高职英语第二册二三单元课文翻译

1.荷兰人在饭馆吃饭时真的会各自付账吗？Do Dutch people really go Dutch at a restaurant?2.另一方面来说，诚实的人会赢得别人的尊敬。

On the other hand, an honest man win other’s respect.3.无论我说了什么，都请不要生我的气。

Whatever I say, please don’t be mad at me.4.真是难以置信，这样简单的主意以前竟没有人想到。

It is incredible that no one had ever thought of such a simple idea before.5.她的心情一会儿高兴，一会儿绝望。

Her mood alternate between happiness and despair.6.我们必须相信我们所做的事情，即使别人不相信。

We must believe in what we do, even when others don’t.7.在大城市里，在寒冷的冬季，许多老年人死于污染的空气。

During the cold winters in big cities, many old people die from the polluted air.8.我过去习惯早起，并且在早餐前散步一小时。

I used to get up early, and take a walk for one hour before breakfast.9.要在不到一周的时间内完成这项工作，时间困难的事情。

It is hard to finish this work in less than one week.10.到这部戏剧的结尾部分，很多观众都被深深感动了。

A lot of audiences were deeply affected at the end of the drama.11.他以前比现在上门出诊多得多。

Unit31.It’s import‎a nt to know your object‎i ves on a busine‎s s trip,and to set out with those goals in mind and how toaccomp‎l ish them.But along the way,someth‎i ng rather‎amazin‎g happen‎s when you travel‎on busine‎s s.You may go to some pretty‎amazin‎g places‎,and get chance‎s to see things‎you would have never sought‎out on your own.翻译：了解出差的目‎的，出发时牢记目‎标并清楚如何‎达成目标，这些都是很重‎要的。

但在途中也会‎发生一些有趣‎的事情。

你可能会去到‎一些令人惊叹‎的地方，有机会看到你‎自己可能永远‎都发现不了的‎东西。

‎s s.There are times when you have comple‎t ed your work and 2.Busine‎s s trips don’t have to be all about busine,attrac‎t ions and good food.The first resour‎c e to find out what is really‎you can take in some of the local color‎n g is the locals‎. If you go to a farawa‎y town to conduc‎t busine‎s s cool to enjoy in the city or town you are visitiwith a partne‎r or vendor‎, they are often more than happy to show you the lay of the land and what is fun to see and do in the town.翻译：商务旅行不必‎都是生意。

职业英语第二册课文翻译UDocument number【980KGB-6898YT-769T8CB-246UT-18GG08】Unit 1 Text A 职场时装潮流许多人每天都在捕捉职场时装的潮流，以便能与那些衣着时尚得体的人们步调一致。

