剑桥雅思听力原文

Text 1Section1W: Good evening. King's restaurant.M: Good evening. I'm ringing about the job I understand you have vacant? W: Oh, yes.M: I'd like to find out a few more details if I may.W: Yes, of course. Can I take your name?M: It's Peter Chin.W: Ok, Peter. Well, if you want to ask about the job and then if we're both still interested, we could arrange you to come for an interview.M: Great, thanks. I'm afraid I missed the advert for the job but I heard about it from a friend.W: That's no problem at all. What would you like to know?M: Well, um, what sort of work is it- washing up?W: It's answering the phone.M: Oh, right, fine.W: And not waiting at table.M: That'll be good. And how many nights a week would it be?W: Well, we're really only busy at the weekend.M: So two nights?W: Three actually, so it would work out 12 hours a week.M: That'd be fine. It wouldn't interfere with my studies.W: Are you in the university?M: Yes, first year Physics student.W: Oh, rightM: Because I'm not an EU national, would I need a work permit?W: Yes, you would. Just get you tutor to sign it.M: That wouldn't be a problem if I were to get the job. Um, where exactly is the restaurant?W: Well, we have two branches- the one we're recruiting for is in Hillsdunne road.M: Em, I don't know that. How do you spell it, please?W: It's H-I-double L-S-D-U- double N-E Road.M: Got that, thanks. Is it near a bus stop?W: Yes, the nearest one would probably be just beside the library.M: Oh, yes, I know it. That'll be fine for me. And could I ask about the pay? W: We're offering 4.45 pounds an hour.M: That's very good. My last job was 3.95 an hour.W: We feel it's pretty good and we also offer some good fringe benefits(附加福利).M: Really?W: Well, we give you a free dinner, so you eat well.M: Right. Better than hostel food.W: We certainly hope so. And we also offer extra pay for working on national holidays.M: Oh, that's a really good perk(额外收入), isn't it?W: Yes, we think so. And then because of the difficulties of getting public transport, if you're working after 11 o'clock, we drive you home.M: Oh, that's good to know.W: We'd certainly be interested in inviting you for an interview, if you're still interested?M: Oh, yes, certainly. Could I just also ask what qualities you're looing for? W: Well, for this particular job, we want a clear voice, which you obviously do haveM: Thanks.W: And you must be able to think quickly, you know.M: Well, I hope I'd...W: So, when could you come in for an interview. We're actually quite quiet tonight?M: Sorry, I couldn't come tonight or tomorrow, I'm afraid. Thursday is ok, that'd be 22nd of October.W: Fine, after 5 pm?M: Yes, fine. Would 6 o'clock be ok?W: Perfect. And could you bring along the names of two referees?M: Yes, that's fine. No problem.W: Good, I look forward to seeing you.M: Oh, by the way, who should I ask for?W: Oh, yes, of course, sorry. My name is Samira ManujaM: Can you spell that please?W: M-a-n-u-j-aM: Ok, I've got that. Thank you very much.W: Look forward to seeing later ...Section2M: Now we go to Jane who is going to tell us about what's happening in town this weekend.W: Right, thanks, Andrew, and now on to what's new, and do we really need yet another sports shopping Bradcaster? Well, most of you probably know Sports World- the branch of a Danish sports goods company that opened a few years ago-it's attracted a lot of custom, and so the company has now decided to open another branch in the area. It's going to be in the shopping center to the west of Bradcaster, so that will be good news for all of you who found the original shop in the North of the town hard to get to.I was invited to a special preview and I can promise you, this is the ultimate in sports retailing. The whole place has been given a new minimalist(极简主义者) look with the company's signature colors of black and red.The first three floors have a huge range of sports clothing as well as the equipment. And on the top floor, there is a cafe and a book & DVD section. You'll find all the well-known names as well as some less well-known ones.If they haven't got exactly what you want in the stock, they promised to get it for you in 10 days, unlike the other store, where it can take up to 14 days. They cover all the major sports, including football, tennis, and swimming, but they particularly focus on running and they claim to have the widest range of equipment in the country. As well as that, a whole section of the third floor is devoted to sports bags, including the latest design from the States- If you can't find what you want here, it doesn't exist.The shop would be open from 9 am this Saturday, and if you go along to the opening then you'll have the chance to meet the national 400 meters running champion Paul King, who's coming along to open the shop, and he will be stay around until about the midday to chat to any fans who want to meet him and sign autographs.Then there will be a whole range of special attractions all weekend. There will be free tickets for local sporting events for the first 50 customers, and also a special competition open to all, just answer 15 out of 20 sports questions correctly to win a signed copy of Paul King's DVD 'Spring Tips', while the first person to get all the questions correct gets a year's free membership of the Bradcaster Gym. All entrance will receive a special Sports calendar with details of all Bradcaster fixtures in the coming year.One of the special opening offers is a fitness test- a complete review of your cardiac fitness and muscle tone, actually done in the shop by qualified staff. This would normally cost 30 pounds but is available at half price for this month only. There are only a limited number of places available for this, so to make a booking phone 560341.In addition, if you open an account you get lots more special offers including the chance to try out the equipment at the special opening evenings...Section3Pro: Before we start, Spiros and Hiroko, thanks for coming in today to talk about your recent study experiences and congratulations to you both in doing so well in the first semester exams. I'd like to discuss with you the value of the English for Academic Purposes course you did here last year before starting your university course. Spiros, if I could start with you, what parts of the programme have now proved to be particularly valuable to you?S: I think that having to do a seminar presentation really helped me. For example, a couple of weeks ago in our marketing subject, when it was my turn to give presentation, I felt quite confident. Of course, I was still nervous but because I had done one before, I knew what to expect. Also, I know I was well prepared and I had practised my timing. In fact, I think that in relation to some of the other people in my group, I did quite a good job because my overall style was quite professional.Pro: What about you Hiroko?H: Mmm, that's interesting. In my group, I was really surprised by the way students did their presentations - they just read the notes aloud. Can you believe that? They didn't worry about their presentation style or keeping eye contact with their audience - and I remember that these things were really stressed to us in the course here.Pro: So, how did you approach your presentation Hiroko?H: Well, to speak frankly, I read my notes too. At the time, it was a relief to do it this way, but actually when I had finished I didn't fell any real sense of satisfaction. I didn't feel positive about the experience at all.S: That's a pity. You know although I was pleased with my presentation, I'm not so pleased with my actual performance right now in the tutorials - during the whole semester I've not said anything in our tutorial discussions. Not a word.H: Really, Spiros, why is that? Do the other students talk too much?S: It's partly that, but it's mostly because I have had no confidence to speak out.Their style of speaking is so differen - it's not the style we were used to during the course. There are so many colloquialism（白话，口语，俗话，方言），they not very polite and sometimes they seems to be no order in their discussion. Also they are very familiar with each other, so because they know each other's habits, they can let each other into the discussion. H: You're right, Spiros. I've experienced that too.H: For most of this semester, I've said absolutely nothing in two tutorials. But recently I've been trying to speak up more and I just jump in. And I've noticed an interesting thing. I've noticed that if they thought my point was interesting and new, then the next time they actually asked for my opinion, and then it was much easier for me to be part of the discussion.S: That's great, Hiroko. I hope that happens for me next semester-I'll have to work hard to find some interesting points. What help you to find these ideas?H: I think that one thing that helped me with this was the reading. I've had to do so much reading this semester just to help me to make sense of the lectures. At first I couldn’t understand what the lecturers were talking about, so I had to turn to the books and journals. Every night I read for hours, using the lists of references that were given, and I made pages of notes. At breakfast, I read and read my notes again. This habit has helped me to follow the ideas in the lectures, and it's also given me some ideas to use in the tutorials.S: But I did so much readings anyway- I don't think there's any time left over for anything extra. My reading speed is still quite slow, though I'm much better at dealing with vocabulary than I used to be.Pro: What else do you think we could add to the course program to help with this reading problem?S: Er, there's not really anything because it's my problem. I remember we were given long articles to read. We didn't like that but now I realise that reading those long articles was good preparation for the things I need to read now.Also, in class we regularly had speed-reading tasks to do, and we kept a record of our reading speed, so the teachers were encouraging us to work on that.H: That's true, Spiros, but what we read could have been different. Sometime in the English class I felt frustrated when I had to read articles about the environment or health or education, because I wanted to concentrate on my own field, but we didn't read anything about engineering. So, I think I wasted some time learning vocabulary I didn't need.Pro: But surely this strategies you were taught for dealing with that vocabulary were helpful?H: Yes, but psychologically speaking, I would have felt much better working on reading from my own field. What do you think Spiros?S: Well, I agree. That would have helped my confidence too, and I would have been more motivated. And it was good though that we could work on our own topics when we wrote the research assignments.Pro: Ok, that's move on to writing now...Section4Good afternoon everyone. Well, with some of you will go out on fieldwork it's timely that in this afternoon's session I'll be sharing some ideas about the reasons why groups of whales and dolphins sometimes swim ashore from thesea right onto the beach and, most often, die in what were known as "mass stranding".Unfortunately, this type of event is a frequent occurrence in some of the locations that you'll be travelling to, where sometimes the tide goes out suddenly, confusing the animals. However, there are many other theories about the causes of mass strandings.The first is that the behavior is linked to parasites. It's often found that stranded animals were infested with large numbers of parasites. For instance, a type of worm is commonly found in the ears of dead whales. Since marine animals rely heavily on their hearing to navigate, this type of infestation has the potential to be very harmful.Another theory is related to toxins, or poisons. These have also been found to contribute to the death of many marine animals. Many toxins, as I'm sure you're aware, originate from plants, or animals. The whale ingests these toxins in its normal feeding behavior but whether these poisons directly or indirectly lead to stranding and death, seems to depend upon the toxin involved.In 1988, for example, fourteen humpback whales exclaimed after stranding along the beaches of Cape Code were found to have been poisoned after eating tuna that contained saxitoxin, the same toxin that can be fatal to humans.Alternatively, it has also been suggested that some animals stranded accidentally by following their prey ashore in the confusion of the chase. In 1995 David Thurston monitored pilot whales that beached after following the squid ashore. However, this idea does not seem to hold true for the majority of mass strandings because examination of the animals' stomach contents reveal that most had not been feeding as they stranded.There were also some new theories, which link strandings to hunmans. A growing concern is that loud noises in the ocean cause stranings. Noises such as these caused by military exercises are of particular concern and have been pinpointed as the cause of some strandings of late.One of these, a mass stranding of whales in 2000 in the Bahamas conincided closely with experiments using a new submarine detection system. There are several factors that made this stranding stand out as different from previous strandings. This led researchers to look for a new cause. For one, all the stranded animals were healthy. In addition, the animals were spread outalong 38 kilometers of coast, whereas it's more for the animals to be found in a group when mass strandings occur.A final theory is related to group behaviour, and sugests that sea mammals cannot distinguish between sick and healthy leaders and will follow sick leaders, even to an inevitable death. This is a particularly interesting theory since the whales that are thought to be most social-the toothed whaled- are the group that strand the most frequently.The theory is also supported by evidence from a dolphin stranding in 1994. Examination of the dead animals revealed that apart from the leader, all the others had been healthy at the time of their death.Without one consistent theory however it is very hard for us to do anything about this phenomenon except to assist animal where and when we can. Stranding networks have been established around the world to aid in rescuing animals and collecting samples form those that could not be helped. I recommended John Connor's Marine Mammals ashore as an excellent starting point if you're interested in finding out more about there networks, or establishing one yourself.Text 2Section1M: Good morning. Can I help you?W: Yes. I've been accepted on a course at the university and I'd like to try and arrange accommodation in the hall of residence.M: Yes, certainly. Please sit down. What I'll do is fill in a form with you to find out a little more about your preferences and so forth.W: Thank you.M: So first of all, can I take you name?W: It's Anu Bhatt.M: Could you spell your name please?W: Yes. A-N-U...B-H-A double T.M: Thanks, and could I ask your date of birth?W: 31st March 1972.M: Thank you. And where are you from?W: India.M: Oh right. And what will you be studying?W: I'm doing a course in nursing.M: Right, thank you. And how long would you want to stay in hall, do you think?W: Well, it'll take three years but I'd only like to stay in hall for two. I'd like to think about living outside for the third year.M: Fine. And what did you have in mind for catering? Do you want to cook for yourself or have all your meals provided, that's full board?W: Is there something in between?M: Yes. You can just have evening meal provided, which is half board.W: That's what I prefer.M: Yes, a lot of students opt for that. Now, with that in mind, do you have any special diet, anything we should know about?W: Yes, I don't take red meat.M: No red meat.M: Now thinking about the room itself, we have a number of options. You can have a single study room or you can have a shared one. These are both what we call simple rooms. The other alternative is to opt for a single bedsit, which actually has more space and better facilities. There's about £20 a week difference between them.W: Well, actually my grant is quite generous and I think the bedsit sound the best option.M: Lovely. I'll put you down for that and we'll see what availability is like. Now can I ask some other personal details which we like to have on record? W: yes, of course.M: I wonder if you could let us know what your interests are. This might help us get a closer match for placing you in a particular hall.W: Ummm. Well, I love the theatre.M: Right.W: And I enjoy sports, particularly badminton.M: That's worth knowing. Now, what we finish with on the form is really a list from you of what you priorities are in choosing a hall and we'll do our best to take these into account.W: Well, the first thing is I'd prefer a hall where there are other mature students, if possible.M: Yes, we do have halls which tend to cater for slightly older students.W: Ummm and I'd prefer to be out of twon.M: That's actually very good for you because we tend have more vacancies in out-of-town halls.W: Lucky!M: Yes. Anything else?W: Well, I would like somewhere with a shared area, a TV room for example, or something like that. It's a good way to socialise.M: It certainly is.W: That's it.M: Now, we just need a contact telephone number for you.W: Sure, I'll just find it. It's double 6-7549M: Great, so we'll be in contact with you as soon as possible...Section2Hello, I'd delighted to welcome you to our Wildlife Club, and very pleased that you're interested in the countryside and the plants and creatures of this area. I think you'll be surprised at the variety we have here, even though we're not far from London. I'll start by telling you about some of the parks and open spaces nearby.One very pleasant place is Halland Common. This has been public land for hundreds of years, and what you'll find interesting is that the River Ouse, which flows into the sea eight kilometers away, had its source in the common. There;s an information board about the plants and animal you can see here, and by the way, the common is accessible 24 hours a day.Then there's Holt Island, which is noted for its great range of trees. In the past willows were grown here commercially for basket-making, and this ancient craft recently been reintroduced. The island is only open to the public form Friday to Sunday, because it's quite small, and if there were people around every day, much of the wildlife would keep away.From there it's just a short walk across the bridge to Longfield Country Park. Longfield has a modern replica of a farm over two thousand years ago. Children's activities are often arranged there, like bread-making and face-painting. The park is only open during daylight hours, so bear that in mind if you decide to go there.Longfield has a programme of activities throughout the year, and to give you a sample, this is what's happening in the next few days. On Monday you can learn about herbs, and how they've been used over the centuries. You'll start with a tour of our herb graden, practise