TOEFL Writing(Integrated Writing)

The speaker, on the topic of ___________________, effectively casts doubt on the passage, providing the opposite evidence concerning/ about influences on/from ____________________.Firstly, _____听力结果______. Despite the content from passage that ____阅读结果____, the speaker provides an alternative explanation that ___听力内容_2句_. From this case, the speaker questions the validity of the passage.Secondly, ____听力结果_____. According to the lecture, ____听力内容2句__________. Such information directly challenges the position of the passage that ____阅读结果____.Thirdly, ____听力结果___. The passage states that ___阅读结果____. However, the speaker denies this point and gives the proof that ___听力内容2句______. This is another case where the content from the passage is totally groundless.Fourthly, 听力结果 . The passage states that 阅读结果, which is actually questioned by the speaker, who proposes the proof that 听力内容2句. Therefore, the side of the passage is overthrown by listening material.听力：lecture, speaker, professor, listening material阅读：passage, reading material, author, writerRebut, refute, deny, criticize, attack, question, cast doubt onIntroductionThe speaker, on the topic of American early retirement, effectively casts doubt on the passage, providing the opposite evidence concerning technological requirement, relationship with young staffs, and working pressure.The passage, on the topic against birds’ method of finding direction, has been questioned by the speaker, who brings forward the contradictory proofs concerning the discovery of methanes, geographical crystals, and liquid-form water.The speaker denies the position of passage on the topic of human impacts on bird population. Meanwhile, he also provides the different evidence about influences from the extension of human habitat, agricultural development, and use of pesticide.The speaker denies the passage on the topic that. meanwhileBODY:Topic sentence阅读，然而听力。

托福写作高分攻略托福考试的写作部分分为综合(Integrated writing)和独立(Independent writing)两块，这两块分别独立评分，取平均值后得到最终的分数。

也就是说，这两个部分各占一半权重，因此应给予相同程度的重视。

托福综合写作的满分要求是：A response at this level successfully selects the important information from the lecture and coherently and accurately presents this information in relation to the relevant information presented in the reading. The response is well organized and occasional language errors that are present do not result in inaccurate or imprecise presentation of content or connections.大家会发现，这里面的关键词是information和organization，也就是信息量和逻辑，至于语言，并没有提出太多的要求，因此，只要听力和阅读的笔记记得较全，并且能够把听力中的观点和细节表达清楚就可以。

需要注意的是，这部分对词数和时间都是有要求的，官方的规定是150-225词，我的建议是180-260词，时限是20分钟。

关于summary的结构，一定是四段--introduction+3对detail，不需要conclusion。

总体来说，这部分得高分的一定是把听力写得很清楚的同学，事实上听力才是考察的重点，阅读是用来帮助对听力进行理解的，同学们在写听力内容的时候切不可有"这个也要写啊，没必要吧"的想法。

