新世纪研究生公共英语教材阅读B 课文原文及翻译

新世纪研究生公共英语教材阅读BUnitUnit 9Animal EmotionsLaura TangleySheer joy. Romantic love. The pain of mourning.Scientists say pets and wild creatures have feelings, too.1. Swimming off the coast of Argentina, a female right whale singles out just one of the suitors that are hotly pursuing her. After mating, the two cetaceans linger side by side, stroking one another with their flippers and finally rolling together in what looks like an embrace. The whales then depart, flippers touching, and swim slowly side by side, diving and surfacing in perfect unison until they disappear from sight.2.In Tanzania, primatologists studying chimpanzee behavior recorded the death of Flo, a troop’s 50-year-old matriarch. Throughout the following day, Flo’s son, Flint, sits beside his mother’s lifeless body, occasionally taking her hand and whimpering. Over the next few weeks, Flint grows increasingly listless, withdrawing from the troop —despite his siblings’ efforts to bring him back–and refusing food. Three weeks after Flo’s death, the formerly healthy young chimp is dead, too.3.A grief-stricken chimpanzee? Leviathans in love? Most people, raised on Disney versions of sentient and passionate beasts, would say that these tales, both true, simply confirm their suspicions that animals can feel intense, humanlike emotions. For their part, the nation’s 61 million pet owners need no convincing at all that pet dogs and cats can feel angry, morose, elated—even jealous or embarrassed. Recent studies, in fields as distant as ethology and neurobiology, are supporting thispopular belief. Other evidence is merely anecdotal, especially for pets — dogs that become depressed, or even die, after losing a beloved companion, for instance. But the anecdote —or case study in scientific parlance—has now achieved some respectability among researchers who study animal behavior. As University of Colorado biologist Marc Bekoff says, “The plural of anecdote is data.”4.Still, the idea of animals feeling emotions remains controversial among many scientists. Researchers’ skepticism is fueled in part by their professional aversion to anthropomorphism, the very nonscientific tendency to attribute human qualities to non-humans. Many scientists also say that it is impossible to prove animals have emotions using standard scientific methods —repeatable observations that can be manipulated incontrolled experiments —leading them to conclude that such feelings must not exist. Today, however, amid mounting evide nce to the contrary, “the tide is turning radically and rapidly,” says Bekoff, who is at the forefront of this movement.5.Even the most strident skeptics of animal passion agree that many creatures experience fear —which some scientists defin e as a “primary” emotion that contrasts with “secondary” emotions such as love and grief. Unlike these more complex feelings, fear is instinctive, they say, and requires no conscious thought. Essential to escape predators and other dangers, fear —and its predictable flight, fight, or freeze responses — seems to be hard-wired into many species. Young geese that have never before seen a predator, for example, will run for cover if a hawk-shaped silhouette passes overhead. The shape of a nonpredatory bird, on the other hand, elicits no such response.6.But beyond such instinctual emotions and their predictable behavioral responses, the possibility of more complex animal feelings —those that entail mental processing —is difficult to demonstrate. “I can’t even p rove that another human being is feeling happy or sad,” says Bekoff, “but I can deduce how they’re feeling through body language and facial expression.” As a scientist who has conducted field studies of coyotes, foxes, and other canines for the past three decades, Bekoff also believes he can accurately tell what these animals are feeling by observing their behavior. He adds that animal emotions may actually be more knowable than those of humans, because they don’t “filter” their feelings the way we do.7.Yet because feelings are intangible, and so tough to study scientifically, “most researchers don’t even want to talk about animal emotions,” says Jaak Panksepp, a neuroscientist at Bowling Green State University in Ohio and author of Affective Neuroscience. Within his field, Panksepp is a rare exception, who believes that similarities between the brains of humans and other animals suggest that at least some creatures have true feelings. “Imagine where we’d be in physics if we hadn’t infer red what’s inside the atom,” says Panksepp. “Most of what goes on in nature is invisible, yet we don’t deny that it exists.”8.The new case for animal emotions comes in part from the growing acceptability of field observations, particularly when they are taken in aggregate. The latest contribution to this body of knowledge is a new book, The Smile of a Dolphin, which presents personal reports from more than 50 researchers who have spent their careers studying animals —from cats, dogs, bears, and chimps to birds, iguanas, and fish. Edited by Bekoff, who says it will finally “legitimize” research on animal emotions,thevolume has already garnered scientific attention, including a Smithsonian Institution symposium on the subject.9. One of the most obvious animal emotions is pleasure. Anyone who has ever held a purring cat or been greeted by a bounding, barking,tail-wagging dog knows that animals often appear to be happy. Beastly joy seems particularly apparent when the animals are playing with one another or sometimes, in the case of pets, with people.10.Virtually all young mammals, as well as some birds, play, as do adults of many species such as our own. Young dolphins, for instance, routinely chase each other through the water like frolicsome puppies and have been observed riding the wakes of boats like surfers. Primatologist Jane Goodall, who has studied chimpanzees in T anzania for four decades, says that chimps “chase, somersault, and pirouette around one another with the abandon of children.” In Colorado, Bekoff once watc hed an elk race back and forth across a patch of snow — even though there was plenty of bare grass nearby —leaping and twisting its body in midair on each pass. Though recent research suggests that play may help youngsters develop skills needed in adulthood, Bekoff says there’s no question that it’s also fun. “Animals at play are symbols of the unfettered joy of life,” he says11.Grief also seems to be common in the wild, particularly following the death of a mate, parent, offspring, or even close companion. Female sea lions witnessing their pups being eaten by killer whales are known to actually wail. When a goose, which mates for life, loses its partner, the bird’s head and body droop dejectedly. Goodall, who saw the young chimp Flint starve afterhis moth er died, maintains that the animal “died of grief.”12.Elephants may be nature’s best-known mourners. Scientists studying these behemoths have reported countless cases of elephants trying to revive dead or dying family members, as well as standing quietly beside an animal’s remains for many days, periodically reaching out and touching the body with their trunks. Kenyan biologist Joyce Poole, who has studied African elephants since 1976, says these animals’ behavior toward their dead “leaves me with little d oubt that they experience deep emotions and have some understanding about death.”13.But there’s “hard” scientific evidence for animal feelings as well. Scientists who study the biology of emotions, a field still in its infancy, are discovering many similarities between the brains of humans and other animals. In animals studied so far, including humans, emotions seem to arise from ancient parts of the brain that are located below the cortex,。

