英语基础 语法2

英语语法基础入门一、词类和句子成分根据词的形式、意义及其在句中的功用将词分为若干类，叫做词类。

一个句子由各个功用不同的部分所构成，这些部分叫做句子成分。

学一个词，要学它的发音、拼法、意义，也要记它的词类；更重要的是要了解它和其他词的关系，及其在句中作什么句子成分。

如China is in East Asia(中国位于东亚)一句中的China这个单词所属的词类是名词，在句子中作主语。

（一）词类(parts o f speech)英语的词通常分为十大类：1）名词(noun，缩写为n.)是人和事物的名称，如pen(钢笔)，English(英语)，life(生活)。

2)代词(pronoun，缩写为pron.)是用来代替名词的词，如we(我们)，his(他的)，all(全部)。

3)形容词(adjective，缩写为adj.)用来修饰名词，如great(伟大的)，honest(诚实的)，difficult(困难的)。

4)数词(numeral，缩写为num.)是表示"多少"和"第几"的词，如four(四)，eighteen(十八)，first(第一)，eighth(十八)，hundred(一百)。

5)动词(verb，缩写为v)表示动作和状态，如write(写)，walk(行走)，think(想)。

6)副词(adverb，缩写为。

adv.)是修饰动词、形容词和副词的词，如quickly(快)，often(经常)，very(很)。

7)冠词(article，缩写为art.)说明名词所指的人或物的词，如a，an(一个)，the(这，那)。

8)介词(preposition，缩写为prep.)表示名词(或代词)与句子里其它词的关系，如from(从)，in(在…内)，between(在…之间)。

9)连词(conjunction，缩写为conj.)是连接词、短语、从句和句子的词，如and(和)，because(因为)，if(假如)。

《基础英语语法》（二）复习资料1I．Multiple Choice1. ——What do you think has happened to Jack? ——I’ve no idea. I________ fromhim for a long time.IIA. didn’t hearB. don’t hearC. haven’t heardD. hadn’t heard2. I can't afford as _________________________ car as this one.A. expensive aB. an expensiveC. a more expensiveD. a most expensive3. One of the men held the view ________ the book said was right.A. thatB. what thatC. that whatD. whether4. —Wasn’t it Dr. Wang who spoke to you just now?—_________________________.A. I didn’t know he wasB. Yes, it wasC. No, he wasn’tD.Yes, he did5. We produce 5,000 pairs of sports shoes every month, 75% ________ are sold abroad.A. which ofB. of whichC. of themD. of that6. ——Where are you going for your holiday?——I haven’t decided yet. I go to English.A. canB. mayC. mustD. ought to7. It was _________________________he said _________________________disappointedme.A. what; thatB. that; thatC. what; whatD. that; what8. —— Linda, are you going to Barbara’s wedding party tomorrow? —— Of course,I ________ if ________A. am, shall be invitedB. shall, being invitedC. will, I’ll be invitedD. am, I am invited9. The house rent is expensive. I’ve got about half the space I had at home andI’m paying________ here.A. as three times muchB. as much three timesC. much as three timesD. three times as much10. We must not ________ this kind of trick!A. fall inB. fall downC. fall toD. fall for11. They left the door open _________________________ to hear the baby.A.so as for meB. so that meC. in order for meD. and for me12. As a result of this hard work, he was admitted into ________ famous university.A. aB. theC. an成考复习资料D. 不填II Fill in the blanks according to the requirements give below.Part A: Find in each blank with an appropriate adjective according to context. The initial letter of the word has been given in each sentence.1.The teacher favoured my applying for a scholarship. His opinion is f_________.2.There are plenty of apples. The harvest has been p________this year.3.Graduation from the university was a moment of great importance. It was am______ occasion.4.The stolen jewelry was valued at a thousand dollars. It was extremely v_______.5.Andy was always deep in thought. He was a very t ________ boy.Part B: Put the verbs in brackets into the -ing participle or the infinitive.1.Most people prefer ______(spend) money to _______(earn) it.2.Sorry, we don’t allow ________(smoke) in the lecture room.3.This problem demands ______(look into).4.The doctor advised _______(take) exercise.5.I resented ______(be) unjustly accused.III. True OR False1. What made you to think like that? （）2. I want to know that:Has John been here? （）3. I was in last night （）4. Do you have anything more to say? （）5. 4000--- fourty hundred （）6. 174301---a hundred and seventy-four thousand,three hundred and one （）7. Did you say you had been waiting for us? （）8. Two and four made six. （）9. This is a date we are all proud of that （）10. Whom so you wish to speak to? （）Ⅳ. Rewrite the following sentences according to the requirements.Part A: Rephrase the following sentences using anticipatory it.Example: Possibly the Joneses will come to the party as well.