UTAR NEW VILLAGE COMMUNITY PROJECTREPORTNAME OF NEW VILLAGE

题目1正确获得1.00分中的1.00分标记题目题干Judy doesn't like to play games that require her to think hard.选择一项：对错反馈正确的答案是“错”。

题目2正确获得1.00分中的1.00分标记题目题干Henry is good at darts.选择一项：对错反馈正确的答案是“对”。

题目3正确获得1.00分中的1.00分标记题目题干Henry used to play dominos with his parents every day.选择一项：对错反馈正确的答案是“错”。

题目4正确获得1.00分中的1.00分标记题目题干Judy enjoys playing cards online.选择一项：对错反馈正确的答案是“错”。

题目5正确获得1.00分中的1.00分标记题目题干Judy is an expert at mahjong.选择一项：对错反馈正确的答案是“错”。

跳到主要内容题目1标记题目题干Cepheus can play poker but cannot defeat human opponents.选择一项：对错反馈正确的答案是“错”。

题目2正确获得1.00分中的1.00分标记题目题干Deep Blue can play poker as well and once defeated a world champion inchess.选择一项：对错反馈正确的答案是“错”。

题目3正确获得1.00分中的1.00分标记题目题干In order to refine its play in poker, Cepheus was trained to play with hands ofthe entire human race.选择一项：对错反馈正确的答案是“错”。

题目4正确获得1.00分中的1.00分标记题目题干Cepheus is eveloped aiming at beating all human players.选择一项：对反馈正确的答案是“错”。

１ 学校地域の概要ＰＴＡ会長：権 代 健 一校 長：藤 本 和 義会 員 数：204名（家庭数183 教職員21）児 童 数：254名本学校の校区は、萩市椿地区全体であり、阿武川が三角州を形成するあたりの南岸沖積平野と、それに続く谷筋からなっている。

古くは農村地域であり、江戸時代は毛利氏の城下町萩の玄関口（大木戸）にあたり、現在も交通の要衝となっている。

近年、バイパス整備に伴い、団地、住宅、商店も増えてきている。

近隣には、市民体育館やウェルネスパークなどの体育施設、市民病院、福祉総合施設かがやきなどの医療、福祉関係の施設もあり、学習の場となっている。

また、「つばき田んぼの会」「本読み姫」「花綱会」「椿寿会」などに代表されるように、保護者や地域住民の学校教育への関心が高く、協力的な学校支援の土壌がある。

学校の沿革については、学制発布により、明治６年（1873年）１月、椿町小学（椿村字原）と大谷小学（椿村字大屋）が設立され、同19年（1886年）５月、両校を統合し、椿西小学校と称した。

校舎は金谷天神社前の地に新設された。

明治25年（1892年）10月、学制改革により椿西尋常高等小学校と改称した。

その後、大正３年（1914年）、濁淵（字立川）に移転新築し、そして、昭和40年（1965年）には、鉄筋コンクリート製の校舎に改築した。

教育活動等では、昭和46年学校環境緑化活動全国特選、昭和55年育友会文部大臣賞、平成13年青少年読書感想文全国コンクール学校賞、食品容器環境美化協会リサイクル活動部門優秀校（全国）、平成17年度読売新聞社「きらめきっ子」大賞最優秀賞、文部科学省読書活動優秀実践校などの輝かしい成果をあげてきた。

さらに、平成16年度から文部科学省指定子どもの体力向上推進事業実施校（～18年度）、県教育委員会指定ＮＩＥ実施校（～17年度）、17年度からは文部科学省指定コミュニティ・スクール事業推進校（～18年度）として、時代に即応した実践を積み重ねてきている。