the techinique of using them as colour dyes for cloth, and listen to an illustrated talk about their use in cooking and medicine.Then on Wednesday you can join local experts to discover the variety of insects and birds that appear in the evening. We keep to a small number of people in the group, so if you want to go you'll need to phone the park ranger a few days ahead. There's a small charge, which you should pay when you turn up.I'm sure you're all keen to help with the practical task of looking after the park, so on Saturday you can join a working party. You'll have a chose of all sports of activities, from planting hedges to picking up litter, so you'll be able to change from one to another when you feel like it. The rangers will be hard at work all day, but do come and join in, even for just a short while. One thing, though, is to make sure you're wearing something that you don't mind getting dirty to torn.And finally I'd like to tell you about our new wildlife area, Hinchingbrooke Park, which will be opened to the public next month. This slide doesn't really indicate how big it is, but anyway, you can see the two gates into the park, andthe main paths. As you can see, there's a lake in the north west of the park, with a bird hide to the west of it, at the end of a path. So it'll be a nice quiet place for watching the bird on the lake.Fairly close to where refreshments are available, there's a dog-walking area in the southern part of the park, leading off from the path. And if you just want to sit and relax, you can go to the flower garden; that's the circular area on the map surrounded by paths.And finally, there's a wooded area in the western section of the park, between two paths. Okay, that's enough from me, so let's go on to...Section3Pam: Hi Jun. As you know, I've asked you here today to discuss the future of our Self-Access Centre. We have to decide what we want to do about this very important resource for our English language students. So, can you tell me what the students think about this?Jun: Well, from the student's point of view, we would like to keep it. The majority of students say that they enjoy using it because it provides a variation on the classroom routine and they see it as a pretty major component of their course, but we would like to see some improvements to the equipment, particularly the computers; there aren't enough for one each at the moment and we always have to share.P: Well yes, the teachers agree that it is a very valuable resource but one thing we have noticed is that a lot of the student using it, but we think the computers should used as a learning resource, nor for emails. Some of us also think that we could benefit a lot more by relocating the Self-Access Centre to the main University library building. How do you think the students would feel about that, Jun?J: Well, the library is big enough to incorporate the Self-Access Centre, but it wouldn't be like a class activity anymore. Our main worry would be not being able to go to a teacher for advice. I'm sure there would be plenty of things to do but we really need teachers to help us choose the best activities.P: Well, there would still be a teacher present and he or she would guide the activities of the students, we wouldn't just leave them to get on with it.J: Yes, but I think the students would be much happier keeping the existing set-up; they really like going to the Self-Access Centre with their teacher and staying together as a group to do activities. If we could just improve the resources and facilities, I think it would be fine. Is the cost going to be a problem?P: It's not so much the expense that I'm worried about, and we've certainly gotroon to do it, but it's the problem of timetabling a teacher to be in there outside class hours. If we're going to spend a lot of money on equipment and resources, we really need to make sure that everything is looked after properly. Anyway, let's make some notes to see just what needs doing to improve the Centre.Pam: Now, what about the computers? I think it might be a good idea to install some new models. They would take up a lot less room and so that would increase the work space for text books and so on.Jun: That would be great. It is a bit cramped in there at times.P: What about other resources? Do you have a list of things that the students would like to see improved?J: Yes, one of the comments that students frequently make is that they find it difficult to find materials that are appropriate for their level, especially reading resources, so I think we need to label them more clearly.P: Well that's easy enough, we can get that organised every quickly. In fact I think we should review all of the study resources as some of them are looking a bit out-of-date.J: Definitely. The CD section especially needs to be more current. I think we should get some of the ones that go with our latest course books and also make multiple copies.P: Good, now I was also thinking about some different materials that we haven't got in there at all. What do you think of the idea of introducing some workbooks? If we break them up into separate pages and laminate them, they'd be a great resource. The students could study the main course book in class and then do follow-up practice in the Self-Access Centre.J: That sounds good.P: Okay, now finally we need to think about how the room is used. I'll have to talk to the teachers and make sure we can all reach some agreement on a timetable to supervise the centre after class. But we also need to think about security, too. Especially if we're going to invest in some new equipment.J: What about putting in an alarm?P: Good idea. The other thing I'd like to do is talk to our technicians and see whether we could somehow limit the access to email. I really don't want to see that resource misused.J: What about if we agree to only use it before and after class?P: Yes, that would be fine. OK, anway... that's great for now. We'll dicuss it further when we've arranged to...Section4Good morning everyone. Now whether you're going to University to study business or some other subject, many of you will eventually end up working for a company of some kind.Now, when you first start working somewhere you will realise that the organisation you've joined has certain characteristics. And we often refer to these social characteristics as the culture of the organisation- this includes its unwritten ideas, beliefs, values and things like that. One well known writer has classified company cultures by identifying four major types.The first type is called the Power Culture, and it's usually found in small organisations.It's the type of culture that needs a central source of power to be effective, and bucause control is in the hands of just one or two people there aren't many rules or procedures. Another characteristic is that communication usually takes the form of conversations rather than, say, formal meetings or written memos. Now one of the benefits of this culture is that the organisation has the ability to act quickly, so it responds well to threat, or danger on the one hand, and opportunity on the other.But on the negative side, this type of organisation doesn't always act effectively, because it depends too much on one or two people at the top, and when these people make poor decisions there's no-one else who can influence them.And the kind of person who does well in this type of business culture is one who is happy to take risks, and for whom job security is a low priority.The next types if known as Role Culture—that's R-O-L-E, not R-O-double L, by the way, and this type is usually found in large companies, which have lots of different levels in them. These organisations usually have separate departments that specialise in things like finance, or sales, or maintenance, or whatever. Each one is co-ordinated at the top by a small group of senior managers and typically everyone's job is controlled by sets of rules and procedures- for example, there are specific job descriptions, rules for discipline, and so on.What are the benefits of this kind of culture? Well firstly, because it's found in large organisations, its fixed costs, or overheads as they're known, are low in relation to it's output, or what it produces. In other words it can achieve。

官方版剑桥雅思10听力原文test 1Section 1(1) You will hear a woman and a man talking about the work of library. First, you have some time to look at the questions 1-5.You will see that there's an example that has been done for you. On this occasion only, the conversation relating to this will be played first. Hello, I'm Mrs. Phillips, the head librarian; you are the new library assistant, aren't you?Yes, I'm Robert Hawscow, but please call me Bob.The woman introduces herself as the head librarian Mrs. Phillips, so the name Mrs. Phillips is been written in.Now, we should begin. You should answer the questions as you listen, because you will not hear the recording the second time.Listen carefully and answer questions 1-5.Hello, I'm Mrs. Phillips, the head librarian; you are the new library assistant, aren't you?Yes, I'm Robert Hawscow, but please call me Bob.All right, Bob. Let me take a few minutes to explain how the library works and what your dutieswill be.First, the library opens at 8:30 in the morning; so naturally, we expect you to be here and ready to work by then.Of course.And you can go home at 4:30 when the library closes. Now let me explain where everything's kept.It looks like here on the ground floor is where the reference books are. Yes, that's right. Upon the second floor is where the adult collection is, both fiction and non-fiction.And the children's books are there too, aren't they? I thought I saw them in the room by thestairway.No, those are magazines and newspapers for adults.Children's books are up one more flight on the third floor, we'll take a look at them later.Let me show you how we organize our work. Do you see that brown book cart over there?The one at the door?Yes, that one, those books have been shacked in and need to go back on the shelves.Okay, so the brown book cart has books to re-shelve, what about the black cart by the desk?Those books have torn pages or damaged covers; they're all books that need to be repaired.Okay, I know how to do a lot of that and I'm very good at mending torn pages and covers.That's great, because we really need help with that.And the white cart over the corner, what are those books for?Those were old books that we've taken off the shelves to make room for new ones.We sell them as used books to raise money for the library.So, they are all ready to sell.Yes, that's right. So, now you know what to do with the books in the carts. Let's talk about out activity schedule.(2) Now listen and answer the questions 6-10.I understand this library has a number of interesting activities every week. Yes, our activities are quite popular; the most popular one is Story Time for the children.Do a lot of children show up for that?Yes, a good many. It takes place in children's room on Thursday mornings at 11:00.Isn't there a family movie night too?Yes, but it's not at night anymore.We used to have family movies on Fridays when the library opened until nine. But now, we have a different activity at that time.So we have to switch family movies to the weekend, Saturday afternoon. How much do you charge for the movies?They are all free. The movie always starts at 2:30 in the reference room.But you don't have to worry about that since you don't work on weekends. And what takes place on Friday evenings?We've just started our weekly lecture series.We have a different speaker every week and the lectures cover all different kinds of topics.That sounds like something I'll be interested in attending.Good, because we'll need your help with that.You' l be working Friday evenings and one of your duties would be to set up the meeting roomon first floor for the lecture.What time will you need that done?Let's say by 6:15, the lecture starts at 6:30 and the room needs to be ready well ahead oftime. A lot of people arrive early.Maybe I should have the room ready by 6:00.That wouldn't be a bad idea. Okay, why don't I take you upstairs and show you the rest of the collection.Section 2(1) You will hear a radio interview by Lakeside Resort.First you have some time to look at questions 11-15.As you listen to the first part of the talk, answerquestions 11-15. Good afternoon, and welcome to Today Show. Thewarm months are with us and many of you are getting ready to plan vacation trips.To help you with that, we have a special guest today, Robert Samson, director of the Golden Lake Resort.Robert, I understand Golden Lake is a popular place for families to spend their vacations.Yes, families enjoy spending time at Golden Lake.Many come back year after year. We have a spectacular location and fanatic activities for bothchildren and adults.Could you describe for us some of the activities available at Golden Lake? We have a lot of water activities of course, Central ride on the lake. We have a pleasant sandy beach for swimming.We also have canoes and sail boats available and many of our guests enjoy boating on thelake.I image water skiing would be popular among your guests.Actually, we don't promote water skiing in the resort area.It can be dangerous for swimmers and for the canoers too.We do have a great location for fishing though and you often see guests fishing from our dock or from the canoes.That sounds very relaxing. What about activities on land? Do you have facilities for tennis?We had tennis in the past, but the courts failed up to repair since we found that most of our guests weren't interested in the game.We closed the court down, so that's no longer our option.And actually, because of location in the woods, we don't have another good area for a golf course.But I'd like to let your listeners to know, there would be adding a new activity this year.We've made an arrangement for a local stable, so now we are going to have horse-back riding available for our guests.We've created several riding trails around the lake.That sounds lovely. Now, what about rainy days? What can your guests do when the weather's bad?We have a games room and a crafts room. When the weather's rainy, some of our very talented staff members offer art sand crafts classes for all ages. What fun! Do you offer any other classes or activities?(2) Now listen, and answer questions 16-20.We have a weekly schedule of evening activities, which anyone can attend if they choose.Every Sunday we show a film or something suitable for the whole family. Monday is my favorite night because that's dessert night.Our cook prepares variety of desserts and we get to taste them all. Umm...I'd like to be there for that.Yes, it's great. We get more serious toward the middle of the week, our discussion night on Tuesday.Discussion night?Yes, we discuss different current events depending on what's happening that week of news.And on Wednesday, we have lectures. We invite different experts to talk about local history on nature topics.This is actually one of our popular evening activities. We found that our guests are really interested in learning about the local areas.It sounds quite interesting.Yes, we have some excellent speakers. Thursday night is totally different, cause that when we play games.That's especially fun for the children. Children love Fridays too, because that's talent show night.Everyone gets in on that (staff, guests, everyone) .It looks like you have a lot of fun at Golden Lake Resort.We do. And we end every week with big fun, with a dance on Saturday night. Now, I understand a little more why Golden Lake is such a popular place for family vacations.With such a variety of activities, there's something for every member of family there.There is. And I hopeyour listeners will consider spending their next vacation with us.That is the end of section 2. You now have half a minute to check your answers. Section 3(1) You will hear two students talking about the classassignment about wild bird rescue adrehabilitation.First, you have some time to look at the questions21-25.As you listen to the first part of the conversation, answer questions 21-25. Okay, let's go over the requirements and see what we have left to do. Let's see. We have to give the professor a written summary for the information we've given on ourtopic wild bird rescue and rehabilitation.The other written thing we have to turn in is thecase study of rehabilitation of one bird. We have information on that already.Right. All we have to do is to write it up. What about charts and graphs. Do we need to enclose something like that?I don't think so. They are rarely relevant, but we do have to turn in a list of resources we used.Actually, what about videos? I heard some of the other students were doing that.Well, I guess that must be optional, because I don't see it on the requirements list.Okay, we should start planning our class presentation since that counts for half the grade.We've looked at lots of sources and information, but I think our best source was the interviews we did with the wildlife rehabilitators.Agreed. That and the journal articles. I think we have enough information from those two sources for the presentation.Anyhow, the books we looked at weren't all that helpful.I wonder if we should try to bring in some live birds for the presentation.That would be too difficult, don't you think? But we have lots of photos of rehabilitated birds.We can show those.(2) Now, listen and answer questions 26-30.Right. Okay, I think we should start by talking about how to rescue a bird. Probably first we should help people understand which birds need rescuing. Yeah, that's really important because a lot of times people see a baby bird that's all alone orthey find a bird sitting on the ground and they think it needs to be rescued.And usually, those are just baby birds learning to fly.So we should emphasize that people should only attempt to rescue a bird that's clearly injured.For certain kinds of birds, the rescuer needs to wear protective gloves because some of those birds have sharp claws and can tear your shirt or worse injure your faceor some other part of your body.Yes, that's an important point. Okay, next, let's tell people to put the injured bird in a box, a box with good air circulation.We should let them know that cages are necessary and a bag, especially a plastic one, could hurt the bird more.Another thing we need to say is that the best way to help the bird stay calm is not by patting it or talking to it, but by leaving it completely alone. Then people should take the bird to the Bird Rescue Center as soon as possible.Right. And we should also point out that when they're driving the bird to the Rescue Center, it's better not to play music on the radio or talk loudly. Because those things just stress the bird.Yes, it's better just to speak quietly while you have the bird in the car. Okay, we're got that part covered. Next, we should talk about what happens at the RescueCenter.That is the end of section 3. You now have half a minute to check your answers. Section 4(1) You'll hear a lecture about Great Barrier Reef. Firstyou have some time to look at the questions 31-33. Now listen carefully and answer questions 31-33.Despite of its name, the Great Barrier Reef isn't just one large coral reef. Rather, it's a system of coral reef that stretches along the east coast of Australia, covering an areaof around 300,000 square kilometers.The Great Barrier Reef is composed of approximately 3000 individual reefs which range insize from one hectare to more than 10,000 hectareseach.In addition, around 600 islands are scattered throughout the area, particularly at the northern and southern ends.The reefs themselves are composed of over 400 different kinds of coral, the largest variety of coral found anywhere in the world.