他们认为按最新潮流穿衣打扮能为自己赢得时尚和时髦的好名声。

尽管这样做合情合理，你还是要小心谨慎。

许多人并没有意识到，追随职场时装潮流有利也有弊。

好处之一，正如上面所提到的，穿一套时髦的衣服去上班，很可能会得到一堆夸奖。

这种感觉很不错，也让人引以为豪。

然而事实上这种追随弊大于利。

例如，职场时装潮流往往不区分工作和职业。

在一家新潮的咖啡馆或零售店工作，着装要求很可能是休闲服。

而在一家法律或保险公司上班，着装则需要更职业化。

不幸的是，很多职场新潮时装是为工作中的一般大众而设计，而非为特定职业设计。

因此一不小心就可能出问题。

在追随这种时装潮流之前，要好好地仔细审视一下所谓的潮流。

比如，潮流是不是时兴半身裙或连衣裙，而不论其长短呢如果确实如此，那么最重要的是要考虑自己的工作性质。

如果是办公室的职业白领，连衣裙就非常适合。

但如果是在零售店当经理，连衣裙或半身裙则可能会妨碍工作，影响工作效率。

很多人会因为穿了时髦的职场时装而备受称赞，但事情并非总是如此。

最不希望的是不但没有受到夸奖，还落下坏名声。

正是因为这个原因，你必须考虑别人对你的看法，你必须确保给别人留下的是个好印象。

到底要不要将职场最时髦的潮流带入衣柜，这个决定得自己做，但在做出决定前请考虑考虑上面提到的问题。

Text B波音公司行为准则波音公司行为准则为全体波音公司员工制定了必须遵守的行为规范。

波音公司的企业经营建立在公平、公正的基础上，符合道德规范和法律、法规。

在企业经营中，诚信是公司处理一切关系的基础，包括公司与客户的关系、供应商和公众的关系以及员工之间的关系。

在履行公司职责时，波音公司要求员工以最高商业道德标准要求自己。

第一课谷歌上过互联网的人都见过谷歌,许多人要在互联网上查找某方面的信息时,他们都会去“谷歌”一下。

作为全世界最有名的互联网搜索引擎,谷歌是网络业界功成名就的最好范例之一。

谷歌始于1996年1月斯坦福大学博士生拉里?佩奇的一个研究项目。

为了找到一种能帮助网络用户搜索到相关网页的更好方法,佩奇设想可以通过检索网页之间的关系来实现。

他认为其他网页链接最多的那些网页一定是最受欢迎的,这项技术结果看起来是成功的。

佩奇和他的合作伙伴谢尔盖?布林于1998年9月7日创建了自己的公司,并在之后的一周注册了这一网址。

这个搜索引擎很快声名鹊起,2000年谷歌开始在自己的网站出售广告。

在投资者的热情资助下,经过几年的发展,谷歌上市了,谷歌的很多雇员一夜之间成了百万富翁。

谷歌最近收购了互联网最大的视频共享网站,而且每天都在不断增加一些新功能,如工具栏、邮件和广告。

当然,成长与成功也带来了竞争。

微软最近就试图收购雅虎以便能在互联网搜索引擎领域与谷歌抗衡。

随着公司的壮大与知名度的提高,谷歌在美国公司就业吸引力的排名也上升到第一。

他们尝试打破传统的办公室设计,努力把办公室变成员工感觉舒适、并能充分发挥自己才华的地方。

现在,谷歌已拥有YouTube、Blogger和其他一些热门网站,并且成为网络广告收入方面的领头羊。

当初两个学生的一个小点子已发展成为一家拥有十亿美元资产的大公司,谷歌也成为全球最著名的商标之一。

谷歌的发展史为当今的网络企业家树立了一个完美的典范,也提供了灵感。

第二课秘书秘书可能会有很多其他不同的头衔,例如行政助理、文员或私人助理。

尽管所有这些头衔都以行政工作为主旨,但它们却反映了不同种类的秘书工作。

秘书岗位十分古老,例如,古希腊和罗马的商人和政客们就曾雇用私人秘书和文员来管理他们的事务。

秘书的工作就是使办公室顺利运转。

秘书的职责范围很广,依据他们所在办公室的不同而各异。

就最低要求来说,秘书要处理信函,跟踪日程安排,管理文件系统,操作电话、传真机、复印机等办公设备。

第一课谷歌上过互联网的人都见过谷歌，许多人要在互联网上查找某方面的信息时，他们都会去“谷歌”一下。

作为全世界最有名的互联网搜索引擎，谷歌是网络业界功成名就的最好范例之一。

谷歌始于1996年1月斯坦福大学博士生拉里?佩奇的一个研究项目。

为了找到一种能帮助网络用户搜索到相关网页的更好方法，佩奇设想可以通过检索网页之间的关系来实现。

他认为其他网页链接最多的那些网页一定是最受欢迎的，这项技术结果看起来是成功的。

佩奇和他的合作伙伴谢尔盖?布林于1998年9月7日创建了自己的公司，并在之后的一周注册了这一网址。

这个搜索引擎很快声名鹊起，2000年谷歌开始在自己的网站出售广告。

在投资者的热情资助下，经过几年的发展，谷歌上市了，谷歌的很多雇员一夜之间成了百万富翁。

谷歌最近收购了互联网最大的视频共享网站，而且每天都在不断增加一些新功能，如工具栏、邮件和广告。

当然，成长与成功也带来了竞争。

微软最近就试图收购雅虎以便能在互联网搜索引擎领域与谷歌抗衡。

随着公司的壮大与知名度的提高，谷歌在美国公司就业吸引力的排名也上升到第一。

他们尝试打破传统的办公室设计，努力把办公室变成员工感觉舒适、并能充分发挥自己才华的地方。

现在，谷歌已拥有YouTube、Blogger和其他一些热门网站，并且成为网络广告收入方面的领头羊。

当初两个学生的一个小点子已发展成为一家拥有十亿美元资产的大公司，谷歌也成为全球最著名的商标之一。

谷歌的发展史为当今的网络企业家树立了一个完美的典范，也提供了灵感。

第二课秘书秘书可能会有很多其他不同的头衔，例如行政助理、文员或私人助理。

尽管所有这些头衔都以行政工作为主旨，但它们却反映了不同种类的秘书工作。

秘书岗位十分古老，例如，古希腊和罗马的商人和政客们就曾雇用私人秘书和文员来管理他们的事务。

秘书的工作就是使办公室顺利运转。

秘书的职责范围很广，依据他们所在办公室的不同而各异。

就最低要求来说，秘书要处理信函，跟踪日程安排，管理文件系统，操作电话、传真机、复印机等办公设备。