→It is possible that the Joneses will come to the party as well.1. Whether they will come or not doesn’t matter very much.2. He is quite likely to let you down.3. You seem to have taken a dislike to him.Part B: Contradict the preceding statement with a cleft or pseudo-cleft sentence according to the “fact” indicated in brackets.Example: (the machine needs repairing.)A: The house needs repairing.B: No. It is the machine that needs repairing.4. (The man treated his wife viciously.)A: The man treated his children viciously.B: No. ___________________________________________5. (She has been studying French only for three months.)A: She has been studying French for years.B: No. __________________1.(Tom went to London on Tuesday.)A: Tom went to New York on Tuesday.B: No. _________________________________Part C: Rewrite the following sentences in such a way as to avoid the dangling participle constructions.Example: Walking in the fields, a snake bit Tom in the heel.→Walking in the fields, Tom was bitten in the heel by a snake.7. When carrying a gun, it should never be pointed at anyone.8.When depressed, a new hat will make a woman feel happier.9.Sitting in the dentist’s chair, an idea suddenly occurred to me.10.Running out of the house, a bike knocked me over.成考复习资料答案I．Multiple Choice1-5 CACBB 6-10 BADDD 11-15 CACCA 16-20CCCACⅡ.Fill in the blanks according to the requirements give below.Part A: Find in each blank with an appropriate adjective according to context.1. favourable2. plentiful3. momentous4.valuable5.thoughtfulPart B: Put the verbs in brackets into the -ing participle or the infinitive.1. spending, earning2. smoking3.to be looked into4. taking5. being Ⅲ. True OR False1-5 FFTTF 6-10 TTTFTⅣ. Rewrite the following sentences according to the requirements.Part A: Rephrase the following sentences using anticipatory it.1.It doesn't matter very much whether they will come or not.2.It is quite likely that he will let you down.3.It seems they you have taken a dislike to him.Part B: Contradict the preceding statement with a cleft or pseudo-cleft sentence according to the “fact” indicated in brackets.4.It was his wife that the man treated viciously.5.It is only for three months that she has been studying French.6.It was to London that Tom went on Tuesday.Part C: Rewrite the following sentences in such a way as to avoid the dangling participle constructions.7.When carrying a gun, you should never point it at anyone.8.When a woman is depressed, a new hat will make her feel happier.9. Sitting in the dentist’s chair, I suddenly thought of an idea.10.Running out of the house, I was knocked over by a bike.《基础英语语法》（二）复习资料2I．Fill in the blanks according to the requirements give below.Part A: Find in each blank with an appropriate adjective according to context. The initial letter of the word has been given in each sentence.1.The flood was a disaster. The loss of the crops was d______.2.You’re always forgetting your assignment. You’re a very f_______ person.3.Don’t place your life in danger. Driving a car when you are tired can bed_______.4. A President’s power is very strong. He is the most p_______ Executive in thenation.5.The country had many mountains. It was very m________.Part B: Put the verbs in brackets into the -ing participle or the infinitive.1. A child can’t learn _____ (spell) without ________(be) helped..2.I don’t regret _______(tell) her what I thought, even if it ups et her.3.She began_____(understand) what he really wanted.4.She always forgetting_____(give) me my letters.5.I dread _____(think) what will happen to her tomorrow.Ⅱ. Cloze.Directions:Decide which of the choices given below would best complete the passage if inserted in the corresponding blanks. Mark the best choice for each blank on Answer Sheet Two.The Victorians had become addicted to speed and they wanted to go ever faster. Time was money and efficiency became (1)____ important. Although divisions of labor had been (2)____ by Adam Smith and illustrated by a pin factory in The Wealth of Nations in 1776, (3)____ could now become fully realized. This specialization of labor was in (4)____ contrast to the rural means of production, in (5)____ the family was the means of production, consumption and socialization. (6)____ greater speed came a greater need for industries and businesses to make more and make it quicker. Steam made this (7)____ and changed working life forever (8)____ were the days成考复习资料when work was (9)____ by natural forces: steam engines were servant (10)____ neither season nor sunshine. Factories had foremen and life became correspondingly more (11)____. The clocking-on machine was (12)____ in 1885 and time and motion studies to increase efficiency would be introduced only (13)____ twenty years later.