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解剖学书籍大合集以下是一些关于解剖学的书籍大合集推荐：1.《人体解剖学》(Atlas of Human Anatomy)：由Frank H. Netter医生创作的经典解剖学图谱，包含了详细的人体解剖图和解剖解释，被誉为世界上最好的人体解剖学图谱之一。
2.《人体解剖学教程》(Gray's Anatomy for Students)：基于格雷解剖学经典教材《格雷解剖学》的改编版，内容简洁明了，适合初学者阅读。
3.《解剖学图解词典》(Illustrated Atlas of Anatomy)：提供了大量的解剖图和相应的解剖学知识，适合初学者系统学习和复习。
4.《人体解剖学丛书》(Human Anatomy Series)：系列丛书，涵盖了人体各个系统的解剖学知识，包括肌肉、骨骼、神经系统等。
5.《临床解剖学教程》(Clinical Anatomy Made Ridiculously Simple)：将解剖学与临床实践相结合，帮助医学生更好地理解人体结构与功能，并应用于临床实践。
6.《人体解剖学手册》(Grant's Atlas of Anatomy)：提供了丰富的解剖学图谱和详细的解剖学知识，适合医学生、教师和医生研究使用。
7. 《区域解剖学》(Regional Anatomy in the Limbs)：这本书主要关注人体四肢的解剖学结构，包括上肢和下肢系统的详细解剖学知识。
8. 《人体组织与器官解剖学》(Histology & Cell Biology: Examination & Board Review)：除了提供解剖学的知识，还介绍了人体组织和器官的结构与功能。
这些是一些常见的解剖学书籍，适合不同层次和需求的读者使用。
局部解剖学习重点提要局部解剖学（regional anatomy）是按照人体的局部分区，研究各区域的层次结构及其内的器官与结构的位置、毗邻关系和临床应用的科学，是基础医学与临床医学之间的桥梁课程在局部解剖学学习的过程中我们应该熟悉掌握以下内容：一、重要局部结构（如沟、管、窝、孔、三角等）二、重要局部的层次（如腹壁与颅顶层次）三、内脏器官：位置、毗邻、血供等四、四肢：血管神经束；血管、神经的重要行程与分布五、与临床有关的问题：手术注意事项；神经损伤表现等本资料中的重点将用粗字底线予以标注，在重点知识点后将尽量附上图谱、歌诀、表格帮助大家记忆，“okay提示”指出常考点或特别重要的重点目录第一章绪论............................................................ 错误！未定义书签。
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一、绪论1.禽畜解剖学的概念是什么?是借助解剖器械(刀、剪、锯等),采用切割的方法,通过肉眼观察,来研究健康畜(禽)各器官的形态、构造、位置及相互关系的一门科学。
禽畜解剖学(anatomy of the domestic animals and fowls）是研究家畜、家禽有机体的正常形态结构及其发生发展规律的科学。
它既是生命科学中的一个重要分支，又是动物医学、动物科学、草业科学和生物学等专业重要的必修专业基础课。
畜禽解剖学是以牛、羊、猪、马、犬、猫、兔和家禽为主要研究对象的形态学。
广义的解剖学包括大体解剖学和显微解剖学体解剖学大体解剖学（gross anatomy)是采用力、剪、锯、镊等解剖器械，用切割分离的方法，经肉眼观察，研究畜禽有机体各器官的正常形态、构造、色泽、位置及相互关系的科学；显微解剖学(microscopic anatomy)又称为组织学（histology)，是采用切片、染色技术，制成切片标本，通过光学显微镜或电子显微镜观察、研究育禽有机体各器官和组织的正常微细构造及其功能关系的科学。
2 广义的解剖学有哪些分支学科?广义的解剖学包括巨视解剖学和微视解剖学两部分。
巨视解剖学又称为大体解剖学，是借助于刀、剪、锯等解剖器械，采取切割的方法，通过肉眼观察，来研究畜禽有机体各器官的形态、构造、位置及相互关系的学科；微视解剖学又称为显微解剖学或组织学，是采用组织学技术，借助于显微镜研究畜禽有机体微细结构及其功能关系的学科。
在大体解剖学的教学中，按系统授课，研究机体形态结构的，称为系统解剖学（systemic anatomy）；按部位研究各器官在该局部的位置、毗邻和联属等关系的，称为局部解剖学(regional anatomy）；对多种动物同一器官的形态结构进行比较和研究的，称为比较解剖学（comparative anatomy）。
在机体的生活过程中，观察、研究机体器官的形态、结构和功能变化规律的，称为机能解剖学（functional anatomy)；用X线观察研究机体器官形态结构的，称为X线解剖学(X-ray anato my)；研究神经系统中神经核团的细胞构造和神经元之间相互联络的，称为神经解剖学（neuro~anatomy)3. 畜禽解剖学常用的方位和术语有哪些?（1）基本切面包括矢状面、横断面、额面（水平面）；（2）用于躯干的术语包括：前和后、背侧和腹侧、内侧和外侧、内和外、浅和深；（3）用于四肢的术语包括：近和远、背侧、掌侧、趾侧以及桡侧和腓侧等。
人体解剖学英汉名词对照表注：用星号（＊）标注的名词为最常用的词汇，必须熟记掌握。
一、总论（一）解剖学分类（Classification of Anatomy)anatomy 解剖学human anatomy, anthropotomy 人类解剖学systematic anatomy 系统解剖学regional （topographic）anatomy，topology 局部解剖学gross （macroscopic) anatomy 大体解剖学,巨视解剖学microscopic anatomy 显微解剖学macro-microscopic anatomy 巨—微解剖学sectional anatomy 断面解剖学pathological (morbid）anatomy 病理解剖学neuroanatomy 神经解剖学chemical neuroanatomy 化学解剖学developmental anatomy 发生（或发育）histologic anatomy 组织解剖学histology 组织学embryology 胚胎学anthropology 人类学（二)一般解剖学术语（General Anatomical Terms）dissection,dissect (v。
) 解剖,解剖标本normality, normal （a.) 正常abnormality ，abnormal 异常variation 变异deformity, malformation 畸形specimen 标本model 模型（三)方位术语（Positional Terms）1. anatomical position 解剖学姿势2。
方位术语（terms of direction)superior，upper 上inferior，lower 下anterior 前侧posterior 后侧ventral （dorsal) 腹(背）侧medial (lateral）内(外）侧intermediate 中间internal，interior，inner，inside 内external, exterior, outer, outside 外superficial 浅deep，profound 深proximal （distal）近（远）侧ulnar （radial）尺（桡）侧tibial （fibular）胫(腓）侧palmar 掌侧plantar 足底left 左right 右middle 中median 正中3。
首都医科大学《人体解剖学》教学教材介绍《人体解剖学》教育教学（一）理论课人体解剖学是研究人体正常形态结构的科学，在医学院校中，它的主要任务是根据培养目标的要求，阐明人体各器官的形态结构和配布形式，为学生学习后继医学课程和临床实践打下基础。
人体解剖学课程分为系统解剖学，神经解剖学和局部解剖学三部分。
前二者是按功能系统，阐述人体各器官的形态结构和各器官系统之间的联系；后者则是在系统解剖学的基础上，进一步按部位探讨人体各部的层次结构和各器官的配布组合及位置毗邻关系，它是衔接临床课程重要的桥梁和纽带。
解剖学课程的理论课其教学内容既应反映知识性、系统性、基础性，又要体现出前沿性和时代性。
教学过程中我们除了注重教授经典的基本理论、基本知识外，还会根据当前国内外解剖学研究的最新进展，随时更新教学内容，及时向同学们介绍解剖学领域的最新研究成果。
另外，将解剖学理论与临床疾病进行有机结合地讲解，也是本教研室授课的特色之一，使学生对解剖学的学习产生兴趣，从而激发和培养学生对医学知识学习的积极性。
同时，本室教师平时从事的科研工作也为教学提供了新的内容，授课过程中注重引入一些学术上有争议的学说和观点，启发学生思考，达到教学与科研的有机结合，培养学生科学的思维方法和创新精神。