Designing and Manufacturing an Appropriate Technology Shredder in a Developing CountryJeffrey P. WeissAn Engineering Project submitted to the faculty of the School of Engineering in partial fulfillment of the requirements of the Masters of Manufacturing Systems Engineering degreeUniversity of St. ThomasSt. Paul, MinnesotaDecember 2005AbstractThe focus of this project was to redesign a simple manual shredding machine used to shred breadfruit for the Republic of Haiti. A breadfruit shredder previously designed by a student senior design team was used as the basis for this project. The objective was to apply manufacturing principles, such as Design for Manufacturing and Assembly (DFMA), to simplify and reduce the cost of this machine so that it would be more accessible to poor farmers in Haiti. Each part of the shredder was examined using the DFMA methodology to determine if it could be eliminated or redesigned to simplify it while still making a quality product that met the performance criteria. The limitations of manufacturing a product in a developing country were also taken into consideration and played a key role in the outcome of the design. The result was a design that had a reduced number of parts, was more robust, easier to clean, simpler to build in a developing country, used materials that were more commonly available, and cost less to make.Revised Tommy Breadfruit ShredderAcknowledgementsI would like to acknowledge and send my sincerest thanks to my Project Committee of Dr. Camille George, Dr. Fred Zimmerman, and Mr. John Walker. They contributed numerous ideas during both the project phase and during the writing process. This resulted in a much better product that will hopefully improve the lives of people around the world. Dr. George also spent a great deal of time correcting and critiquing the writing of someone who was unaccustomed to writing in the academic thesis style.Many other people also lent a voice to the project during the research and design review phases. This would include Karl Mueller, Bruce Humphrey, Hank Garwick, Dave Elton, John Schevenius, Gary Olmstead, Fred Hegele, Pat O'Malley, Troy Pontgras, Yvonne Ng, and Clay Solberg. These people took the time to help and offered ideas that had previously been missed, resulting in a better product.I would also like to acknowledge the contribution of Dr. Mike Hennessey at the University of St. Thomas and the work of five of his undergraduate students. Justin Jackelen, Michael Boston, Angela Wachira, Keli Lais, and Matt Ellision took on the task of turning the revised breadfruit shredder drawings into computer animated Solidworks models. This contributed greatly to the visual understanding of the project and presentation. They also provided the fabrication prints that accompany this paper.Table of ContentsChapter I: Introduction (1)The Haitian Situation (2)Breadfruit (3)The Tommy Shredder (5)The Beneficiaries (5)Project Motivation (6)Chapter II: Research and Prior Work (7)UST Senior Design Team Work (7)Literature Search (9)Compatible Technology, International (11)Institutional Libraries (15)Research and International Organizations (15)Expert Inquires (17)Chapter III: Project Proposal (18)Project Objectives (18)Alternative Methods (20)Project Constraints (21)Project Budget (23)Financial Justification (23)Chapter IV: Findings and Results (24)Redesign Process (25)Design for Manufacture and Assembly Process (25)Alternative Designs (29)Design Reviews (30)Design Modifications (33)Fabrication Lessons (38)Design Variations (40)Shredder Blade Project (41)Testing the Redesigned Shredder (45)Redesign Results (47)Schedule (50)Final Budget (51)Chapter V: Discussion and Ramifications (52)Project Dissemination (52)Implementing the Shredder in Developing Countries (53)Project Obstacles (54)Bibliography: (57)Appendices (60)Appendix 1: Revisions 1 and 2 (60)Appendix 2: Revisions 3 and 4 (61)Appendix 3: Revisions 5 and 6 (62)Appendix 4: Revision 7 and 8 (63)Appendix 5: Breadfruit Shredder Exploded Layout (64)Appendix 6: Bill of Materials – Breadfruit Shredder (65)Appendix 7: Frame Plate Fabrication (67)Appendix 8: Drive Shaft Fabrication (69)Appendix 9: Feeder Tube Fabrication (70)Appendix 10: Blade Mount Fabrication (71)Appendix 11: Shredder Press Weight Fabrication (73)Appendix 12: Shredder Assembly Instructions (74)Appendix 13: Original Project Schedule (77)Appendix 14: Revised Project Schedule (78)Appendix 15: Preliminary Sketch by John Walker (79)Appendix 16: Contributions by Karl Mueller (80)Appendix 17: Drawing #001 – Frame Plate (82)Appendix 18: Drawing #002 – Drive Shaft (83)Appendix 19: Drawing #003 – Feeder Tube (84)Appendix 20: Drawing #004 – Drive Shaft Bearing (85)Appendix 21: Drawing #005 – Handle (86)Appendix 22: Drawing #006 – Blade Mount (87)Appendix 23: Drawing #007 – Center Divider (88)Appendix 24: Drawing #008 – Center Divider Spacer Tube (89)Appendix 25: Drawing #009 – Shredder Press Weight (90)Table of FiguresFigure 1: Map of the Republic of Haiti (CIA Fact Book, 2005) (3)Figure 2: Fruit of the Breadfruit Tree () (4)Figure 3: Senior Design Team Shredder (8)Figure 4: Garwick/Elton Breadfruit Shredder (13)Figure 5: Garwick/Elton Bicycle Drive Mechanism (14)Figure 6: Original Tommy Shredder Exploded View (28)Figure 7: Handle/Drive Shaft Changes (34)Figure 8: Drive Shaft Bearing Changes (35)Figure 9: Frame Plate Changes (35)Figure 10: Center Divider Changes (36)Figure 11: Blade Mount Changes (37)Figure 12: Combined Feeder Tube Hoop and Spacer (38)Figure 13: Alignment of Bushing Supports (39)Figure 14: Wooden Bushing Variation (41)Figure 15: Shredder Blade Profile Die, Profile Punch, and Hole Template (43)Figure 16: Fabricated Blade (45)Figure 17: The Revised Tommy Shredder (48)Table of TablesTable 1: Haiti Facts (CIA Fact Book, 2005) (2)Table 2: Proposed Budget (23)Table 3: Shredder Punch Hole Test (44)Table 4: Final Budget (52)Chapter I: IntroductionThis project will focus on redesigning for manufacture a simple breadfruit shredder for the Republic of Haiti. As one of the poorest nations in the Western hemisphere, Haiti is a country that lacks a stable government, education system, manufacturing base, or infrastructure. Malnutrition is a problem to the extent that the United States Department of State estimated that the child malnutrition rate was 22 percent in 2000(). Breadfruit is a natural food resource that is underutilized because it rots quickly and is difficult to store using traditional methods. Drying breadfruit can extend its shelf life and this process is best done when the shreds are even and consistent.A simple manual shredder was developed to produce consistent shreds for the inhabitants of Haiti by a group of senior engineering students at the University of Saint Thomas (UST) in conjunction with Compatible Technology International (CTI), an international non-profit organization. The student version of the shredder was designed and tested and found to meet all of the criteria that they had established. Despite meeting the requirements, the machine had the potential to be optimized to better reflect the manufacturing capabilities available in a developing country. This paper will document the redesign process and look at the manufacturing principles that drove this process. The end result was a machine that was simpler to build with the basic machine tools that would normally be found in a developing country such as Haiti, used materials that were more commonly available, had a reduced number of parts, was more robust, was easier to clean, and had a reduced cost.The Haitian SituationHaiti is considered to be the poorest and most destitute country in the Western hemisphere (CIA Fact Book, 2005). A majority of its population lives in poverty and relies on subsistence farming for survival. It has a long history of political upheaval and unrest since it gained its independence from France in 1804. The rotation of various governments and civil wars has hindered investment in the country and led to high unemployment and dismal living conditions for its inhabitants. The education system is broken or non-existent and there has been an exodus of knowledge from the island as people flee the dire conditions and turmoil.Table 1: Haiti Facts (CIA Fact Book, 2005)Population (Estimate, 2004): 8,121,622Land Area: 27,750 sq kmAverage Life Expectancy: 53 yearsPopulation Below Poverty Line: 80%Percentage of Population in Agriculture: 66%Unemployment Rate (no formal job): 66%Average Literacy Rate: 52%Figure 1: Map of the Republic of Haiti (CIA Fact Book, 2005)Most of the original Haitian forests have been cut down for fuel and the desire to cultivate more land. The weak governments have been unable or unwilling to confront this problem and it has continued unchecked. This deforestation has resulted in massive land erosion in the mountainous country and a net loss of arable land (CIA Fact Book, 2005). Breadfruit trees are abundant throughout the island and are one of the few trees that have survived the deforestation process.BreadfruitBreadfruit is an important food source and has become a staple for the inhabitants of warmer islands in the Caribbean Sea and Pacific Ocean. It has some nutritional value anda high starch content (Adebowale, 2005). Typical ways of preparing breadfruit are grilling, roasting, adding it to soups, and mashing.Figure 2: Fruit of the Breadfruit Tree ()One of the unique properties of breadfruit is its limited shelf life. Once it ripens