高职国际英语进阶综合教程第2册unit2课文原文和译文Text A Office etiquetteOffice etiquette is something that helps you to get along with your colleagues even if you are not on friendly terms. It also helps you make sure that you don’t annoy people with bad habits or comments, and influences how your colleagues will respond to you when you need help. Most office etiquette is unwritten, but this does not mean you should ignore it. There are always codes of conduct that you must pay attention to, as will be made clear in the rest of the article.Be punctual. As a newcomer, you should arrive early, not just on the first day and don’t be the first to leave at the end of the day. Don’t be late for any appointment. It shows that you respect your colleagues’ time and, in return, they will respect your time, too.Respect other people’s privacy. Knock before you enter someone’s office and do not read any correspondence lying on somebody’s desk. If you need to discuss a private matter with a colleague, make sure nobody else can overhear you. Personal issues should not be made into a public topic.Don’t gossip or complain. Sharing professional information is good; gossiping is not. Gossip usually gets passed around quickly and can reflect poorly on you. Limit your comments about your co-workers to positive ones only. It does nothing but harm to complain about anyone, including your boss, your office mate or any co-workers.Don’t disturb others. Always apologise if you inter rupt a discussion, someone’s concentration or other activity. Be aware of how loudly you may be speaking. If people in other cubiclesor offices comment on your conversations, perhaps your voice is too loud. You should either close your office door or lower your voice.Be neat and clean. Take a shower regularly and wear appropriate office clothes. It shows respect for both your colleagues and clients and is a sign that you are professional. Keep your personal workspace clean and neat at all times, for a mes sy desk will make people think that you’re an unorganised person.Be polite to everyone.Smile a lot and be friendly. Treat your co-workers, cleaners, maintenance people and others with the same respect and politeness. Showappreciation for any help offered to you.Be considerate. Wash and return all kitchen items to their proper place and clean anything you have spilt. If you have used the last drop of milk, either tell the person responsible for supplies or buy a replacement. Leave the photocopier in working condition. Return the stapler that you borrowed with at least a few staples left inside. When you use up all the paper in the printer, put more in it for the next person. If a machine jams, try to undo the jam or to tell somebody about it.In short, office etiquette is about being respectful and polite in the office. It is an essential part of growing professionally and becoming a more mature person in the business world.译文：办公室礼仪办公室礼仪能帮助你与同事和睦相处（哪怕关系未必融洽），让你确保自己不因为坏习惯或不当的言论而惹恼别人，进而影响你的同事在你需要帮助时的反应。