理论课授课形式为由教师采用多媒体课件、影像资料、板书等形式在大多媒体教室授课。
（二）实验课解剖学与临床手术科室联系密切，历来受到医学生、临床工作者和学校的普遍重视。
在实验教学中侧重培养学生的思维能力，提高学生对基本技术的操作能力，使其掌握基本的科研手段。
我们采用现代化教学手段与传统教学方法相结合的方式，运用了多媒体教学,如视频展台、局部解剖学操作录像、多媒体课件等，与传统的局部解剖学中的尸体操作及直观性教具，如模型、标本等相结合。
在系统解剖学的教学中，通过学生自学、自制课件，同学小讲课等方式提高了学生的自学能力，加强了师生之间的理解与沟通。
在神经解剖学的教学中采用要求学生画图、制作传导束模型，帮助学生对抽象内容的理解。
Final Test Paper of Human Parasitology for long term medical students Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen UniversityTest Paper Type：ATest Time：150 min Test method：Closed-book testTest date：January 9, 2012Answers[Part One] Choose the correct answer（1 score for each, and the total score is 40）Type A: Choose the best answer from A, B, C, D and E.1.Which tissue or organ is the common parasitic site of hydatid?A. thoracic cavityB. lungsC. brainD. liverE. abdominal cavity2.Which stage of trichomonas vaginalis is infective stage?A. trophozoiteB. cystC. mature cystD. oocystE. encysted larvae3. Which stage of plasmodium is the stage with pathogenicity?A. exo-erythrocytic stageB. erythrocytic stageC. gametocyteD. sporozoiteE. oocyst4. Which type of immune-response is associated with protozoal infection?A. sterilizing immunityB. Non-acquired immunityC. premonitionD. concomitant immunityE. premonition and concomitant immunity5. For most parasitic diseases, what plays the role of sources of infection?A. reservoir hostB. patient and carrierC. paratenic host or transport hostD. intermediate hostE. infected person and infected animal6. If contacting soil with barefoots in the tea or vegetable garden, which parasite do you get infection?A. Clonorchis sinensisB. hookwormC. filariaD. Fasciola hepaticaE. Trichnella spiralis7. Which parasite is opportunistic parasite?A. Entamoeba histolyticaB. Plasmodium falciparumC. Toxoplasma gondiiD. Leishmania donovaniE. Trichomonas vaginalis8. Which diseases are food-borne parasitosis?A. schistosomiasis,clonorchiasis,ascariasis,angiostrogyliasis,taeniasis,toxoplasmosisB. ascariasis,hydatosis,trichinellosis,angiostrogyliasis,taeniasis,toxplasmosisC. clonorchiasis,trichinellosis,ascariasis,angiostrogyliasis,taeniasis,toxplasmosisD. trichinellosis,paragonimiasis,chonorchiasis,angiostrogyliasis,taeniasis,toxplasmosisE. pulmonary paragonimiasis,trichinellosis,angiostrogyliasis,hydatosis,taeniasis,toxplasmosis9. Which parasite can cause Keratitis?A. Entamoeba coliB. Entamoeba histolyticaC. Entamoeba disparD. Entamoeba gingivaliaE. Acanthamoeba species10.Which method can be used to diagnose kala-azar diseases or leishmaniasis?A. blood smearB. clinical manifestationC. stool examinationD. bone marrow smearE. cell culture11. Which mosquito can be control by reducing small or mini-fresh water- breeding grounds?A. Aedes albopictusB. Anopheles dirusC. Culex pipiens pallensD. Anopheles sinensisE. Culex pipiens quinquefasciatus12. Which clinical manifestation was caused by Giardia lamblia infection?A. bloody purulent stoolB. acute or chronic diarrhoeaC. FeverD. anaemiaE. jaundice13. Which stage of Entamoeba histolytica is infective stage?A. cyst with two nucleusB. trophozoiteC. oocystD. amastigotesE. cyst with four nucleus14. Which parasite can be examined by a strip of cellophane tape?A. eggs of schistosomesB. hookworm eggsC. pinworm eggsD. eggs of Ascaria lumbricoidesE. whipworm eggs15. Which stage of plasmodium is the infective stage?A. oocystB. sporozoitesC. gametocyteD. ring formE. zygote16.Why does Taenia solium cause more serious harm than Taenia saginata ?A. Taenia saginata with less toxinB. Taenia solium with small hooks and rostellumC. more worms of Taenia solium parasitize in human beingD. cysticerci of Taenia solium can parasitize in human beingE. trauma of oncosphere17. Which pathogenesis is major pathogenic effect caused by schistosoma eggs?A. blood vessels were blocked by eggsB. liver injury caused by eggs toxinC. liver