托福tpo75写作范文# TOEFL TPO75 Writing Task.Integrated Writing.# Reading Passage.The reading passage argues that the "let it burn" policy in national parks is a bad idea. Firstly, it mentions that large scale wildfires can cause extensive damage to the parks' ecosystems. For example, many plants and trees are destroyed, which can disrupt the habitats of various animals. Secondly, it states that the fires can also be a threat to human lives and property. There are often visitors in national parks, and the out ofcontrol fires can put them in danger. Moreover, nearby communities might also be affected if the fires spread. Finally, the passage contends that the cost of dealing with the aftermath of such large wildfires is extremely high. The government has to spend a lot of money on restoring the damaged areas and preventing future fires.# Listening Passage.The lecturer, however, disputes the claims made in the reading. Regarding the damage to ecosystems, the lecturer points out that while some plants and trees are indeed burned, wildfires also create new opportunities for the ecosystem. Some plants, like certain types of pine trees, have cones that only open and release seeds after being exposed to the heat of a fire. So, in the long run, the fires can actually help in the renewal and diversification of the plant life in the park.As for the threat to human lives and property, the lecturer says that with proper management and monitoring, the risks can be minimized. Thereare modern techniques to predict the spread of fires and evacuate visitors in time. Also, the construction of firebreaks and better communication systems can reduce the danger to nearby communities.In terms of cost, the lecturer argues that preventing all fires through strict suppression policies is actually more expensive in the long term. When small fires are constantly suppressed, there is a build up of flammable materials, which can lead to even larger and more destructive fires in the future. Allowing some natural fires to burn under controlled conditions can reduce this long term cost.# Sample Essay.The reading passage is firmly against the "let it burn" policy in national parks, but the lecturer in the listening part disagrees.The reading claims that big wildfires wreck the park ecosystems. It's like a disaster movie where all the plants and trees are the innocent victims, and then the poor animals lose their homes. But the lecturer has a different take. He says that some plants are like "fire lovers." Take those pine trees with special cones. They need the fire's heat to pop open and spread their seeds. So, in a way, the fire is like a midwife for these plants, helping to bring new life to the ecosystem.The reading also frets about the danger to people and property. It's like the wildfires are big, bad monsters coming to gobble up visitors and nearby towns. But the lecturer says, "Hey, we can handle this!" With modern tricks like predicting where the fire will go and getting visitors out in time, plus building firebreaks, it's like putting up a shield against the fire monster.Finally, the reading complains about the high cost of dealing with the after math of wildfires. It's as if the government is bleeding money because of these fires. But the lecturer says that always stopping small fires is like sweeping dirt under the rug. Eventually, there will be so much flammable stuff piled up that a huge, super expensive fire will break out. So, letting some fires burn in a controlled way is like a smart investment that can save money in the long run. In short, the lecturer has some pretty good counter arguments to the reading's points.Independent Writing.# Topic.Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? It is more important for students to study art and literature than it is to study math and science.# Sample Essay.Well, this is a tough one. Some might say that studying art and literature is more important for students, but I'm not so sure I completely agree.On one hand, art and literature are really cool. They're like the colorful paint on the canvas of our lives. Reading a great novel can take you to different worlds, and making art can be a super fun way to express your feelings. It helps you understand different cultures and the human experience. It's like having a magic key that unlocks all these amazing stories and emotions.But, on the other hand, math and science are like the building blocks of our modern world. Math is everywhere. You need it when you're shopping to figure out if you're getting a good deal. And science? Well, it's givenus things like smartphones, which most of us can't live without these days. Science helps us understand how the world works, from the tiniest atoms to the vastness of the universe.If students focus only on art and literature, it's like having a beautiful flower but no roots to keep it alive. Math and science give us the practical skills to get jobs and make a living. Sure, art andliterature can be a hobby or even a career for some, but most jobs these days require at least some knowledge of math and science.However, I'm not saying art and literature are unimportant. They'rejust as important as math and science, but in different ways. We need a balance. It's like having a delicious meal. You don't want just the dessert (art and literature), you also need the main course (math and science). So, in conclusion, I disagree that it's more important to study art and literature than math and science. We need both to have a well rounded education and a successful future.。