and comes off of the tree, it will last between one and three days ( ). The breadfruit trees of Haiti produce fruit twice a year for a three week period (six weeks per year). Much of the fruit rots on the ground because of the inability to consume it all for the short time that it is in season (Capecchi, 2005). Typical preservation methods for fruit, such as canning, can be done but these value-adding processes are not common in Haiti and will increase the price of the food. A more economical way of preserving the breadfruit needed to be developed to utilize its potential to alleviate long-term hunger on the island.The Tommy ShredderThe development of a breadfruit harvesting process was taken on by two groups of senior mechanical engineering students as their Senior Design Projects in the 2003-2004 academic year. The first team attempted to devise a solar drier to quickly dehydrate the shredded breadfruit. The drying project showed that the shredded fruit could be successfully air-dried with an optimal shred size of ½” wide (Emiliusen, Mauritzen, McGruder, and Torgerson, 2004). The dried product can be stored for up to a year.The second team worked on developing a small, economical shredder that could efficiently and quickly process the breadfruit down into shreds so that it could be dried (Anderson, Fox, Rick, and Spah, 2004). The concept and methodology for the basic shredder design was done by the senior design team as was the testing to prove out the final design and will not be repeated in this paper. The purpose of this project was to examine and simplify the design, focusing primarily on its manufacturability.The BeneficiariesThe target beneficiaries of this shredder will be women’s cooperative groups based in Haiti. CTI, whose mission is to bring appropriate technologies to help increase food supplies and storage capacities in the developing world, has been working with the Methodist Church missions in Haiti on preserving breadfruit. Dried breadfruit can be ground into flour and local CTI volunteers have created several recipes using this breadfruit flour as the bulk material. UST teamed up with CTI to develop a simple shredder that could be used to shred the breadfruit. The goal of this joint project was tocreate a shredder that was simple to use and economical to manufacture so that local versions could be bought with micro-loans managed by the Methodist Church of Haiti. CTI also planned on helping set up a program to buy the shredded/ground breadfruit and process it into a cereal for Haitian school children (Capecchi, 2004). The plan was to take a resource, preserve it and add value, and then process it to create a commercial good. The objective of this undertaking is to give the women’s co-ops a starter model shredder that would allow them to generate some income from a readily available raw material.This shredder is also capable of processing a variety of different produce. There have been inquiries into its ability to shred cassava, sweet potatoes, and red peppers. The alternative uses of the shredder will not be explored here but the final design for this project will be made readily available and has potential uses worldwide. It will also be submitted to appropriate technology journals to broaden its dissemination.Project MotivationThe author of this master’s engineering project has spent time in developing countries and realized that there are often raw materials that are not fully utilized and exploited. The people generally lack the knowledge to manufacture items in large volumes and have limited manufacturing equipment, start-up money, a reliable source of power, or an infrastructure to transport the goods (Obi, 1999). However, these people are extremely creative and will adapt what they have on hand to work in almost any situation (Humphrey, 2005). The motivation for this project was to help the people develop theirown economy and hopefully raise their standard of living. This project will not only benefit the women of Haiti, it will help the local machine shops, provide work at the processing plant, and give the children of Haiti a stable, year around diet.Chapter II: Research and Prior WorkThe research for this project consisted of searching major journals, books on manufacturing in developing countries, contacting major research libraries, and personal contacts with experts in various fields. Many avenues for help were explored to gather information to improve the final design. The research phase of this project found that the work done by the UST senior design team was one of the few to address the issue of constructing a simple shredder for manufacture and use in a developing country.UST Senior Design Team WorkThis project is based on the work previously done by a University of Saint Thomas (UST) senior engineering design team whose goal was to develop the original breadfruit shredder based on the needs of the country of Haiti and the criteria established by Compatible Technology, International (CTI). The purpose of the original project was to “find the most efficient means of mechanically shredding breadfruit to best prepare the fruit for the drying process” (Anderson et al, 2004). The team developed concepts and tested many different methods of shredding the breadfruit and the mechanical actuators that would be needed for each prototype. The concepts were evaluated and ranked and the team chose the method best suited for their needs. The ‘Tommy Shredder’ developedby the student senior design team is shown in Figure 3 and their paper can be found on the UST website at /cmgeorge/breadfruit_shredder/.Figure 3: Senior Design Team ShredderThe senior design team had originally planned on testing the shredder in its target environment of Haiti but that country was not accessible at the time due to political unrest. A prototype shredder was built and brought to the Caribbean island of St. Vincent where there was an ample supply of breadfruit and established contacts. On the island of St. Vincent, the design was field-tested using breadfruit and the results recorded. The shredder met all of the target criteria established by CTI and the design team. It produced an average shred rate of 200 pounds/hour and cost less than $100 dollars U.S. to build (Anderson et al, 2004). This shredder became the baseline for the current project.Literature SearchA literature search done using the Compendex database at the University of Minnesota found several articles that were possibly related or relevant to the design of the breadfruit shredder. These articles were retrieved and analyzed with the result being that a majority were not related or did not contain information relevant to the design of an appropriate technology machine. Many of the applicable articles are referenced throughout this paper while those with less relevance to the project are cited in this section.In ‘Functional Properties of Native, Physically and Chemically Modified Breadfruit (Artocarpus Artilis) Starch’, Adebowale, Olu-Owolabi, Olawumi, and Lawal (2005) dealt with extracting starch from breadfruit. In the ‘Rediscovery of Local Raw Materials: New Opportunities for Developing Countries’, El-Mously (1997) discussed ways that developing countries could use local, undervalued resources to reduce their dependence on foreign imports. Breadfruit would be an undervalued resource on most Caribbean islands but the article did not provide information that would be relevant to the design of a shredder or this project. In the ‘Framework for Selecting and Introducing Appropriate Production Technology in Developing Countries’, Bruun and Mefford (1996) looked at working with the culture and education of developing countries when setting up a production facility. These are issues that will not be dealt with in this paper. In the ‘Role of Materials in Developing Countries’, Villas-Boas (1990) discussed the lack of use of new, high-tech materials in developing countries due to their cost and availability. Every effort was made to design the shredder using only common materials that would typicallybe available in a poor, developing country. In the ‘Supplier Selection in Developing Countries: a Model Development’, Motwani, Youssef, Kathawala, and Futch (1999) discussed issues involving selecting or qualifying vendors to produce a product. This will be the responsibility of the organization having the shredder built, and is beyond the scope of this project.A search of the Internet using the Google – Advanced Scholar provided more papers that had some relevance. Thakur, Varma, and Goldey (2001) in the ‘Perceptions of Drudgery in Agriculture and Animal Husbandry Operations: A Gender Analysis From Haryana State, India’ discusses the fact that women in developing countries spend much more time working in agriculture than men and the tasks given to them are more monotonous and tedious. The article supports the need for a device like the breadfruit shredder that has the potential to lift them out of that situation. In ‘A Framework for Implementing Appropriate Manufacturing Systems in Developing Economies’, Obi (1999) looked for explanations on why the Industrial Revolution passed by most developing countries and explored ways that these countries can start utilizing their vast manpower resources. He discusses the need to change workers attitudes. Finally, in ‘Meeting a Pressing Need’, Hynd and Smith (2004) discuss a simple oilseed ram press as an appropriate technology