and intestinal tissues were compressed by eggsD. hypersensitivity and egg-granuloma caused by the metabolic and exceretory products of eggsE. inflammation cause by egg antigens18. Which epidemiological features are correlated to trichinellosis?A. endemicity and group eventsB. endemicity, group events and food-borne infectionC. endemicity,and food-borne infectionD. group events and food-borne infectionE. zoonoses19. Which fresh water snail is the intermediate host of Angiostrongylus cantonensis?A. Alocinma longicornis(长角涵螺)B. Giant African snail(东风螺)C. planorbid(扁卷螺)D. melania(川卷螺)E. Oncomelania hupensis(湖北钉螺)20. Which parasite can be re-infected by contacting anus regions of patient and by hand-to-mouth transmission?A. hydatidosisB. AscariasisC. hookworm diseaseD. TrichuriasisE. Enterobiasis 21．Which vector can transmit forest encephalitis?A. human fleaB. liceC. bedbugsD. tickE. mite22. Which drug can be used to treat nematode infection?A. AlbendazoleB. SpiramycinC.penicillinD. chloroquineE. Sulfamethoxazolum-Trimethoprimum (SMZ-TMP)Type B: Choose the correct answer from A, B, C, D and E to the square bracket of each item. Question 23~26What damages were caused by the following parasites?A. Entamoeba histolyticaB. Echinococcus granulosusC. Plasmodium falciparumD. Ascaris lumbricoidesE. Schistosoma japonicum23. to cause intestinal obstruction（ ）24. to cause serious anemia（ ）25. to cause liver cirrhosis（ ）26. to cause liver abscess（ ）Question 27~30Which parasite can be infected by eating the following raw food?A. fresh water fishB. beefC. frogD. water plantsE. crabs27. Spirometra mansoni（ ）28. Paragonimus westermani（ ）29. Fasciolopsis buski（ ）30. Taenia saginata（ ）Type X: Choose the correct answer from A, B, C, D and E, and the correct answer may be not just one.31. Which parasite(s) can cause splenomegaly?A. plasmodiumB. Entamoeba histolyticaC. schistosoma japonicumD. Strongyloides sppE. Leishmania donovani32. Which stage of protozoa can infect human being?A. trophozoite of Toxoplasma gondiiB. trophozoite of Entamoeba histolyticaC. trophozoite of Trichomonas vaginalisD. trophozoite of Giardia lambliaE. oocyst of Cryspordium33. Which mite or insect can parasitize in human body for longer time?A. scab miteB.mosquitoC. cockroachD. liceE. trombiculid mite34. Which disease(s) can be transmitted by medical arthropods?A. filariasisB. pulmonary paragonimiasisC. malariaD. Kala-azar diseaseE. trichinellosis35. Which damages to human being are caused by parasites?A. loss nutritionB. Direct damage such as traumaC. inapparent infectionD. toxin and inflammationE. polyparasitism36. Which parasite(s) can cause visceral larva migrans?A. Gnathostama spinigerumB. Pagumogonimus skrjabiniC. AnisakisD. Spirometra mansoniE. Angiostrongylus cantonensis37. Which parasite(s) can parasitize in brain?A. Angiostrongylus cantonensisB. Spirometra mansoniC. Taenia soliumD. Fasciolopsis buskiE. Fasciola hepatica38. Which vectors can transmit malaria in China?A. Anopheles sinensis B, Anopheles anthrophagus C. Anopheles minimusD. Culex pipiens pallensE. Anopheles dirus39. Which direct damages are caused by medical arthropods?A. toxicosisB. harassment and sucking bloodC. sucking blood and transmitting diseasesD. invading tissueE. allergy40. Which stage of parasite can be detected by stool examination?A. eggs of Ascaris lumbricoidesB. eggs of Schistosoma japonicumC. hookworm rhabditoid larvaD. whipworm eggsE. eggs of Fasciolopsis buski[Part Two] Item interpretation（3 scores for each, and the total score is 12）1. immunoevasion of parasiteParasites survive and proliferate in immunologically competent host by intracellular location, antigenic shedding, antigenic variation, antigenic mimicry, and modification of host immune responses.2. paratenic host or transport hostThe larva of some parasites can invade a non-normal