龚智良 中国科大Dear all,These are my own pieces of work all according to questions from Delta’s Key .I’m not effrontery enough to claim that they are classical works,but they are original and had consumed time.I’d like to share with all Gters who are striking hard to score high in GRE and TOEFL,who are seeking bitterly to realize their big dreams.Hope I have done something meaningful for you.Best wishes!Yours,ZhiliangZhiliang Gong(龚智良)Department of Polymer Science and EngineeringUniversity of Science and Technology of ChinaHefei,Anhui,230026,P .R.ChinaEmail:gzl8787@龚智良 中国科大Describe the causes and consequences of corneal injuries and ulcers,and explain how these problems are treated.Causes of corneal injuries include being hit in the eye,getting chemicals like chlorine and ammonia in the eye,being hurt by any piece of flying debris,rubbing the eye when there is dust in it,and wearing poorly cleaned contact lenses,and so on.And when the corneal is harmed,an ulcer may appear as a consequence.An ulcer may also result from chronic dryness of the eye or infections with viruses,bacteria,fungi,and protozoa.And in rare conditions,a nutritional deficiency may also lead to an ulcer.Another form of problem with the corneal,keratitis can be caused by wearing hard contact lenses for too long,and overexposure to ultraviolet light.Consequences from corneal injuries and ulcer,as well as keratitis include eye pain,scar tissue,vision problems,bloodshot eyes,a feeling that something is in the eye,and possibly a white spot on the corneal.To heal an injury,ulcer,or keratitis,doctors often prescribe antibiotic ointment or drops,artificial tears to patients.And during the treatment,an eye patch is always needed before the corneal heals.If a large ulcer occurs in the center of the corneal,it may be necessary carry out a corneal grafting.龚智良 中国科大Summarize the advantages and disadvantages of wind power discussed in the lecture,explaining how they agree with or depart form points made in the reading.According to the lecturer,wind power has both advantages and disadvantages compared to other types of energy sources like fossil fuel and nuclear power,some of which agree with the points in the reading while others contradict or not mentioned in the reading.The first advantage of wind power is its cleanness,with no emission of so-called warm house effect gas carbon dioxide,and hazardous emissions like sulfur dioxide,which is one of the main causes of acid rain.This agree with the statement in the reading that wind power is a promising,clean,safe,and environmentally friendly energy resource.The second advantage of wind power is its lower cost when used to generate electricity compared to nuclear power and fossil fuel,with the development of new wind power technology,like steel blades.This is not mentioned in the reading.But there also exist some disadvantages for wind power.The first is the low density of wind power,which requires large areas be used to catch wind and generate electricity only.This contradicts the point in the reading that only a small portion of the land would be used to generate power,and as to regions where turbines are installed,a major portion of the land could be used for farming or ranching.Another disadvantage is the lethal danger turbines poses on birds of the turbine rge numbers of birds get killed by the blades of turbines before they realize that there is a fast moving turbine just before them.The reading does not include this point.龚智良 中国科大Summarize the points made in the lecture,explaining how they contradict points made in the reading.Malthus’s population theory suffers from several flaws as the lecturer points out.The lecturer makes the point that despite the growing number of people in the industrialized societies,the food and wage as well per capita as living standards of people have grown over time.For example,the wage has more than doubled and during the past decades.This contradicts the point in the reading that poverty and suffering are unavoidable because population increases faster than the means of subsistence.Also,because of industrial progresses,the living standards of industrialized societies have grown with the population blooming.The output of farming land has increased greatly,and the efficiency of labor has grown profoundly.This contradicts the point in the reading that food production tends to increase at an arithmetic rate.Another important point is that in some industrialized societies,as the increase of population turns negative,the mean salary and food for people also drops as a result of lack of labor.This contradicts the point in the reading that per capita food production will decline as the number of population grows.Finally,the lecturer points out that education and control of population have affected the human society profoundly,which leads to high proficiency of work including food production,and keeps the number of people from growing geometrically.This contradicts directly the point in the reading that population increases geometrically and the only negative checks are famine,war,and disease.And also the lecturer points out that education plays a fundamental role in keeping the living standards of people growing with the population blooming,which is not included in the reading.龚智良 中国科大For pictorial arts,the most important things to care for photographers to care about is the position includes four essential aspects.Balance is a major aspect of composition,which stresses the importance of appropriate proportion of spaces of light and dark.A good composition should have a balanced combination of light and dark,that is to say,no too much proportion of light and no too much proportion of dark.This illustrates the point in the reading that a pictorial shot often relies on a beautiful lighting effect.Placement is another important aspect of composition,which means the arrangement of objects in photos.Having only one object in the middle of a photo means failure for a photographer,and the right way is to put things both right and left,both up and below.This illustrates the point in the reading that a pictorial shot often relies on a good overall composition.Still another major aspect of composition is color of the picture.A photo with a good combination of warm and cold colors can display a god effect.For example,large areas of cold colors like blue are well matched by a piece of warm color like red.This illustrates the point in the reading that composition also includes color as an element.Finally,detail is also an important aspect of composition.Details in a photo are most influential when there are only a few details in a photo.In other words,there should be several details in a good composition,allowing viewers to concentrate and appreciate.This illustrate the point in the reading that detail is another important element of composition.