(14)____ it was not all bad news. Agricultural incomes depended on variable harvests and weather. Factories provided (15)____ and predictable income, but long hours.Working life was becoming increasingly regulated, and the working (16)____ was reorganized to promote ever-greater efficiency. The old (17)____ St. Monday - when no work was done━was (18)____, work stopped around midday on Saturday and did not resume (19)____ Monday morning. A new division between “work” and “leisure” emerged, and this new block of weekend leisure time coincided with the development of spectator sports like cricket and football, and the (20)____ of music hall entertainment for the new working classes.1.increasingly B. surprisingly C. slowly D. obviously2.contributed B. informed C. spread D. conceived3.he B. it C. these D. those4.clear B. marked C. apparent D. firm5.that B. what C. where D. which6.Upon B. Over C. With D. For7.possible B. practical C. worthwhile D. useful8.Passed B. Lost C. Gone D. Missed9.defined B. controlled C. limited D. dictated10.over B. on C. by D. to11.standard B. controlled C. difficult D. dreadful12.designed B. created C. invented D. bought13.some B. certain C. these D. those14.For B. But C. Consequently D. Accordingly15.safe B. good C. continuous D. secure16.week B. period C. pattern D. practice17.culture B. behaviour C. custom D. habit18.repair B. compensate C. mend D. moderate19.before B. until C. on D. after20.raise B. increase C. trend D. presentⅢ. Combine each pair of simple sentences into one sentence, using subordination.1. Illness kept him away from school. He didn’t get the prize.2. I lost my pen somewhere. The auditorium might be the place.3. You promise to behave yourself. You shall not go to the party this afternoon.4. He came out of the Conference Room. Reporters surrounded him.5. A German is coming to see me. I made his acquaintance in Hamburg last year. Ⅳ. Rewrite the following sentences according to the requirements.Part A: Rephrase the following sentences using anticipatory it.Example: Possibly the Joneses will come to the party as well.→ It is possible that the Joneses will come to the party as well.1. You were so kind to invite us.2. He is quite likely to let you down.3. To be here with you this evening is a great pleasure.Part B: Contradict the preceding statement with a cleft or pseudo-cleft sentence according to the “fact” indicated in brackets.Example: (the machine needs repairing.)A: The house needs repairing.B: No. It is the machine that needs repairing.4.(He has painted the window green.)A: He has painted the window white.B: No. ______________________________5.(He is determined to pass the test.)A: He is determined to buy a new car.B: No. __________________________________6.(He will be flying to Moscow.)A: He will be travelling in China.B: No. ____________________________________Part C: Rewrite the following sentences in such a way as to avoid the dangling成考复习资料participle constructions.Example: Walking in the fields, a snake bit Tom in the heel.→Walking in the fields, Tom was bitten in the heel by a snake.7. When carrying a gun, it should never be pointed at anyone.8. When depressed, a new hat will make a woman feel happier.9. Sitting in the dentist’s chair, an idea suddenly occurred to me.10. Wondering where to go, an advertisement caught her eye.答案I．Fill in the blanks according to the requirements give below.Part A: Find in each blank with an appropriate adjective according to context. 1. disastrous 2. forgetful 3. dangerous 4. powerful 5. mountainousPart B: Put the verbs in brackets into the -ing participle or the infinitive.1.spelling, being2. telling3. to understand4. to give5. to thinkⅡ. Cloze.1-5. ADBBD 6-10.CACDD 11-15.BCABD 16-20.ACCBAⅢ. Combine each pair of simple sentences into one sentence, using subordination.1. Because illness kept him away from school, he didn’t get the prize.2. The auditorium might be the place where I lost my pen.3. Unless you promise to behave yourself, you shall not go to the party this afternoon.4. When/As he came out of the Conference Room, he was surrounded by reporters.5. A German whose acquaintance I made in Hamburg last