host, but cannot grow, and only lives in the larva stage. If the larva enters a normal definitive host, it can continue to grow into an adult worm. The non-normal host is called paratenic host or transport host. It functions as a transport or carrier host.3. complete metamorphosisFrom eclosin of larva or nymph to adult, there are wide differences in the morphology, physiological function and living habits. The process of the change is called metamorphosis. The complete metamorphosis includes egg, larva, pupa and adult.4. relapse of malariaThere are no malaria parasites in red blood cells after antimalarial drug treatment. However malaria is back into the disease weeks, months or even years after the apparent cure without new infection. It caused by hypanzoites develop into schizonts in liver cells. Only P. vivax and P. ovale of humans cause relapse.[Part Three] Answer the question briefly（5 scores for each, and the total score is 10）1.In laboratory, how to make mouse infect plasmodium parasite?And how to prove the mouse has been infected？Answer:Obtain 2 drops of blood from P. berghei infected mouse tail, diluted in 2-ml saline solution;inject 0.1-ml diluted blood to a mouse abdominal cavity.After one week, collect blood from parasite infected mouse tail to make thin and thick blood films. Fix the film with methyl alcohol and stain with Giemsa’s solution, and then exam the slide to find malaria parasites under immersion oil microscope.2. Which diseases can be transmitted by mosquito? Please describe the mechanism of disease-transmission.Answer:The following diseases can be transmitted by mosquito: Malaria, Filariasis, Japanese B encephalitis, Dengue fever (or yellow fever).Malaria: development and proliferationFilariasis: developmentJapanese B encephalitis: proliferation (or transmission by egg)Dengue fever: proliferation (or transmission by egg)[Part Four] Answer the questions. (The total score is 38)1. Schistosomiasis is still an important public health problemin China, please tell me how to control the disease. (10 scores)Answer:There are different methods used in different endemic areas.A.Elimination of the infective resources:a.Selective chemotherapy for human, chemotherapy for livestoke;b.Medicine, Praziquantel ;B.Cut off the transmision route:a.Snail control; intermieate host Oncomelania hupensis;b.Feces management: including human and livestock’s stool; kill the eggs;c.Safe water supply:C.Protecting susseptibel individual:a.Health education; to know the life cycle of Schistosoma japonicum.d.Individual prevention: taking artemisinin; avoiding contact with infected water.2. If you drank un-boiling water, which parasites will you infect? Which stages of those parasites are infective stage? Please describe the pathogenesis and harms on human by using two parasites as examples. (13 scores)Answer:Parasites from drinking un-boiled water:1)Entamoeba histolytica, four-nuclei cyst;2)Giardia lamblia, four-nuclei cyst;3)Cryptosporidium, oocyst;4)Trichuris trichiura, egg; Enterobius vermicularis, egg, etc.Examples:1)Pathogenesis of Entamoeba histolytica:A.The amoebae secrate proteolytic enzymes to hydrolyse host.B.Slender duct like ulcer in the lumen of intestine;C.Intestinal amebiasis and extraintestinal amebiasis.2)Pathogenesis of Giardia lamblia:A.Mechanical blochage of the intestinal mucosa, competition for nutrients, inflammtion of theintestinal mucosa, etc.B.Shortening of microvilli;C.Diarrhea, abdominal pain, nausea and vomitting;monly infected immuno-suppressed persons.3. Clinical case analysis (15 scores)A previously healthy 26-yr-old male was referred to our hospital because of recently recognized jaundice. He complained of anorexia, fatigue, and weight loss of 8 kg over the previous eight months. He lives in the suburbs of Guangzhou. The medical history was unremarkable except