Unit 9Animal EmotionsLaura TangleySheer joy. Romantic love. The pain of mourning.Scientists say pets and wild creatures have feelings, too.1. Swimming off the coast of Argentina, a female right whale singles out just one of the suitors that are hotly pursuing her. After mating, the two cetaceans linger side by side, stroking one another with their flippers and finally rolling together in what looks like an embrace. The whales then depart, flippers touching, and swim slowly side by side, diving and surfacing in perfect unison until they disappear from sight.2.In Tanzania, primatologists studying chimpanzee behavior recorded the death of Flo, a troop’s 50-year-old matriarch. Throughout the following day, Flo’s son, Flint, sits beside his mother’s lifeless body, occasionally taking her hand and whimpering. Over the next few weeks, Flint grows increasingly listless, withdrawing from the troop —despite his siblings’ efforts to bring him back–and refusing food. Three weeks after Flo’s death, the formerly healthy young chimp is dead, too.3.A grief-stricken chimpanzee? Leviathans in love? Most people, raised on Disney versions of sentient and passionate beasts, would say that these tales, both true, simply confirm their suspicions that animals can feel intense, humanlike emotions. For their part, the nation’s 61 million pet owners need no convincing at all that pet dogs and cats can feel angry, morose, elated—even jealous or embarrassed. Recent studies, in fields as distant as ethology and neurobiology, are supporting this popular belief. Other evidence is merely anecdotal, especially for pets — dogs that become depressed, or even die, after losing a beloved companion, for instance. But the anecdote —or case study in scientific parlance—has now achieved some respectability among researchers who study animal behavior. As University of Colorado biologist Marc Bekoff says, “The plural of anecdote is data.”4.Still, the idea of animals feeling emotions remains controversial among many scientists. Researchers’ skepticism is fueled in part by their professional aversion to anthropomorphism, the very nonscientific tendency to attribute human qualities to non-humans. Many scientists also say that it is impossible to prove animals have emotions using standard scientific methods —repeatable observations that can be manipulated incontrolled experiments —leading them to conclude that such feelings must not exist. Today, however, amid mounting evide nce to the contrary, “the tide is turning radically and rapidly,” says Bekoff, who is at the forefront of this movement.5.Even the most strident skeptics of animal passion agree that many creatures experience fear —which some scientists define as a “primary” emotion that contrasts with “secondary” emotions such as love and grief. Unlike these more complex feelings, fear is instinctive, they say, and requires no conscious thought. Essential to escape predators and other dangers, fear — and its predictable flight, fight, or freeze responses — seems to be hard-wired into many species. Young geese that have never before seen a predator, for example, will run for cover if a hawk-shaped silhouette passes overhead. The shape of a nonpredatory bird, on the other hand, elicits no such response.6.But beyond such instinctual emotions and their predictable behavioral responses, the possibility of more complex animal feelings —those that entail mental processing —is difficult to demonstrate. “I can’t even prove that another human being is feeling happy or sad,” says Bekoff, “but I can deduce how they’re feeling through body language and facial expression.” As a scientist who has conducted field studies of coyotes, foxes, and other canines for the past three decades, Bekoff also believes he can accurately tell what these animals are feeling by observing their behavior. He adds that animal emotions may actually be more knowable than those of humans, because they don’t “filter” their feelings the way we do.7.Yet because feelings are intangible, and so tough to study scientifically, “most researchers don’t even want to talk about animal emotions,” says Jaak Panksepp, a neuroscientist at Bowling Green State University in Ohio and author of Affective Neuroscience. Within his field, Panksepp is a rare exception, who believes that similarities between the brains of humans and other animals suggest that at least some creatures have true feelings. “Imagine where we’d be in physics if we hadn’t infer red what’s inside the atom,” says Panksepp. “Most of what goes on in nature is invisible, yet we don’t deny that it exists.”8.The new case for animal emotions comes in part from the growing acceptability of field observations, particularly when they are taken in aggregate. The latest contribution to this body of knowledge is a new book, The Smile of a Dolphin, which presents personal reports from more than 50 researchers who have spent their careers studying animals —from cats, dogs, bears, and chimps to birds, iguanas, and fish. Edited by Bekoff, who says it will finally “legitimize” research on animal emotions, thevolume has already garnered scientific attention, including a Smithsonian Institution symposium on the subject.9. One of the most obvious animal emotions is pleasure. Anyone who has ever held a purring cat or been greeted by a bounding, barking,tail-wagging dog knows that animals often appear to be happy. Beastly joy seems particularly apparent when the animals are playing with one another or sometimes, in the case of pets, with people.10.Virtually all young mammals, as well as some birds, play, as do adults of many species such as our own. Young dolphins, for instance, routinely chase each other through the water like frolicsome puppies and have been observed riding the wakes of boats like surfers. Primatologist Jane Goodall, who has studied chimpanzees in Tanzania for four decades, says that chimps “chase, somersault, and pirouette around one another with the abandon of children.” In Colorado, Bekoff once watched an elk race back and forth across a patch of snow — even though there was plenty of bare grass nearby —leaping and twisting its body in midair on each pass. Though recent research suggests that play may help youngsters develop skills needed in adulthood, Bekoff says there’s no question that it’s also fun. “Animals at play are symbols of the unfettered joy of life,” he says11.Grief also seems to be common in the wild, particularly following the death of a mate, parent, offspring, or even close companion. Female sea lions witnessing their pups being eaten by killer whales are known to actually wail. When a goose, which mates for life, loses its partner, the bird’s head and body droop dejectedly. Goodall, who saw the young chimp Flint starve after his mother died, maintains that the animal “died of grief.”12.Elephants may be nature’s best-known mourners. Scientists studying these behemoths have reported countless cases of elephants trying to revive dead or dying family members, as well as standing quietly beside an animal’s remains for many days, periodically reaching out and touching the body with their trunks. Kenyan biologist Joyce Poole, who has studied African elephants since 1976, says these animals’ behavior toward their dead “leaves me with little doubt that they experience deep emotions and have some understanding about death.”13.But there’s “hard” scientific evidence for animal feelings as well. Scientists who study the biology of emotions, a field still in its infancy, are discovering many similarities between the brains of humans and other animals. In animals studied so far, including humans, emotions seem to arise from ancient parts of the brain that are located below the cortex,。

UNIT1To invite eminent persons to help make advertisements should be regarded as one of the best advertising strategies and could, of course, produce a spectacular(powerful) VIP effect, provided that those celebrities are perfectly willing to accept the invitation and, more importantly, the products to be advertised are genuine and of fair prices. Sometimes, while a commodity is of inferior quality, the advertisement is full of words lavishing praise on it, if a celebrity shows up as an image agent for such a product, the advertisement could, if any, be temporarily successful before it turns the brand of the product in question notorious and, more disastrously, ruins the reputation of the eminent person thereafter. So, the famous are well advised to think more than twice before they agree to appear on the commercial.邀请名人做广告，只要商品确实是货真价实，名人又愿意，这应该是广告技巧的上策，会产生很强的名人效应。

Unit 5How to Raise a Polite Kid in This Rude World?Text and language pointsMention ill-mannered children and most people roll their eyes at the memory of a little hellion and his boorish parents. I still get angry about an incident that happened last summer.Mention ill-mannered children and most people roll their eyes at the memory of a little hellion and his boorish parents.When talking about children of bad manners, most people will show their annoyance by moving their eyes around in a circle and recall a trouble-making boy and his rude parents. roll one's eyes: move one’s eyes round and upwards, especially in order to show that one is annoyede.g. —— Marta rolled her eyes as Will started to tell another stupid joke.—— When he suggested they should buy a new car, she rolled her eyes in disbelief. hellion n. disorderly or troublesome person惹事生非的人；捣蛋鬼boorish a. resembling or characteristic of a boor; rude and clumsy in behavior; vulgar 粗野的e.g. —— I found him rather boorish and aggressive.——I‟m sick of your drunken, boorish behavior.一提到无礼的孩子, 大多数人都会因回想起惹是生非的小孩以及其粗鄙的父母而皱起眉头。

Unite 3 Doctor's Dilemma: Treat or Let Die？Abigail Trafford1。

Medical advances in wonder drugs，daring surgical procedures，radiation therapies，and intensive—care units have brought new life to thousands of people. Yet to many of them, modern medicine has become a double-edged sword。