(2) Now, listen carefully and answer questions 34-40.Thousands of species of sea animals live in and around the reefs.All together, approximately 1500 species of fish inhabit the reef area, including a number ofdifferent kinds of sharks.One of the more interesting mollusks to be found in the reefs is the giant clam.These huge shelf fish can live for more than a hundred years and can weigh as much as 200 kilos.Sea mammals are bound in the area, which serves as a breeding ground for certain types of whales, many of which are endangered.Over two hundred species of sea and shore birds fees, roost on nest among the reefs and islands.Many types of reptiles can also be found living around and near the reefs. Salt water crocodiles, for example, inhabit the marshes along coast or the area.Amphibians include at least 7 species of fogs inhabit in the islands and reefs.Unfortunately, this wondrous area of the world is threatened by climate change.Rising sea temperatures have led to an effect called "coral bleaching", that is large numbers of corals dying off, especially in the shallower area of the reef.The Great Barrier Reef Marine Park Authority is attempting to find effective ways to deal with this issue that threatens the reef.One proposed solution involves shading the reef in certain areas to help keep thesurrounding water temperatures down.That is the end of section 4. You now have half a minute to check your answers.test 2Section 1(1) Global bicycle tours. May I help you?Yes, thank you. I'd like to sign up for a bicycle tour.Which tour will you be interested in? We have the River Valley tour coming up in June and the mountain tour in July.The river valley tour was in June. I thought it was on May.It actually takes place the first week of June.Oh, I see. Well, I can still do that. The river valley tour is the one I want.Splendid, Just let me take your information. May I have your name please? Karla Schmidt. That's Karla with "K", not "C", K-A-R-L-A.Thank you, Miss Schmidt. Address?Do you need a street address? Or can I give you my post office box?The post office box is fine.Thank you. Okay, next, uld you bring in your own bicycle? Or do you want to rent one from us?I'll bring my own.Excellent. Now, we provide all the meals. So we need to know if you have any diet (dietary)restrictions.I don't think so. What do you mean?I mean if there's any food you can't eat? Some people have food allergy (allergies) orvegetarian or have t avoid dairy products. Things like that. Oh, I see. Yes, I'm a vegetarian and never eat meat.(2) All right. I'll make a note of that. Now the total cost of the tour is $750.That much?The price includes everything: food, hotel, transportation. Everything. Everything?Yes, everything. The only other thing is you have (want) to tip the tour guide. We usuallyrecommend 5% the total tour cost.A five percent tip. I guess that's reasonable.In order to reserve your space on the tour. I'll need a 30% deposit.Do you need that right away?We generally ask for the deposit at least 4 weeks before the tour begins. The River Valley tour begins, let me see, 6 weeks from now, so you need to pay the deposit in 2 weeks.I think I can do that. I nder if you could tell me something how will luggage be transported. Do we carry it on our bicycles?No, you leave that to us. We have a van that carries your luggage from hotel to hotel each day. So you don't have to rry about it.Great. I have a luggage track for my bike. But I guess I n't have to bring that.No, you n't. But there are a few items we recommend that you bring. We can't control the weather, so you should bring a raincoat or a rain gear. Yes, that's a good idea. And I should have my own spare tire too, shouldn't I?Actually, you don't need that. As our guide always carries some and of course, you n't need maps either, since our guide has the route all planned. What about a water bottle? I'll need that, n't I?Yes, you should definitely have a water bottle. A camera uld be a good idea too, since the tour goes through some very scenic areas.I have a guide book of that area. I nder if I should bring it along.We don't recommend guide books. It uld just be extra way and the tour guide knows a great deal about that area.Yes, I see. Is there anything else I need to know?I think we've covered the important points. I'll send you a tour brochure and you can call again if you have any questions.Thank you very much.Section 2(1) Thank you all for coming to see the new renovations to the Half Health Club.I know you be pleased as I am to see the wonderful results of a month of hard work to improve the club and bring in the best facilities ever.We'll beginning here with the swimming pool.You'll notice the new color of the adult pool, a lovely cool green.Now we'll go over here and look at the children's pool.It's the same green, but as you see, with brightly colored sea creatures painted everywhere.Both of the pools needed painting, not only for maintenance, but I think the new color greatlyimproves the atmosphere this part of the club. Next, let's take a look at the locker rooms. Don't worry, there's no one using them just now.Doesn't it feel roomy in here? We've expanded both the men's and women's locker rooms.So now they'll be much more comfortable to use.There are bigger lockers, a good deal of more room of dressing area and more places to store extra towels and equipments.Be careful when as you walk through here. The floor's just been polished and may be slippery.Let's go up to the exercise room next. Here, you'll notice a new floor. Walk on it. Doesn't it feel comfortable?It's a special material, soft the out floor and ideal surfaces for jogging exercising.They have to move all the exercising equipment out while they are working on the floor. But don't worry; it would be brought back in before the end of today.Let's step outside now and look at the tennis courts.We haven't done a great deal here except the equipment.We'll place all the nets in the balls run machine.Otherwise, everything is the same as it was before.Let's walk down this hallway, and here we are the club store, its new location.We thought here by the entrance was a better place for it than was used to be by the swimming pool.But it still has (all) the same items for sale, sports equipment and clothes in the club colors.(2) We are excited about the upcoming activities and events take place on newly renovated club.Now that the pools are ready for used again, swimming lessons will begin tomorrow for both adults and children.If you haven't signed up yet, you can stop by the officebefore you leave today and put your name on the list.If you're a tennis player, you'll be interested to hear about the tennis competition coming upon Wednesday.Players from different clubs all have the region more be participating. If you like to watch the event, tickets are available in the office.Also, I want to be sure you all know you are invited to our club party coming up next weekend.We celebrate the completion of the renovation work and we have a lot to celebrate the entire renovation project was finished in just nine months. That's 3 months less than the twelve months we originally planned on. We're proud of that and proud of weakening the budget too. Because we have such great results with this project.We are all ready planning the next one. We already have two indoor pools and next year weplan to install an outdoor pool right next to the tennis courts.Details of this plan will be made available to all club members soon. All right, I think we've covered just about everything. Any other questions? Section 3(1) Welcome to the City Museum of Art. I'm Doctor Shirley Johnson, the director of the museum internship programme (program).Today, I'll be giving you an oral orientation to themuseum. And our museum administrator's internship programm.Will we get a chance to tour the museum today?Yes, we'll start right now with the tour of the building. We'll skip the basement.Most of that part of the building is devoted to our conservation, which won't be part of your internship.Let's begin here on the ground floor with the museum offices.I guess this is where we'll be spending most of our time, helping with the office work.You'll spend some time working in here, so you can learn what the administrative duties involve.But you also get a chance to experience all aspects of museum work. This room in here is the museum tours office.I'm interested in that. I really like to help about the tours.That's great. Because you all have a chance to lead some tours. And maybe even to develop a tour of your own too.Let's go up to the second floor now.This is the board room in here, isn't it? Will we get to go to board meetings? Only members of the board of directors attend those. Now, back here behind the galleries are the classrooms.You are all welcome to attend any class you want and no charge.But we won't be teaching any, will we?No, the staff of the education department is responsible for that. Let's move up to the third floor now. And the research department.Each of you will spend some time working in here.Great. I'd like to help with the research.We are working on some very interesting research project right now. Also, as extension of your research work, you'll probably contribute to some of the museum's brochures.I'm looking forward to that. I like writing about art. Another thing I've been hoping to be able to do is to meet some artists.You are in luck then. We've planned a reception for the first day of your internship. And youhave the chance to meet several local artists then.(2) Could you give us a little background of the museum? I mean, when was it built and some information about the collections and things like that? Of course. The main part of the museum was built in 1895, with a combination of public and private funds.The new wing was built 60 years later, with the donation from the reign back family.That part of the museum was built for the modern art collection, wasn't it? Yes, it was. In the main part of the museum, we have a gallery devoted to works by localartists, our sculpture collection and a small collection of classical European art.You mentioned classes earlier. What kinds of the classesdoes the museum offer?In our adult education program, we offer a series of art history classes. And for children, we have a program of arts and crafts workshops.You can get a brochure from the office. That will give you more information.I saw a lot of chairs set up in the main hall. What are those for? Those are there for tonight's musical performance. We offer a weekly concert series during the fall and winter.And of course, all of you are welcome to attend. Now, if there are no more questions, let's step into my office and I'll show you your schedules. Section 4(1) The tomato is a popular vegetable, which figures and cuisines in many countries around theworld. It is particularly prominent in Italian cooking. But it was unknown in Europe until Spanish explorers brought it back from the Americas.The tomato was originated in the highlands of Peru. From there it eventually found its way toMexico, where it was cultivated by the Aztecs.The Aztec tomato wasn't the large, red vegetable we know today; rather, it was small andyellow.When the small round fruit arrived in Italy, it was named"golden apple", for its bright yellowcolour.You'll notice that I just called it a fruit. That's because a tomato is botanically a fruit, evenalmost everyone calls it a vegetable.The actual wordtomato comes from the Aztec name for the vegetable meaning "plant thing".The tomato was arrived in Europe in the 1500s, and quickly became a popular food in Spainand Italy.In the late 1600s, the Italians began publishing recipes that used tomatoes.The British, however, had a different attitude toward the vegetable.It was grown as an ornamental plant in Britain in the 1600s, but it wasn't eaten, because itwas thought to be poisonous.It wasn't until the 1700s that tomatoes became part of the daily diet in Britain.(2) In the United States, tomatoes were also used as ornamental plants rather than as foods for along time.This attitude began to change in the 1800s. In 1806 a gardener's calendar mentioned thattomatoes could be used to improve the flavour of soups and other foods.Thomas Jefferson did much to enhance the tomato's reputation as a food. He first served tomatoes to visitors at his home in Virginia in 1809. Then in 1820, a man named Robert Gibbon Johnson decided it was time to discard onceinfluence all the idea that tomatoes were poisonous.To prove his point, he ate one kilo of ripe tomatoes in public.2000 people gathered to watch this feat, which took place on the steps of courthouse in Salem,Massachusetts.Amazing enough, Johnson survived this stunt. The popularity of the tomato as a food begangrowing rapidly.Soon people all around the country were eating tomatoes. By the 1830s, the Americannewspapers and magazines were publishing thousands of tomato recipes.However, all those recipes involved using tomatoes in some cooked form. Tomato salads and sandwiches were still not unknown.It wasn't until a century later in 1930s that they became popular for people to eat rawtomatoes.Test 4Section 1Woman:?This?is?the?Clear?Point?Telephone?Company?customer?service?office.?My?name?is?Ms.Johns.?How?may?I?help?you? Man:?Yes,?I'm?moving?in?the?lateral?arrange?to?have?a?phone?line?installed.Woman:?This?is?the?Clear?Point?Telephone?Company?customer?service?office.?My?name?is?Ms.Johns.?How?may?I?help?you? Man:?Yes,?I'm?moving?in?the?lateral?arrange?to?have?a?phone?line?installed.Woman:?Of?course.?Let?me?get?some?information?from?you?first.?May?I?have?your?name?please?Man:?It's?Kramer.?Harold?Kramer.Woman:?And?would?you?spell?your?last?name?for?me?please?Man:?K-R-A-M-E-R.Woman:?M-E-R.Got?it.?Okay,?could?I?have?the?address?where?you'd?like?to?have?the?telephoneconnected?Man:?That?would?be?Number?58?Fulton?Avenue,?apartment?12.Woman:?Is?that?a?business?or?a?residence?Man:?A?residence.?It's?my?new?home?address.Woman:?Then?the?type?of?phone?service?you?want?is?residential,?not?business?Man:?Yes,?yes.?It's?for?my?home.Woman:?All?right,?fine.?Now?let?me?get?your?employment?information.?Who?is?your?current employer?Man:?I?work?at?Wrights?ville?Medical?Group.Woman:?Then?your?occupation?is?doctor?Man:?No,?I?work?for?the?doctors.?I'm?the?office?manager.Woman:?Okay,?and?could?I?have?your?work?phone?number?Man:?It's?Woman:?9014.?Great.?Just?one?more?thing,?I?need?to?know?how?long?you've?been?at?your current?job.Man:?I've?been?working?at?for?quite?a?while?long.?Let?me?see, 8??No, 9.?That's?right, 9?years.Woman:?Okay,?good.?Yovue'?been?there?long?enough.?So?I?don't?need?to?ask?about?any?otherwork?history.?Now,?in?additio n?to?our?basic?phone?service,?we?have?several?special?services available.Man:?Could?you?explain?them?to?me?Woman:?Most?customers?opt?for?unlimited?long-distance?service.?It?really?saves?your?money?ifyou?make?a?lot?of?long-distan ce?calls.Man:?That?sounds?like?a?good?idea.Woman:?Then?I'll?put?you?down?for?long-distance?service.?Another?popular?service?is?voicemail.?Voice?mail?takes?all?your?m essages?electronically?and?only?takes?one?simple?phone?call?to retrieve?them.Man:?Umm.?Voice?mail.?No?I?don't?think?so.?I?have?an?answering?machine?to?take?my?messages.It's?old?but?it?still?works?fin e.Woman:?We?also?provide?Internet?service?if?you're?interested?in?that.Man:?I?am.?Please?put?me?down?in?Internet?as?well?as?phone?services.。

T e s t 1 Section 1A:Hi,George Glad you're back. Loads of people have phoned you.B: ReallyA: I felt just like your secretaryB: Sorry I went into the library this afternoon to have a look at a newspaper and I came across something really interestingA: What A booka summer festival - mainly Spanish music. Look,I've got it here.A: Spanish music I really love the guitar. Let's have a look. So what's this group ‘Guitarrini'B: They're really good. They had a video Q1with all the highlights of the festival at a stand in the lobby to the library,so I heard them. They play fantastic instruments - drums and flutes and old kinds of guitars. I've never heard anything like it before.A: Sounds great.B: Okay. Shall we go then Spoil ourselves Yes,let's.A: The only problem is there aren't any cheap seats . . . it's all one price. Well,in that case we could sit right at the front - we'd have a really good view.B:Yeah,though I think that if you sit at the back You can actually hear the whole thingA: Yes. Anyway we can decide when we get there.---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------A: So will you fill in the form or shallB: 1'11 do it. Name: George O'Neill. Address: 18 North Avenue Q3,Westsea. Doyou remember our new postcode Still can't remember it.A: Just a minute - I've got it written down here. WS6 2YH Q4. Do you need thephone tooB: Please. I'm really bad at numbers.A:.Q5 So,let's book two tickets for Guitarrini.B: Okay. If you're sure each is all right. How do you feel about the singerA: I haven't quite decided. But I've noticed something on the booking form thatmight just persuade meB: What's that thenA: Free refreshmentsB: ReallyA: Yes,look here. Sunday 17th of June. Singer, ticket includes drinks Q6in thegarden.B: Sounds Iike a bargain to meA: Yes,let's book two tickets for that. So, what else I'm feeling quite keennow How about the pianist Q7 on the 22nd of JuneB: Anna Ventura I've just remembered that's my evening c1ass night.A: That's okay. I’ll just have to go on my own - but we can go to the Spanishdance and guitar concert together,can't weB: Yes -I'm sure Tom and Kieran would enjoy that too. Good heavens-Q8 a ticketI can see we're going to have to go without food for the rest of the week -we'll need to book four Q9A:Wish we were students 一 look Children,Students and Senior Citizens get a50%Q10 discount on everything. B: If onlySection 2Hello,and thank you for asking me to your teachers' meeting to talk about theDinosaur Museum and to tell you a bit about what you can do with your students there.Well,let me give you some of the basic information first. In regard to opening hours,we're open every day of the week from am to pm except on Mondays when we close at ,in fact the only day in the year when we’re closed is on the 25th of December Q11&12. You can book a guided tour for your school group any time that we're open. If you bring a school group to the museum,when you arrive we ask you to remain with your group i n the car park. One or more of the tour guides will welcome you there and brief you Q13 about what the tour will be about. We do this there because our entrance is quite small and we really haven't got much room for briefing groups in the exhibition area.As far as the amount of time you'll need goes,if you bring a school group you should plan on allowing a minimum of 90 minutes for the visit. This allows 15 minutes to get on and offthe coach,45 minutes Q14 for the guided tour and 30 minutes for after-tour activities.If you're going to have lunch at the museum you will,of course,have to allow more time. There are two cafés in the museum,with seating for 80 people. If you want to eat there you'lI need to reserve some seating, as they can get quite crowed at lunch time. Then utside the museum at the back there are tables Q15, and students can bring their own lunch and eat it there in the open air.