsibilities under AU Section 317 and under Section 10A of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934Service OrganizationsBy virtue of the requirement in AS-2 for the auditor to perform at least one walkthrough for each major class of transactions if a service organizations services involve the processing of a major class of transactions should the auditor perform walkthroughs at the service organizationAS-2 requires the auditor to perform at least one walkthrough for each major class of transactions In a walkthrough the auditor traces all types of company transactions and events 1 from origination 2 through the companys accounting information and financial reporting system and 3 to their inclusion and disclosure in the companys financial statements Because of the importance of walkthroughs and the fact that they accomplish several objectives AS-2 specifically requires the auditor toPerform walkthroughs in each annual audit of internal control over financial reportingPerform the walkthroughs directly himself or herself ie the auditor is precluded from delegating the performance of walkthroughs to others eg to management or to the internal auditors andPerform at least one walkthrough for each major class of transactions If the processing of a major class of transactions involves the services of a service organization the PCAOB staff advises that auditors would not have to perform walkthroughs at the service organization as long as they were able to obtain sufficient evidence to achieve the objectives of the walkthrough by other means for example through a service auditors report In evaluating if the service auditors report provides evidence sufficient to achieve the objectives of a walkthrough the PCAOB guidance indicates that auditors should follow the directions in paragraphs B21 to B24 of AS-2 which indicateThe auditor may obtain evidence about whether controls that are relevant to managements assessment and the auditors opinion are operating effectively by performing procedures such as the following Performing tests of the user organizations controls over the activities of the service organization eg testing the user organizations independent performance of selected items processed by the service organization or testing the user organizations reconciliation of output reports with source documentsPerforming tests of controls at the service organization。