year is coming to see me. Ⅳ. Rewrite the following sentences according to the requirements.Part A: Rephrase the following sentences using anticipatory it.1. It was so kind of you to invite us.2. It is quite likely that he will let you down.3. It is a great pleasure to be here with you this evening .Part B: Contradict the preceding statement with a cleft or pseudo-cleft sentence according to the “fact” indicated in brackets.4.It is green that he has painted the windows.5.What he is determined to do is to pass the test.6.What he will be doing is flying to Moscow.Part C: Rewrite the following sentences in such a way as to avoid the dangling participle constructions.7. When carrying a gun, you should never point it at anyone.8. When a woman is depressed, a new hat will make her feel happier.9. Sitting in the dentist’s chair, I suddenly thought of an idea.成考复习资料10. As she was w ondering where to go, an advertisement caught her eye.《基础英语语法》（二）复习资料3I．Fill in the blanks according to the requirements give below.Part A: Fill in each blank with an appropriate adjective according to the context.The initial letter of the word has been given in each sentence.1.I’ve been reading a mystery story. Many m______ events took place in it.2.I doubt if you will get your parents’ approval. I’m very d________.3.I wish I could agree with you, but it is difficult to be a______ when you are sostubborn.4.The guard was given a medal for his courage in the face of danger. He was a ____soldier.5.Give me all the details. I need a d_____ description of your experiment.Part B: Put the verbs in brackets into the -ing participle or the infinitive.1.It’s silly _____(risk) ______ (get) your feet wet.2.I hate _______(mention) it, but you owe me some money.3.I wish he would stop _____(pretend) to be an expert on Byzantine Art.4.Training to be a singer means ____(practise) at least two hours every day.5.They encouraged _____(learn) English by radio and television.Ⅱ. Cloze.Directions:Decide which of the choices given below would best complete the passage if inserted in the corresponding blanks. Mark the best choice for each blank on Answer Sheet Two.Everyone knows that taxation is necessary in a modern state: without it, it (1) ______ not be possible to pay the soldiers and policemen who protect us; (2) ______ the workers in government offices who (3) ______ our health, our food, our water, and all the other things that we cannot do for ourselves. (4) ______ taxation, we pay for things that we need just (5) ______ we need somewhere to live and something to eat. But (6) ______ everyone knows that taxation is necessary, different people have different ideas about (7) ______ taxation should be arranged.In most countries, a direct tax on (8) ___________, which is called income tax,成考复习资料(9) ______. It is arranged in such (10) ______ that the poorest people pay nothing, and the percentage of tax grows (11) ______ as the taxpayer's income grows. In some countries, for example, the tax on the richest people (12) ______ as high as ninety-five percent!(13) ______ countries with taxation nearly (14) ______ have indirect taxation too. Many things imported into the country have to pay taxes or “duties.” Of course, it is the men and women who buy these imported things in the shops (15) ______ really have to pay the duties, in the (16) ___________ of higher prices. In some countries, (17) ______, there is a tax on things sold in the shops. If the most necessary things are taxed, a lot of money is (18) ______ but the poor people suffer most. If unnecessary things (19) ______ jewels and fur coats are taxed, less money is obtained but the tax is (20) ______, as the rich pay it.1. A. can B. may C. could D. would2. A. nor B. neither C. never D. not3. A. look into B. look over C. look after D. look through4. A. In accordance with B. By means of C. With reference to D. On account of5. A. as well as B. as good as C. as such as D. as much as6. A. if B. when C. though D. as7. A. when B.how C.why D.which8. A. persons B. sectors C. communities D. classes9. A. remains B. stays C. exists D. happens10.A. form B. way C. measure D. method11.A. quicker B. speedier C. more D. larger12.A. grows up B. increases up C. goes up D. lifts up13.A. But B. Consequently C. Similarly D. And14.A. periodically B. almost C. often