for ingestion of raw freshwater fish. The patient had a blood pressure of 124/81 mmHg, a heart rate of 80 beats/min, a respiration rate of 15 breaths/min, and a body temperature of 36.7℃. The physicalexamination was unremarkable except for generalized jaundice. The laboratory data revealed white blood cell count7,100/µL(normal range4,000-10,000/µL)with18.3%eosinophils(0-4%), hemoglobin level 12.4 g/dL (13-17 g/dL),etc. Serologic testing of viral markers showed HBs Ag (-), antiHBs Ab (+), antiHA V IgM (-), and HCV Ab (-). The abdominal CT scan showed mild dilatation of the intrahepatic bile ducts.Questions:① Which parasitic infection did the patient suffer from? Why?② Why did the patient present with painless jaundice?③ Which examination will you suggest for the patient?④ Which drug can treat the patient?⑤ Which parasite(s) can cause the pathological changes in liver?答：（1）该病人可能感染了华支睾吸虫（肝吸虫）（3分）原因：a.该患者曾吃过生鱼片，有生鱼片中可能寄生有华支睾吸虫的感染期囊蚴;（1分）b腹部CT扫描显示肝内胆管中度扩张; （0.5分）c. 出现黄疸（0.5分）（2）华支睾吸虫成虫寄生在肝内胆管，机械刺激、代谢产物和分泌物等引起胆管内膜及胆管周围的炎性反应，最后导致胆管上皮腺瘤样增生。
Biochemistry Test （part one）Name Student ID ScoreI I Matching Questions (30 x 1 = 30)1.Some inverted repeat sequences or palindromic sequences can be specifically cleaved by ____11A_________.2.The process by which very different evolutionary pathways lead to a protein with similar function is referred to as__2B___ evolution.3.Under normal conditions, the iron of heme in myoglobin and hemoglobin is in the ___16D____ oxidation state.4.Carbon dioxide reacts with the amino terminal groups of hemoglobin to form carbamate groups, which carry a___10D___ charge.5.In normal adult hemoglobin, HbA, the β6 position is a glutamate residue, whereas in sickle-cell hemoglobin, HbS, itis a __7E___ residue.6.The T-state of hemoglobin is stabilized by a salt bridge between β1 Asp 94 and the C-terminal ____7B____ of the β1chain.7.In trypsin, the specificity pocket contains a/an ____7D____ residue that binds to amino acid residue carryingpositive charge of the substrate.8.In proteases such as papain, a _____7A___ residue is activated by hydrogen-bonding to a histidine residue.9.Multiple forms of homologous enzymes within the same organism that catalyze the same reaction but with differentkinetic properties are ____14A____.10.The effects of substrates on allosteric enzymes are referred to as _____9D_____ effects.11.___9A___ is the most common donor molecule in phosphorylation reactions catalyzed by protein kinases.12.α helices, β sheets, and turns are referred as__10B___ structure of proteins.13.The purification based on the attraction of the protein for a particular chemical group is ___3C__ chromatography.14.The information-carrying intermediates for translation are _17C_.15.The person who noted the A:T and G:C ratios in DNA are approximately 1:1 is _13C_.16.Codons that specify the same amino acids are termed __4A__.17. A pattern of DNA fragments by restriction digestions can serve as a _12E of a particular DNA molecule.18.Glutamine substitution with __6E__ is an example of a conservative amino acid change.19.The decreased production of one of the subunits of hemoglobin can cause _2D__.20.Two α chains and two γ chains are used to constitute ___11E___ hemoglobin.21.The k cat is often referred to as the _6A__.22.Enzymes that do not obey Michaelis-Menten kinetics are _14C__.23.The activity of carbonic anhydrase requires metal ion __15D__.24.We can use __18A___ to determine structure/function relationships in enzymes.25.We usually refer the inhibition of the first step by the final product of the pathway as__5D__inhibition.26.Activation of prothrombin requires modified amino acid __8A__ in gla domain.27.The enzyme used to create DNA from RNA is 16A .28.Removal of phosphates from proteins is catalyzed by protein __1E__.29.