龚智良 中国科大The lecturer states that children’s choices of toys are more a natural choice than choices under social impacts or under their parents’instructions.For example,the lecturer cites an experiment in which monkeys are tested to choose their favorite toys with no human conditioning,which shows that young monkeys tend to choose similar toys as little children according to their genders.This disagrees with the point in the reading that from a very early age,boys and girls are taught these gender “rules”through social conditioning.Another important point is that children under age 5tend to choose the same toys despite their genders.For example,when a group of children under age 5are given toys like dolls,kitchen sets,balls and trucks to play with,both boys and girls like to play with all kinds of toys,despite some are generally classified as girls’toys and some boys’toys.This disagrees with the point in the reading that toys are tools that condition children to learn roles and accept these roles as normal.As children grow older,there come naturally a sense of which kind of toys they should play with according to their genders,and they have their own opinion as to which kind of toys they and other younger boys are supposed to play with.This agrees with the point in the reading that clearly separate classes of toys exist for girls and boys.龚智良 中国科大The lecturer states some points that are in agreement with,in disagreement with,or not mentioned in the reading.First,the lecturer makes the point that earlier people of centuries ago,the aims of traveling of people are mostly political or economical.An example is the Europeans'conquest of Africa and trade around the world.This agrees with the point in the reading that early traveling was stimulated by the growth of trade,conquest and colonization.The lecturer also makes the point that Hemingway's travel to Africa and shooting big game is not a kind of adventure travel but a kind of conquest travel.Because Hemingway had servants to make him comfortable all the time,his journey was not like an adventure but like a journey of conquering animals.This contradicts with the point in the reading that Hemingway's travel was adventure travel.And the lecturer makes the point that,nowadays,ethnic tourism provides people pleasure and relaxation,and also helps to preserve ethnical customs,ceremonies,and costumes.It protects the tradition of ethnical groups because people travel to these places to explore their different cultures.This is not mentioned in the reading.Finally,the lecturer makes the point that,today,environmental tourism has provided pleasure to people,and also has helped protect the wild environment.People tend to preserve and observe these places and take pictures of the beautiful scenery as well as wildlife there,rather than shoot wild animals.This agrees with the point in the reading that John Muir's travel stories continue to inspire people to observe and preserve the natural world.龚智良 中国科大In the lecture the professor cites an experiment done with 20teenagers.And according to the professor,the experiment generates some points that contradict some points made in the reading.First,the professor made the point that same-age peer groups tend to exert competitive actions on others more naturally than corporative actions.For example,when these 20teenagers are grouped into two 10members team,even there is no direct competition between the two groups,they show signs of insults the other team.This casts doubt on the point made in the reading that in childhood and adolescence,peers are usually friends,and peer groups build friendship,tolerance,and cooperation.Second,the professor made the point that same-age peer groups tend to go to extremes in competitive actions when there is real competition between two groups.For example,when the two groups are asked to play competitive games such as football,their name calling and insults grow dramatically.This casts doubt on the point made in the reading that same-age peer groups promote the learning of competitive strategies that are healthy and necessary for survival in a competitive society.Third,the professor made the point that without the intervention of adults,same-age peer groups tend to compete with each other rather than cooperate.For example,cooperation happened in this experiment only when they are asked to repair the water tank together or they will not be able to drink water.This cast doubt on the point in the reading that same-age peers tend to tolerate each other without the intervention of adults.龚智良 中国科大The lecturer makes the point that chess players need the ability to predict moves and the consequences of the moves that come along,and this kind of ability is visual sense or what chess players call visual imagination.For example,in the case of blind fold chess,the blind player must remember the last moves of all other players against him.This illustrates the point made in the reading that visual-spatial intelligence is essential for chess players.Another point is that chess players tend not to remember merely the objects of the chess as discrete objects on chess board,but they tend to remember the strategies and reasons and ideas of the chess.It is in this way that blind fold chess players are able to remember all the different situations of all the chess boards.This illustrates the point in the reading that visual-spatial memory is abstract rather than pictorial,and it is a kind of geometrical forms.The lecturer also makes the point that chess masters can remember the chess boards that are reasonable within seconds,but may or may not remember.For example,they remember a chessboard easily when the chess board is left in the middle of a chess,but may or may not remember it if it is randomly set.This illustrate two points in the reading that visual-spatial intelligence is an abstract memory and individuals with high visual-spatial intelligence can remember things after seeing the thing for just a short time.龚智良 中国科大The professor makes three points that contradicts directly with the point made in the reading.The professor makes the point that earthworms are causing significant damage to the ecosystem.This contradicts with the point in the reading that the activities of earthworms have a beneficial effect on the soil.Another point made by the professor is that earthworms destroy the soil cover,and in this way they remove native plants.The disappearance of native plants affects the whole structure of the native ecosystem and the nutrients cycle.The rippling effect is huge and negative.For example,in a certain lake,the earthworms are eaten much of the duff that many plants are eliminated as a result.This contradicts with the point in the reading that earthworms'activities have a beneficial effect on the physical and chemical properties of the soil.And the professor also makes the point that earthworms eat the organic matter in gardens and thus have a negative effect.They clean the decaying leaves on surface of gardens and in this way clean the nutrients slowly released by these decaying leaves.Also,by eating out the duff,earthworms remove the shelter and food for many other animals like the spiders.As a result,animals feed on these animals are also removed from the ecosystem.This contradicts with the point in the reading that earthworms accelerate the decomposition of the compost pile and aid in the production of organic fertilizer.