--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------When the students come into the museum foyer we ask them to check in their backpacks with their books,lunch boxes , etc, at the cloakroom before they enter the museum proper. I'm afraid in the past we have had a few things gone missing after school visits so this is a strict rule. Also,some of the exhibits are fragile and we don't want them to be accidentally knocked. But we do provide school students with handouts with questions and quizzes on them.Q16-18There's so much that students can learn in the muse um and it’s fun for them to have something to do. Of course They’ll need to bring something to write with for these. We do allow students to take photograph.Q16-18 For students who are doing projects it's useful to make some kind of visual record of what they see that they can add to their reports. And finally, they should not bring anything to eat into the museum, or drinks of any kind. There are also a few things thestudents can do after the tour. In the theatre on the ground floor there are continuous screenings of short documentaries about dinosaurs which they can see any time.Q19&20We used to have an activity room with more interactive things like making models of dinosaurs and drawing and painting pictures, even hunting for dinosaur eggs, but unfortunately the room was damaged in a bad storm recently when water came in the roof, so tha1's closed at the moment. But we do have an IT Centre where students have access to CD ROMs with a range of dinosaur games. Q19&20These games are a lot of fun, but they also teach the students about the lives of dinosaurs, how they found food, protected their habitat, survived threats, that kind of thing.And . . .I think that's all 1 have to tell you. Please feel free to ask any questions if you would like to know anything else.Section 3T: Right, Sandra. You wanted to see me to get some feedback on your group's proposal. The one you're submitting for the Geography society field trip competition. I've had a look through your proposal and I think it's a really good choice. In fact, I only have a few things to say about it, but even in an outline document like this you really have to be careful to avoid typos and problems with layout in the proposal, and even in the contents page. so read it through carefully before submitting it, okayS: Will do.T: And I've made a few notes on the proposal about things which could have been better sequencedQ2I.S: Okay.T: As for the writing itself, I’ve annotated the proposal as and where I thought it could be improved. Generally speaking, I feel you've often used complex structures and long sentences for the sake of it and as a consequence . . . although your paragraphing and inclusion of sub-headings help . . . it's quite hard to follow your train of thought at times. So cut them down a bit,can vouQ22S: ReallyT: Yes. And don't forget simple formatting like numbering.S: Didn't I use page numbersT: I didn't mean that. Look, you’ve remembered to include headers and footers, which is good, but listing ideas clearly is Number them or use bullet points, which is even clearer. Then you'll focus the reader on your main points. I thought your suggestion to go to the Navajo Tribal Park was a very good idea.S: I've always wanted to go there. My father was a great fan of cowboy films and the Wild West so I was subjected to seeing all the epics, many of which were shot there. As a consequence,Q24 it feels very familiar to me and it's awesome both geographically and usually, so it's somewhere I've always wanted to The subsequent research I did and the online photographs made me even keener.T: Interesting. Right, let’s look at the content of your proposal now.S: Did you find it comprehensive enoughT: Well, yes and no. You've listed several different topics on your contents page, but I'm not sure they're all relevant.S: No Well, I thought that from the perspective of a field trip, one thing I needed to focus on was the sandstone plateaux and cliffs the way they tower up from the flat landscape is just amazing. The fact that the surrounding softer rocks were eroded by wind and rain, leaving these huge outcrops high above the plain. It's hardly surprising that tourists flock to see the area.T: Well, yes, I’d agree e with including those points . . .S: And then the fact that it's been home to native American Navajos and all the social history that goes with that. The hardships they endured trying to save their territory from the invading settlers. Their culture is so rich - all those wonderful stories.T: Well, I agree it's interesting, but it's not immediately relevant to your proposal, Sandra, so at this stage, I suggest you focus on other considerations.I think an indication of what the students on the trip could actually do when they get there should be far more centraI,Q25-27so that certainly needs to be included and to be expanded upon. And I'd like to see something about the local wildlife, and vegetation too, Q25-27not that I imagine there’s much to see. Presumably the tourist invasion hasn't helped.S: O kay, I ’II do some work on those two areas as well. But you're right, there's not much apart from some very shallow-rooted species. Although it's cold andsnowy there in the winter, the earth is baked so hard in the summer sun that rainwater can't it’s a case of flood or drought, really.T: So, I understand. Now, before we look at everything in more detail, I’ve got few actual questions for you. It would be a good idea to include the answers in your finished proposal, because they're missing from your draft.S: Fine.T: so, you mentioned the monoliths and the spires, which was good, but what area does the tribal park cover Do you knowS: I2,000 hectares,Q28 and the plain is at about 5,850 meters above sea level.T: Larger than I expected. Okay. Where's the nearest accommodation That's a practical detail that you haven't included. Have you done any research on thatS: Yes. There's nowhere to stay in the park itself, but there's an old trading post called Goulding quite near. AII kinds of tours start from Goulding, too.T: What kind of toursS: Well,the most popular are in four-wheel drive jeeps - but I wouldn't recommend hiring those. I think the best way to appreciate the area wouldn’t be to hire horsesQ29 instead and trek around on those. Biking is not allowed and it's impossible to drive around the area in private vehicles. The tracks are too rough.T: Okay, lastly, what else is worth visiting thereS: There are several caves, but I haven’t looked into any details. I'II find out about them.T: Okay, good. Now what I'd like to know is . . .Section 4So, welcome to your introductory geography lecture. We’ll begin with some basics. Firstly what do we learn by studying geographyWell, we learn a great deal about all the processes that have affected and that continue to affect the earth's we learn far more than that, because studying geography also informs us about the different kinds of relationships that develop between a particular environments Q32and the people that live there.Okay. We like to think of geography as having two main branches. There's the study of the natureof our planet - its physical features, what it actually looks like - and then there's the study of the ways in which we choose to live and of the impact Q33of those on our planet. Our current use of carbon fuels is a good example of that.But there are more specific study areas to consider too, and we’ll be looking at each of these in turn throughout this semester. These include bio-physical geography, by which 1 mean the study of the natural environment and all its living things. Then there's topography- that looks at the shapes of the land and oceans. There's the study of political geography and social geography too, of course, which is the study of communities of people. We have economic geography - in which we examine all kinds of resources and their use - agriculture, for example. Next comes historical geography - the understanding of how people and their environments and the ways they interact have changed over a period of time -and urbanQ34 geography, an aspect I'm particularly interested in, which takes as its focus the location of cities, the services that those cities provide, and migration of people to and from such cities. And lastly, we have cartography. That's the art and science of map- making. You'll be doing a lot of thatSo, to summarize before we continue, we now have our key answer . . . studying this subject is important because without geographical knowledge, we would know very little about our surroundings and we wouldn't be able to identify all the problemsQ35that relate to them. so, by definition, we wouldn't be in an informed position to work out how to solve any of them.Okay, now for some practicalities. What do geographers actually do Well, we collect data to begin with You’ll be doing a lot of that on your first field trip How do we do this There are several means. We might, for example, conduct a census - count a population in a given area perhaps. We also need image Q36 of the earth's surface which we can produce by means of computer-generation technology or with the help of satellite relays. We've come a very long way from the early exploration of the world by sailing ships when geographers only had pens and paper at their disposal.After we've gathered our information, we must analyse it We need to look for pattern,Q37 most commonly those of causes and consequences. This kind of information helps us to predict and resolve problems that could affect the worldwe live in.But we don't keep all this information confidential. We then need to publish our findings so that other people can access it and be informed by it .And one way in which this information can be published is in the form of maps. You'll all have used one at some stage of your life already.Let's consider the benefits of maps from a geographer's perspective.Maps can be folded and put in a pocket and can provide a great store of reference when they're collected into an atlas. They can depict the physical features of the entire planet if necessary, or, just a small part of it in much greater detail. But there is a drawback. You can't exactly replicate something that is three-dimensional, like our planet, on a map at piece of paper, because paper has only two dimensions, and that means there’ll always be a certain degree of distortionQ38 a map. It can't be avoided.We can also use aerial photographs . . . pictures taken by cameras at high altitude above the earth. These are great for showing all kinds of geographical features that are not easy to see from the ground. You can easily illustrate areas of diseased trees or how much traffic Q39is on the roads at a given time or information about deep sea beds, for example.Then there are Landsats. These are satellites that circle the earth and transmit visual information to computers at receiving stations. They circle the earth several times a day and can provide a mass of information –you’ll all be familiar with the information they give us about the weatherQ40 for example. So, what we're going to do now is look at a short presentation in which you'II see all these tools.. .。

剑桥雅思真题英语听力剑桥雅思真题英语听力剑桥雅思真题英语听力剑桥雅思真题英语听力篇 1 Good morning. Stretton Festival box office. How can I help you 上午好，这里是Stretton庆典售票处，有什么能帮您Oh, hello. My family and I are on holiday in the area, and we“ve seen some posters about thefestival this week. 哦，你好，我和家人正在这个地区度假，我们看见一些海报上在宣传这个周的庆典。

Could you tell me about some of the events, please 能请你给我介绍一些庆典上的活动吗Of course. 当然啦。

First of all, are there still tickets available for the jazz band on Saturday 首先，周六要举行的爵士乐队表演还有票吗There are, but only ￡15. The ￡12 seats have all been sold. 有，不过只剩15英镑的票了，12英镑的所有座位都已经卖光了。

OK. And the venue is the school, isn“t it 好的，举行地点是在学校，对吧Yes, that"s right, the secondary school. 是的，没错，在中学。

Make sure you don"t go to the primary school by mistake! 千万别走错路去了小学。

And there"s an additional performer who isn"t mentioned on the posters — Carolyn Hart isgoing to play with the band.还有一位海报上没有提到的演出人员——Carolyn Hart ，她也将和乐队一起表演。

Hello?Oh, hello. I wanted to enquire about hiring a room in the Village Hall, for the evening of September the first.Let me just see...Yes, we have both rooms available that evening.There's our Main Hall-that's got seating for 200 people. Or there's the Charlton Room... Sorry?The Charlton Room - C-H-A-R-l-T-0-N.That's got seating for up to one hundred.Well, we're organising a dinner to raise money for a charity, and we're hoping for at least 150 people,so I think we'll go for the Main Hall.How much would that cost?Let's see. You wanted it for the evening of September 1st?Yes, that's a Saturday.So from 6 p. m. to midnight that'd be 115 pounds-that's the weekend price, it's 75 pounds on weekdays.That's all right.And I have to tell you there's also a deposit of 250 pounds, which is returnable of course as long as there's no damage.But we do insist that this is paid in cash, we don't take cards for that.You can pay the actual rent of the room however you like though cash, credit card, cheque... Oh, well I suppose that's OK.So does the charge include use of tables and chairs and so on? Oh, yes.And what about parking?Yeah that's all included.The only thing that isn't included is that...you said you were organising a dinner?Yeah.Well, you'll have to pay extra for the kitchen if you want to use that. It's 25 pounds.It's got very good facilities — good quality cookers and fridges and so on.OK, well I suppose that's all right.We can cover the cost in our entry charges.Right. So I'll make a note of that.Now there are just one or two things you need to think about before the event.For example, you'll have to see about getting a licence if you're planning to have any music during the meal.Oh, really?It's quite straightforward, I'll give you the details later on.And about a week or ten days before your event you'll need to contact the caretaker, that's Mr Evans,to make the arrangements for entry- he'Il sort that out with you.And do I give him the payment as well?No, you do that directly with me.Right. Now is there anything I need to know about what happens during the event?Well, as you'll be aware, of course the building is no smoking throughout.Of course.Now, are you having a band?Yes.Well, they'll have a lot of equipment,so rather than using the front door they should park their van round the back and use the stage door there.You can open that from inside but don't forget to lock it at the end.OK.And talking of bands, I'm sure I don't need to tell you this,but you must make sure that no one fiddles about with the black box by the fire doorthat's a system that cuts in when the volume reaches a certain level. It's a legal requirement. Sure. Anyway, we want people to be able to talk to one another so we don't want anything too loud.Oh, that reminds me, we'll be having speeches-are there any microphones available? Yeah. Just let the caretaker know, he'll get those for you.Right, now when the event is over we do ask that the premises are left in good condition. So there's a locked cupboard and you'Il be informed of the code you need to open that.It's got all the cleaning equipment, brushes and detergent and so on.Right, so what do we need to do after everyone's gone?Sweep the floors I suppose?Well actually they have to be washed not just swept.Then you'll be provided with black plastic bags,so all the rubbish must be collected up and left outside the door.Of course. We'll make sure everything's left tidy.Oh. and I forgot to ask.I presume we can have decorations in the room?Yes, but you must take them down afterwards.Sure.And the chairs and tables should be stacked up neatly at the back of the room.I'll make sure I've got a few people to help me.Test1(section2-1)Welcome to the Fiddy Working Heritage Farm.This open-air museum gives you the experience of agriculture and rural life in the English countryside at the end of the nineteenth century.So you'll see a typical farm of that period, and like me, all the staff are dressed in clothes of that time.I must give you some advice and safety tips before we go any further.As it's a working farm, please don't frighten or injure the animals.We have a lot here, and many of them are breeds that are now quite rare.And do stay at a safe distance from the tools:some of them have sharp points which can be pretty dangerous, so please don't touch them. We don't want any accidents, do we?The ground is very uneven, and you might slip if you're wearing sandalsso I'm glad to see you're all wearing shoes - we always advise people to do that.Now, children of all ages are very welcome here, and usually even very young children love the ducks and lambs,so do bring them along next time you come.I don't think any of you have brought dogs with you, but in case you have,I'm afraid they'll have to stay in the car park, unless they're guide dogs.I'm sure you'll understand that they could cause a lot of problems on a farm.Test1(section2-2)Now let me give you some idea of the layout of the farm.The building where you bought your tickets is the New Barn, immediately to your right,and we're now at the beginning of the main path to the farmland — and of course the car park is on your left.The scarecrow you can see in the car park in the corner beside the main path,is a traditional figure for keeping the birds away from crops, but our scarecrow is a permanent sculpture.It's taller than a human being, so you can see it from quite a distance.If you look ahead of you you'll see a maze.It's opposite the New Barn beside the side path that branches off to the right just over there. The maze is made out of hedges which are too tall for young children to see over them,but it's quite small, so you can't get lost in it!Now can you see the bridge crossing the fish pool further up the main path?If you want to go to the cafe go towards the bridge and turn right just before it.Walk along the side path and the cafe's on the first bend you come to.The building was originally the schoolhouse, and it's well over a hundred years old.As you may know, we run skills workshops here,where you can learn traditional crafts like woodwork and basket-making.You can see examples of the work, and talk to someone about the courses, in the Black Barn. If you take the side path to the right here just by the New Barn you'll come to the Black Barn just where the path first bends.Now I mustn't forget to tell you about picnicking, as I can see some of you have brought your lunch with you.You can picnic in the field, though do clear up behind you, of course.Or if you'd prefer a covered picnic area there's one near the farm yard:just after you cross the bridge there's a covered picnics spot on the right.And the last thing to mention is Fiddy House itself.From here you can cross the bridge then walk along the foot path through the field to the left of the farm yard.That goes to the house, and it'll give you a lovely view of it.It's certainly worth a few photographs, but as it's a private home, I'm afraid you can't go inside. Right. Well, if you're all ready, we'll set off on our tour of the farm.Test1(section3-1)OK, Greg, so I finally managed to read the article you mentionedthe one about the study on gender in physics.About the study of college students done by Akira Miyake and his team?Yeah. I was interested that the researchers were actually a mix of psychologists and physicists. That's an unusual combination.Yeah. I got a little confused at first about which students the study was based on.They weren't actually majoring in physics —they were majoring in what's known as the STEM disciplines.That's science, technology, engineering and...