device for small scale extracting of oil from seeds and nuts. They examine some of the cultural issues that were associated with implementing the oilseed ram. The insights of this article could be used as a guide for undertaking the next phase of the shredder project; implementation into the Haitian culture. They briefly talk about some of themanufacturing difficulties, such as poor quality, associated with producing goods in a developing country.The best book relating to appropriate technology equipment used in developing countries is the ‘Appropriate Technology Sourcebook’ compiled by Darrow and Saxenian (1993). It is considered ‘The Bible’ by people in the appropriate technology field, such as those at CTI (Humphreys, 2005). The book is a resource listing appropriate technology machine books and papers that are available for purchase from other sources. It does not contain any designs of its own, but it does give a brief description of the contents of the papers and designs that are available for order. A search of this book and the updated website did not reveal any designs for manual shredders or grinders(/atnetwork/atsourcebook/index).Compatible Technology, InternationalCompatible Technology, International (CTI) () is an excellent local resource for dealing with appropriate technology in developing countries and has extensive connections throughout the world. It is an organization dedicated to using simple devices to improve food production and storage in the third world. They are a stakeholder in the design and development of the original shredder. The director of CTI is Bruce Humphreys who granted an interview on issues dealing with manufacturing in developing countries (2005). Some of the key points that he brought up were:Manufacturers in developing countries do not necessarily build parts to a fabrication print. Everything is custom and will look similar to what is desired,but is not quite the same.Creativity is not rewarded in many cultures and there is a desire to continue doing things the old way.Expectations in quality and standards will probably not be met. They do not typically produce to the same quality as is expected in the U.S.There are cultural norms and practices that will be slow to change and may not be overcome. This would primarily relate to the target market of women. Womentend to not use machines, thus the design must be easy to use and relatively toolfree.These assertions by Mr. Humphrey were reinforced in other literature relating to the topic (Obi, 1999).Hank Garwick and Dave Elton are the two CTI volunteers who are most closely tied into the Haiti mission. They have made several trips to Haiti on humanitarian missions associated with both CTI and the Methodist Church. The two offered insight into the Haitian mindset, manufacturing capabilities in Haiti, and experience in shredding breadfruit. Their comments on the manufacturing capabilities in Haiti were that “we would be lucky to find someone who could read a print, and even if they can they probably won’t follow it” (Garwick, 2005).Garwick and Elton were not satisfied with the work of the UST senior design team and continued to develop the shredder after the senior design team’s project ended. They made several small modifications to the design, built a prototype, and brought it down to Haiti to be tested (Fig. 4). The Garwick/Elton version of the shredder did not work as well as intended and did not produce the desired shred rate found by the UST engineering team (Garwick, 2005). It is unclear why this was the case. Several of the better design changes that they made to their shredder were incorporated into the current shredder design. These would include the sheet metal center divider and ideas on the retainer for the shredding blade.Figure 4: Garwick/Elton Breadfruit ShredderGarwick and Elton believed strongly that the prime power for the operation of the shredder should be a leg driven bicycle type mechanism instead of the current hand powered crank. Figure 5 shows a bicycle drive assembly that they added to a shredder (Garwick, 2005). This project is focused on producing a shredder for the poorest of people in Haiti and it was felt that a bicycle type mechanism would significantly add to the cost of the machine while making it unnecessarily complex. It is expected that this shredder will only be fully utilized for several weeks a year during the breadfruit harvest and would not justify the higher cost. The current design is one such that a bicycle type drive could be added to the shredder at a later date if desired by the user.Figure 5: Garwick/Elton Bicycle Drive MechanismInstitutional LibrariesThe United States Military Academy at West Point has an extensive library relating to military manuals and papers. The U.S. military routinely performs operations in developing countries and the units typically tasked with helping the local population are the Civil Affairs units and the Special Operations Forces. These units are often involved in nation building and community development and have close contact with the people. Daniel Prichard, a research librarian at the library, was contacted about any pamphlets, articles, or papers that the library may have on a shredder or appropriate technologies in developing countries. Mr. Prichard found nothing relevant at the Academy’s library (Prichard, 2004).A search of the University of St. Thomas’s and the University of Minnesota’s library systems found no books or on-site literature that was relevant to the design of the breadfruit shredder.Research and International OrganizationsThe Hawaiian Breadfruit Institute is an organization based in Hawaii whose mission is “to promote the study and use of Breadfruit for food and reforestation”( ). It tracks and propagates the 120 known varieties of breadfruit found on the islands of the Pacific Ocean and Caribbean Sea. Dr. Diane Ragone, director of the Hawaiian Breadfruit Institute, was contacted regarding the shredding of breadfruit and the possible existence of similar devices. Dr. Ragone responded that she had not heard of any similar processing methods for breadfruit. Her primary concern for this wasthat the latex found naturally in breadfruit would ‘gum-up’ the machine and clog the shredding blade (Ragone, 2005). This issue was raised with Hank Garwick of CTI and he stated that most of the latex in breadfruit was found in the skin. The skin is removed before processing so this did not appear to be a concern for the shredder. The field tests in St. Vincent by the senior engineering student team did not report any excessive latex build up on the blades.The International Research Development Centre (IRDC) is a Canadian based organization whose purpose is ‘to build healthier, more equitable, and more prosperous societies’ (www.irdc.ca ). An e-mail was sent to IRDC explaining the project and asking about any information that they might have on shredders. The response was a link to their website which brought up nothing of value. A similar search of the United Nations Development Program (UNDP) provided no additional information ().Research was done with the United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) to see if there were requirements or recommendations for the food industry regarding food processing equipment or the components used in them. The purpose was to find out which materials were considered “Food Grade” and suitable for food contact. The goal is to make the shredder as sanitary and safe as possible regardless of the standards that may be present in a developing country. It was found that the FDA does not keep a list of recommended materials, but has established a list of requirements that manufactures must meet in order to state that it is a material approved for food contact. The premise of therequirements are that if any of the material could ‘migrate’ to the food, it must not pose a threat to humans (FDA, 1999).Expert InquiresThe Minneapolis/St. Paul area is home to several large food producing companies such as General Mills. Food Safety personnel at General Mills were contacted to ask about standards for their food production equipment and any suggestions that would help to make the shredder more sanitary and suitable for food contact. These inquiries covered guidelines that are typical of the food processing industry. Gary Olmstead, Food Safety Instructor at General Mills stated that equipment should be durable and easy to clean (Olmstead, 2005). General Mills avoids having any pieces of equipment over the product because of the risk of parts falling into the food. Fred Hegele, also part of food safety at General Mills, was concerned about the durability of any plastics used in the equipment. He emphasized that the machine cannot have any recessed pockets or hard to clean areas. These would trap bacteria and make it unsafe and unsanitary (Hegele, 2005). John Schevenius, a former General Mills Engineer and founder of CTI, was contacted about suggestions for the shredder. Although he was familiar with the breadfruit program, he could not offer any suggestions for improvement (Schevenius, 2005).The research done here showed that there is a lack of availability of information regarding the design of an appropriate technology machine. The design methodology varies from organization to organization and no standardized process appears to have been completed and published in a major journal regarding the topic. Appropriate。