龚智良 中国科大The lecturer makes some points that cast doubt directly on some points in the reading.The lecturer makes the point that risk-taking personality is natural,even important among people,and those who own the risk-taking personality need not be mentally ill.This contradicts with the point in the reading that risk-taking behaviors must be considered illogical and even pathological.The lecturer also makes the point that there is no such personality as "universal risk-taking personality",and often,this kind of personality occurs in special periods of a people's lifetime.This cast doubt on the point in the reading that there is a personality called universal risk-taking personality.Another point made by the lecturer is that not all risk-taking actions are suicidal.People who take risks may well recognize the danger of their actions.Often,they do so because they are confident that they can successfully overcome risked without getting hurt.For example,motorcyclists riding at high speeds are often confident that they can manage that speed.This cast doubt on the point in the reading that risk-taking behaviors are indicative of suicidal tendencies.Also,the lecturer makes the point that not all risk-taking actions are without rewards.There are physical and chemical rewards,as well as psychological rewards.For example,when dropping high from the sky,the level of a substance may rise in the human blood,providing pleasurable feelings for people.And sometimes,people get social and financial rewards through their risk-taking actions.This cast doubt on the point made in the reading that many people who engage in dangerous activities for no purpose.And finally,the lecturer makes the point that there exist some kinds of risk-taking that people should avoid like smoking.This casts doubt on the point in the reading that all types of risk-taking actions are dangerous.龚智良 中国科大The lecturer makes the point that eco-tourism has its benefits and shortcomings,and is not a perfect type of development.This casts doubt on the point made in the reading that eco-tourism is a situation where all parties benefit.Eco-tourism has a negative effect on the local environment.To develop eco-tourism,areas need some infrastructure.For example,roads would destroy some part of the area Also,more tourists,and more buildings mean more pollution and literacy.This casts doubt on the point in the reading that eco-tourism is having significant positive results of these previously remote areas.Also,areas of eco-tourism may cause local areas to suffer loss of precious animals and plants as well as artificial objects,because these areas are often controlled by the government and government officials may well be bribed and corrupted.This casts doubt on the point in the reading that eco-tourism encourages conservation.And eco-tourism is not always good to local people financially.Because local people often get the most menial and lowest paid jobs.The casts doubt on the point in the reading that eco-tourism provide better living conditions of local people.Finally,eco-tourism often results in cultural pollution of local people,because of developers of Western Culture and the tourists form other culture.This casts doubt on the point in the reading that eco-tourism encourages conservation.龚智良 中国科大Summarize the points made in the talk,explaining how they depart from good pruning practices.According to the lecture,tree topping creates more problems than it solves,and is therefore not a good pruning practice.The lecturer contends that good pruning practice should leave the top untouched and set aside three to four main limbs while pruning the others.Several reasons why tree topping is not a good pruning practice are provided by the lecturer.First,topping cannot keep the tree small,but small braches will grow more rapidly after topping,resulting in a bad shaped tree with huge weak limbs spreading around the trunk.These huge but weak braches cracks easily when facing snow storms.Second,topping makes a tree vulnerable to infections and insects.So topping is not a good pruning practice because topping aims at improving the health of a tree.Third,topping will remove many of the tree’s leaves,which are the food factories of trees;this may make the tree starve,enfeebling a tree.So topping is not a good pruning practice.Fourth,topping turns a natural shaped and beautiful tree in to a bad and unbalanced shape.This is not a good pruning practice because pruning is purposed to enhance the natural shape and beauty of a tree.In a word,topping is not a good pruning practice because it suffers these shortages listed above.龚智良 中国科大points contradict with some points made in the reading.First,the lecturer makes the point that it is the freedom for smokers to smoke at their free will,but it is not their right to harm others while smoking.And nonsmokers have the right to enjoy clear air.This contradicts with the point in the reading that bans of smoking have eroded the freedom of smokers.The lecturer also makes the point that bans on smoking in many public places help smokers to quit smoking.Smokers who want to quit smoking often have not the resolution.Because of bans,they are not allowed to smoke in many places,which makes them feel uncomfortable and thus help them quit.This point is not mentioned in the reading.Another point made by the lecturer is that more businesses is benefiting from smoking bans.While smoking bans may cause some bars to lose smokers,they can attract more nonsmokers.And it is true that there are more new shops established than that closed.This contradicts with the point in the reading that smoking bans affect economic positions of business owners and their employees.Finally,the lecturer makes the point that smoking may raise other health dangers for other people,although the number of people diagnosed with lung cancer is insignificant.Some diseases like heart attacks drop dramatically after smoking bans.Thus the freedom of smoking doesn't outweigh the health of people.This contradicts the point in the reading that much has been made about the dangers of secondhand smoke.龚智良 中国科大points contradict with some points made in the reading.First,the lecturer makes the point that it is the freedom for smokers to smoke at their free will,but it is not their right to harm others while smoking.And nonsmokers have the right to enjoy clear air.This contradicts with the point in the reading that bans of smoking have eroded the freedom of smokers.The lecturer also makes the point that bans on smoking in many public places help smokers to quit smoking.Smokers who want to quit smoking often have not the resolution.Because of bans,they are not allowed to smoke in many places,which makes them feel uncomfortable and thus help them quit.This point is not mentioned in the reading.Another point made by the lecturer is that more businesses is benefiting from smoking bans.While smoking bans may cause some bars to lose smokers,they can attract more nonsmokers.And it is true that there are more new shops established than that closed.This contradicts with the point in the reading that smoking bans affect economic positions of business owners and their employees.Finally,the lecturer makes the point that smoking may raise other health dangers for other people,although the number of people diagnosed with lung cancer is insignificant.Some diseases like heart attacks drop dramatically after smoking bans.Thus the freedom of smoking doesn't outweigh the health of people.This contradicts the point in the reading that much has been made about the dangers of secondhand smoke.