D. always15.A. which B. who C. what D. whom16.A. manner B. form C. means D. way17.A. either B. also C. too D. often18.A. lent B. saved C. borrowed D. collected19.A. alike B. like C. as D. for20.A. heavier B. fairer C. finer D. betterⅢ. Combine each pair of simple sentences into one sentence, using subordination.1.He didn’t get up early enough. He missed the train.2.Any of these problems can be solved by ordinary intelligence and hard work.None of them are too difficult for us.3.The Johnsons were curious about their new neighbors. The Johnsons went andvisited them at the first opportunity.4.You can go out. You promise to be back before eleven.5.The teacher must speak clearly. The students can understand well.IV. Rewrite the following sentences according to the requirements.Part A: Rephrase the following sentences using anticipatory it.Example: Possibly the Joneses will come to the party as well.→It is possible that the Joneses will come to the party as well.1.I think a good idea would be to get up a petition.2.Getting the car on the boat was rather complicated.3.He clearly indicated that he didn’t want to speak to me.Part B: Contradict the preceding statement with a cleft or pseudo-cleft sentence according to the “fact” indicated in brackets.Example: (the machine needs repairing.)A: The house needs repairing.B: No. It is the machine that needs repairing.4.(He could not repair the machine.)A: He could not repair the house.B: No. ___________________________________5.(John bought the car from Henry.)A: John bought the car from Smith.B: No. ____________________________6.(At the station we were met by a man carrying a copy of The Times.)A: At the station we were met by a woman carrying an umbrella.B: No. _____________________________成考复习资料Part C: Rewrite the following sentences in such a way as to avoid the dangling participle constructions.Example: Walking in the fields, a snake bit Tom in the heel.→Walking in the fields, Tom was bitten in the heel by a snake.7.When carrying a gun, it should never be pointed at anyone.8.When depressed, a new hat will make a woman feel happier.9.Sitting in the dentist’s chair, an idea suddenly occurred to me.10.Barking furiously, I led the dog out of the room.答案I．Fill in the blanks according to the requirements give below.Part A: Find in each blank with an appropriate adjective according to context.1. mysterious2. doubtful3. agreeable4. courageous5. detailedPart B: Put the verbs in brackets into the -ing participle or the infinitive.1. to risk, getting2. to mention3. pretending4. practising5. to learn Ⅱ. Cloze.1—5 DACBD 6—10 CBACB 11—15 DCADB 16—20 BCDBBIII. Combine each pair of simple sentences into one sentence, using subordination.1.Because he didn't get up early enough, he missed the train.2.As any of these problems can be solved by ordinary intelligence and hard work,none of them are too difficult for us.3.Curious about their new neighbors, the Johnsons went and visited them at thefirst opportunity. /Because the Johnsons were curious about their new neighbors, they went and visited them at the first opportunity.4.You can go out, as/so long as you promise to be back before eleven.5.The teacher must speak clearly so that the students can understand well. /In orderto let the students understand well, the teacher must speak clearly.IV. Rewrite the following sentences according to the requirements.Part A: Rephrase the following sentences using anticipatory it.1.It would be a good idea to get up a petition./ I think it a good idea to get up apetition.2.It was rather complicated getting the car on the boat.3.It was clearly indicated that he didn’t want to speak to me.Part B: Contradict the preceding statement with a cleft or pseudo-cleft sentence according to the “fact” indicated in brackets.4.It was the machine that he could not repair.5.It was from Henry that John bought the car.6.It was by a man carrying a copy of The Times that we were met at the station. Part C: Rewrite the following sentences in such a way as to avoid the dangling participle constructions.7. When carrying a gun, you should never point it at anyone.成考复习资料8. When a woman is depressed, a new hat will make her feel happier.9. Sitting in the dentist’s chair, I suddenly thought of an idea.10. Barking furiously, the dog was led out of the room.。