-...and math.Yes, but they were all doing physics courses as part of their studies.That's correct. So as I understood it,Miyake and co started from the fact that women are underrepresented in introductory physics courses at college,and also that on average, the women who do enrol on these courses perform more poorly than the men.No one really knows why this is the case.Yeah. But what the researchers wanted to find out was basically what they could do about the relatively low level of the women's results.But in order to find a solution they needed to find out more about the nature of the problem. Right. Now let's see if I can remember...it was that in the physics class,the female students thought the male students all assumed that women weren't any good at physics...was that it?And they thought that the men expected them to get poor results in their tests.That's what the women thought, and that made them nervous, so they did get poor results. But actually they were wrong...No one was making an assumptions about the female students at all.Anyway, what Miyake's team did was quite simple — getting the students to do some writing before they went into the physics class.What did they call it?Values-affirmation —they had to write an essay focusing on things that were significant to them,not particularly to do with the subject they were studying,but more general things like music or people who mattered to them.Right. So the idea of doing the writing is that this gets the students thinking in a positive way. And putting these thoughts into words can relax them and help them overcome the psychological factors that lead to poor performance. Yeah.But what the researchers in the study hadn't expected was that this one activity raised the women's physics grades from the C to the B range.A huge change. Pity it wasn't to an A, but still!No, but it does suggest that the women were seriously underperforming beforehand, in comparison with the men.Yes. Mind you, Miyake's article left out a lot of details.Like, did the students do the writing just once, or several times?And had they been told why they were doing the writing? That might have affected the results. You mean, if they know the researchers thought it might help them to improve, then they'd just try to fulfil that expectation?Exactly.Test1(section3-2)So anyway, I thought for our project we could do a similar study,but investigate whether it really was the writing activity that had that result.OK.So we could ask them to do a writing task about something completely different...something more factual?Like a general knowledge topic.Maybe...or we could have half the students doing a writing task and half doing something else, like an oral task.Or even, half do the same writing task as in the original research and half do a factual writing task.Then we'd see if it really is the topic that made the difference, or something else.That's it. Good. So at our meeting with the supervisor on Monday we can tell him we've decided on our project.We should have our aims ready by then.I suppose we need to read the original study — the article's just a summary.And there was another article I read, by Smolinsky.It was about her research on how women and men perform in mixed teams in class, compared with single-sex teams and on their own.Let me guess...the women were better at teamwork.That's what I expected, but actually the men and the women got the same results whether they were working in teams or on their own.But I guess it's not that relevant to us.What worries me anyway is how we're going to get everything done in the time.We'll be OK now we know what we're doing.Though I'm not clear how we assess whether the students in our experiment actually make any progress or not...No. We may need some advice on that.The main thing's to make sure we have the right size sample, not too big or too small.That shouldn't be difficult.Right, what do we need to do next?We could have a look at the time table for the science classes...or perhaps we should just make an appointment to see one of the science professors. That'd be better.Great. And we could even get to observe one of the classes.What for?Well...OK maybe let's just go with your idea. Right, well...Test1(section4-1)I've been looking at ocean biodiversity, that's the diversity of species that live in the world's oceans.About 20 years ago biologists developed the idea of what they called 'biodiversity hotspots'. These are the areas which have the greatest mixture of species, so one example is Madagascar. These hotspots are significant because they allow us to locate key areas for focusing efforts at conservation.Biologists can identify hotspots on land, fairly easily,but until recently, very little was known about species distribution and diversity in the oceans, and no one even knew if hotspots existed there.Then a Canadian biologist called Boris Worm did some research in 2005 on data on ocean species that he got from the fishing industry.Worm located five hotspots for large ocean predators like sharks, and looked at what they had in common.The main thing he'd expected to find was that they had very high concentrations of foodbut to his surprise that was only true for four of the hotspots — the remaining hotspot was quite badly off in that regard.But what he did find was that in all cases,the water at the surface of the ocean had relatively high temperatures even when it was cool at greater depths,so this seemed to be a factor in supporting a diverse range of these large predators. However, this wasn't enough on its own, because he also found that the water needed to have enough oxygen in itso these two factors seemed necessary to support the high metabolic rate of these large fish.A couple of years later, in 2007, a researcher called Lisa Ballance, who was working in California,also started looking for ocean hotspots, but not for fishwhat she was interested in was marine mammals things like seals.And she found three places in the oceans which were hotspots,and what these had in common was that these hotspots were all located at boundaries between ocean currents,and this seems to be the sort of place that has lots of the plankton that some of these speciesfeed on.So now people who want to protect the species that are endangered need to get as much information as possible.For example, there's an international project called the Census of Marine Life.They've been surveying oceans all over the world, including the Arctic.One thing they found there which stunned other researchers was that there were large numbers of species which live below the icesometimes under a layer up to 20 meters thick.Some of these species had never been seen before.They've even found species of octopus living in these conditions.And other scientists working on the same project,but researching very different habitats on the ocean floor,have found large numbers of species congregating around volcanoes, attracted to them by the warmth and nutrients there.Test1(section4-2)However, biologists still don't know how serious the threat to their survival is for each individual species.So a body called the Global Marine Species Assessment is now creating a list of endangered species on land.So they consider things like the size of the population — how many members of one species there are in a particular placeand then they look at their distribution in geographical terms.Although this is quite difficult when you're looking at fish, because they're so mobile,and then thirdly the calculate the rate at which the decline of the species is happening.So far only 1,500 species have been assessed, but they want to increase this figure to 20,000. For each one they assess, they use the data they collect on that species to produce a map showing its distribution.Ultimately they will be able to use these to figure out not only where most species are located but also where they are most threatened.So finally, what can be done to retain the diversity of species in the world's oceans? Firstly, we need to set up more reserves in our oceans, places where marine species are protected.We have some, but not enough.In addition, to preserve species such as leatherback turtles,which live out in the high seas but have their nesting sites on the American coast,we need to create corridors for migration, so they can get from one area to another safely. As well as this, action needs to be taken to lower the levels of fishing quotas to prevent overfishing of endangered species.And finally, there's the problem of 'by-catch'.This refers to the catching of unwanted fish by fishing boats — they're returned to the sea, but they're often dead or dying.If these commercial fishing boats used equipment which was more selective,so that only the fish wanted for consumption were caught, this problem could be overcome. OK. So does anyone have any questions...。

剑桥雅思听力原文－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－T e x t 1 Section 1Man: Hello,this is Land Transport information at toronto Airport.Woman: Oh,good morning,I’m flying to toronto Airportnext week, and I need to get to a town called um,Milton.Cpould you tell me how I canget there?Man: Milton,did you say? Let me see. I think that’s about 150 miles south-west of here .In fact it’s 147 miles to be exact, so it’ll take you at least –say ,three to four hours by road.the Greyhound.Woman:Oh, that doesn’t sound too bad.especially if it*ll take me straight to the hotel.Man:But you do need to reserve a seat.Woman:OK. Is it possible to make a booking right now? Through you?Man:Sure.Man: OK.I just have to fill this form out for you. So what date do you want to book this for? Woman:The 16th of Octobler –oh,no,sorry.that’s my departure date. I arrive on the 17th, so book it for then,please.Man: So, That’s the Toronto Airport Shuttle to Milton.And this is for just one person or…? Woman: yes, just me, please.Man:Right. And you said your excepted time of arrival was 11:30? So if I book your Shuttle for after 12:00-let’s say, 12:30 that should give you plenty of time to, you know, collect your baggage maybe grab a coffee?Woman:Yeah, that sounds fine, as long as we land on time!Man: Well,we’ll take you flight details so you don’t need to warry too much about that. Now. what about the fare? What sort of ticket do you want? One way or…？Woman:Yes,that’ll be fine, provided I can book the return trip once I’m there.Man:No problem – just allow a couple of days in advanced to make sure you get a seat. And what’s you name, please?Woman:Janet, Janet Thomson.Man:Is that Thompson spelt with a “p”?.in the We’ve upgraded all these Spanish sites, and improved them considerably from their original three-star ratingWe believe our holidays offer superb facilities for the whole family. Parents who want their children to be fully occupied for all or part of the day can take advantage of our children’s activities. These are organised by our well-qualified and enthusiastic staff. Each day kicks off a sports match, perhaps football, or volleyball, followed by an hour of drama for everyone. This may include singing or dancing, mime or other activities. In the afternoon, there’s a different art activity for each day of the week including a poster competition or model making. What’s m ore, our sites are truly child-friendly, and, with this in mind, we operate a no-noise rule in theevenings. Children’s evening activities usually finish at 9:30, or occasionally 10, and from 10:30 holiday-makers are expected to be quiet in the areas where there are tents.We want nothing to go wrong on a PS Camping holiday, but if it does, we also want all customers to be insured. If you haven’t organised an annual insurance policy of your own you’ll need to take out the low-cost cover we offer and we require that you arrange this when you take your holiday reservation.There are many advantages to choosing PS Camping, and to recommending it to others. As a regular customer. You’ll be kept informed of special offers. And your friends can benefit from ten per cent off their holiday, or book a luxury tent for the price of a standard one. In return, we’ll send you a thank-you present, which you can choose from a list of high-quality items.When it comes to our tents, these are equipped to the highest standard. We really do think ofin Philip:Yes, I did. On the positive side, exposure to such diversity helps encourage creativity which is generally an asset to a company. But unfortunately individual difference are also the rootof conflict between staff and they can lead to difficulties for management, which can sometimes be serious.**********************************************Tutor:Thanks,philip. So now I guess the two main things to remember here are to identify individual talent and then to utilize it. So Janice, you were looking at identifying different talents in workers Do you think this is easy for managers to do?Janice:Well,currently teamwork is in fashion in the workplace and in my opinion the importance of the individual is generally neglected. What managers should be targeting is those employees who can take the lead in a situation and are not afraid to accept the idea of responsibility.Tutor:That’s true. Janice but unfortunately many managers think the entire notion of encouraging individuality amongst their staff is far too hard.Janice:Yes. That may be true but I think one of the most important tasks of managers is to consider the needs of the individual on one hand and group co-operation and conformity on the other. It requires creative thinking on the part of management to avoid tension.Tutor:So Janice, what kind of people do you think companies should be looking for?Janice Well, it has to start from the very beginning when companies are looking for new employees. When the personal department is choosing between applicants they need to look for someone who’s broken the mould and can think for themselves. Instead, people making these decisions often ues a range of psychological tests to see if a person is a problem solver, or will do as they’re told. I’m not convinced these qualities are actually the most important.This is the first seninar in preparation for our archaeological fieldwork in Namibia, we are fantastically luck to have received partial research funding for this trip from our Institute, so I shall expect 200% attention and participation from you all. First in this seminar, I’m going to give a brief introduction to contemporary research on rock art, and in the seco nd part I’m going to give you some do’s and don’ts for our fieldwork trip in April – so please listen very carefully.I’m first going to focus on the interpretation of rock art in Namibia, we are very fortunate to be going to an area where you can find some of the most important sites in the entire world. And I hope to show you how easy it is foe everyone to make mistakes in looking at cultures which are different from our pwn – the first and most important lesson we have to learn.In Namibia there are both paintings and engraving –that’s where the surface of the rock is cut out. Many of the engravings show footprints of animals and most scholars used to think that the purpose of these was simple and obvious. This r ock art was like a school book with picture to teach children about tracks whick belonged to which animal – giraffe, lion and so on.But there were some mysteries. First, when you look at a typical Namibian painting or engraving, you see the tracks are repeated, there are dozens of tracks for t he same animal. You’d expect just one clear illustration if the reason – the aim – was to teach tracking.Now there were two more problem, why are some of the engraving of animals very accurate as you’d expect – all clearly identifiable- and others quite unrealisticAnd another mystery – some of these unrealistic animals – that*s in the engravings – seem to be half human. Some, for example, have got human faces, Many reaearchers now think that theseAnd lastly please don’t even move rocks or branches to take photographs – you should leave the site intace –I’m sure I can rely on you to do that..Well,That’s about all I want to say before today’s first discussion, but if you have any question please ask them now –and don’t forget you’ll find some fascinating information aboutworld-wide sites on the Internet. Right, first question then?Text 2Section 1Woman: Hello… motor insurance department …Man: Oh hello… I’d like to ask about insurance for my car.Woman: Yes, of course. I’ll just take a few details. What’s your name?Man: Patrick Jones.Woman: And your addrss?Man: It’s 27 Bank Road.Woman: 27 Bank Road. Is that in Greendale?Man: Yes.Woman: And what’s your daytime phone number?Man: My work number is 730453.Woman: And could ask what your occupation is?Man: Dentist.Woman: OK… now a few details about your car… What size is the engine?Man: It’s a Hewton Sable.Woman: Social use (murmuring). Will you be using it to travel to work？Man: Yes… sometimes.Woman: …Anything else?Man: No. that’s it…Woman: And finally… when would you like to start the insurance？