龚智良 中国科大Summarize the point made in the lecture,explaining how they agree or disagree with points made in the reading.The lecture regards the International style as the most successful and prevailing architecture style after World War I,which concedes with the reading,as the reading describes the International style prevailed during most of the twentieth century.The lecture concedes that International style does provide some kinds of inspiration and beauty towards our cities,and also saves money,but contends fundamentally that the international style is ugly and vulgar and too common to be regarded beautiful,and also important is that the style shades streets and cut the sky into pieces,chilling people and cities.The lecture contradicts the reading,which commends the International style as being both simple and beautiful.This divergence can most clearly be seen in the ways the lecture and the reading describe the UN Secretariat.According to the lecture,the International style received much negative criticism from bother architects and ordinary citizens.A prominent architect argue that beauty exists when there is few International style buildings,and another famous architect even disagree thoroughly with the most crucial principle of International style,stating that (and I paraphrase)“the less the uglier”.This disagrees with the point in the reading that the style inspired citizens and architects.龚智良 中国科大Describe past and present uses of geothermal energy,and explain why some regions have better potential than others for developing geothermal systems.Geothermal energy is dense somewhere and scare elsewhere.In these regions with high concentration of geothermal energies,its usage varied with time.In the past people in North America and Europe used the hot water heated by geothermal energy to warm,and they bathed together in the hot water.They also believed in the healing power of the hot water rising from under the ground,so the hot water is also used to heal diseases.Nowadays,the geothermal energy is also used through the heated water from underground,but its usage has changed.People use the hot spring to heat buildings and green houses,to generate electricity through the steam power,to supply water for industrial uses directly.And also,hot springs are used in resorts to provide mineral water to tourists,attracting people because of the healing powers of the springs.Some places around the world have better potential than others for developing geothermal systems because these regions are geologically or volcanically active,which causes large reservoirs of underground water heated by magma.The geothermal energy of these regions is more dense and applicable.龚智良 中国科大in the reading.The professor made the point that the use of water for irrigation is very high.In general,agriculture uses a lot of water,and the water for irrigation cannot be used for other purposes.For example,it cannot be the water supply for homes and industry.The reading does not discuss this point.Another important point is that some irrigation methods are not efficient in using water.For example,surface methods of irrigation use a lot of water.Surface methods deliver water to a field directly from a canal,well,or ditch.Examples are flooding,border irrigation,and basin irrigation.Surface methods are not efficient because they waste a lot of water.For example the surface technique of flooding large fields requires a large amount of water.However,half of the water is used by the crop,and the rest is lost to evaporation.In general,surface methods of irrigation are not efficient,but the reading does not discuss this point.Finally,the professor stated that some technology is more efficient than flooding.An example is the sprinkler method,which sprays crops with water.However,sprinklers are a surface method,and some water is wasted,and some water is wasted.In general,the professor discusses problems with surface irrigation that the reading does not include.龚智良 中国科大in the reading.The lecturer holds the point that people have emotional and social needs,like how they get along with their co-workers,within their workplace,and that these emotional and social needs often ranked higher than the pay they get form their jobs when they consider the most important factors about their jobs.This supports the statement in the reading that people tend to list social and personal features of their workplace first.Also the security of the job in a small work group is of crucial importance for the workers.This security needs are best embodied by the workers’intense attention they pay to the quality of their products or services they offered.This supports the point in the reading that people value personal and social features of their workplace.And the autonomy of the employees is of huge significance;workers love their jobs much better when they have a say on the decisions made in their work,and are quite motivated when they have much more freedom to choose what and how to do in their work.This support the point in the reading that the most satisfying jobs are those with a high level of autonomy.龚智良 中国科大Summarize the points made in the talk,explaining how they illustrate points made in the reading.The professor made the point that Georges Melies invented some special techniques,such as stop action and animation,for cinema,contributing enormously to the development of modern film.For example,the technique of animation was invented by Melies and used successfully in the movie A Journey to the Moon,which was regarded as one of Melies masterpiece.This illustrates the point in the reading that Melies realized that film could be manipulated in countless ways.Another important point is that Melies realized that films were stories told in scenes,and scenes could be staged for the camera with the aid of painted scenery and elaborately designed costumes.A perfect example is the film shot by Melies Cinderella,in which varies scenes were linked by dissolves.This illustrates the point in the reading that Melies transformed the cinema into a story telling medium.Finally,Melies extended the length of a film to much more than one minutes typical for films that time by putting scenes together.For example,the film Cinderella lasts for much more than one minutes with several scenes put together.This illustrates the point in the reading that Melies produced films as long as twenty minutes.。