2。

Doctor’s power to treat with an array of space—age techniques has outstripped the body's capacity to heal. More medical problems can be treated，but for many patients，there is little hope of recovery. Even the fundamental distinction between life and death has been blurred。

3。

Many Americans are caught in medical limbo, as was the South Korean boxer Duk Koo Kim，who was kept alive by artificial means after he had been knocked unconscious in a fight and his brain ceased to function。

With the permission of his family，doctors in Las Vegas disconnected the life-support machines and death quickly followed。

Unit 10 Is Science Dangerous? Uite10课文译文科学危险吗？Lewis Wolpert 刘易斯·沃尔珀特Does society need protecting from scientific advances? Most emphatically not, so long as scientists themselves and their employers are committed to full disclosure of what they know.人类社会需要保护以抵挡科学发展带来的危险吗？当然不需要，只要科学家及其雇主们致力于公开他们所知道的一切详情。

1. The idea that knowledge is dangerous is deeply embedded in our culture. Adam and Eve were forbidden to eat from the biblical Tree of Knowledge, and in Milton’s Paradise Lost the ser pent addresses the Tree as the ―Mother of Science‖. The archangel Raphael advises Adam to be ―lowly wise‖when he tries to question him about the nature of the Universe. Indeed, Western literature is filled with images of scientists meddling with nature, with disastrous results. Scientists are portrayed as a soulless group, unconcerned with ethical issues.1．知识是危险的这一观念在我们的文化中根深蒂固。

新世纪研究生公共英语教材阅读b课文翻译在新世纪，随着我国研究生教育的蓬勃发展，提高研究生英语素质成为一项重要任务。

新世纪研究生公共英语教材阅读B课文，不仅具有较高的教学价值，更是培养研究生英语阅读与翻译能力的优秀资源。

本文将对阅读B课文进行简要概述，探讨课文翻译的实践与技巧，并分析如何提高翻译质量与阅读理解能力。

阅读B课文的主要内容涵盖了各种主题，包括科技、文化、社会、教育等，旨在帮助研究生扩大知识面，提高阅读理解能力。

通过对这些主题的学习，研究生可以了解到国际前沿的研究成果，培养跨文化交际的能力。

此外，阅读B课文还注重培养研究生的英语应用能力，特别是翻译能力。

在课文翻译实践中，要注意以下几点：1.忠实原文：翻译时要遵循原文的意思，不得随意增删内容，保证信息的准确性。

2.语言表达：注意语法和词汇的准确性，力求简洁明了，易于理解。

3.文化适应：在翻译过程中，要充分考虑中西方文化差异，使译文符合目标读者的阅读习惯。

4.保持风格一致：在翻译时要注意原文的文体和风格，使译文与原文相符。

为了提高翻译质量与阅读理解能力，可以采取以下方法：1.多读：通过大量阅读，积累词汇、语法和表达方式，提高翻译的准确性。

2.多做练习：将阅读B课文作为翻译练习材料，不断提高翻译水平。

3.参加翻译培训课程：有条件的情况下，可以参加专业的翻译培训课程，系统学习翻译理论和技巧。

4.交流与反馈：与同学、老师或母语为英语的人士交流，获取宝贵的意见和建议，改进自己的翻译水平。

总之，新世纪研究生公共英语教材阅读B课文具有很高的教学价值和翻译价值。

通过深入学习和实践课文翻译，研究生可以提高英语阅读理解能力和跨文化交际能力，为今后从事国际学术交流和合作奠定坚实基础。

在学习过程中，要注重翻译技巧的培养，不断提高译文质量。

Unit 9 动物的情感劳拉·坦利非常的开心，浪漫的爱情，悲痛的哀悼，科学家说宠物和野生动物也有感情。

1一头在阿根廷海岸附近的水域中游动的露脊鲸，在众多热烈追求她的求偶中只选出一名幸运儿。

“完婚之后，两头露脊鲸并排在水中徜徉，它们用鳍肢相互抚摸，最后又一起在水中滚动，看上去就像在相互拥抱。

然后，两头露脊鲸开始游向远方，鳍肢相互触摸，慢慢并排游动，一会潜入水中，一会又浮出水面，它们动作完美和谐，直至最终在视线中消失。

2在坦桑尼亚，致力于研究黑猩猩行为的灵长类动物学家记录了一个黑猩猩群落中享年50岁的“女族长”弗洛死后发生的一些事情。

弗洛的儿子弗林特第二天一整天都坐在母亲的尸体旁边，有时还会抓住她的手发出几声呜咽。

在此后的几个星期里，弗林特的情绪越来越低落，它离群索居并且不再进食，尽管他的兄弟姐妹设法想让他回到群体中来。

终于，在弗洛死后的第三个星期，原本年轻健康的黑猩猩弗林特也死了。

3悲伤过度的黑猩猩？坠入情网的海洋巨兽？由于深爱迪斯尼卡通片中感性多情的动物性形象的影响，很多人会说这两个真实的故事更加证实了他们认为动物有人类般强烈感情的看法。