2025年贵州省贵阳市英语初三上学期自测试卷及答案指导一、听力部分（本大题有20小题，每小题1分，共20分）1、What is the weather like today in Mr.Smith’s hometown?A. It’s sunny.B. It’s rainy.C. It’s cloudy.D. It’s windy.Answer: BExplanation: The question asks about the weather in Mr. Smith’s hometown. The correct answer is “It’s rainy” as indicated in the conversation or text.2、Why does the teacher ask the students to participate in the school sports day?A. Because it’s the last day of the school year.B. Because the students need a break from studying.C. Because it’s an important event for the school.D. Because the students are too tired.Answer: CExplanation: The question inquires about the reason for the teacher’s request. The correct answer is “Because it’s an important event for the school” asmentioned in the conversation or text.3、What does Sarah plan to do after school today?•A) Go to the library.•B) Meet her friends at the park.•C) Visit her grandmother.Answer: C) Visit her grandmother.Explanation: In the conversation, Sarah mentions that she has made plans to visit her grandmother after school because it’s her birthday. Therefore, the correct answer is C.4、How will Mark get to the science museum tomorrow?•A) By bus.•B) On foot.•C) By bicycle.Answer: A) By bus.Explanation: During the dialogue, Mark states that since the science museum is quite far and he doesn’t want to be late for the exhibition opening, he’ll take the bus there. Thus, the correct choice is A.5、Listen to the conversation and choose the best answer.A)They are discussing the weather.B)They are planning a trip.C)They are talking about their school life.Answer: BExplanation: In the conversation, the speakers are talking about their plansfor a trip. They are discussing which destination to choose and what activities to do there.6、Listen to the dialogue and fill in the blanks with the correct words.Tom: Hey, do you know what the homework for tomorrow is?Jerry: (6)______. I think it’s on page 17 of our textbook.Tom: Oh, really? Thanks, Jerry.Answer: (6) Sorry, I don’t know.Explanation: In this dialogue, Tom is asking Jerry about the homework for the next day. J erry, unfortunately, doesn’t know the answer, so he responds with “Sorry, I don’t know.”7、You are listening to a conversation between two friends, Alice and Bob. They are discussing their favorite book.Alice: Hey Bob, have you read any good books lately?Bob: Yeah, I just finished “The Catcher in the Rye” by J.D. Salinger. What about you, Alice?Alice: Oh, I love that book! It’s so real and relatable.Bob: Really? I didn’t know you liked it so much.Alice: I did, especially the way it captures the teenage angst.Bob: I guess I should give it a try. It sounds interesting.Question: What book is Bob currently reading?A. “The Great Gatsby”B. “To Kill a Mockingbird”C. “The Catcher in the Rye”D. “1984”Answer: CExplanation: The answer is found in the conve rsation where Bob says, “Yeah,I just finished ‘The Catcher in the Rye’ by J.D. Salinger.”8、You are listening to a radio interview with a famous scientist, Dr. Emily Carter, who is discussing her latest research on renewable energy.Interviewer: Dr. Carter, your research on solar energy has been groundbreaking. Can you tell us what makes your approach different from others?Dr. Carter: Absolutely. Our focus has been on improving the efficiency of solar panels. Unlike traditional solar panels that only convert a small percentage of sunlight into electricity, our panels can capture and convert a much higher percentage, thanks to a new material we developed.Interviewer: That sounds fascinating. What kind of material are you using?Dr. Carter: We are using a special type of glass that is not only transparent but also highly reflective, which helps to increase the amount of sunlight that is absorbed by the solar cells.Question: What is the main focus of Dr. Carter’s research on solar energy?A. Developing new types of solar cellsB. Improving the efficiency of solar panelsC. Reducing the cost of solar panelsD. Increasing the lifespan of solar panelsAnswer: BExplanation: The answer is found in Dr. Carter’s response where she says, “Our focus has been on improving the efficiency of solar panels.”9.You are listening to a conversation between two students discussing their weekend plans.A. What are the two students planning to do this weekend?B. Why is the girl not planning to go hiking?W: Hey, John. Are you planning to go hiking this weekend?M: Yeah, I am. I’ve been wanting to try out that new trail in the mountains. How about you?W: I’m not sure yet. I was thinking of going to the beach, but it might be too crowded.A. The two students are planning to go hiking and to the beach.B. The girl is not planning to go hiking because she thinks it will be too crowded.Answer: B. The girl is not planning to go hiking because she thinks it will be too crowded.Explanation: The girl expresses her uncertainty about going hiking and mentions that she was thinking of going to the beach, implying that she may avoid hiking due to potential crowds.10.You are listening to a weather report for a city in the UK.A. What is the expected temperature for tomorrow?B. Should people in the city expect any rain tomorrow?W: Good morning, everyone. Here’s your weather forecast for the city of London. The high temperature for today is expected to be around 18 degrees Celsius. For tomorrow, we are expecting a mild increase with a high of about 20 degrees. There will be a chance of light rain throughout the day, so remember to carry an umbrella.A. The expected temperature for tomorrow is 20 degrees Celsius.B. Yes, people in the city should expect some rain tomorrow.Answer: B. Yes, people in the city should expect some rain tomorrow.Explanation: The weather report clearly states that there will be a chance of light rain throughout the day, indicating that people should indeed expect some rain.11.You are listening to a conversation between two students, Sarah and Tom, discussing their weekend plans.Sarah: Hi Tom, are you planning to do anything special this weekend? Tom: Well, I was thinking of going hiking. How about you?Sarah: That sounds fun! I was actually considering going to the beach. Tom: Oh, I didn’t know you liked the beach. Do you have any friends coming with you?Sarah: Yeah, my sister and a couple of friends are joining me.Tom: Sounds like you’ll have a great time. I should probably get some new hiking boots then.Question: What is Tom planning to do this weekend?A) Go to the beachB) Go hikingC) Visit his friendsD) Go shoppingAnswer: B) Go hikingExplanation: In the conversation, Tom mentions that he was thinking of going hiking, which indicates his weekend plan.12.Listen to a short news report about a new initiative in the community.News Anchor: In our community news segment today, we have an exciting announcement about the new ‘Green Spaces for All’ initiative. This program aims to create more parks and green spaces in the city to improve the quality of life for residents.Listener 1: That’s fantastic! Do you know where the new parks will be located?News Anchor: Yes, the first two parks will be built in the downtown area and another one in the northern suburbs.Listener 2: How will the community benefit from this?News Anchor: Well, the benefits are numerous. It’s expected to reduce stress levels, improve physical health, and increase social interaction among residents.Question: What is t he main purpose of the ‘Green Spaces for All’ initiative?A) To increase property valuesB) To reduce traffic congestionC) To improve the quality of life for residentsD) To promote tourismAnswer: C) To improve the quality of life for residentsExplanation: The news report explicitly states that the initiative aims to improve the quality of life for residents by creating more parks and green spaces.13.You are listening to a conversation between two students, Alice and Bob, discussing their favorite subjects at school.Alice: “Hey Bob, do you have a favorite subject in school?”Bob: “Oh, definitely. I love mathematics. It’s so challenging and interesting.”Alice: “That’s cool. What about you? What’s your favorite subject?”Bob: “Well, I think my favorite subject is English. It’s really fun to learn new words and phrases every day.”Question: What is Bob’s favorite subject in school?A) MathematicsB) EnglishC) ScienceD) HistoryAnswer: B) EnglishExplanation: Bob clearly states that his favorite subject is English in theconversation.14.You are listening to a conversation between a teacher and a student, Sarah, discussing her schoolwork.Teacher: “Sarah, how are you doing with your homework for today?”Sarah: “I think I’m doing okay. I finished the math problems, but I’m still struggling with the science assignment.”Teacher: “Alright, let’s focus on the science assignment. Can you tell me what you’re having trouble with?”Sarah: “Well, I don’t really understand the concept of photosynthesis. It’s really confusing.”Question: What subject is Sarah struggling with?A) MathematicsB) EnglishC) ScienceD) HistoryAnswer: C) ScienceExplanation: Sarah explicitly mentions that she is having trouble with the science assignment, specifically with the concept of photosynthesis.15.You hear a conversation between two friends discussing their weekend plans.A. They are planning to go to the beach.B. They are planning to stay home and watch movies.C. They are planning to visit a museum.Answer: BExplanation: In the conversation, one friend mentions they are tired from the week and the other suggests staying home to relax and watch movies together.16.You hear a short news