提分托福综合写作全面理解材料是关键在托福写作备考的过程中，大家往往会把注意力集中于独立写作的环节中，而对于综合写作来说，不能说是忽视，只能说是不知该从何入手。

很多备考同学对于，托福综合写作总会遇到这样的一个问题，那就是即便是听懂、看懂也不知道该从何入手。

那么，就是为什么会产生这样的情况呢?下面我们就为大家细细的分析一下吧。

托福综合写作(Integrated Writing)长期以来都是新托福写作的难点之一，全面考察考生快速阅读、听取关键信息和原文复述的能力。

很多考生在备考过程中片面注重独立写作，忽视综合写作，甚至称综合写作是小作文，而独立写作是大作文，这种思路是极端错误、非常危险的。

托福写作最终由综合和独立二者取平均分，换言之二者同等重要，不可偏废。

然而还有很多考生是有心无力，由于阅读和听力实力较弱导致综合写作失分严重，想要提升却不得其法。

从传统备考思路看提升阅读和听力固然没错，但如何在有限的时间内加强针对性、高效提分才是关键。

要达到快速提升的效果，首先要关注综合写作本身的设计理念。

有别于托福考试的阅读和听力部分，综合写作中的阅读和听力以学术类话题为主，且二者围绕同一主题展开论证，构成反对或支持的关系。

因此阅读和听力本身难度就大大降低。

那么考生能否在快速阅读的基础上，对听力做出正确的预测呢?横向观察ETS设计的各类考试不能发现，虽然考察重点不同，但一些基本思路不尽相同。

在GRE考试的写作部分同样要求考生写两篇文章：Argument与Issue。

在Argument部分，考生先阅读一篇文章，然后写出文中存在的逻辑错误。

这种考察形式与托福综合写作部分有很多相似之处，只不过在托福综合写作中不需要考生主动描述阅读中的逻辑漏洞，而是复述听力中的演讲者如何驳斥阅读中的观点。

因此参加过GRE考试的考生触类旁通，通过利用TPO等备考材料反复练习，不断矫正思路，可以培养从阅读文章出发、预测听力内容的能力。

从而在合理判断的基础上有的放矢的去听，提高通过听取关键词完整复述的能力。

新综合写作模板TOEFL iBT综合写作详解及写作模板策略在写作考试中，第一板块是持续25分钟左右的综合写作测试(Integrated task based on what is read and heard)。

综合写作(Integrated Writing)是新考试中新增加的项目，题目内容一般是学术性的，通常涉及课堂、讲座、师生对话等教学活动。

在这种场合中，使用语言的目的是获取所涉及学科的信息，以利于学生更好地完成在北美大学的学业。

具体地讲，考生先读一段资料，然后听一段与所读资料相关的讲座，写作时，考生需要联系所听资料与所读资料以复述的方式将其描述出来，但是要用不同的语言和方式，否则会被认为是剽窃。

所以，综合写作旨在考核考生通过写作来对所读到的和听到的学术信息进行交流的能力。

l 综合写作的考试流程1)考生用3分钟左右的时间阅读一篇230～300词的短文。

文章内容是学术性的，主题比较单一，难度中等。

结构布局具有条理性。

阅读时应试者可以做笔记。

由于速度不是很快，考生一般应有充分的时间归纳文章的主旨大意，既可为后面的听力部分做出一些预测，也可为听完后的写作积累素材。

注意这一部分要带着耳机看阅读材料，因为三分钟结束时没有提示戴耳机的步骤，直接就开始放听力了。

2)3分钟后阅读文章隐去，进入听力部分。

屏幕上将出现老师在讲课的照片，注意不要尝试在照片上找什么线索，考生可以在耳机中听到一段讲课录音，其内容是从不同的视角对同一学术话题的讨论，长度为250～300个单词，时间约为1分半钟。

由此可见，听力的语速是比较快的。

在听录音的过程中，要凭借自己的记忆力，并通过笔记记录下听到的主要内容，以帮助答题。

3)听力篇章结束后，考生有20分钟的时间归纳、组织和回答问题。

在20分钟内完成一篇短文，ETS建议考生的写作长度是150～225词;写作过程中，隐去的文章会重现，考生可以阅读、参考。

此外，写作要求也会出现在屏幕上。

屏幕上的时钟开始计时。

新托福写作的task1部分是一个阅读,听力和写作于一体的综合写作题目。

广大考生如果想要在这个部分取得高分就必须从阅读、听力和写作三个方面着手，不断提高自己的英语能力。

这类题目会先给考生3分钟读一篇文章（大概200字左右），然后听一段关于对此文章的评论，结束后让考生写出150-225字的作文，典型的问法是：Summarize the points made in the lecture you just heard, explaining how they cast doubt on point made in the reading。