Ω, β turns and loops are often found on 4E of proteins.30.Blood clotting cascades are controlled by __1A_.III Fill in the Blanks (2 x 10 = 20)1. The aromatic amino acids in proteins are Phe, Tyr, and Trp .2. During protein purification, both 测定比活性和回收率 are necessary each step.3. Monoclonal antibodies are made by 生产抗体的B 细胞与小鼠骨髓瘤细胞融合 .4. Semi-conservative replication of DNA was confirmed by M. Meselson and F. W. Stahlexperiment(s). 5.Distal histidine in hemoglobin donates hydrogen bond to oxyhemoglobin complex, which inhibits the oxidation of the iron to the ferric state. 6.α-hemoglobin is stabilized by AHSP . 7.The meaning of Vmax catalyzed by an enzyme is 所有活性位点都与底物结合时的反应初速度 . 8.An affinity label of an enzyme is 有反应活性基团的底物类似物 . 9.The central amino acid residue of the catalytic triad in chymotrypsin is His . 10. For medical diagnosis, LDH 同工酶 can be used as heart attack indicators.IV Short-Answer Questions （5 x 6 = 30）1. Oxygen-binding curves by hemoglobin are shown in Fig 1, which indicates that O 2 affinity of the protein isregulated by O 2, pH, CO 2, and 2,3-bisphosphate glycerol. Propose the molecular mechanisms to interpret theoxygen-binding curves with the knowledge you have learnt in class.2. Briefly describe immunoassay in Biochemistry.3. A 10 kb DNA fragment digested with different restriction endonuclease(s) shown in Fig 2. Please draw a possiblerestriction map for the original fragment.4. Describe structural alternation when the peptide bond between amino acid residues 15 and 16 is cleaved.5. How to create high density arrays of oligonucleotides in Affymatrix Co? What can be done if we use such arrays?Fig 1. Oxygen-binding curves of hemoglobin.Fig 2. Analysis of a DNA fragment by restriction enzymes.III Fill in the Blanks1.2.3.4.5.6.7.8.9.10.IV Short-answer questions1 氧气与血红蛋白结合是正协同，呈S型曲线；CO2是血红蛋白的负调节剂，有助于血红蛋白T态结构；使S型曲线右移；2,3-BPG能够与T态血红蛋白结合，稳定T-态结构；CO2和2,3-BPG 同时存在，负别构调节作用更强，S曲线进一步右移。
Examination Paper of Regional Anatomy for PakistaniStudentsI. Determine which of the following statements are True and which are False by filling the letter T or F into the space corresponding to the number of each statement. ( 1 point × 10 )1. Intercostal blood vessels and nerves lie between the external intercostal muscles and internal intercostal muscles.2. Heart and pericardium consist in the middle mediastinum.3. Pancreas is an organ in the supramesocolic region in the abdominal cavity.4. Puncture needle is positioned at the 7th or 8th intercostal space along posterior axillary line or scapular line in the thoracentesis.5. Radial nerve originates from medial cord of brachial plexus.6. Pericardial cavity is the potential space between visceral and parietal layers of serous pericardium.7. Duodenal bulb is located in the descending part of duodenum.8. Second hepatic hilum refers to the site where hepatic veins leave the liver.9. Spleen is situated in the right hypochondriac region of the abdomen.10. McBurney’s point for the surface marking of the base of vermiform appendix is the junction of lateral and middle thirds of the line joining the right anterior superior iliac spine and the umbilicus.Ⅱ. Single Choice Questions ( 1 point ×20 )Directions: Each question below contains four suggested answersmarked A, B, C or D. Choose one answer that you think is the best. Then, in the following answer form, put the letter of the answer you have chosen into the space corresponding to the number of the question.is:A. renal artery, renal vein, renal pelvisB. renal vein, renal artery, renal pelvisC. renal pelvis, renal artery, renal veinD. renal pelvis, renal vein, renal artery2. The structure which does NOT transmit the clavipectoral fascia is:A. cephalic veinB. thoracoacromial arteryC. lateral pectoral nerveD. medial pectoral nerve3. The structure passing through the trilateral foramen isA. axillary nerveB. radial nerveC. ulnar nerveD. circumflex scapular