The First McDonald's RestaurantEven though the first McDonald's restaurant sold only hamburgers and French fries, it still became a cultural symbol.Now, in the Southern California city of Downey, people are trying to save the first McDonald's restaurant in history.McDonald's, though, says the building should be torn down.Built in 1953, the restaurant in Downey, California, is the oldest of all the Golden Arches in America, and has the earliest McDonald's building design.Many people have good memories of that old McDonald's.These people are angry that the building is now in danger of being destroyed, along with their memories.McDonald's explains that the building was damaged in an earthquake, and therefore needs to be torn down.Many people in the town of Downey don't agree with this line of thinking, though.One woman says, "I think it's terrible. They are using the earthquake as an excuse. It's a big lie."Another Downey resident remarks, "I am so upset. They don't respect the public at all. They haven't even tried. They could do some small repairs and make it a good restaurant again."McDonald's managers say the restaurant is losing money at that location. There is no room for a drive-thru window, or for seating inside.After the earthquake, they say it was impossible to fix.The managers want to build a copy of this building at another location instead.Building inspectors, on the other hand, say that the structure can be repaired, but that it will be expensive.Many people say that McDonald's can certainly afford to pay that amount.Some think that McDonald's real reason for wanting to close down the restaurant has nothing to do with money.Modern McDonald's restaurants often have a sign claiming that a man named Ray Kroc opened the first McDonald's restaurant in Illinois in 1955.The truth, however, is that Mr. Kroc actually learned the fast food business from Dick and Mac McDonald in ter, Mr. Kroc bought their restaurants.Thus, many people in Downey think McDonald's is trying to change history, though the company denies this.To local historians, this explanation makes total sense.One historian said, "We should not rewrite the past. Ray Kroc did not invent McDonald's. The McDonald brothers did."These days, a group of historians want the building to be added to the National Register of Historic Places so that the city of Downey will be able to stop McDonald's from tearing the building down.The McDonald's managers are very angry, and have abandoned the structure.Everyone hopes that the McDonald's managers and the people of Downey will soon find peace.The building is still there, but boards cover the windows.Even so, people drive by to remember their McDonald's, taking pictures of a moment in history before it gets taken away.第一家麦当劳餐馆虽说第一家麦当劳餐馆只售汉堡包和薯条，它还是成为了一种文化象征。