英语基础语法(主谓宾定状补)之阳早格格创做1、主语主语表示句子主要证明的人或者真物，普遍由名词汇，代词汇，数词汇，大概式等充当.He likes watch TV.2、谓语谓语证明主语的动做，状态或者特性.普遍可分为二类：1)，简朴谓语由动词汇(或者短语动词汇)形成，不妨有分歧的时态，语态战语气.He likes watch TV.2)，复合谓语：情态动词汇/大概式I can speak English. He asks me to write a letter.3、表语表语是谓语的一部分，它位于系动词汇如be之后，证明主语身份，特性，属性或者状态.普遍由名词汇，代词汇，形容词汇，副词汇，大概式，介词汇短语等充当.I am a teacher.例：Tom is a boy.(Tom是个男孩）/主语为Tom,系词汇为be 动词汇的第三人称单数is，表语为a boy4、宾语宾语表示动做止为的对于象，跟正在及物动词汇之后.能做宾语的有名词汇，代词汇，数词汇，动词汇大概式等. We all like play basketball.He gave me a gift.例：The boy needs a pen.（主语the boy，谓语needs(need的第三人称单数形式)，宾语a pen. ）有些及物动词汇不妨戴二个宾语，往往一个指人，一个指物，指人的喊间交宾语，指物的喊曲交宾语.5、定语正在句中建饰名词汇或者代词汇的身分喊定语.用做定语的主假如形容词汇，代词汇，数词汇，名词汇，副词汇，动词汇大概式，介词汇短语等.形容词汇，代词汇，数词汇，名词汇等做定语时，常常搁正在被建饰的词汇前里.A、形容词汇做定语：｛定语置前｝The little boy needs a blue pen.(little建饰名词汇boy；blue建饰名词汇pen.）/小男孩需要一收兰色的钢笔.Tom is a handsome boy./Tom是个英俊的男孩.There is a good boy./有个乖男孩.B、数词汇做定语相称于形容词汇：Two boys need two pens./二个男孩需要二收钢笔.The two boys are students./那二个男孩是教死.There are two boys in the room./房间里有二个男孩.C、代词汇或者名词汇所有格做定语：｛定语置前｝His boy needs Tom\'s pen./他的男孩需要Tom的钢笔.His name is Tom./他的名字是汤姆.There are two boys of Toms there./那女有Tom家的二个男孩.D、名词汇做定语：｛定语置前｝The boy needs a ball pen./男孩需要一收圆珠笔.It is a ball pen./那是一收圆珠笔.There is only one ball pen in the pencil box./那铅笔盒里惟有一收圆珠笔.E、介词汇短语做定语：｛定语置后｝The boy in the classroom needs a pen of yours./课堂里的男孩需要您的一收钢笔.The boy in blue is Tom./脱兰色衣服的孩子是汤姆.There are two boys of 9,and three of 10./有二个9岁的，三个10岁的男孩.F、副词汇做定语：｛定语置后｝The boy there needs a pen./那女的男孩需要一收钢笔.The best boy here is Tom./那里最棒的男孩是Tom.G、大概式做定语：｛定语置后｝The boy to write this letter needs a pen./写那启疑的男孩需要一收钢笔.There is nothing to do today./即日无事要干.（注意：副词汇，动词汇大概式，介词汇短语等做定语时，则搁正在被建饰的词汇之后.The bike in the room is mine.）H、分词汇（短语）做定语：｛定语置后｝The smiling boy needs a pen bought by his mother./那个微笑的男孩需要一收他妈妈购的钢笔.The pen bought by her is made in China./她购的笔是华夏产的. There are five boys left./有五个留住的男孩的钢笔.（但是副词汇，动词汇大概式，介词汇短语等做定语时，则搁正在被建饰的词汇之后.The bike in the room is mine.）6、状语.状语建饰动词汇、形容词汇、副词汇或者齐句，证明办法、果果、条件、时间、天面、让步、目标、程度、手段等.状语正在句子中的位子很机动，罕睹情况为：常常正在句子基础结构之后，强调时搁正在句尾；建饰形容词汇或者副词汇时，常常位于被建饰的词汇之前；表示时间、天面、手段的状语普遍位于句子二头，强调时搁正在句尾，天面状语普遍须正在时间状语之前；一些表示不决定时间（如：often）或者程度（如：almost）的副词汇状语常常位于be动词汇、帮动词汇、情态动词汇之后，动词汇之前.偶尔状语正在句中的某个位子会引起歧义，应注意，如：The boy calls the girl in the classroom.普遍明白成‘男孩喊课堂里的女孩‘（此时in the classroom为girl的定语），也不妨明白为‘男孩正在课堂里喊女孩’（此时in the classroom为天面状语），最佳写做‘In the classroom,the boy calls the girl.\'副词汇（短语）做状语：｛状语置后｝The boy needs a pen very much./男孩非常需要一收钢笔.