听力结束后，阅读部分会再次出现并保留在电脑屏幕的左半部分，考生便可以开始写作，写作时间为20分钟。

在下面的文章中我重点讲如何抓住阅读和听力的核心来构思写作思路从而写出一篇符合要求的好文章来。

1、阅读：找核心句子和关键词语这部分阅读的文章都是节选自一些学术文章，所以文字比较简洁，每个句子所包含你的信息量也会大一些。

和普通阅读文章一样，文章的首句即为整个文章的主题，接下来文章会围绕这个主题展开一些细节性的话题。

此外，还要把握文章的最后一段，和每个段落的一些关键词语，以判断作者的语气和态度。

在段落中间，一般情况下，第一句为主题句，后面就论据，考生注意表示转折和原因的副词“ but , because ,yet”等以确定作者的语气和对该话题的态度。

2、听力：判断说话人的语气，记录说话者的观点和支持性例子听力是这类考试的难点，但考生如果已经明白了阅读材料的意思，那么听力也变得不那么难了。

因为阅读部分已经揭示了听力的主题，考生需要做的就是判断听力文章的观点和阅读之间的观点，是相互支持还是反驳，支持/反驳的支持性例子有那些，这就是听力的重点。

鉴于听力的长度和难度，考生需要在听的过程中做笔记。

与阅读部分一样，记录关键词和句子，这些词语和句子往往存在于转折或者过渡词语的后面。

3、写作：关键词语不变，有合理的结合和恰当的过渡词语把听力和阅读部分的意思进行结合 4第一段：总结听力和阅读部分的主要观点In the listening material , the author pointed out a fact/phenomenon that -------------(指出听力文的重点，)which was opposed to ideas ----------(总结阅读部分的观点)in the reading materials .The reading passage asserts that….. However, the speaker totally refutes the passage by stating that…Disagree, disapprove, argue against, a total rebuttal towardsContradict, contrast with, refute, is the opposite of, be contrary to, ……Effective, cannot be the substitutes for第二段(3 小段)：展开论述听力和阅读部分观点的分论点In the first place / firstly / to begin with , speaker believed that ------------(指出听力部分分论点内容) he reasons for his /her views were as follows , first ------------ second -----------(听力分论点细节)，while the author in the reading material confirmed that ――――（阅读部分的观点）which was totally different from the viewpoints in the listening parts.1：听力的观点+论证细节----- 阅读的观点 +论证细节（it depends）2: 阅读的观点---- 听力的观点+论证细节Sentence patternsThe speaker points outThe reading material points outIt is pointed out by the speaker / lecturer / professor在ETS公开的综合写作评分标准中，给出了5分（即满分）作文的定义如下：A response at this level successfully selects the important information from thelecture and coherently and accurately presents this information in relation to the relevant information presented in the reading. The response is well organized, and occasional language errors that are present do not result in inaccurate or imprecise presentation of content or connections.一、“点对点”的结构“点对点”的结构指的是把综合写作中的阅读材料和听力材料的每一个对应点都单独提炼出来用一个段落加以阐述。

托福考试题型介绍托福考试是国际英语语言测试系统简称TOEFL（Test of English as a Foreign Language）的英文音译。

它是世界上最具影响力的英语水平考试之一，被广泛认可和接受。

托福考试分为四个部分：阅读、听力、口语和写作。

每个部分都有不同的题型和要求，下面将逐一介绍。

一、阅读部分（Reading）阅读部分主要考察考生的阅读理解和词汇运用能力。

常见的阅读题型包括：1. 主旨题（Main Idea Questions）：要求考生找出文章的中心思想或主旨。

2. 细节题（Detail Questions）：要求考生根据文章内容找出与题目相关的具体细节。

3. 推理题（Inference Questions）：要求考生根据文章进行推理，推断出某些细节或事实。

4. 词汇题（Vocabulary Questions）：要求考生根据上下文理解词汇的含义。

二、听力部分（Listening）听力部分主要考察考生的听力理解和笔记能力。

常见的听力题型包括：1. 主旨题（Main Idea Questions）：要求考生根据听力内容找出主要思想或主旨。

2. 细节题（Detail Questions）：要求考生根据听力内容找出与问题相关的具体细节。

3. 推理题（Inference Questions）：要求考生根据听力材料进行推理，推断出某些细节或事实。

4. 笔记题（Note-Taking Questions）：要求考生根据听力内容中的关键信息进行笔记，然后回答问题。

三、口语部分（Speaking）口语部分主要考察考生的口语表达和思维组织能力。

常见的口语题型包括：1. 个人陈述题（Personal Preference Questions）：要求考生就个人喜好、习惯或观点进行陈述和讨论。

2. 看图题（Integrated Speaking Tasks）：要求考生根据所给的图片进行描述和分析。

3. 听力反馈题（Integrated Speaking Tasks）：要求考生根据所听到的对话或短文进行回答和反馈。

英语一大小作文多少字
在英语考试中，大小作文的字数要求因考试类型和级别而异。

以下是一些常见的英语考试中作文的字数要求：
1. IELTS（雅思）：
- 小作文（Task 1）：通常要求至少150字。

- 大作文（Task 2）：通常要求至少250字。

2. TOEFL（托福）：
- 综合写作（Integrated Writing）：通常要求至少150-225字。

- 独立写作（Independent Writing）：通常要求至少300字。

3. GRE（美国研究生入学考试）：
- 写作部分的Argument任务：通常要求至少400-500字。

- 写作部分的Issue任务：通常要求至少400-500字。

4. GMAT（经企管理研究生入学考试）：
- 分析写作部分的论证分析（Analysis of an Issue）：通常要求至少200字。

- 分析写作部分的论证评估（Analysis of an Argument）：通常要求至少200字。

5. 高中英语考试（如中国的高考）：
- 小作文：通常要求100-120字左右。

- 大作文：通常要求120-150字左右。

请注意，这些数字是大致的指导性要求，具体的字数要求可能会根据
不同的考试机构和考试版本有所变化。

考生在准备考试时应该查阅最新的考试指南，以确保符合具体的字数要求。