从他们的角度来看，全国六千一百万拥有宠物的人完全不需要提供什么证据来证实宠物狗和宠物猫会生气、郁闷、得意洋洋——甚至会嫉妒或困窘。

最近在动物行为学和神经生物学之类的边缘学科的研究证实了这种普遍看法。

其他的证据只是些轶事趣闻，特别是一些有关宠物的事，例如狗会在失去心爱的同伴后变得沮丧，甚至死去。

但是轶闻趣事——或用科学的术语称之为案例研究——现在已经获得了研究动物行为的研究人员的重视。

正如科罗拉多大学的生物学家马克·贝科夫所说：“大量的轶事趣闻就是数据。

”4但是，许多科学家仍然对动物也有情感的观点持有异议。

研究人员之所以会表示怀疑，部分原因是他们出于职业习惯讨厌拟人论，因为他们认为这是一种将人类的特性强加在非人类生物身上的毫无科学根据的主观倾向。

新世纪研究生公共英语教材阅读B课文原文及翻译Unit1Party PoliticsJudith Martin1. Etiquette at an office party? Why, these people have been socializing happily every working dayof their lives, give or take a few melees, rumors, and complaint petitions. All it takes to turn thisinto holiday merriment is a bit of greenery looped around the office—the staff will soon be looped, too. Surely it is enough that the annual Christmas party has the magic ingredients: time off from work, free food and drink, and a spirit of fun replacing such ugly work realities as sexual harassment.2. Furthermore, partygoers figure, it offers relief from such pesky obligations as thanking anyoneor being kind to wallflowers because there really aren?t any hosts. Nobody has to pay (that same Nobody who generously provides the telephone line for long-distance personal calls), and so nobody?s feelings need be considered.3. This is all pure hospitality—there for the taking, like the office-supplied felt-tipped pens everyone has been pocketing all year. Out of the natural goodness of its corporate heart and the spirit of the holiday season, the company wishes only to give its employees a roaring good time,and the employees, out of loyalty and the thrill of getting to know their bosses off-duty as equals, delight in the opportunity.4. For those still dimly aware of the once-standard give-and-take of real social life, this no-fault approach to business entertaining seems a godsend. In the now-rare domain of genuine society, hosts are supposed to plan and pay for the entertainment of their guests, on their own time and in their own houses. Guests have strict duties, as well—from answering invitations to cooperating with all arrangements, even to the extent of pronouncing them perfectly lovely.5. Business entertaining appears to remove the burdens of time, effort, money, individual responsibility—and the etiquette connected with them. The people who do the planning are paidfor their trouble, so those who benefit need not consider they have incurred a debt. Why, the annual Christmas party ought to be an inspiration to lower-level employees to work their way into realms where company-sponsored partying can be enjoyed all year long.6. Not so fast. Flinty Miss Manners does not recognize any holidays from etiquette. (Employees, if not employers, should consider themselves lucky that she is only on the Party Committee, not the one that might take up ethical questions about those pens and calls.) Office parties differ from private ones but are no freer from rules.7. If it were indeed true that everyone has a better time without etiquette, Miss Manners could easily be persuaded to take the day off. But having long served on the Office Party Etiquette Cleanup subcommittee, she is aware that things generally do not go well when there is no recognized etiquette and everyone is forced to improvise.8. Let us look at all this spontaneous, carefree fun: There being no proper place for the boss, he or she hangs around the door, concerned about mixing with everyone. It might discourage hospitable bosses to see guests staring at them in horror and then slithering in by a side door. But etiquette?s solution of having everyone greeted in a receiving line was rejected as too stiff. So one can hardly blame employees for recalling a long-ingrained principle of the workplace: Seeing the boss and having a good time are best not scheduled at the same time.9. Desperate to make the time count, the boss grabs the nearest available person and startsdelivering practiced words about the contribution he makes to their great enterprise. The reactionis not quite what was hoped for. Discreet questioning establishes that this is an employee?s guest.and, as a matterHe doesn?t work for the company, recognize the boss, or appreciate the attention—of fact, has only a passing acquaintance with the employee who issued the invitation. What thisguest wants is not professional fellowship but a fresh drink, if the boss would kindly step out ofthe way.10. Now, the reason the invitation said “and guest” was to avoid the ticklish issue of who is still married to whom and what the spouse calls itself. Last year, unmarried employees were furiouswhen their partners were not included, and married employees complained that the forms bywhich their spouses were addressed were offensive: “Mrs.” offended women who preferred “and wives who had the same surnames outraged everybody who didn?t. This year, the complaintswill be from spouses who were not told that there was a party or who were told that spousescomplaints. They will, however,weren?t invited—but found out otherwise. There won?t be manybe memorable, darkly charging the company with promoting immorality.11. Meanwhile, what about those who are interested in promoting a bit of immorality, or just plainromance, of their own? They, too, are creating problems that will reach far into the new year. Trueoffice romances are the least of them, with their charges of favoritism and melding professionaland personal time. More serious is the fact that, in spite of the liquor and high spirits, it still countsas sexual harassment when anyone with supervisory powers makes unreciprocated overtures to alower-ranking employee. And foolhardy when a lower-ranking employee annoys a higher-rankingone.12. Some employees have their minds only on business and will be spending party time activelypromoting workaday concerns. Remembering the company rhetoric about open communicationsand all being in this together, they will actually seek out the boss, who by this time is grateful tobe addressed by anyone at all.13. But they do n?t want to engage in platitudes. They accept compliments with: “Well, then howThey plead for promotions, explain confidentially who ought to be fired, andabout a raise?”　advance previously submitted ideas about revolutionizing the business that have beenunaccountably unappreciated for years. In one evening, they manage to cut through the entirehierarchy and procedures the boss has painstakingly established for the purpose of being sparedthis kind of importuning.14. Eventually—usually somewhat late in the party—it occurs to someone that this informalsetting is just the time to offer the boss some constructive personal criticism. What else doestalking frankly and informally mean but an invitation to unload opinions without any careerconsequence?15. Here is where the company has pulled a fast one on its employees. “Go ahead,” it has said “relax, have a good time, forget about the job.” And the naive have taken this at face value. This event is called a party—a place where one lets loose without worrying about being judged by thecold standard of professional usefulness.16. Even employees who adhere strictly to standard business dress in the office may not knowwhat the bosses might consider vulgar in evening wear. Here is a chance to show off their racy andimaginative off-duty clothes. But over there are supervisors murmuring that people who look likethat can?t really be sent out to represent the company.17. Worse are the comments on anyone whose idea of fun is a little boisterous. It may be just thebehavior that makes one a delight—or a trial—to one?s friends. But here, it is not being offered forthe delight or tolerance of friends. It is being judged on criteria other than whether the person is ariot.18. It is not that Miss Manners wants to spoil the office party by these warnings. She just wants toprevent it from spoiling careers. And the solution is what was banished from the party for beingtoo inhibiting: etiquette.19. The first formality that must come back is inviting everyone by name. The practice of merelycounting every invitation as two is as dangerous as it is unflattering. But people who have beenclearly identified and told that they must respond—the suggestion must be made neutrally, toshow that the party is a treat, not a requirement—already have some sense that they are both individually sought after and expected to be responsible.20. What constitutes a couple is a murkier question than Miss Manners and any sensible employerought to investigate, but employees simply can be asked to supply the name of a spouse or friendthey want to invite. (An office party can be limited by confining it to employees, in which case itshould be held during office hours. But inviting spouses and such is better. Having to work is enough distract ion from one?s more intimate relationships, and the staff was not compiled like aguest list, according to personal compatibility.21. Since we have established, Miss Manners hopes, that the point of an office party is not whooping it up or telling people off, what is it? It is showing appreciation of the staff.22. This starts with a well-run receiving line. However much popular opinion may regard receiving lines as nasty ordeals, they were invented to be, and remain, the easiest way to get everyone recognized by the key people. The oldest receiving-line trick in the world still works:Someone whose business it is to know everyone—or someone unimportant enough to be able toask each guest his name—announces the guests to the host as they go through the line. The hostcan then scornfully declare: “Of course I know Annette. We couldn?t run this place without her. For extra charm, the employee?s guest is also told how wonderful that employee is. This alwaysseems more sincere than straight-out flattery, and from then on, whenever the employee complainsthat everyone at the office is an idiot, the spouse will counter by repeating that appreciation.23. It is often erroneously assumed that the style of the party ought to be what employees are usedto: their own kind of music, food, and other things the executive level believes itself to have outgrown. Nonsense. What employees want is a taste of high-level entertaining. This may vary greatly according to the nature of the business. If, however, the party is too formal for the employees? taste, they?ll get a good laugh and enjoy the contrast all the more when they continue partying on their own afterward.24. The clever employee will dress as the executives do, keeping in mind that there are few fieldsin which people are condemned for looking insufficiently provocative. Refusing or limiting drinksis not the handicap at business parties that it may be under the overly hospitable eye of a privatehost. And the real opportunity for career advancement is not petitioning a boss but rescuing onewho has been cornered or stranded, thus demonstrating that one knows how to talk charminglyabout nonbusiness matters.25. At the end, there is another receiving line. That is, the bosses plant themselves conspicuouslyby the exit, grabbing the hand of anyone trying to get away and thanking him for coming. Eventhe dimmest guest will then realize it is appropriate to thank back—that is, to realize that something has been offered and deserves gratitude.26. After all, isn?t that why the office Christmas party is given?27. If the only goal were for the company to show the staff its appreciation, this could be effectively done with a day off and a bonus to go with it.第一单元晚会之道朱迪丝?马丁1. 办公室晚会礼节？有这个必要吗？员工们每天开开心心地彼此交往，虽然时不时会推推撞撞，发生点儿口角，传播点儿谣言，或是联名写点儿投诉信。