（程度状语）The boy needs very much the pen bought by his mother./男孩非常需要他母亲购的那收钢笔.（宾语较少则状语前置）The boy really needs a pen./男孩果然需要一收钢笔.（不决定程度状语置于动词汇之前）The boy needs a pen now./Now,the boy needs a pen./The boy,now,needs a pen./男孩当前需要一收钢笔.（时间状语）介词汇短语做状语：｛强调状语置前｝In the classroom,the boy needs a pen./正在课堂里，男孩需要一收钢笔.（天面状语）Before his mother,Tom is always a boy./正在母亲里前,汤姆经常一个男孩子.(条件状语)On Sundays,there is no student in the classroom./星期天,课堂里不教死.(时间状语)分词汇（短语）做状语：｛状语置后｝He sits there,asking for a pen./他坐正在那女要一收笔.（表示伴伴状态）Having to finish his homework,the boy needs a pen./果为不克不迭不完毕做业，男孩需要一收笔.（本果状语，强调置前）Frightened,he sits there soundlessly./（果为）受了惊吓，他无声天坐正在那女.（本果状语）大概式做状语：The boy needs a pen to do his homework./男孩需要一收笔写家庭做业.（手段状语置前）To make his dream come true,Tom becomes very interested in business./为真止幻念,汤姆变得对于商业很有兴趣. （手段状语强调时置前）名词汇做状语：｛状语置后｝Come this way!/走那条路！（目标状语）7、补语用去证明宾语或者主语所处的状态或者正正在举止的动做.做补语的词汇或者词汇组为：形容词汇，副词汇，名词汇，大概式，ing形式，数词汇等.果为英语中有些动词汇加宾语后意义仍旧不完备，如：make(使...)，ask(请)等等.咱们不克不迭道：咱们使咱们的祖国；该当道：咱们使咱们的祖国更优好.那时，“优好的（beautiful)”干补语，证明祖国的状态.We will make our country more beautiful.宾补便是宾语补脚语，便是补充证明宾语的.I know you are a student good at maths.(正在那个句子中，good at maths 便是补语)I know you are student who is good at maths.(宾语补语也不妨是句子)I see you crossing the street.(还不妨是-ing 形式)8、共位语共位语是正在名词汇或者代词汇之后并列名词汇或者代词汇对于前者加以证明的身分，近乎于后置定语.如：We students should study hard. / (students是we的共位语，皆是指共一批‘教死’）We all are students. / (all是we的共位语，皆指共样的‘咱们’）9、独力身分：偶尔句子中会有一些取句子不语法通联的身分，称为句子独力身分(注意：辨别于分词汇独力结构).返回叹息词汇：oh,hello,aha,ah,等.肯定词汇yes可定词汇no称呼语：称呼人的用语.拔出语：一些句中拔出的I think , I believe,等.如: The story,I think,has never come to the end./尔疑赖,那个故事还近出中断.情态词汇,表示谈话人的语气（多动做建饰齐句的状语）:perhaps也许,maybe大概,acturely本质上,certainly天然，等.10、分词汇独力结构：分词汇做状语时其逻辑主语取句子的主语普遍! 可则应有自己的逻辑主语，形身分词汇独力结构.例：错句：Studying hard,your score will go up.精确：(1) Studying hard,you can make your score go up. 或者(2)If you study hard,your score will go up.剖析：错句中分词汇studying不自戴逻辑主语，则其逻辑主语便是句子的主语，既your score . 隐然干study的应是人，不该是your score（分数）. 精确句(1)改正了句子的主语,使其取分词汇逻辑主语普遍( 共为you );精确句(2)则使用条件分句戴出study的主语,(不过已经不是分词汇结构了).分词汇独力结构常简略being,having been.不过‘There being...’的场合不克不迭简略.如：Game (being) over,he went home.He stands there,book (being) in hand.独力结构还可用with、without带领，做状语或者定语.那种结构不但不妨用分词汇，还不妨用大概式、形容词汇、介词汇短语、副词汇或者名词汇等.如：With nothing to do,he fell asleep soon./无事可干，他很快便睡着了.The teacher came in,with glasses on his nose./教授进去了，戴着一付眼镜.（注意，此句on his nose不可简略！）。