report about a local charity event.A. The charity event is to raise funds for a new school.B. The charity event is to support local hospitals.C. The charity event is to benefit a local food bank.Answer: CExplanation: The news report specifically mentions that the event is being held to collect donations for a local food bank, which is struggling to provide for families in need.17.You hear a conversation between two students, Tom and Jerry, discussing their school project.A. Tom says he has finished the project and Jerry has not.B. Jerry says he has finished the project and Tom has not.C. They both say they have finished the project.D. They both say they have not finished the project.Answer: DExplanat ion: In the conversation, Tom says, “I’m still working on it,” and Jerry adds, “Me too, I haven’t finished mine yet.” This indicates that neither of them has completed the project, so the correct answer is D.18.You hear a teacher, Mrs. Smith, explaining the importance of studying for exams.A. She says studying is unnecessary because exams are not important.B. She says studying for exams is the best way to improve one’s grades.C. She says exams are not important, but studying can be fun.D. She says studying is important, but exams are not the only way to assess students.Answer: BExplanation: Mrs. Smith says, “Studying for exams is crucial because it helps you understand the material better and improve your grades.” This shows that she believes studying for exams is a good method to enhance academic performance, making answer B the correct choice.19.You hear a conversation between two students discussing their weekend plans.Student A: “Are you going to the beach this weekend, Tom?”Stud ent B: “Yeah, but I’m also thinking about visiting the art museum.”Student A: “Wow, that sounds interesting. I’ve never been to an art museum before.”Student B: “It’s amazing! You should definitely go. It’s only a short bus ride from the beach.”Question: What is Tom considering doing this weekend?A) Going to the beachB) Visiting the art museumC) Both going to the beach and visiting the art museumD) Going on a long bus rideAnswer: CExplanation: The question asks what Tom is considering doing this weekend. The conversation indicates that Tom is planning to go to the beach but also mentions visiting the art museum, suggesting that he is considering both activities.20.You hear a news report about a new community project in the city.News Anchor: “Good afternoon, everyone. Today, we’re reporting on a new initiative aimed at improving the quality of life in our city. The Community Garden Project is set to launch next month. This project will provide local residents with the opportunity to grow their own fruits and vegetables in shared garden spaces throughout the city.”Question: What is the main purpose of the Community Garden Project?A) To increase the number of public parks in the cityB) To provide local residents with the opportunity to grow their own foodC) To promote the sale of organic produceD) To encourage city residents to start their own businessesAnswer: BExplanation: The main purpose of the Community Garden Project, as mentioned in the news report, is to provide local residents with the opportunity to grow their own fruits and vegetables. This suggests that the project is focused on promotingsustainable living and self-sufficiency.二、阅读理解（30分）Reading ComprehensionPassage:The following is an excerpt from a science magazine about the effects of sleep on memory.Sleep plays a crucial role in memory consolidation, the process by which short-term memories are transformed into long-term memories. During sleep, the brain is actively involved in strengthening the connections between neurons, which is essential for memory formation. Research has shown that the quality of sleep directly impacts the ability to retain information.One study focused on the effect of sleep on memory retention. Participants were divided into two groups: one group was allowed to sleep after studying new information, while the other group was kept awake. After a period of time, both groups were tested on the new information. The group that was allowed to sleep performed significantly better on the test than the group that was kept awake.The study also examined the role of sleep stages in memory consolidation. It was found that deep sleep, also known as slow-wave sleep (SWS), is particularly important for memory consolidation. During SWS, the brain is less active, allowing for the strengthening of neural connections. In contrast, during REM (rapid eye movement) sleep, the brain is more active and involvedin other cognitive processes, such as dreaming and problem-solving.Moreover, the amount of sleep is also a factor in memory retention. Studies have shown that getting enough sleep is crucial for memory consolidation. Inadequate sleep can lead to difficulties in recalling information, while sufficient sleep can enhance memory performance.Questions:1.What is the main purpose of the passage?A. To explain the importance of sleep in memory consolidation.B. To compare different types of sleep on memory performance.C. To describe a specific study on the effect of sleep on memory.D. To provide tips on how to improve sleep quality.2.According to the passage, which type of sleep is most important for memory consolidation?A. REM sleepB. Deep sleep (SWS)C. WakefulnessD. Light sleep3.How does the passage suggest that sleep affects memory retention?A. By increasing brain activityB. By reducing neural connectionsC. By allowing the brain to rest and strengthen connectionsD. By preventing neural connections from formingAnswers:1.A. To explain the importance of sleep in memory consolidation.2.B. Deep sleep (SWS)3.C. By allowing the brain to rest and strengthen connections三、完型填空（15分）Passage:In the small town of Willow Creek, there was a legend about the old, abandoned lighthouse on the rocky shore. Many believed that the lighthouse was haunted, but young Emma was determined to prove them wrong. One crisp autumn evening, she decided to explore the lighthouse on her own.As she climbed the steep, winding staircase, Emma felt a chill run down her spine. She could hear the wind howling outside, but the inside of the lighthouse was surprisingly warm. She reached the top and was greeted by a grand view of the ocean. The lighthouse had three windows, one on each side, and a large, round window at the front.Emma noticed that the windows on the sides were smaller than the one at the front. She remembered her history teacher talking about the importance of light in guiding ships at night. She realized that the smaller windows were to reduce the amount of light scattered, allowing the beam of the lighthouse to be more focused and visible to ships far away.Suddenly, she heard a faint whisper behind her. She spun around, but therewas no one there. She dismissed it as her imagination and continued her exploration. She reached the lighthouse keeper’s room and found a small, old diary. As she began to read, she learned about the lighthouse keeper’s life and the stories he had collected from passing sailors.One entry particularly caught her attention:“October 15th, 1923 - Last night, I saw a ghostly figure standing by the lighthouse. It looked like an old sailor, but his face was twisted in pain. I couldn’t understand what he was trying to say. I hope I can solve this mystery before it’s too late.”Emma knew she had to find out what had happened to the sailor. She decided to search the lighthouse for clues. She looked in every corner, behind every piece of furniture, and even checked the attic. Finally, she found a small, dusty box hidden behind a loose board in the attic.Inside the box, she found a collection of old maps, a worn-out compass, and a faded photograph of a sailor. The photograph showed a young man standing by the lighthouse, his eyes filled with sorrow. Emma knew she was on the right track.She looked at her watch and realized it was getting late. She had to get back home, but she promised herself she would come back the next day to continue her investigation. As she left the lighthouse, she couldn’t shake the feeling that she was being watched.Questions:1.Why did Emma decide to explore the lighthouse on her own?A) She was curious about the legend.B) She was bored and wanted to have an adventure.C) She wanted to prove the legend was true.D) She had a personal connection to the lighthouse.2.What did Emma realize about the lighthouse’s windo ws?A) They were all the same size.B) The smaller windows were to reduce light scattering.C) The large window was to allow more light into the lighthouse.D) The windows were all covered with thick curtains.3.What did Emma find in the lighthouse keeper’s room?A) A collection of old maps and a worn-out compass.B) A photograph of a happy sailor.C) A letter from a friend.D) A list of the lighthouse’s past keepers.4.What did the entry in the diary suggest?A) The lighthouse was not haunted.B) The lighthouse keeper was crazy.C) The lighthouse had a ghostly figure.D) The lighthouse was abandoned.5.What did Emma promise herself after finding the box?A) She would forget about the lighthouse.B) She would come back the next day to continue her investigation.C) She would tell her friends about her adventure.D) She would never set foot in the lighthouse again.Answers:1.A2.B3.A4.C5.B四、语法填空题（本大题有10小题，每小题1分，共10分）1、In the summer vacation, we__________(go) to the beach every day. It was so much fun!答案：went解析：根据句意，这里表示过去经常发生的事情，应该使用一般过去时，所以用“went”。