UNIT1To invite eminent persons to help make advertisements should be regarded as one of the best advertising strategies and could, of course, produce a spectacular(powerful) VIP effect, provided that those celebrities are perfectly willing to accept the invitation and, more importantly, the products to be advertised are genuine and of fair prices. Sometimes, while a commodity is of inferior quality, the advertisement is full of words lavishing praise on it, if a celebrity shows up as an image agent for such a product, the advertisement could, if any, be temporarily successful before it turns the brand of the product in question notorious and, more disastrously, ruins the reputation of the eminent person thereafter. So, the famous are well advised to think more than twice before they agree to appear on the commercial.UNIT3People who are energetic, happy, and relaxed are less likely to catch a cold than those who are depressed, nervous, or angry. When the brain is “happy”, it sends messages to our organs that help keep the body healthy and sound. Your chance of developing the common cold, pneumonia, or even cancer may very well be decreased by keeping your brain in a healthy state. In addition, happy and relaxed people are prone to better health practices than their negative and stressed counterparts. They are more likely to get plenty of sleep and to engaged in regular exercise, and have been shown to have lower levels of certain stress hormones.UNIT4当人们到海外旅游时，如果留心观察外国人如何处理空间关系，就会发现许多令人惊讶的不同之处；而这些不同之处总让我们反应强烈。

Unit-6新世纪研究生英语阅读B 课文-答案-翻译DExamples:I didn’t realize you had political aspirations.He has never had any aspiration to earn a lot of money.It is through other black kids that some aspirations are fostered and others snuffed out (破灭) by stories of racialism.2. 她住在美国各大城市及其周边地区，新英格兰的城镇，南部和中西部的小型城市以及西部海岸地区。

她来自一个中上阶层的家庭，源自中产阶级、劳动阶层甚至有时来自贫苦阶层。

确定无疑的是，她得到这样的启示，即如今的妇女应该充当自己生活的主角。

她展望未来，将自己视为中心人物，计划自己的职业生涯、公寓住所和成功故事。

这些年轻女子不会将自己视为他人生活剧本中所充当的配角；那是她们自己所经营的历程。

她们着眼于自己的抱负、自己的希望和自己的梦想。

3. Beth Conant is a sixteen-year-old high-school junior who lives with her mother and stepfather in an affluent New England college town. She has five brothers, four older and one several years younger. Her mother is a librarian, and her stepfather is a stockbroker. A junior at a top-notch public high school, she hopes to study drama in college, possibly at Yale, “like Mery1 Streep.” She would like to l ive and act in England for a time, possibly doing Shakespeare.She hopes to be living in New York by the age of twenty-five, in her own apartment or condo, starting on her acting career while working at another job by which she supports herself. She wants to have “a great life,” be “really independent,” and have “everything that’s mine—crazy furniture, everything my own style.”affluent // n.having plenty of money, nice houses, expensive things etc (synonym: wealthy)富裕的；富足的Examples:As people become more affluent, so their standard and style of living improves.Consumer goods are a symbol of prestige in an affluent society.We drove through affluent suburbs with large houses and tree-lined streetsjunior n. a student in the third year of a U.S. high school or college 美国中学或大学的三年级学生top-notch/ / a. of the highest quality or standard (synonym: excellent) 一流的；最高的Examples:I was lucky and got myself a job with a top-notch company.The soup is spicy and original, and the house salad dressing is a top-notch blend of oil, vinegar, and spices.condo // an apartment building in which each apartment is owned by the person living in it, but the building and the shared areas are owned by everyone together; an apartment in such a building 公寓；一套公寓住房；公寓单元Examples:He had finally decided to rent a condo on the lake.Returning home, she learned from a neighbor that there had been a commotion in her condo.crazy: wonderful, terrific 非常好的；很棒的Examples:That was a crazy ride, man—let’s do it again.This is the craziest cell phone I’ve seen. Let’s buy it.3. 贝思·科南特是一名16岁的中学三年级学生，与母亲和继父同住在富足的新英格兰大学城。