artery4. From up downwards between costal angle and midaxillary line, the arrangement of structures in the costal groove of rib is:A. posterior intercostal vein and artery, intercostal nerveB. posterior intercostal artery and vein, intercostal nerveC. intercostal nerve, posterior intercostal artery and veinD. intercostal nerve, posterior intercostal vein and artery5. Which description about phrenic nerve is WRONG:A. comes from brachial plexusB. runs anterior to the root of lung in the thoracic cavityC. goes downward along the anterior surface of anterior scalene muscle in the neckD. controls the movement of diaphragm6. Which of the following statements about recurrent laryngeal nerve is WRONG:A. is the branch of vagus nerveB. right recurrent laryngeal nerve hooks right subclavian arteryC. left recurrent laryngeal nerve hooks left subclavian arteryD. supplies all the laryngeal muscles except cricothyroid muscle7. If a patient is unable to abduct his shoulder joint, the nerve which may be injured is:A. long thoracic nerveB. subscapular nerveC. axillary nerveD. musculocutaneous nerve8. In the anatomical snuffbox of hand, we can find:A. radial arteryB. ulnar arteryC. ulnar nerveD. median nerve9. Blood supply of small intestine mainly originates from:A. celiac trunkB. superior mesenteric arteryC. inferior mesenteric arteryD. thoracic aorta10. The trachea divides into the left and right principal bronchus at the level of:A. the jugular notchB. the sternal angleC. the 3rd costal cartilage and ribD. the inferior angle of scapula11. A patient with jaundice ( stained yellow with sclera and skin) was diagnosed with cancer of the head of pancreas. Which structure was compressed by the tumor?A. common bile ductB. common hepatic ductC. cystic ductD. left hepatic duct12. The pleural recess just above the cardiac notch of left lung, into which lung tissue would tend to expand during deep inspiration, is:A. anterior mediastinumB. costodiaphragmatic recessC. costomediastinal recessD. cupula of pleura13. A woman with breast cancer subsequently develops metastases in hervertebral column. The most direct route for spread of the tumor to the vertebral column was via:A. branches of the cephalic veinB. branches of the lateral thoracic veinC. branches of the thoracoacromial veinsD. branches of the intercostal veins14. If the duodenal ulcer perforates the posterior wall of the first portion of duodenum and erodes an artery in that position, it may lead to a severe internal hemorrhage (bleeding). In that case, the damaged artery is:A. cystic arteryB. gastroduodenal arteryC. hepatic artery properD. left gastric artery15. The adrenalectomies (removal of adrenal gland) on the right side is more difficult than that on the left side, which owes to the fact that the right suprarenal gland is partly overlain anteriorly by the:A. abdominal aortaB. inferior vena cavaC. left hepatic veinD. right crus of diaphragm16. If a patient suffers from an esophageal (hiatal) hernia in which the stomach herniates through an enlarged esophageal hiatus, muscle fibers from which of the following parts of the diaphragm would border directly on this hernia?A. left crusB. right crusC. central tendonD. costal fibers17. During the operation of removing the left kidney, if you ligated the left renal vein as close to the inferior vena cava as possible, it could impair the venous drainage of the other structures that drain into the renal vein. These involved structures include:A. left suprarenal glandB. left testisC. left ovaryD. all of the above18. The median nerve originates from the ________ of the brachial plexus.A. medial and lateral cordsB. medial cordC. posterior cordD. upper and lower trunks19. The carpal tunnel contains the following important structures except which?A. flexor pollicis longus tendonB. flexor digitorum profundus