Man: I’ll need it from the 31st of January.Woman: Right… Mr Jones… I’m getting a couple of quotes coming up on the computer now… and the best bet looks like being with a company called Red Flag. Man: Yeah.Woman: And that comes out at ＄540 per year…Man: Well … that seems OK… it’s quite a bit lower than I’ve been paying up to now…Woman: Great… so would you like me to go ahead with that?Man: Sure… why not?Woman: How would you like to pay?Section 2Thank you for calling the Tourist Line. There are many different ways of getting round the city and we’d like to suggest some you may not have thought of.How about a city trip by boat? Thare are four main stopping points – from west to east: atop A Green Banks, stop B City Bridge, stop C Roman Landing and atop D Newtown.You can find the main booking office at stop A.The first boat leaves at 8 a.m. and the last one at 6:30 p.m. There are also many attractions youInterviewer: Now my first question is about the choice of location for the centre. Why Christchurch? Was it because of the climate?Doctor: Well, actually New Zealand is the second closest country to Antarctica and Christchurch isoften used on Antarctic expeditions.Interviewer: Right. So it’s because of where we are… coupled with our historical role. So tell us – what is the main purpose of the centre?Doctor: Well…we have two complementary roles. One is as a scientific base for expeditions and research and the other is as an information centre.Interviewer: Tell ue something about the role as a scientific base.Doctor: We’re able to provide information about what scientists should take with them to the South Pole – for example, the centre contains a clothing warehouse where expeditions are supplied with suitable clothing for the extreme conditions.Interviewer: I suppose you need a bit more than your normal winter coat!Doctor: yes, exactly and then there’s also the specialist library and mapping services. Interviewer: Right. And which countries are actually located at the centre?Doctor: Well…the centre houses research programmes for New Zealand, for The United States as well as for Italy…there*re even a US post office at the American airforce base here. Interviewer: Really?And what does the v isitor’s centre offer?Doctor: Well, since very few people will ever experience the Antarctic first hand, the visitors* centre aims to recreate the atmosphere of Antarctica. There’s a mock camp site where you canDoctor: Well, as far back as the 19th century, when eleven nations organised an international event.Interviewer: When was that exactly?Doctor: In 1870. And it was called the Polar Research Metting. And then, Not long after that, they organised something called the First International Polar Year.Interviewer: And that took place when exactly?Doctor: Over two years from 1882 to 1883. But it wasn’t until the 1950s that the idea of an international treaty was proposed. And in 1959 the Treaty was actually signed. Interviewer: What do you see as the main achievements of the treaty?Doctor: Well, firstly it means that the continent is reserved for peaceful use.Interviewer: That’s Article a, isn’t it?Doctor: Yes…Interviewer: That’s impor tant since the territory belongs to everyone.DOCTOR: yes but not as important as Article 5, which prohibits any nuclear explosions or waste disposal.Interviewer: Which is marvellous. Well, I’m afraid we’re going to have to stop there because I’m afraid w e’ve run out of time. Thanks for coming along today and telling us all about the centre and its work.Section 4My topic is handedness – whether in different sports it is better to be left – or right-sided or whether a more balanced approach is more succes sful .I’m left-handed myself and I actually–STUDENT：Oh，good morning ,Is this…er… room number 26?AGENT：Yes，that's rightSTUDENT：So ls this the Student Job Centre?AGENT：It certainly is．How can I help you?STUDENT：Well，actually I’m looking for a job -a part-time Job, Do you haveanything available at the moment?AGENT：Ah．Yes… Are you a registered student?I`m afraid this service isonly available to full-time studentsSTUDENT：Yes… I am I'm doing a degree in Business Studies．Here's mystudent cardAGENT：Which year are you in?STUDENT：Well… I've been at uni for four years but I'm in the Third Yearbecause I took last year off.AGENT：Right… well，let's just have a look at what positions are available at The moment There's a Job working at the reception desk at the SportsCentre，for three evenings a week that's Wednesdays ,Thursdays andFridays.STUDENT：That sounds 1ike fun but unfortunately I have evening lectures- sothat's not possible ,I’m afraid Is th ere anything during the day? AGENT：OK．That's no good then .Um .What about cleaning ? There's aposition for a cleaner at the Child Care Centre.thing.STUDENT：Well．I speak some JapaneseAGENT：Right I’ll make a note of that Now- let's see what else is availableWhat do you think of administrative work? There is a position for anOffice Assistant at the English Language CentreSTUDENT：That sounds interesting.AGENT：It's for 3 days a week—Monday , Friday and Saturday mornings．Interested?STUDENT：Mmm, I was hoping to have Saturdays free . But I need the work so… can you tell me what the job Involves?AGENT：Yes, sure. It says here that you'll be required to deal with studentenquiries and answer the phone.STUDENT：I’m su re I can handle all that without a problemAGENT：Great Well，would you like me to arrange an interview for you ? Say,Friday morning，around ten?STUDENT：Could we make it a bit later ? Unfortunately , I've got something to doat ten、Would that be OK?AGENT：Not a problem , How about eleven thirty ? Hope it works out for youAnitaSTUDENT：Me too . And thanks for all your help.However , you will need to be extremely fityou’re interested in coming with us . You have plenty of time to get into shape．You will be sleeping in tents so you must have quite a bit of equipment with you but you will be helpedby local assistants .Your bedding and so forth will be carded by them . We ask that you only walk with a small rucksack with needs for the day .I don’t think I've really said enough about the mar vell ous area you’ll be walking in . Let's havea look at some of the sights you’11 be seeing Apart from these spectacular snow-covered peaks and valleys, there are marvellous historic villages．The area has been famous for centuries for making beautiful carpets , although recently there has been a trend to moveinto weaving blankets and wood carving The people are extremely friendly and welcoming . We deliberately keep the parties small in size to minimize disruption to people and landscape .I hope that there are still some people interested . I will be distributing leaflets at the end where you call find out more information，but just for the moment I’ll outline the itinerary, the main highpoints of the holiday．Obviously , you’ll start by flying out to Kishba ，the capital city , on Day One．After a couple of days to acclimatize yourself , you’ll start the trek on Day Three walking through the enormous Katiba Forest which will take the whole of the day．Day Four takes us higher up，going through the foothills past a number of villages and visiting a school for the disabled in Sohan . Then you have a rest day ,that's Day Five ,before going to the spectacular Kumi Temple with twelfth-century carvings ,set in a small forest bya lake and that's Day Six，the highlight for many．We stay near there for Day Seven because then comes the hardest day ,walking through very mountainous country ,but culminating in a swim in the Parteh Falls , This is the highest waterfall in the region . Day Nine is much easier,whole kilometres down in the water．It stays at this depth for about 10days and is carried around by the currents which operate in the oceanat this level . During this time it's possible for it to cover quite largedistances but the average is fifty kilometresSTUDENT 2：So what is it actually recording ?SIMON：Well at this stage nothing．but as it rises to the surface it collects allsorts of data，most importantly variations in salinity ,that's salt levelsand the changes In temperature，a bit like underwater weather balloons”then when it gets back to the surface all the data it's collected isbeamed up to the satellite . After about five hours on the surface thefloat automatically sinks , beginning the whole process again STUDENT 1：What happens to the data?SIMON：Well the information Is transferred direct to onshore meteorological stations．．．like our one in Hobart．．．and within four hours thefindings can be on computers and they can be mapped and analysed．STUDENT 2：You say you're building models of the world's ocean systems buthow're they going to be used，and more importantly , when? SIMON：Some of the data has already helped in completing projects . Forexample，our understanding of the underlying causes of El Niňoevents is being confirmed by float data Another way we’re using floatdata is to help us to understand the mechanics of climate change，likeSECTION 4Good morning everyone . Today's lecture forms part of the Hospitality and Tourism module Last week 1 looked at the economy end of the hotel business；this week I'm going to discuss The luxury end of the market . Let's consider the following scenario. . .You wake up in the middle of the night in a strange hotel miles away from home , disoriented most probably from jet lag，when even the most expensive surroundings can seem empty and dispiriting . You have paid a great deal of money to stay in this first—class hotel with its contemporary technology ,but according to recent research carried out by an international travel and public relations company , all is not well . The research suggests that even the mostopulent，luxurious hotels seem to have underestimated the most basic needs of their customers-be they travelling for work or pleasure：the need to feel at home in surroundings which are both familiar and inviting .Do these findings , however apply only to hotels situated in particular areas ? Is it possible that the external environment can affect a guest's well-being ? The company's research covered a whole range of different hotel types , both independent hotels and those which are part of large chains . They investigated chic so-called boutique hotels in the heart of downtown business districts，stately mansions located in the depths of beautiful countryside ,and plush hotels built at the edge of tropical beaches surrounded by palm trees and idyllic blue ocean And the research concluded that what was outside the hotel building simply didn't matter．This is a fascinating revelation and those of you hoping to move into careers in the travel andPopular. . .Test 4SECTION 4OFFICER：Yes ,what can I do for you?SUTDENT：My friend Is in homestay … and she really enjoys it… so I'd like tojoin a family as wellOFFICER：Okay ,so let me get some details What's your name?SUTDENT：My name is Keiko YuichiniOFFICER：Could you spell your family name for me? SUTDENT：It's … Yuichini that's Y_U—l—C—H—I—N．I_ OFFICER：And your first name?SUTDENT：It's Keiko．K．E-I—K—O感谢阅读，欢迎大家下载使用！。

剑桥雅思4听力原文1test1_section1M: Good morning!W: Good morning! How can I help you?M: I understand that the school organizes … umm, trips to different…W: Yes. We run five every month, three during weekends and two Wednesday afternoon trips.M: What sort of places?W: Well. Obviously, it varies, but always places of historical interest and also which offers avariety of shopping, because our students always ask about that. And then we go for ones wherewe know there are guided tours because this gives a good focus for the visit.M: Do you travel far?W: Well, we are lucky here obviously because we are able to say that all our visits are less thanthree hours drive.M: How much do they cost?W: Again it varies, between 5 and 15 pounds a head, depending on distance.M: Ah haW: Oh and we do offer to arrange special trips if, you know, there are more than 12 people.M: Oh right. I’ll keep that in mind. And what are the times normally?W: We try to keep it pretty fixed so that the students get to know the pattern. We leave at 8.30 a.m.and return at 6 p.m. We figure it’s best to keep the day fairly short.M: Oh yes and then how do we reserve a place?W: You sign your name on the notice board. Do you know where it is?M: Ah ha. I saw it this morning.W: And we do ask that you sign up three days in advance so we know we’ve got enough peopleinterested to run it and we can cancel if necessary with full refund of course.M: That’s fine. Thanks.M: And what visit sub plan for this term?W: Right. Well. I’m afraid the schedule hasn’t been printed out yet. But we have confirmed thedates and planed the optional extra visits, which you can also book in advance if you want to.M: Oh that’s all right. And if you can just give some ideas of the weekend ones so I can, you know,work out then to see friends and such I…2W: Oh sure. Well, err the first one is St. Ives. That’s on the 13th of February and wewill have only16 places available because we’re going by mini bus. And that’s the day in town with the optionalextra of visiting the Hepworth Museum.M: All right. Yes ah. That sounds good.W: And then there’s a London trip on the 16th of February. And we will be taking amedium sizecoach so there will be 45 places on that. And let’s see t heoptional extra is the Tower of London.M: Oh, I’ve already been there.W: Yam. After that is Bristol on the 3rd of March.M: Where?W: Bristol. B-R-I-S-T-O-L.M: Okay.W: That’s in a different mini bus with 18 places available. Oh and the optional extra is visit to theS.S. Great Britain.M: Okay.W: We’re going to Salisbury on the 18th of March. And that’salways the popular one because theoptional extra is Stonehenge. So we’re taking the large coach with50 seats.M: Oh good.W: And then the last one is to Bath on the 23rd of March.M: Oh yes, is Bath the Roman city?W: Yes, that’s right. And that’s in the 16 seats mini bus.M: And where’s the optional visit?W: It’s to the American Museum, well worth visit.M: Okay, that’s great. And thanks all that.W: My pleasure. Oh by the way, if you want more information aboutany of the trips, have a lookin the student newspaper.M: Ok.W: Or have a word with my assistant. Her name is Jane Yentob.That’s Y-E-N-T-O-B.M: All right. I’ve got that. Thank you very much for all your help.W: You’re welcome. I hope you’ll enjoy the trips.test1_section23Good afternoon everybody and welcome to Riverside Industrial Village. To start your visit, I'mjust going to give you a brief account of the history of the museum before letting you roam abouton your own. I won't keep you long. OK?Now from where we're standing you've got a good view of the river over there. And it was becauseof this fast flowing water that this site was a natural place for manufacturing works. The water andthe availability of raw materials in the area, like minerals andiron ore, and also the abundance oflocal fuels, like coal and firewood, all made this site suitable for industry from a very early time.Water was the main source of power for the early industries and some of the water wells were firstestablished in the twelfth century, would you believe? At that time, local craftsmen first built aniron forge just behind the village here on the bank near the river. By the seventeenth andeighteenth centuries, the region's rivers supported more than 160 watermills and many of thesecontinued to operate well into the nineteenth century. But then the steam engine was invented andthen the railways came and the centres of industry were able to move away from the rivers and thecountryside and into the towns. So industrial villages like this one became very rare.So that's the history for you. If you'd like any more information, you can ask me some questions,or you can read further in our excellent guidebook.Now I’m going to give you a plan of the site and I’d just like to point out where everything is andthen you can take a look at everything for yourself. I’ve already pointed out the river, which is onthe left. And of course running along the bottom is Woodside Road. Got it? Ok, now, we arestanding at the entrance. See at the bottom, and immediately to our right is the ticket office. Youwon’t need that because you’ve got your group booking, but just pass it are the toilets, alwayscould to know where they are. In front of us is the car park as you can see. And to the left by theentry gate is the gift shop that is where you can get copies of the guide like this one here. Nowbeyond the car park, all the buildings are arranged in a half circle with a yard in the middle. Thebig stone building at the top is the m The lower buildings you can see on the left are the cottages.These were built for the works towards the end of the eighteenth century and they are still4furnished from that period so you can get a good idea of ordinary people living conditions. Acrossthe yard from them, you can see the Stables where the horses were kept for transporting theproducts. And the separate building in front of them is the Works Office and that still has some ofthe old accounts on display. Right. If any one wants a guided tour, then I am starting at the engineroom. If you’d like to, come along this way please, ladies and gentlemen.test1_section3W: Excuse me, Dr. Johnson. May I speak to you for a minute?M: Sure. Come in.W: I’m Melanie Griffin. I’m taking your course in population studies.M: Right, so, well, Melanie, how can I help you?W: I’m having a bit trouble with the second assignment and it’s due in 12 days.M: What’s the sort of trouble are you having? Is the assignment question a problem?W: Well, that’s part of the problem. I’m also having… been having trouble getting hold of thebooks. I’ve been to the library several times and all th e bookswere out.M: It sounds like you should start borrowing the books a bit earlier.W: Well I have really a big assignment due for another course and I have been spending all mytime on that and I thought…M: And you might get an extension of time to finish your assignmentfor me?W: If that’s possible. But I don’t know…M: Well. Yes it’s possible. But extensions are normally given onlyfor medical orcompassionatereasons. Otherwise, that’s really a question of organizing yourstudy and we don’t like giving anextension to a student who simply didn’t plan the work properly.What did you get for your firstassignment?W: I got 87 percent.M: Umm. Yes, you did very well indeed. So obviously you can produce good work.W: I don’t think I need t oo much extra time, as long as I can gethold of some importantreferences.M: Well, since you did so well in your first assignment, I’m prepared to give you an extra twoweeks for this one. So, that will mean you need to submit it about a month from now.W: Oh thank you.5M: Now what about the reading materials? So you check out thejournal articles in the list?W: Oh, no, not yet. There were about twenty of them I wasn’t sure which ones should be mostuseful or all important.M: Well they’re all useful, but I don’t expect anyone to read them all because anumber of themdeal with the same issues. And let me give you some suggestions. The article by Anderson andHawker is really worth reading.W: Right. I’ll read that one.M: You should also read the article by Jackson but just look at the part at the researchmethodology how they did it.W: Ok, Jackson, I got that.M: And if you have time the one by Roberts says very a lot of things although it’s not essential.W: Ok. If it’s useful I’ll try with that one.M: Now the one by Morris. I wouldn’t borrow with that at this stage if I were you.W: Ok, I won’t borrow with Morris. Oh now, someone told me that the article by Cooper isimportant.M: Oh yes, but