高职国际英语2课文翻译沃尔沃翻译：办公室礼节办公室礼节是帮助你与同事相处的东西，即使你的关系不友好。

它还可以帮助你确保你不会用坏习惯或评论惹恼别人，并影响同事在你需要帮助时如何回应你。

大多数办公室礼仪都是不成文的，但这并不意味着你应该忽视它。

总有一些行为准则是你必须注意的，这将在本文的其余部分中阐明。

？要准时。

作为一名新来者，你应该提前到达，而不仅仅是在第一天，也不要在一天结束时第一个离开。

约会不要迟到。

这表明你尊重同事的时间，作为回报，他们也会尊重你的时间。

？尊重他人的隐私。

在你进入某人的办公室之前敲门，不要看别人桌子上的任何信件。

如果你需要和同事讨论一件私事，确保没有人能无意中听到。

个人问题不应该成为公共话题。

？不要八卦或抱怨。

分享专业信息很好；八卦不是。

流言蜚语通常传播得很快，会给你带来负面影响。

把你对同事的评论限制在积极的方面。

抱怨任何人都是有害的，包括你的老板、同事或任何同事。

？不要打扰别人。

如果你打断了一场讨论、某人的注意力或其他活动，一定要道歉。

注意你说话的声音。

如果其他隔间或办公室的人对你的谈话发表评论，可能是你的声音太大了。

你要么关上办公室的门，要么小声点。

？保持整洁。

定期淋浴，穿上合适的办公服。

这表明你对同事和客户的尊重，也表明你很专业。

始终保持你的个人工作空间干净整洁，因为凌乱的办公桌会让人觉得你是一个没有条理的人。

？对每个人都要有礼貌。

多微笑，多友善。

以同样的尊重和礼貌对待你的同事、清洁工、维修人员和其他人。

Disney Mirrors American CultureLast fall, the Walt Disney Company did something rare: it admitted defeat in its fight to build a history theme park in Virginia.The park was going to be called "Disney's America".Some people might be wondering, however, if Disney lost the battle but won the war, as it seems everyone is living in Disney's America these days.With its purchase of Capital Cities/ABC Inc. last month, the company founded by Walter Elias Disney in 1923 deepened its claim on American culture. In fact, it would be hard to find another company so widely respected—even loved—by Americans.Americans rush out to see Disney films, and then replay them—on videotapes; they read Disney books to their children;they watch Disney shows on Disney TV;they make trips to Disneyland and Disney World, where they stay in Disney hotels and eat Disney food;Americans buy Disney products at Disney stores, and listen to Disney records of Disney songs.The world of Disney is becoming anything but small.All this makes some people more than a little upset. Harold Bloom, a professor at Yale University, provides an examination of the cultural history of Western society."At the end of this road lies cultural uniformity of the worst kind. It's just terrible."This is becoming a popular opinion in universities around the world."Disney products," said Paul Fussell, a professor of English at the University of Pennsylvania, "have always seemed to me seriously sub-adult."Those who oppose Disney (and there are many) see its films and by-products as sexist, racist and as simpler, cheered-up accounts of American history and folklore."There's a kind of protection at work here," said Henry Giroux, a professor at Penn State University. Like all those opposed to Disney, he can list, in detail, Disney's many crimes against culture:he is very angry, for example, about the treatment of American Indians in Pocahontas."I mean, the entire history of what happened to the Indians, which some people would call the murder of their people, is sort of played out as a love story," he said angrily.Giroux said he believes that Disney has become a basic educator of America's children, most of whom will be able to perform every word of The Lion King long before they even learn US President Abraham Lincoln's historic Gettysburg Address.However, even the most strongly opposed are quick to note that Disney has many positive values—cheerfulness, good-hearted fun, and a tradition of artistic quality—that help explain its success. Critical or not, most of those who oppose the company are Disney customers themselves.迪斯尼——美国文化的一面镜子去年秋天，沃尔特·迪斯尼公司做了一件罕见的事情：它承认自己争取在弗吉尼亚州建造一个历史主题公园的努力失败了。