tendonsC. median nerveD. flexor carpi radialis tendon20. The following structures form the boundaries to the roof of the axillary fossa except which?A. clavicleB. coracoid processC. upper border of the scapulaD. outer border of the first ribⅢ. Clinical Problem Solving. ( 5 points×2 )Study the following case histories and select the best answer to the questions following them.1. A 58-year-old man was in a restaurant when he suddenly started to vomit blood. He was taken unconscious to the emergency department of a local hospital. On examination, he had all the signs of severe hypovolemic shock ( one kind of shock owing to acute and severe blood loss ) . On palpation of the anterior abdominal wall, the right lobe of the liver was felt three fingerbreadths below the costal margin. Several enlarged superficial veins could be seen around the umbilicus. His wife said that he had vomited blood 3 months previously and had nearly died. She admitted that he was a chronic alcoholic. The diagnosis was cirrhosis ( a pathological condition where fibrous connective tissue proliferates ) of the liver secondary to chronic alcoholism. The symptoms and signs displayed by this patient can be explained by the following statements except which? ( )A. The normal flow of portal blood through the liver is impaired by cirrhosis of the liver.B. The portocaval systemic anastomoses become enlarged in this condition.C. At the lower end of the esophagus, a branch from the right gastric vein anastomoses with an esophageal tributary of the azygos vein.D. Rupture of a varicosed esophageal vein could produce a severe hemorrhage so that the patient would vomit up blood.E. With portal hypertension the paraumbilical veins linking the superficial veins of the skin (systemic veins) to the portal vein become congested and visible.2. A 16-year-old boy received a severe kick in the right flank while playing football at school. On examination in the emergency department, his right flank was severely bruised, and his right costovertebral angle was extremely tender on palpation. A specimen of urine showed microscopic hematuria ( red blood cells appear in the urine under the microscope ). A diagnosis of damage to the right kidney was made.The following statements concerning blunt trauma to the kidney are correct except which? ( )A. The kidney tends to be crushed between the 12th rib and the vertebral column.B. The kidney can be injured by fractures of the 12th rib (right kidney) or 11th and 12th ribs (left kidney).C. In most patients the kidney damage is mild and results in nothing more than microscopic hematuria, as in this patient.D. In severe kidney lacerations, extensive hemorrhage and extravasation of blood and urine into the pararenal fat occurs.E. In severe kidney lacerations, a mass caused by extravasated blood and urine behind the peritoneum may be palpated, especially on the right side.F. Both kidneys lie on the posterior abdominal wall and are at the same vertebral level.Ⅳ. Filling in the following blanks.（2 points ×11 ）1. ( ) nerve and ( ) vessels transmit the quadrangular foramen.2. Axillary sheath envelops ( ) vessels and ( ) plexus.3. Renal capsule includes 3 layers, namely ( ), ( )and ( ).4. Colon is divided into ( ) colon, ( ) colon, descending colon and ( ) colon, whose blood supply arises from superior mesenteric artery and ( ) artery.Ⅴ. Explain the anatomical terms. ( 2 points ×6 )1. Mediastinum:2. Triangle of arterial duct:3. Musculotendinous cuff (rotator cuff):4. Cubital fossa:5. Humeromuscular tunnel:6. Calot triangle:Ⅵ. Answer the following questions. ( 26 points totally )1. Describe the lymphatic drainage of breast. ( 12 points )2. Describe the relations of the root of left lung. ( 6 points )3. Write out the structures constituting the anterior and posterior walls of axillary fossa respectively. ( 8 points )。