Unit 5 TextCan You Raise a Polite Kid in this Rude World?Suzanne ChazinMention ill-mannered children and most people roll their eyes at the memory of a little hellion and his boorish parents. I still get angry about an incident that happened last summer.1.We were staying at a country inn that had a small movie theater. Before every evening’s present ation, my husband and I instructed ourthree-year-old son to sit quietly. Except for an occasional whispered question, he sat in rapt attention.2. The soundtrack, however, was impossible to hear. That’s because two children bounced on their seats, talked loudly and raced up and down the aisles. Never once did I see a parent. After several evenings of this, I followed the children to the dining room. There sat a man and woman enjoying a relaxed meal.3.“My family is having a hard time watching the film with your children running all over the theater,” I said. “Do you think that if they’re not interested in the movie, you could keep them out here?” The father regard ed me coolly. “We’ve paid for the use of the inn’s facilities,” he said. “Our children can go anywhere they please!”4.I was dumbfounded.What could make a seemingly rational couple condone behavior that was so obviously rude? Have we as a society become so consumed with our own needs and the impulses of our children that everyone else’s rights are ignored?5.“Take a look at television these days, and it’s becoming almost commonplace to be arrogant and crude,” notes psychologist Thomas Achenbach of the University of Vermont.6. While teenagers laugh at the vulgar antics of “Beavis and Butthead,” their parents yuk it up with the acerbic “Married With Children” and t he brash “Roseanne.” The assault on manners doesn’t just com e in the form of comic relief. Witness the abominable display last September of Baltimore Orioles second baseman Roberto Alomar, who spat in the face of umpire John Hirschbeck before millions of fans.7. All of this seems to have a profound effect on kids. Comparing assessments of American children in the mid-1970s and the late 1980s, Achenbach found that children in the latter group were, on average, more impulsive and disobedient than their counterparts a decade and a half earlier. The fraying of the nuclear family and the demands on working parents, many experts believe, have produced a generation of children who can program a computer but don’t know how to write a thank-you note.8. Even parents who strive to teach their children manners are appall ed at how easily those lessons can be undone by what takes place beyond their homes. Leann Aykut of Scottsdale, Ariz., knows this well. One day her 11-year-old son found his sister using his telephone in his room. “Get off my phone,” he yelled, calling her an obscene name. Aykut raced to her son’s room. “You’ve no right to talk to your sister like that,” she scolded. The boy shrugged. He explained that a friend had been arguing with his mother and called her by that term. “We never talk that way in this house,” Aykut said firmly.9.While you can’t protect your children from what goes on outside your home, experts believe that with patience and persistence, parents can do a lot to make their children beauties in our world full of beasts.Be a Model.10. When a 16-year-old Florida high-schooler came home from volleyball practice one day, she ap peared troubled. “What’s wrong?” her mother asked. The teen explained that her coach chose another girl over her best friend for the varsity team. Her friend’s mother was livid. Driving the girls home, she flew into a rage, cursing and calling the coach all sorts of names.11.Many parents seem to have adopted the attitude “My child, right or wrong”—with devastating results. “Being a parent means being mature enough to h elp a child adapt to disappointment,” Achenbach says. “Parents who can’t accept when their child isn’t No. 1 send the message that when you’re frustrated, you blame the source of frustration instead of looking for a way to cope.” Instead of urging a child to study harder for better grades, some parents blame the teacher. Instead of punishing a child for violating a school policy, they battle the policy.12. A better message, experts say, is to teach children that while they cannot always control the outcome of every situation, they can control how they respond. “Chil dren must learn to behave more gallantly than they feel,” says “Miss Manners” columnist and author Judith Martin. Being gallant, says Martin, is about more tha n simply saying “please” and“thank you.” It’s about not boasting or calling someone names behind their back, about winning fairly and losing graciously, and treating everyone with respect.13.Of course, all the training in the world won’t persuade a child to behave gallantly if his parents become aggressive, demanding and rude at the slightest provocation. That’s why experts agree the best way for parents to im prove a child’s manners is to improve their own first.14. Parents need to be especially vigilant not to say something casually that they may be alarmed to hear later in the mouths of their children.A wife who tells her husband to shut up and a father who calls a neighbor a jerk are likely to hear their children speak the same way to them.15.“If we aren’t practicing good manners, how can we expect our children to?” notes etiquette author and “Ms. Demeanor” columnist Mary Mitchell.Prompt and Praise.16.“You’re such a mess; you never clean up your room.” “You’d better write that thank-you note or you’re not watching TV.” “Don’t you raise your voice to me.” Most parents have said these things to their children. They’re meant to correct behavior. Why, then, do they fail so miserably?17. Because rude behavior in children is more often the result of thoughtlessness than of deliberate aggression. Criticism, name-calling and orders only make a child angry and defensive. They reinforce the notion that the child is incapable of good behavior without coercion.18. A better approach is something Alan Kazdin, a psychologist at Yale University, calls prompt and praise. Before an event the parent explains the expected behavior in a noncritical way: “When we visit Aunt Mary today, I’d be so proud if you could sh ake her hand and pull out her chair at dinner.” Afterward, praise the child: “I really liked the way you shook Aunt Mary’s hand and offered a chair.” Says Kazdin, “The idea is to do this often enough so you can eventually move away from the prompt and just give the praise.”19. But what about the times when a child has already committed an offending act? “Correct the child by blaming it on the house rules,” advises etiquette consultant Joan Hopper. Every family should have some basic rules that everyone agrees on and will follow.20.So rather than saying “You’re such a slob. Get your elbows off the table,” a parent can simply state, “Our family rule is that elbows don’t go on t he table.” By correcting the behavior rather than the child, you defuse a child’s defensiveness and keep the correction from sounding like an order.21.A criticism delivered this way does tend to get results, as Ellen Weeks, 15, of West Hartford, Conn., will attest. Every morning, Ellen’s parents or on e of her friends’ parents would drive a group of students to school. When the car pulled up, Ellen used to wordlessly plunk herself in the back seat, sit silently, then rush out of the car at the school curb.22. One morning after Ellen had hopped into the car, the driver, a father of one of the girls, turned around and asked, “How come no-one says ‘good-morning’ to me?” “I’d never thought about it from his perspective before,” Ellen admits. “I’m glad he told us how he felt.” Now she and the others say “good-morning” when they get into the car.Have Dinner Together.23. Coretta Jefferson’s household is like many across America. The mother of two in Weston, W. Va., often doesn’t have the energy to coordinate everyon e’s schedule around a sit-down dinner. Her eight-year-old son plays baseball and soccer, and her husband has a pool tournament two nights a week. “Gathering together for dinner is important,” she says, “but I can’t see it happening in my lifetime.”24. Experts say that a half-hour to an hour of sit-down family time each day may be the most important thing parents can do for their children. “Co-operation, punctuality, conversation skills and respect are all learned around the dining table,” says etiquette teacher Tiffany Francis.25.Even if a family can’t eat together every night, they should strive to get together at least once or twice a week. That means switching on the telephone answering machine and shutting off the television. “Dinnertime is not simply about eating but about sharing your day as a fa mily,” says Mary Mitchell. It’s a time when parents can gently impart their values and morals without sounding as if they’re lecturing.Develop Rituals.26. Attitudes of respect, modesty and fair play can grow only out of slowly acquired skills that parents teach their children over many years through shared experience and memory. If a child reaches adulthood withrecollections only of television, Little League and birthday parties, then that child has little to draw on when a true test of character comes up—say, in a prickly business situation.“Unless that child feels grounded in who he is and where he comes from, everything else is an act,” says etiquette expert Betty Jo Trakimas.27. T he Dickmeyers of Carmel. Ind., reserve every Friday night as “family night” with their three children. Often the family plays board games or hide-and-seek. “My children love it,” says Theresa, their mother.28. Can playing hide-and-seek really teach a child about manners? Yes, say Trakimas and others, because it tells children that their parents care enough to spend time with him, he is loved and can learn to love others. “Manners aren’t about using the right fork, agrees etiquette instructor Patricia Gilbert-Hinz. “Manners are about being kind—giving compliments, team-playing, making sacrifices. Children learn that through their parents.”29.While children don’t automatically warm to the idea of learning to be polite, there’s no reason for them to see manners as a bunch of stuffy restrictions either. They’re the building blocks of a child’s education. “Once a rule becomes second nature, it frees us,” Mitchell says. “How well could Michael Jordan play basketball if he had to keep reminding himself of the rules?”30. Judith Martin concurs. “A polite child grows up to get the friends and the dates and the job interviews,” she says, “because people respond to good m anners. It’s the language of all human behavior.”<The End>第五单元你能在这样粗鲁的世界里培养出彬彬有礼的孩子吗?苏珊娜·查津一提到无礼的孩子, 大多数人都会因回想起惹是生非的小孩以及其粗鄙的父母而皱起眉头。

新世纪研究生公共英语教材阅读B文本翻译(全文)余旭英语阅读乙文本翻译(第11，1期办公室聚会礼仪有必要吗？员工们每天都愉快地交流，尽管他们有时会推推搡搡，发生一些争吵，散布一些谣言，或者共同写一些投诉信。