316城市 环境 设计 学术 143 | 06 | 2023摘要：本文基于2018年江苏省启动的“新型农村社区”建设项目，以江苏盐城穆沟新村设计实践为例，探索里下河地区水乡新聚落文脉、地脉传承的设计方法，展开对水乡地貌和聚落形态之间相互关联和影响的探讨，打破乡村新民居常见的机械化的行列式布局。

研究从地景、聚落、风貌三个尺度逐步展开，从“水-田-村”相生的湖荡地貌特征、水网组团状的聚落肌理、水乡民居的风貌特征三个角度对穆沟老村的地貌和风貌特征进行分析，并应用于新村的建设。

新村的设计实践是谨慎介入自然的改造，通过最少的改变，最大限度地保护原始地貌，实现对水文地理环境的尊重、村庄地域性特征的表达、村民归属感的传递、当地生活习惯的延续，为水乡地区广大农村新乡村聚落的建设做出了有意义的尝试。

Abstract: This paper is based on the "New Rural Community" construction project that Jiangsu Province launched in 2020. It uses the new rural community in Mugou Village, Yancheng City, as an example, explores the design method of the new village inheriting the culture and leylines of the Lixiahe Area, and discusses the correlation and influence between the waterside village geographical features and settlement form, abandoning the mechanical layout of the general rural resettlement. The research proceeds with three scales: the landscape, settlement texture, and village features. It then analyzes the geomorphological features and village features from the lakeside geographical features of the "water-field-village," the settlements cluster in the water network in the Lixiahe Area, and the village features along the water's edge that are used in the new village's construction. The new rural community takes careful steps to modify nature while minimizing change and maximizing the protection of the original geographical features, realizing respect for the original hydrological and geographical environment along the lake texture, expressing the village's regional characteristics, transmitting the villagers' sense of belonging, and continuing local living customs, which has made a significant effort at the design practice of a vast rural new residence in the waterside village area.关键词：穆沟新居；水乡聚落；新型农村社区；设计实践Keywords: Mugou new residence, waterside village, new rural community, design practice 方茗周凌*胡任元李晓云FANG MingZHOU Ling*HU RenyuanLI Xiaoyun 文章编号：　1672-9080(2023)10-0316-05DOI ： 10.19974/ 21-1508/T U.2023.10.0316　中图分类号：TU 241.4文献标志码：A收稿日期：　2023-02-06修回日期：　2023-08-03The New Rural Settlement that Continues the Characteristics of the Waterside Village Geographical Features of Lixiahe Area—A Case Study of Yancheng Mugou New Rural Community延续里下河水乡地貌特征的新乡村聚落―以盐城穆沟村新型社区为例1 里下河湖荡水乡——“水-田-村”相生的聚落形态里下河平原为江苏省沿海江滩湖洼平原内的一片凹陷洼地，其北至苏北灌溉总渠，南至通扬运河，东抵串场河，西侧以里运河为界[1]，涉及扬州、泰州、南通、淮安、盐城五座城市。