just look at the last part where it discusses the research result.W: And last there’s Forster. I can’t think why I included that one. That’s not bad and could besome help but not that much.M: Now let’s deal with the assignment question. What’s the problem there?W: It’s graph from p age 2.M: It seems to be the problem is just about the bar graph showing reasons why peoples changewhere they live.W: Well I’ve got a photocopy but the reasons at the bottom are missing.M: Ok. Look at the first bar on the graph. Now that indicates the number of people who movebecause they want more space.W: Oh, I see. Bar one. Ok, now what’s about the next bar?M: Bar two is to do with the people who live nearby disturbing them so they chose to move awayto somewhere quieter. Now let’s look at bar No.3. Another reason people change their places ofliving is because they want to be closer to the city.W: Ok. Proximity to the city is the issue.6M: Now bar No.4 refers to problems when the owner of theproperty won’t help fix things gowrong. In other words, the owner is not helpful and so the tenants move out.W: Ok, now what about Bar 5.M: Bar 5 is about those people who move because they need a bus or train to get among the cityor to go to work.W: Ok, and Bar 6?M: Bar No.6 is mid-resting. That reason was given quite a lot. People move in because theywanted to be in a more attractive neighbourhood.W: Oh yes. Thank you very much.test1_section4Good day, ladies and gentlemen. I've been asked today to talk to you about the urban landscape.There're two major areas that I'll focus on in my talk: how vegetation can have a significant effecton urban climate and how we can better plan our cities using trees to provide a more comfortableenvironment for us to living.Trees can have a significant impact on our cities. They can make our cities, as a whole, a bit lesswindy or a bit more windy as that what you want. They can make it a bit cooler if it's a hotsummer day in an Australian city or they can make it a bit more humid if it's a dry inland city. Onthe local scale, that is a particular area within the city, trees can make the local area more shady,cooler, more humid and much less windy. In fact, trees and plantings of various of kinds can beused to make city streets actually less dangerous in particular areas.How do trees do that, you'll ask? Well, the main difference between a tree and a building is a treehas got an internal mechanism to keep the temperature regulated. It evaporates water through itsleaves. And that means the temperature of the leaves is never very far from our own bodytemperature. The temperature of a building surface on a hot sunny day can easily be 20 degreesmore than our temperature. Trees, on the other hand, remain cooler than buildings because theysweat. This means they can humidify the air and cool it, a property which can be exploited toimprove the local climate.7Trees can also help break the force of the winds. The reason that high buildings may keep windierat ground level is that as the wind goes higher and higher, it goes faster and faster. When the windhits the building, it has to go somewhere. Some of it goes over the top and some goes around thesides of the building, forcing those high level winds down to ground level. That doesn't happenwhen you have trees. Trees filter the wind and considerably reduce it preventing those very largestrong gusts that you so often find around tall buildings.Another problem in built-up areas is the traffic noise isintensified by tall buildings. By planting abelt of trees at the side of the road, you can make things a little quieter but much of the vehiclenoise still goes through the trees. Trees can also help reduce the amount of noise in thesurroundings, although the effect is not as large as people would like to think. Low frequencynoise, in particular, just goes through the trees as that theyaren't there.Although trees can significantly improve the local climate, they do, however, take up a lot ofspace. There're route system to consider and branches blocking the windows and so on. It maytherefore be difficult to fit trees into the local landscape.There's not a great deal you can do if youhave what we call a street canyon, a whole set of high-rises enclosed in the narrow street. Treesneed water to grow. They also need some sunlight to grow and you need room to put them. If youhave the chance of knocking buildings down and replacing them, then suddenly you can startlooking at different ways to design the streets and to introduce...(End)test2_section1W: Oh, Peter, there you're. It's been ages. What catches so long?M: Sorry, I'm so late, Sally. Have you been waiting long?W: Half an hour. But it doesn't matter. I had a coffee and I had been reading this guidebook fortourists. Sit down.M: Umm.W: You look very hot and tired. What would you like to drink?M: I'd love really chill mineral water or something. Would you have another coffee?W: Yes, I'll. The waitress will be back in a moment. Why are you so late. Did something happen?M: Yes. You know I went to the bank to cash something traveller's cheques. Well the exchange8rate was looking very healthy but I went to the teller they told me that the computer system wastemporarily down. So they couldn't do any transactions. They said the problem would be fixed in afew minutes so I waited. And then I started talking to another guy in the bank and I forgot the time.W: Oh, really? Someone you met in the bank. Does he work there?M: No, he was a tourist, from NY. His name is Henry. And he's been here for a week, but he'smoving on to Germany tomorrow. He's an architect and he's spending four weeks travelling alongEurope.W: Just like us?M: Yes, just like us. He told me the names of some places where we should eat. Great food andnot too expensive, he said. Oh, and he also gave me this map of the buses to me, he said he didn'tneed it anymore.W: That's useful. But he's moving on tomorrow. Yes, here's the waitress. Let's order. Do you wantsomething to eat? Or should we just have a drink?M: Well. I'm hungry. And we've got a lot of sightseeing to do. So let's just have a snack and drink.W: It sounds good to me.M: Well. Let's decide what we'll see today. I guess the best place to start is the Cathedral and thenthe Castle. What're the opening times for those two?。

test1_section1M: Good morning!W: Good morning! How can I help you?M: I understand that the school organizes … umm, trips to different…W:Yes. We run five every month, three during weekends and two Wednesday afternoon trips. M: What sort of places?W:Well. Obviously, it varies, but always places of historical interest and also which offers a variety of shopping, because our students always ask about that. And then we go for ones where we know there are guided tours because this gives a good focus for the visit.M: Do you travel far?W: Well, we are lucky here obviously because we are able to say that all our visits are less than three hours drive.M: How much do they cost?W: Again it varies, between 5 and 15 pounds a head, depending on distance.M: Ah haW: Oh and we do offer to arrange special trips if, you know, there are more than 12 people.M: Oh right. I’ll keep that in mind. And what are the times normally?W:We try to keep it pretty fixed so that the students get to know the pattern. We leave at 8.30 a.m. and return at 6 p.m. We figure it’s best to keep the day fairly short. M: Oh yes and then how do we reserve a place?W: You sign your name on the notice board. Do you know where it is?M: Ah ha. I saw it this morning.W: And we do ask that you sign up three days in advance so we know we’ve got enough people interested to run it and we can cancel if necessary with full refund of course. M: That’s fine. Thanks.M: And what visit sub plan for this term?W: Right. Well. I’m afraid the schedule hasn’t been printed out yet. But we have confirmed the dates and planed the optional extra visits, which you can also book in advance if you want to.M: Oh that’s all right. And if you can just give some ideas of the weekend ones so I can, you know, work out then to see friends and such I…W: Oh sure. Well, err the first one is St. Ives. That’s on the 13th of February and we will have only 16 places available because we’re going by mini bus. And that’s the day in town with the optional extra of visiting the Hepworth Museum.M: All right. Yes ah. That sounds good.W: And then there’s a London trip on the 16th of February. And we will be taking a medium size coach so there will be 45 places on that. And let’s see the optional extra is the Tower of London.M: Oh, I’ve already been there.W: Yam. After that is Bristol on the 3rd of March.M: Where?W: Bristol. B-R-I-S-T-O-L.M: Okay.W:That’s in a different mini bus with 18 places available. Oh and the optional extra is visit to the S.S. Great Britain.M: Okay.W: We’re going to Salisbury on the 18th of March. And that’s always the popular one because the optional extra is Stonehenge. So we’re taking the large coach with 50 seats. M: Oh good.W: And then the last one is to Bath on the 23rd of March.M: Oh yes, is Bath the Roman city?W: Yes, that’s right. And that’s in the 16 seats mini bus.M: And where’s the optional visit?W: It’s to the American Museum, well worth visit.M: Okay, that’s great. And thanks all that.W: My pleasure. Oh by the way, if you want more information about any of the trips, have a look in the student newspaper.M: Ok.W: Or have a word with my assistant. Her name is Jane Yentob. That’s Y-E-N-T-O-B. M: All right. I’ve got that. Thank you very much for all your help.W: You’re welcome. I hope you’ll enjoy the trips.test1_section2Good afternoon everybody and welcome to Riverside Industrial Village. To start your visit, I'm just going to give you a brief account of the history of the museum before letting you roam about on your own. I won't keep you long. OK?Now from where we're standing you've got a good view of the river over there. And it was because of this fast flowing water that this site was a natural place for manufacturing works. The water and the availability of raw materials in the area, like minerals and iron ore, and also the abundance of local fuels, like coal and firewood, all made this site suitable for industry from a very early time.Water was the main source of power for the early industries and some of the water wells were first established in the twelfth century, would you believe? At that time, local craftsmen first built an iron forge just behind the village here on the bank near the river. By the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, the region's rivers supported more than 160 water mills and many of these continued to operate well into the nineteenth century. But then the steam engine was invented and then the railways came and the centres of industry were able to move away from the rivers and the countryside and into the towns. So industrial villages like this one became very rare.So that's the history for you. If you'd like any more information, you can ask me some questions, or you can read further in our excellent guidebook.Now I’m going to give you a plan of the site and I’d just like to point out where everything is and then you can take a look at everything for yourself. I’ve already pointed out the river, which is on the left. And of course running along the bottom is Woodside Road. Got it? Ok, now, we are standing at the entrance. See at the bottom, and immediately to our right is the ticket office. You won’t need that because you’ve got your group booking, but just pass it are the toilets, always could to know where they are. In front of us is the car park as you can see. And to the left by the entry gate is the gift shop that is where you can get copies of the guide like this one here. Now beyond the car park, all the buildings are arranged in a half circle with a yard in the middle. The big stone building at the top is the main workshop. That’s where the firm is and where all the metal was melted and tools were cut as you will be able to see. Now in the top right hand corner, that building with bigger windows is the show room where samples of all the tools that were made through the ages were on display. In the top left corner is the grinding shop where the tools were sharpened and finished. And on one side of that you can see the engine room and on the other is the café, which isn’t too antique you would be pleased to know though they do serve very nice old fashion teas. The lower buildings you can see on the left are the cottages. These were built for the works towards the end of the eighteenth century and they are still furnished from that period so you can get a good idea of ordinary people living conditions. Across the yard from them, you can see the Stables where the horses were kept for transporting the products. And the separate building in front of them is the Works Office and that still has some of the old accounts on display. Right. If any one wants a guided tour, then I am starting at the engine room. If you’d like to, come along this way please, ladies and gentlemen.test1_section3W: Excuse me, Dr. Johnson. May I speak to you for a minute?M: Sure. Come in.W: I’m Melanie Griffin. I’m taking your course in population studies.M: Right, so, well, Melanie, how can I help you?W: I’m having a bit trouble with the second assignment and it’s due in 12 days. M: What’s the sort of trouble are you having? Is the assignment question a problem? W: Well, that’s part of the problem. I’m also having… been having trouble getting hold of the books. I’ve been to the library several times and all the books were out. M: It sounds like you should start borrowing the books a bit earlier.W: Well I have really a big assignment due for another course and I have been spending all my time on that and I thought…M: And you might get an extension of time to finish your assignment for me?W: If that’s possible. But I don’t know…M: Well. Yes it’s possible. But extensions are normally given only for medical or compassionate reasons. Otherwise, that’s really a question of organizing your study and we don’t like giving an extension to a student who simply didn’t plan the work properly. What did you get for your first assignment?W: I got 87 percent.M: Umm. Yes, you did very well indeed. So obviously you can produce good work.W:I don’t think I need too much extra time, as long as I can get hold of some important references.M: Well, since you did so well in your first assignment, I’m prepared to give you an extra two weeks for this one. So, that will mean you need to submit it about a month from now.W: Oh thank you.M: Now what about the reading materials? So you check out the journal articles in the list?W: Oh, no, not yet. There were about twenty of them I wasn’t sure which ones should be most useful or all important.M:Well they’re all useful, but I don’t expect anyone to read them all because a number of them deal with the same issues. And let me give you some suggestions. The article by Anderson and Hawker is really worth reading.W: Right. I’ll read that one.M:You should also read the article by Jackson but just look at the part at the research methodology how they did it.W: Ok, Jackson, I got that.M: And if you have time the one by Roberts says very a lot of things although it’s not essential.W: Ok. If it’s useful I’ll try with that one.M: Now the one by Morris. I wouldn’t borrow with that at this stage if I were you. W: Ok, I won’t borrow with Morris. Oh now, someone told me that the article by Cooper is important.M: Oh yes, but just look at the last part where it discusses the research result. W: And last there’s Forster. I can’t think why I included that one. That’s not bad and could be some help but not that much.M: Now let’s deal with the assignment question. What’s the problem there?W: It’s graph from page 2.M: It seems to be the problem is just about the bar graph showing reasons why peoples change where they live.W: Well I’ve got a photocopy but the reasons at the bottom are missing.M: Ok. Look at the first bar on the graph. Now that indicates the number of people who move because they want more space.W: Oh, I see. Bar one. Ok, now what’s about the next bar?M: Bar two is to do with the people who live nearby disturbing them so they chose to move away to somewhere quieter. Now let’s look at bar No.3. Another reason people change their places of living is because they want to be closer to the city.W: Ok. Proximity to the city is the issue.M:Now bar No.4 refers to problems when the owner of the property won’t help fix things go wrong. In other words, the owner is not helpful and so the tenants move out. W: Ok, now what about Bar 5.M: Bar 5 is about those people who move because they need a bus or train to get among the city or to go to work.W: Ok, and Bar 6?M: Bar No.6 is mid-resting. That reason was given quite a lot. People move in because they wanted to be in a more attractive neighbourhood.W: Oh yes. Thank you very much.test1_section4Good day, ladies and gentlemen. I've been asked today to talk to you about the urban landscape. There're two major areas that I'll focus on in my talk: how vegetation can have a significant effect on urban climate and how we can better plan our cities using trees to provide a more comfortable environment for us to living.Trees can have a significant impact on our cities. They can make our cities, as a whole, a bit less windy or a bit more windy as that what you want. They can make it a bit cooler if it's a hot summer day in an Australian city or they can make it a bit more humid if it's a dry inland city. On the local scale, that is a particular area within the city, trees can make the local area more shady, cooler, more humid and much less windy. In fact, trees and plantings of various of kinds can be used to make city streets actually less dangerous in particular areas.How do trees do that, you'll ask? Well, the main difference between a tree and a building is a tree has got an internal mechanism to keep the temperature regulated. It evaporates water through its leaves. And that means the temperature of the leaves is never very far from our own body temperature. The temperature of a building surface on a hot sunny day can easily be 20 degrees more than our temperature. Trees, on the other hand, remain cooler than buildings because they sweat. This means they can humidify the air and cool it, a property which can be exploited to improve the local climate.Trees can also help break the force of the winds. The reason that high buildings may keep windier at ground level is that as the wind goes higher and higher, it goes faster and faster. When the wind hits the building, it has to go somewhere. Some of it goes over the top and some goes around the sides of the building, forcing those high level winds down to ground level. That doesn't happen when you have trees. Trees filter the wind and considerably reduce it preventing those very large strong gusts that you so often find around tall buildings.Another problem in built-up areas is the traffic noise is intensified by tall buildings. By planting a belt of trees at the side of the road, you can make things a little quieter but much of the vehicle noise still goes through the trees. Trees can also help reduce the amount of noise in the surroundings, although the effect is not as large as people would like to think. Low frequency noise, in particular, just goes through the trees as that they aren't there.Although trees can significantly improve the local climate, they do, however, take up a lot of space. There're route system to consider and branches blocking the windowsand so on. It may therefore be difficult to fit trees into the local landscape. There's not a great deal you can do if you have what we call a street canyon, a whole set of high-rises enclosed in the narrow street. Trees need water to grow. They also need some sunlight to grow and you need room to put them. If you have the chance of knocking buildings down and replacing them, then suddenly you can start looking at different ways to design the streets and to introduce...