然而，只要办公室装修得有点像节日，所有的不快都会立刻变成欢乐的节日气氛。

员工很快就会陶醉其中，开心起来，忘记烦恼。

一年一度的圣诞派对有一个神奇的因素:放下手头的工作，享受免费的酒和美食，尽情享受狂欢节，所有这些都抛开了令人厌恶的工作现实，比如性骚扰。

2.参加聚会的人也明白，这个场合省去了许多麻烦的礼节和娱乐。

因为没有主人，所以没有必要感谢任何人，也没有必要费心去和躲在角落里被忽视的客人搭讪。

没人需要付费(这个“没人”也为客人提供免费私人长途电话)，简而言之，没人需要考虑别人的感受。

3.这一切都是一种热情的接待，就像一直被公司偷偷藏在口袋里的毡涂层笔一样，让每个人都享受它。

基于公司的企业精神和节日气氛，公司只希望为员工提供一个享受的聚会。

然而，由于他们对公司的忠诚和他们在业余时间发现老板的面孔的快乐，员工们享受了这美好的时光。

对于那些还依稀记得生活中给予和接受原则的人来说，这种无忧无虑的商业娱乐就像是上帝的祝福。

在当今社会，免费娱乐很少，主人需要花时间和精力在自己家里招待客人。

客人们同样要对——负责，从回答邀请，接受所有的安排，到礼貌地称赞晚会完美的表现。

5.商务娱乐似乎把所有的时间、精力、金钱、个人义务和各种礼仪负担都放在一边。

聚会的组织者支付了费用，所以参加聚会的客人不必担心会有负罪感。

一年一次的圣诞节应该给低层员工一个理想的氛围，也就是说，公司赞助的聚会可以全年免费参加。

6.不要想得太漂亮。

严肃礼貌的小姐却从未离开(员工，更不用说雇主，这次真的很幸运，因为她只在党委工作，不在文具电话库存委员会工作)。

公司聚会不同于私人聚会，但礼仪一点也没有改变。

7.如果客人在没有礼节的情况下玩得很开心，那么礼仪小姐很乐意去度假。

新世纪研究生公共英语教材阅读B课文原文及翻译Unit1Party PoliticsJudith Martin1. Etiquette at an office party? Why, these people have been socializing happily every working dayof their lives, give or take a few melees, rumors, and complaint petitions. All it takes to turn thisinto holiday merriment is a bit of greenery looped around the office—the staff will soon be looped, too. Surely it is enough that the annual Christmas party has the magic ingredients: time off from work, free food and drink, and a spirit of fun replacing such ugly work realities as sexual harassment.2. Furthermore, partygoers figure, it offers relief from such pesky obligations as thanking anyoneor being kind to wallflowers because there really aren?t any hosts. Nobody has to pay (that same Nobody who generously provides the telephone line for long-distance personal calls), and so nobody?s feelings need be considered.3. This is all pure hospitality—there for the taking, like the office-supplied felt-tipped pens everyone has been pocketing all year. Out of the natural goodness of its corporate heart and the spirit of the holiday season, the company wishes only to give its employees a roaring good time,and the employees, out of loyalty and the thrill of getting to know their bosses off-duty as equals, delight in the opportunity.4. For those still dimly aware of the once-standard give-and-take of real social life, this no-fault approach to business entertaining seems a godsend. In the now-rare domain of genuine society, hosts are supposed to plan and pay for the entertainment of their guests, on their own time and in their own houses. Guests have strict duties, as well—from answering invitations to cooperating with all arrangements, even to the extent of pronouncing them perfectly lovely.5. Business entertaining appears to remove the burdens of time, effort, money, individual responsibility—and the etiquette connected with them. The people who do the planning are paidfor their trouble, so those who benefit need not consider they have incurred a debt. Why, the annual Christmas party ought to be an inspiration to lower-level employees to work their way into realms where company-sponsored partying can be enjoyed all year long.6. Not so fast. Flinty Miss Manners does not recognize any holidays from etiquette. (Employees, if not employers, should consider themselves lucky that she is only on the Party Committee, not the one that might take up ethical questions about those pens and calls.) Office parties differ from private ones but are no freer from rules.7. If it were indeed true that everyone has a better time without etiquette, Miss Manners could easily be persuaded to take the day off. But having long served on the Office Party Etiquette Cleanup subcommittee, she is aware that things generally do not go well when there is no recognized etiquette and everyone is forced to improvise.8. Let us look at all this spontaneous, carefree fun: There being no proper place for the boss, he or she hangs around the door, concerned about mixing with everyone. It might discourage hospitable bosses to see guests staring at them in horror and then slithering in by a side door. But etiquette?s solution of having everyone greeted in a receiving line was rejected as too stiff. So one can hardly blame employees for recalling a long-ingrained principle of the workplace: Seeing the boss and having a good time are best not scheduled at the same time.9. Desperate to make the time count, the boss grabs the nearest available person and startsdelivering practiced words about the contribution he makes to their great enterprise. The reactionis not quite what was hoped for. Discreet questioning establishes that this is an employee?s guest.and, as a matterHe doesn?t work for the company, recognize the boss, or appreciate the attention—of fact, has only a passing acquaintance with the employee who issued the invitation. What thisguest wants is not professional fellowship but a fresh drink, if the boss would kindly step out ofthe way.10. Now, the reason the invitation said “and guest” was to avoid the ticklish issue of who is still married to whom and what the spouse calls itself. Last year, unmarried employees were furiouswhen their partners were not included, and married employees complained that the forms bywhich their spouses were addressed were offensive: “Mrs.” offended women who preferred “and wives who had the same surnames outraged everybody who didn?t. This year, the complaintswill be from spouses who were not told that there was a party or who were told that spousescomplaints. They will, however,weren?t invited—but found out otherwise. There won?t be manybe memorable, darkly charging the company with promoting immorality.11. Meanwhile, what about those who are interested in promoting a bit of immorality, or just plainromance, of their own? They, too, are creating problems that will reach far into the new year. Trueoffice romances are the least of them, with their charges of favoritism and melding professionaland personal time. More serious is the fact that, in spite of the liquor and high spirits, it still countsas sexual harassment when anyone with supervisory powers makes unreciprocated overtures to alower-ranking employee. And foolhardy when a lower-ranking employee annoys a higher-rankingone.12. Some employees have their minds only on business and will be spending party time activelypromoting workaday concerns. Remembering the company rhetoric about open communicationsand all being in this together, they will actually seek out the boss, who by this time is grateful tobe addressed by anyone at all.13. But they do n?t want to engage in platitudes. They accept compliments with: “Well, then howThey plead for promotions, explain confidentially who ought to be fired, andabout a raise?”　advance previously submitted ideas about revolutionizing the business that have beenunaccountably unappreciated for years. In one evening, they manage to cut through the entirehierarchy and procedures the boss has painstakingly established for the purpose of being sparedthis kind of importuning.14. Eventually—usually somewhat late in the party—it occurs to someone that this informalsetting is just the time to offer the boss some constructive personal criticism. What else doestalking frankly and informally mean but an invitation to unload opinions without any careerconsequence?15. Here is where the company has pulled a fast one on its employees. “Go ahead,” it has said “relax, have a good time, forget about the job.” And the naive have taken this at face value. This event is called a party—a place where one lets loose without worrying about being judged by thecold standard of professional usefulness.16. Even employees who adhere strictly to standard business dress in the office may not knowwhat the bosses might consider vulgar in evening wear. Here is a chance to show off their racy andimaginative off-duty clothes. But over there are supervisors murmuring that people who look likethat can?t really be sent out to represent the company.17. Worse are the comments on anyone whose idea of fun is a little boisterous. It may be just thebehavior that makes one a delight—or a trial—to one?s friends. But here, it is not being offered forthe delight or tolerance of friends. It is being judged on criteria other than whether the person is ariot.18. It is not that Miss Manners wants to spoil the office party by these warnings. She just wants toprevent it from spoiling careers. And the solution is what was banished from the party for beingtoo inhibiting: etiquette.19. The first formality that must come back is inviting everyone by name. The practice of merelycounting every invitation as two is as dangerous as it is unflattering. But people who have beenclearly identified and told that they must respond—the suggestion must be made neutrally, toshow that the party is a treat, not a requirement—already have some sense that they are both individually sought after and expected to be responsible.20. What constitutes a couple is a murkier question than Miss Manners and any sensible employerought to investigate, but employees simply can be asked to supply the name of a spouse or friendthey want to invite. (An office party can be limited by confining it to employees, in which case itshould be held during office hours. But inviting spouses and such is better. Having to work is enough distract ion from one?s more intimate relationships, and the staff was not compiled like aguest list, according to personal compatibility.21. Since we have established, Miss Manners hopes, that the point of an office party is not whooping it up or telling people off, what is it? It is showing appreciation of the staff.22. This starts with a well-run receiving line. However much popular opinion may regard receiving lines as nasty ordeals, they were invented to be, and remain, the easiest way to get everyone recognized by the key people. The oldest receiving-line trick in the world still works:Someone whose business it is to know everyone—or someone unimportant enough to be able toask each guest his name—announces the guests to the host as they go through the line. The hostcan then scornfully declare: “Of course I know Annette. We couldn?t run this place without her. For extra charm, the employee?s guest is also told how wonderful that employee is. This alwaysseems more sincere than straight-out flattery, and from then on, whenever the employee complainsthat everyone at the office is an idiot, the spouse will counter by repeating that appreciation.23. It is often erroneously assumed that the style of the party ought to be what employees are usedto: their own kind of music, food, and other things the executive level believes itself to have outgrown. Nonsense. What employees want is a taste of high-level entertaining. This may vary greatly according to the nature of the business. If, however, the party is too formal for the employees? taste, they?ll get a good laugh and enjoy the contrast all the more when they continue partying on their own afterward.24. The clever employee will dress as the executives do, keeping in mind that there are few fieldsin which people are condemned for looking insufficiently provocative. Refusing or limiting drinksis not the handicap at business parties that it may be under the overly hospitable eye of a privatehost. And the real opportunity for career advancement is not petitioning a boss but rescuing onewho has been cornered or stranded, thus demonstrating that one knows how to talk charminglyabout nonbusiness matters.25. At the end, there is another receiving line. That is, the bosses plant themselves conspicuouslyby the exit, grabbing the hand of anyone trying to get away and thanking him for coming. Eventhe dimmest guest will then realize it is appropriate to thank back—that is, to realize that something has been offered and deserves gratitude.26. After all, isn?t that why the office Christmas party is given?27. If the only goal were for the company to show the staff its appreciation, this could be effectively done with a day off and a bonus to go with it.第一单元晚会之道朱迪丝?马丁1. 办公室晚会礼节？有这个必要吗？员工们每天开开心心地彼此交往，虽然时不时会推推撞撞，发生点儿口角，传播点儿谣言，或是联名写点儿投诉信。