•青少年开始创业•埃里克·塞斯莱维兹在过去的两个月内兜售生意。

面对萧条的职场前景，这位18岁的少年已把自己对打击乐器的热情转移到赚钱的冒险中。

•这位俄亥俄州米尔福德市的高三学生建立了一个网站，来促销他作为乐鼓教练的服务项目，印刷商业名片，并宣传说他已开张营业。

•他有8名学生，年龄从8岁到50岁不等。

他希望每个月通过上课能够获得400美元的收入，而且通过演出挣更多的钱。

•在日渐萎缩的就职机会中，很多同龄人也在呼应自己内心想当一个实业家的梦想。

倡导小型企业管理部门办公室说，2006年龄在25岁以下的自主创业者有49. 2万人。

但专家说由于工作岗位短缺，今年这个数字可能会上升。

•目前严峻的就业市场已经使得更多孩子签约于像国际青年成就组织和美国国家创业指导基金会这样指导年轻人的团体所提供的创业项目。

“孩子们都积极思考开始自己创业，”国际成就组织美国主席杰克·库塞库维斯基说。

•“这或许是出于需要，因为没有很多就业岗位。

但他们还看到那些对公司忠心耿耿多年的家长和其他成年人一一被解雇，因此这些孩子或许在思考，‘嗨。

或许我自己当老板情况就会好得多。

’”•很多自主创业的孩子将利用他们的经营来积攒一些暑假的开销资金，但这些刚成立的公司可能会发展成规模更大的公司。

•作为一名10多岁的青少年，汤米·希绯格在他的家乡纽约州埃尔迈拉城销售定做的衣服。

微软专家比尔·盖茨在上高中时就参与创建了一个针对交通量调查的数据公司。

•今天，就让我们看看利安娜·阿彻和贾斯敏·劳伦斯吧。

作为一名初中生，13岁的阿彻经常被问到她在长长的黑发上经常使用什么产品。

她不久开始销售纯天然的护发素，它来自一个家庭秘方。

她于2005年在纽约州中伊斯力普市的家中正式创办了利安娜公司。

•生意做得很好，她卖的护发和保健品系列产品已超过12种。

她的网站是www．1eannashair．tom。

丹·布瑞斯追特公司的一份报告估计它的年销售收入为14万美元。

SL-3Teaching PlanWorkPart 3 Translation & WritingTranslationPractice1. 坐在我父母中间的那个小男孩是我的堂弟杰克。

2. 我发现他在会议结束前溜走了。

3. 你不在的时候，请不要让机器运转着。

4. 我感觉到有人在拍我的肩膀。

5. 坐在后面的人请保持安静好吗？WritingPractice✐Sample 1Dear Xiao Zhang,I am writing to apologize for not having kept my appointment with you this afternoon. I am terribly sorry to have kept you waiting for me.I completely forgot about our appointment until it was too late, I am sorry. I am very busy these days and have been on the run from morning till night. I hope you will forgive me, and I think we should set another time if possible.Sincerely yours,Xiao Li✐Sample 2Dear Xiao Zhang,I am terribly sorry that I broke the appointment this morning. I hope that you can forgive me for my carelessness.In fact I went to meet you at the very time we had set, but I went to the wrong place. I waited there for half an hour when I realized that I had made a mistake: I forgot we had changed the meeting place. You know that I am disappointed in my love affair, and feel so depressed that I become absent-minded and forgetful. I expect your forgiveness. We can set another time if possible.Truly yours,Xiao LiPart 4 GrammarPractice1. lose2. goes3. has4. passed, shot5. says6. is7. leave, is8. will rain9. are 10. movePart 5 Further DevelopmentOral Work✐Samples—— Yes, I do. Part-time jobs can bring me a lot of benefits. In addition to the salary I get, by taking part-time jobs I can practice what I have learned at college. And at work, I can develop my communication skills, broaden my horizon and experience the so-called ‘real world’. Compared with wasting much time on computer games, it is more interesting todo some part-time jobs and make new friends. The very first and special experience can be priceless in my life.——No. I don’t think it is a good idea for students to take part-time jobs. The main task for students is to study. Students should devote all their energy to their studies. The part-time jobs often distract students’ attention from their studies. On the other hand, they won’t get the fu n of being students. There will be plenty of time for them to train their working skills and make money in the future, but they have college life only once.✐Samples1. ——I’d like to be a surgeon in the future. Wearing a white overall, a surge on looks nice. Ialso feel that being a doctor is a rewarding job. You keep people healthy, treat patients and bring boundless vitality to them. You can get a sense of achievement from curing a patient. What’s more, being a surgeon, you have to solve many problems and overcome lots of difficulties. Isn’t that challenging and interesting?2. ——Running my own company is my ideal job. It’s really exciting to own your owncompany. I believe one day my dream will come true. Just as Eleanor Roosevelt once said, “The future belongs to those who believe in the beauty of their dreams.” Now I’m majoring in economics and foreign trade. I will make the most of the college days to laya good foundation for my future career. Moreover, I will do part-time jobs to improvemy interpersonal skills.Written Work☞Phrase Translation1. make an investment2. look up to3. learn one’s lesson4. help (sb.) out5. solve problems☞Blank Filling1. pride2. successful3. operation4. sleeping5. describing6. confidence7. walking8. had left9. decided 10. sought☞Cloze1. 答案：A. which。