牛津译林版英语高一上学期复习试卷及答案指导一、听力第一节（本大题有5小题，每小题1.5分，共7.5分）1、(Audio: A man asks a woman, “Excuse me, could you tell me where the nearest bookstore is?”)Question: What does the man want to know?A) The way to the bookstore.B) The time the bookstore opens.C) If the bookstore sells magazines.D) Where the nearest bus stop is.Answer: A)Explanation: The man is asking for directions to the bookstore, which indicates he wants to know how to get there.2、(Audio: Two students are discussing their weekend plans.)Boy: “Hey, do you want to come over and play some video games this Saturday?”Girl: “I’d love to, but my parents are taking me to visit my grandparents. Maybe next time?”Question: What will the girl probably do on Saturday?A) Play video games with her friend.B) Visit her grandparents.C) Stay at home and study.D) Go out with her parents alone.Answer: B)Explanation: Despite her interest in playing video games, the girl mentions that she has plans with her parents to visit her grandparents, so it’s lik ely she’ll be doing that instead.3.You hear a conversation between two students discussing a school project.Student A: So, we need to decide on our topic for the science fair project. Any suggestions?Student B: How about we do something with renewable energy?Student A: That’s a great idea! I’ve always been interested in wind energy. We could build a small wind turbine.Question: What is the main topic of the conversation?A. Choosing a science fair project topicB. Discussing a school assignmentC. Planning a tripD. Debating the use of renewable energyAnswer: A. Choosing a science fair project topicExplanation: The conversation revolves around the two students discussing the topic for their science fair project, which makes option A the correct answer. The other options are not directly related to the content of the conversation.4.You hear a news report about a new technology being introduced in a local hospital.News Anchor: Today, we have some exciting news from the General Health Hospital. They have just installed a new medical imaging system that promises to revolutionize diagnostic procedures.Listener: What is the new technology about?News Anchor: The new system is called “UltraScan 3000”. It uses advanced software to provide clearer and more detailed images of internal organs and tissues, allowing for quicker and more accurate diagnoses.Question: What is the main focus of the news report?A. The installation of a new medical systemB. A breakthrough in cancer researchC. An update on hospital staffD. A fundraising campaign for the hospitalAnswer: A. The installation of a new medical systemExplanation: The news report specifically mentions the introduction of the “UltraScan 3000” medical imaging system and its potenti al benefits. This makes option A the correct answer. The other options are not the main focus of the report.5、How much money does the man plan to spend on his vacation this summer?A)$500B)$1500C)$2500D)$3000Answer: B)$1500Explanation: The man mentions that he has saved up$1500 for his vacation this summer, which means he plans to spend that amount.二、听力第二节（本大题有15小题，每小题1.5分，共22.5分）1、What are the speakers mainly discussing?A. The importance of physical exercise.B. The benefits of a healthy diet.C. The impact of sleep on academic performance.Answer: AExplanation: The conversation between the two speakers is focused on the importance of physical exercise for maintaining good health and how it can positively affect academic performance. The speakers mention different types of exercises and their benefits, which indicates that the main topic is related to physical exercise.2、Why does the woman suggest taking a break during the study session?A. She believes it will help improve concentration.B. She t hinks it’s necessary to eat something.C. She is tired and needs to rest.Answer: AExplanation: The woman in the conversation suggests taking a break because she mentions that it can help improve concentration. She explains that aftera certain period of focused study, the brain needs a rest to avoid fatigue and to maintain efficiency. The mention of improving concentration directly ties to the idea of taking a break during study sessions.3.You hear:W: Have you been to the new shopping center downtown? I heard it’s really nice. M: Yeah, I went there last weekend. The food court is amazing, and there are so many interesting stores.Question: Where did the man go last weekend?A. The new shopping center downtown.B. The food court.C. The downtown area.D. An interesting store.Answer: AExplanation: The man replied, “Yeah, I went there last weekend,” referring to “the new shopping center downtown.”4.You hear:W: I can’t believe it’s already been two months since we started this project. How are we doing?M: We’re on schedule so far. We’ve completed the first two tasks and are about to start the third one.Question: How long has it been since they started the project?A. One month.B. Two months.C. Three months.D. Four months.Answer: BExplanation: The w oman asks, “I can’t believe it’s already been two months since we started this project,” which indicates that two months have passed.5、You will hear a short conversation between two students about their study plan. Listen carefully and choose the best answer to the question you hear.Question: What subject does the student prefer to study first?A)HistoryB)MathematicsC)EnglishD)ScienceAnswer: C) EnglishExplanation: The student mentions that they feel more comfortable with English and would like to start with that subject.6、You will hear a monologue about the importance of exercise. Listen carefully and answer the question you hear.Question: According to the speaker, what is one of the main benefits of regular exercise?A)Improved academic performanceB)Enhanced memory and concentrationC)Increased energy levelsD)Better social skillsAnswer: C) Increased energy levelsExplanation: The speaker emphasizes that regular exercise helps to increase energy levels, which can have a positive impact on daily activities and overall well-being.7.You are listening to a conversation between two students discussing their weekend plans.A. What did the woman plan to do on Saturday?B. Why did the man change his original plan?Answer: A. The woman planned to go hiking with a group of friends. Explanation: The woman mentions, “I was thinking of going hiking this Saturday with a few friends from school.”8.You are listening to a radio interview with a famous author.A. What is the author’s new book about?B. How does the author feel about technology affecting reading habits?Answer: A. The author’s new book is about the history of science fiction. Explanation: The author says, “My new book explores the evolution of science fiction literature over the years.” For the second part of the question, the author’s comments about technology and reading habits would provide the answer.9.You will hear a conversation between two friends, talking about their favorite hobbies. Listen carefully and answer the question.W hat is the woman’s favorite hobby?A. Reading novels.B. Painting.C. Cooking.D. Hiking.Answer: BExplanation: In the conversation, the woman mentions, “I love painting. It’s so relaxing and creative for me.” Therefore, her favorite hobby is painting.10.You will hear a short lecture about the importance of exercise. Listen carefully and answer the question.According to the lecture, what is one of the benefits of regular exercise?A. Improved memory.B. Faster metabolism.C. Better sleep quality.D. Increased risk of injury.Answer: CExplanation: The lecturer states, “Regular exercise has been shown to improve sleep quality. It helps you fall asleep faster and get a deeper sleep.” Thus, one of the benefits of regular exercise mentioned in the lecture is better sleep quality.11.Listen to the conversation and answer the question.W: Hi, John! How was your vacation in Paris?M: Oh, it was amazing! I visited the Eiffel Tower, the Louvre, and even took a river cruise on the Seine.W: That sounds incredible! What did you like the most?M: I’d say the Louvre was my favorite. There were so many famous paintings and sculptures.Q: What did John enjoy the most during his vacation in Paris?A: The Louvre.B: The Eiffel Tower.C: The river cruise.D: The food.Answer: AExplanation: In the conversation, John says that the Louvre was his favorite place, so the correct answer is A.12.Listen to the dialogue and choose the best answer to complete the sentence.M: I heard you’re going to start a new job next month.W: Yeah, I am. I got an offer from a big company in the city center. I’m really excited about it.M: That’s great! What will you be doing there?W: I’ll be working in the marketing department. I’ll be responsible for promoting the company’s products.M: That sounds like an interesting job. Do you think it will be challenging?W: Definitely. But I’m ready for the challenge.Q: What will the woman be doing in her new job?A: Selling products.B: Managing the company.C: Promoting the company’s products.D: Teaching.Answer: CExplanation: The woman mentions that she’ll be responsible for promoting the company’s products, so the correct answer is C.13.You hear a conversation between two students discussing their weekend plans.A. What did the first student plan to do on Saturday?B. Why did the second student change their plans?Answer: A. The first student planned to go hiking. B. The second student changed their plans because of bad weather.14.You hear a news report about a local charity event.A. What is the main purpose of the charity event?B. How many people are expected to attend the event?Answer: A. The main purpose of the charity event is to raise funds for a local shelter. B. It is expected that around 500 people will attend the event.解析：13题中，通过听力材料，我们可以得知第一个学生计划周六去远足。

非物质文化遗产等的保护与传承意识明显缺失，对传统村落历史文化传承的挖掘、民风民俗的延续、村落管理秩序的维系、村落居民的情感体悟等方面关注不足，以致出现村落物质生产兴盛而精神气质衰落、文化空心化和虚无化、村民文化体验边缘化等问题，消减了村落凝聚力，影响乡村的可持续发展[1]。

新时代“活化利用古村落”的实践形式对于乡村振兴战略的实施具有重要的现实意义。

而乡村振兴战略下传统村落要“活”起来，关键是要破解其标本化困境，发掘原生地域文化内涵，完成传统文化资源优势的创造性转化和创新性发展，实现对物质文化遗产资源与非物质文化遗产资源的综合开发与“活化”[2]。

本文以天等县稻香村为例，通过发掘当地“稻作文化”的特色及内涵，将文化基因融入景观设计，通过搭建景观、多元共建、产业赋能等途径为乡村带来发展机遇，实现文化活化村落，希望能为我国其他传统村落发展提供理念与方法上的借鉴。

1稻作文化对于村落活化的启示1.1稻作文化的概念及体现稻作文化是以稻田为载体，以水稻种植及其信仰为核心的文化体系[3]，在我国西南地区有较多分布。

稻香村地处中国广西壮族自治区崇左市天等县，人口多为壮族，少数为汉族、傣族。

基于稻香村的地理区位、自然景观和人居民俗，村落经过漫长的演变不断探索、积淀与发展，孕育出了独具地方特点的稻作文化民俗，留存下了丰富而宝贵的文化遗产资源，例如木榔米臼、古老的灌溉系统等物质文化资源，以及五彩糍粑、打榔舞、霜降节、拜囊海等非物质文化资源，并逐步衍生出“逐卜喊泉，喊泉纳福”摘要 乡村振兴是我国近年来的一项重大战略规划，但发展与传统的对立使得很多传统村落遭受了不可避免的拆改，全面完成新农村改造的村落已不存在历史建筑和景观。

如何充分发掘地区特色文化，利用文化遗产打造村落文旅品牌，从而带动村落发展成为古村落活化的新手段。

研究以广西壮族自治区崇左市天等县稻香村为例，基于村落地理条件、自然景观的优越性，以及独特的稻作文化根基，探索通过搭建景观、多元共建、产业赋能等途径助推村落发展。