新世纪研究生公共英语教材Reading BUnit 31. 在特效药、风险性手术进程、放疗法以及特护病房方面的医学进展已为数千人带来新生。

然而，对于他们中不少人而言，现代医学已成为一把双刃剑。

2. 医生采用一系列航空时代技术进行治疗的能力已超过人体本身的治愈能力。

从医学的角度来说，有更多的疾病能够得以诊治，可对于许多病人而言，复原的希望却微乎其微。

甚至生死之间的基本差别也难以界定清楚。

3. 不少美国人身陷医学囹圄，形同南韩拳击手金得九（Duk Koo Kim）的境遇。

金得九在一次打斗中受到重击，人事不省，大脑停止运转，只能依靠人为方法赖以存活。

经其家人允许，拉斯维加斯的医生切断了维持其生命的器械，死神便接踵而来。

4. 医疗技术进步了，是力求生存还是注重生命质量，哪个目标更为重要，这一问题在全美的医院和疗养院里引发了激烈的争论。

5. “归根结底，问题在于，医疗的宗旨是什么？”位于纽约哈德逊河上黑斯廷斯的社会、伦理及生命科学学会主席丹尼尔·卡拉汉说，“是真的要挽救生命还是要为病人谋取更大的利益？”6. 医生、病患、家属，通常还有法庭都不得不在医疗方面作出艰难的抉择。

而这些道德难题往往最容易产生于生命的两个极端——生命开初的重病新生儿和生命终端的垂死病患。

7. 这些因现代医学技术而产生的两难问题已不断催生出生物伦理学的新准则。

如今，全美127家医学院中已有不少机构开设了医学伦理学课程，要在十年前，根本没人会去注意这个领域。

不少医院的员工队伍都包含了牧师、哲学家、精神病医师以及社会工作者，以求帮助病人作出关键性抉择，而有二十分之一的机构专门成立了伦理委员会解决这些难题。

死亡和垂死8. 在所有特护病房的垂死病人当中，有约莫20%的病例，其当事人面临艰难的道德抉择——是继续尽力挽救生命还是改变初衷、听凭病患死去。

对于是否要维持生命的治疗，不少病房每周大约要作三次决定。

9. 现在就连死亡的定义也已经改变。

UNIT1To invite eminent persons to help make advertisements should be regarded as one of the best advertising strategies and could, of course, produce a spectacular(powerful) VIP effect, provided that those celebrities are perfectly willing to accept the invitation and, more importantly, the products to be advertised are genuine and of fair prices. Sometimes, while a commodity is of inferior quality, the advertisement is full of words lavishing praise on it, if a celebrity shows up as an image agent for such a product, the advertisement could, if any, be temporarily successful before it turns the brand of the product in question notorious and, more disastrously, ruins the reputation of the eminent person thereafter. So, the famous are well advised to think more than twice before they agree to appear on the commercial.邀请名人做广告，只要商品确实是货真价实，名人又愿意，这应该是广告技巧的上策，会产生很强的名人效应。

雷华德•加德纳科技在学校里发起了一场革命。

教育界人士应该迎头赶上，积极应变了。

1. 如果真有一个人能够神奇地从一九零零年来到我们现在这个时代，那么他对于今天教室里的情形大多觉得似曾相识——上课方式一成不变、练习重视有加、材料脱离上下文、课堂活动不是枯燥无味的阅读就是每周一次的拼写测验。

可能除了教堂外，没有哪个机构会象肩负着下一代人的正规教育责任的学校一样根本没有发生变化。

2. 学校里静如止水，跟围墙外面孩子的经历形成了极大的反差。

在现代社会里，孩子得以接触到各种各样的媒体：电视机、移动电话、带有光盘驱动器的个人电脑、传真机、影碟、个人立体音响、照相机、摄影机——早些年这些东西简直让人难以想象。

（在工业化程度不那么发达的国家或地区，它们仍然令人诧异不已。

）3. 旧时代的人可以轻而易举地辨认出今天的课堂，但却很难理解现代社会十岁孩子的校外世界。

说老实话，我自己经常遇到那样的困难。

4. 如果不把学校教育视作泛指意义的教育，那么它本来就应该是比较保守的。

我还是很赞同这种保守思想的。

但当今世界的变化实在是太快、太重要了。

学校不可能老是维持过去的样子或只是做一点表面的调整。

真的，如果学校不能快速从根本上改变自己，就可能会被其它积极应变的机构所代替（虽然那些机构也许还不够舒适、不够合法）。

5. 当今时代最重要的科技大事就是电脑主宰一切。

从通讯传输到个人簿记及娱乐方式，电脑在生活的许多方面已经起到了很重要的作用。

许多学校几乎没有注意到这个趋势，直到现在才购买电脑，建立网络。

虽然经常是用更为便捷有效的工具去上同样的课，但不妨这么说，科技产品已经渗入了校园生活。

6. 然而将来的教育大多是要围绕电脑进行的。

电脑允许有一定的个性化——个人辅导或学习——过去只有有钱人才能这么做。

现在学生上课可以根据他们的需要、学习方式、进度和学习情况及过往的成绩来量身定做。

确实如此，有史以来第一次，电脑可以帮助我们实现面向全世界学生的“个性化”和“积极亲身学习”的教育革新思想。