下方是正文：英语基础语法知识（一）第一节词类和句子成分一、词类能够自由运用的最小语言单位叫词。

根据词的形式、意义及其在句中的作用所作的分类叫词类（parts of speech）。

英语的词通常分为十大类，即名词、冠词、代词、数词、形容词、副词、动词、介词、连词和感叹词。

现分别叙述如下：（一）名词名词(noun)是表示人、事物、地点或抽象概念的名称。

例如：foreigner外国人soap 肥皂Newton牛顿law 法律freedom自由peace和平英语名词可分为两大类：1。

普通名词(common noun)是某一类人、事物、某种物质或抽象概念的名称。

例如：teacher教师market市场rice大米magazine杂志sound声音production生产2。

专有名词(proper noun)是特定的某人、地方或机构的名称。

专有名词的第一个字母必须大写。

例如：Hemingway海明威Russia 俄罗斯New York 纽约United Nations联合国名词又可分为可数名词(countable noun)与不可数名词(uncountable noun)两种。

可数名词有单、复数之分。

绝大多数名词的复数形式的构成是在单数名词的后面加-s或-es。

例如：shop→shops商店bus→buses 公共汽车library→libraries图书馆toy→toys玩具leaf→leaves树叶英语中有一些名词的复数形式是不规则的。

例如：man→men男人tooth→teeth牙齿datum→data数据有关名词复数形式构成的具体规则，请参阅有关的英语语法书。

（二）冠词冠词(article)放在名词之前，帮助说明该名词所指的对象。

冠词分为不定冠词(indefinite article)和定冠词(definite article)两种。

不定冠词为a/an，用在单数名词之前，表示某一类人或事物的“一个”。