Unit 3Rail GaugeRail gaugeRail gauge is the distance between the inner sides of the heads of the two load bearing rails that make up a single railway line. Sixty percent of the world's railways use a standard gauge of 1,435 mm. Wider gauges are called broad gauge; smaller gauges, narrow gauge. Break-of-gauge refers to the meeting of different gauges. Some stretches of track are dual gauge, with three or four rails, allowing trains of different gauges to share them. Gauge conversion can resolve break-of-gauge problems.New railways, especially recent high speed rails, are usually built to standard gauge. Advantages are: It facilitates inter-running with neighbouring railways. Locomotives and rolling stock can be ordered from manufacturers' standard designs and do not need to be custom built.Generally speaking, of the gauges between 1,000 mm and 1,700 mm , standard gauge works well enough. The broader or narrower gauges in this range are not enough to overcome the disadvantages of any break of gauge in a railway system.Historically, the choice of gauge was partly arbitrary and partly a response to local conditions. Narrow-gauge railways are cheaper to build and can negotiate sharper curves but broad-gauge railways give greater stability and permit higher speeds.译文铁路轨距铁路轨距是两根承重钢轨顶端内侧之间的距离，这两根钢轨构成一条铁路线。

Unit 2TrackThe track on a railway is the structure consisting of the rails, fasteners, sleepers and ballast . Notwithstanding modern technical developments, the overwhelmingly dominant track form worldwide consists of flat-bottom steel rails supported on timber or pre-stressed concrete sleepers, which are themselves laid on crushed stone ballast.Most railroads with heavy traffic use continuously welded rails supported by sleepers. Timber sleepers are of many available timbers, and are often treated with creosote, or other wood preservative. Pre-stressed concrete sleepers are often used where timber is scarce and where tonnage or speeds are high. Steel is used in some applications.The track ballast is customarily crushed stone, and the purpose of this is to support the ties and allow some adjustment of their position, while allowing free drainage.A disadvantage of traditional track structures is the heavy demand for maintenance. Weakness of the subgrade and drainage deficiencies also lead to heavy maintenance costs. This can be overcome by using ballastless track. In its simplest form this consists of a continuous slab of concrete (like a highway structure) with the rails supported directly on its upper surface .However ballastless track is very expensive in first cost. Its whole life cost can be lower because of the great reduction in maintenance requirement. Ballastless track is usually considered for new very high speed or very high loading routes.For much of the 20th century, rail track used softwood timber ties and jointed rails. The rails were typically of flat bottom section fastened to the ties with dogspikes through a flat tieplate. Jointed rails were used, at first because the technology did not offer any alternative. However the intrinsic weakness in resistingvertical loading results in the ballast support becoming depressed and a heavy maintenance workload is imposed to prevent unacceptable geometrical defects at the joints. The joints also required to be lubricated, and wear at the fishplate (joint bar) mating surfaces needed to be rectified by shimming. For this reason jointed track is not financially appropriate for heavily operated railroads.译文轨道铁路轨道是由铁轨、紧固件、枕木和道渣组成的结构。

Unit 1Each day, many people are looking for trends in workplace clothing, so that they can“fit in ”with the fashionable or well-dressed crowd. They believe that dressing in the latest fashion trends may give them the reputation of being fashionable and trendy. While it is more than possible to do this, you need to display caution.许多人每天都在捕捉职场时装的潮流，以便能与那些衣着时尚得体的人们步调一致。

他们认为按最新潮流穿衣打扮能为自己赢得时尚和时髦的好名声。

尽管这样做合情合理，你还是要小心谨慎。

What many people do not realize is that there are a number of pros and cons of relying on workplace fashion trends. One of those pros was mentioned above. When you wear a fashionable outfit to work, there is a good chance that you will receive a lot of compliments on your outfit. This is a nice feeling and it is one that makes many feel proud.许多人并没有意识到，追随职场时装潮流有利也有弊。

好处之一，正如上面所提到的，穿一套时髦的衣服去上班，很可能会得到一堆夸奖。