(End)test2_section1W: Oh, Peter, there you're. It's been ages. What catches so long?M: Sorry, I'm so late, Sally. Have you been waiting long?W: Half an hour. But it doesn't matter. I had a coffee and I had been reading this guidebook for tourists. Sit down.M: Umm.W: You look very hot and tired. What would you like to drink?M: I'd love really chill mineral water or something. Would you have another coffee? W:Yes, I'll. The waitress will be back in a moment. Why are you so late. Did something happen?M: Yes. You know I went to the bank to cash something traveller's cheques. Well the exchange rate was looking very healthy but I went to the teller they told me that the computer system was temporarily down. So they couldn't do any transactions. They said the problem would be fixed in a few minutes so I waited. And then I started talking to another guy in the bank and I forgot the time.W: Oh, really? Someone you met in the bank. Does he work there?M: No, he was a tourist, from NY. His name is Henry. And he's been here for a week, but he's moving on to Germany tomorrow. He's an architect and he's spending four weeks travelling along Europe.W: Just like us?M: Yes, just like us. He told me the names of some places where we should eat. Great food and not too expensive, he said. Oh, and he also gave me this map of the buses to me, he said he didn't need it anymore.W: That's useful. But he's moving on tomorrow. Yes, here's the waitress. Let's order. Do you want something to eat? Or should we just have a drink?M: Well. I'm hungry. And we've got a lot of sightseeing to do. So let's just have a snack and drink.W: It sounds good to me.M: Well. Let's decide what we'll see today. I guess the best place to start is the Cathedral and then the Castle. What're the opening times for those two?W:Well, according to this guidebook, the Cathedral is only open from 9.30 in the morning until midday. (Ah...) No, hang on. That's the Cathedral Museum. (Oh!) The Cathedral itself is open morning and afternoon. The Castle is just open from 1 to 5 so we can't go there until after lunch. I really want to spend some time on the Art Gallery because they've got this wonderful painting by Rembrandt（倫伯朗） that I always want to see. M: What else should we see?W: Well the guidebook says the Botanical Gardens worth spending some time in. Andthere're open all day from 8 to 6 so we go there anytime. (En...) I'd like to go to the markets near the river too. But ... Oh no way, that's only in the mornings too. M: As well as today and tomorrow, we can see some other places on Monday you know. But I don't think the markets will be open then. They only open on Thursdays. So we miss them for this week. Maybe we can go to the Cathedral today because it's Sunday tomorrow. And even though it's open every day it might be difficult to get in tomorrow because the chair services.W: That is true. But the Art Gallery isn't open on Sundays at all. So we'll have to go there today. (En) The Castle is open every day except Monday. So it'll okay there. And the Gardens of course is only closed at night.M: Are all these places free? Or do we have to pay to go in? What does the guidebook say?W: I think there's a charge for all of them except the Botanical Gardens. Oh and the markets. Of course you don't pay to go in.M: Okay, well, let's have a look at our plan at this. We'll go to see the painting, you like first, that the Rembrandt, then have lunch then we go on to the Castle after that and then the Cathedral.W: Okay. It says here that the roof of the Cathedral is really beautiful.M: Is that right? But I really want to do with the Cathedral is climb the tower. The view is supposed to be spectaculous!W:Okay well that'll be more than enough today. And tomorrow let's go to the Botanical Gardens and have a picnic. (En!) I want to sit by the river and watch the swans. The city's famous for them.test2_section2So the Counselling Services we are for dealing with any problems arising from your studies or in your life outside the university.Let's take academic counselling. If you confuse about subjects or how to combine them of your degree, we can advise you and discuss the career you are aiming for, so that you can see it all in context. We can also chase up your tutor if you're not getting proper feedback on how you will be getting on your subjects.Besides help with academic problems, you may also need personal counselling. If you think you're already under stress, well, just wait to classes begin next week, you'll have to start adjusting to teaching and learning methods that may be unfamiliar to you as well as the mounting pressures the deadline for that first assignment creates upon you.And of course you'll have to cope with all these without your usual social network, you know, the social contacts, family and friends, you can normally rely on for help. All of this causes anxiety. Studying overseas can trigger a personal crisis. You may have left a lot of or you might call unfinished business back in your own country. Or you may have interrupted personal relationships or even sometimes broken them off tocome overseas. And so students often feel so lonely, unhappy, unmotivated and unable to concentrate on study. Or there may be other things bothering you. Our resident chapel can offer you spiritual guidance if that what you want or we can put you in touch with community groups that can provide you with social contacts and friendship.What about exam stress? It effects nearly every one to some extent, but especially oversea students like yourselves. There may be a huge amount of family pressure on you to succeed. And if you fail a subject or drop off a course because it's too difficult, then your self-esteem can suffer, but it's not the end of the world if you don't pass an exam. I had a reset first year anthropology so I can certainly offer you a sympathetic hear. Anyway, exam failure can lead varying changes in the way you normally behave.You may also be off your food or you may have dietary problems because the local food is not to your liking and upset you and this can affect your health and studies. Glenda Roberts is our dietician in the health service and we can put you onto her.And we all have money problems, don't we? But remember full-time students can get a low interest loan of up to 600 dollars to buy books and for similar study related expenses. That's right. And you can get a double that amount if you can't afford an item or equipment you need for your course, so, musical instrument for example. That doesn't stop there. When you move into a flat, starting-up expenses including furniture afford can be covered by a loan through the welfare service. See Jill Freeman for details.Can we help you? Well last academic year in spite of staff cuts, we counselled 240 international students for a total of 2600 hours' counselling. And finally we won all the just one of the twelve appeals that we launched on behaves of the students. Not too bad for an understaff service, don't you think? That's all for me. Thank you.test2_section3W:Oh, there you are, good. Sorry I'm a bit late. There was a long queue. So have you work out how to do with the assignment then?M1:Not yet. We've been here only a couple of minutes ourselves.W: Can you just remind me what the task is exactly?M2: Well there're two, err, no, three parts to it. The first we have got to write an essay about ways of collecting data, then...W: What's the title of the essay exactly?M1: I've got a here. Assess the two main methods of collecting data in social science research.W: And how much do we need to write?M1: 1500 words. That's the essay. Then for the second part of this assignment we have to choose one method of data collection and carry out a small-scale study making appropriate use of the method chosen to get data from at least 5 subjects.W: And then we have to write a report on the study?M2: That's right. It's three to four thousands words.W: Did you get as far as discussing which form of data collection we should go for? Questionnaire or interview, isn't it?M1:Yes, I think we should do a questionnaire. That would be so much less time consuming than organizing interviews, I recommend. Once we've agreed on the wording we only have to send it out and wait for the responses.W: Yes...I think it probably would be quicker. But what that are the article gave us last week say about the quality of data from questionnaires？M1:I'm pretty sure recommended questionnaires are source of highly reliable data as long as you design the questionnaire properly in the first place the data will be fine. W: No. I'm sure it talks about drawbacks as well, doesn't it, something about the response rate and the problems you get if it is too low.M1: Yes, but we only need data from 5 subjects, anyway.W: Oh, I suppose so. Another drawback I remember it mentions was that questionnaire data tends not to reveal anything unexpected because it is limited to the questions fixed in advance by the researcher.M1: Come on, Rose. This is only a practice. It seems not a real research, is it? W: Well, I'm sure about that.W:Maybe I'll be back through the article again. Just to be sure. Can you remember what was called?M: Sample surveys and social science research, I think, by Mehta.W: M-E-H-T-A?M: Yep. And he also recommended a more reasonable called Survey research by Belle, I think. It's an art series published by London University.M2: And if we try to use interviews instead I saw a book in the departmental library that will be helpful for this it is called Interviews that work by Wilson published in Oxford in 1988.W: Right. Oh, I have got a tutorial now. Can we meet up again later this week. What about Friday morning?M: Suits me. 11 o'clock?W: Fine.M: Before Friday, I think we should all look though the reading list.test2_section4So far, in these lectures, we've been looking at crimes like robbery and murder, both from historical view of point and also in contemporary society. And we've seen the preoccupation of western societies with crime and with lawlessness is a pile of long and continuous tradition rather than something which is null and unique to modern society.But over the past 70 years or so, there's been a massive increase in one type of crime which was what's known as corporate crime. Corporate crime is crime which as the name suggests, is connected with companies, with business organizations. It includes illegal acts leader, individuals or a group within a company. But what is important is that these actors normally in accordance with the goals of the company. They're for the goodof the company rather than the individual. It's been defined as, quote, crime which is committed for the corporate organization, the company, not against it, unquote. So crimes like theft by employees, things like... err... embezzlement or fraud against one's actual employer are excluded, according to this definition. The employees maybe involve but they're acting in the first place for the company. They may not even realize that they commit a crime, or they may realize but they feel it's excusable because it's policy, or because otherwise they may lose their jobs. So here we're really talking about the links between power and crime.Now this is one area that much less generally known about the conventional or traditional crime. It's been relatively ignored by the mass media. For example, it tends to be underreported in comparison with conventional crime in news broadcasts and in crime series of films and so on. They very rarely deal with corporate crime. And it also tends to be ignored in academic circles, as being far more research on conventional crime and far more data is available.There're several reasons for this lack of interest in corporate crime compared with other types of crime. It's often very complex, whereas conventional crime, it's usually possible to follow what's going on without specialist knowledge. As well as this, whereas conventional crime has a lot of human interest, corporate crime often has much less. The third reason, and possibly the most significant one, is that very often that victims are unaware. They think their misfortune is an accident, or that is the fault of no one in particular. They're unaware that they've been victims of a crime.So when we look at the effects of corporate crime, we may find it's very difficult to assess the costs, but these costs can be very considerable in both their economic and social aspects.Let's look at the economic costs first. For example, if a company is producing fruit juice, and it dilutes its product, so that's just a little below the concentration it should be, many millions of people may be paying a small amount of extra for their carrot orange juice. Now some amounts like this may seem insignificant for individual customers, too small to worry about. But for the company, this deception might result in massive illegal profit. However all our studies of corporate crime agree that the individuals are in fact deprived of far more money by such crime than they're by conventional crime like robbery and theft.In addition to this we have to consider the social costs of corporate crime. And these are again very difficult to assess but they're considerable. They're important because they can undermine the faith of the public in the business world. And also, more importantly, because the main group of people they're in fact effected not the richer section of the society but the poorer. So here, companies are robbing the poorer then benefit the rich.。

T e x t 1 Section 1Man: Hello,this is Land Transport information at toronto Airport.Woman: Oh,good morning,I’m flying to toronto Airportnext week, and I need to get to a town called um, you tell me how I can get there? Man: Milton,did you say? Let me see. I think that’s about 150 miles south-west of here .In fact it’s 147 miles to be exact, so it’ll take you at least –say ,three to four hours byroad.Woman: Wow! Is it as far as that?Man: yes,I’m afraid you have a number of options to get you here and you can always renta car right hereat the airport,of course.Woman: Right. Well, I don’t really want to drive myself ，so I’d like more information about public transport.Man: that case the quickest and most comfortable is a cab and of course there are always plenty it’ll cost can also take a greyhound bus or there’s an airport shuttle Service to Miiton.Woman: Hummm, I think for that kind of distance a cab would be way beyond my budget.But the bus sounds you tell me how much that would cost?Man: Sure. Let’s see. That wold be $15 one way,or $ return. That’s on the Greyhound. Woman:Oh,that’s quite cheap-great!.but whereabouts does ie stop in Milton?Man: It goes directly from the airport here to the City Centre and it’s p retty you have to bear in mind that there is only one departure a day, so it depends what time your flight gets in.Woman: Oh,of course. Hang on, we’re due to get there at 11:30 am.Man: Hmmm, too bad, the bus leaves at 3:45, so you would have quite a wait – more than 4 hours.Woman:Oh,I see. Well, what about the shuttle you mentioned?Man: OK. That’s the Airport Shuttle that will take you from the airport right to your hotel or private address. It’s a door-to-door service and it would suit you much better,because there’s one every two hours.Woman: So how much does that cost?Man: Let’s see. Yeah, that’s $35 one way, $65 return, so I guess it’s a bit more expensive than the Greyhound.Woman:Oh, that doesn’t sound too if it*ll take me straight to the hot el.Man:But you do need to reserve a seat.Woman:OK. Is it possible to make a booking right now? Through you?Man:Sure.Man: just have to fill this form out for you. So what date do you want to book this for? Woman:The 16th of Octobler –oh,no,’s my departure date. I arrive on the 17th, so book it for then,please.Man: So, That’s the Toronto Airport Shuttle to this is for just one person or…?Woman: yes, just me, please.Man:Right. And you said your excepted time of arrival was 11:30? So if I book your Shuttle for after 12:00- let’s say, 12:30 that should give you plenty of time to, you know,collect your baggage maybe grab a coffee?Woman:Yeah, that sounds fine, as long as we land on time!Man: Well,we’ll take you flight details so you don’t need to warry too much about that. Now.what about the fare? What sort of ticket do you want? One way or…？Woman:Yes,that’ll be fine, provided I can book the return trip once I’m there.Man:No problem – just allow a couple of days in advanced to make sure you get a seat. And what’s you name, please?Woman:Janet, Janet Thomson.Man:Is that Thompson spelt with a “p”?Woman: No,it’s T-H-O-M-S-O-N.Man: OK,And you’ll be coming from the UK? What flight will you be travelling on? Woman:Oh, it’s Air Canada flight number AC936, from London Heathrow.Man:Right. Now,do you know where you’ll be staying? We need to give the driver an address.Woman:yes, it’s called the Vacation Mote-and I think it’s near the town centre. Anyway, the address is 24 Kitchener Street- that’s kitch ener street.Man: That’s fine. Right. So that’s $35 to pay please. Have you get your credit card number there？Woman:Yes, it’s a VISA card ,and the number is 3303 8450 2045 6837Man: OK，well,that seems to be everything .have a good trip and we’ll see you i n Toronto next week.Woman:yes, bye-ok, thanks for your help!Section 2Thank you all for coming to my talk this evening. It’s nice to see many people in the audience . For those of you who don’t know very much about PS Camping , let me start by giving you some background information about the company.The company started twenty-five years ago. It actually opened as a retail chain selling camping equipment and then twenty years ago, it bought a small number of campsites in the UK ,and began offering camping holidays. The company grew rapidly and has been providing holidays in continental Europe for the last fifteen years.If you book a camping holiday with us, you’ll have a choice of over three hundred sites. In Italy we now have some 64 sites that we either own, or have exclusive use of France is where we have the majority of sites, and we currently have a project to expand into Switzerland. We also have a number of sites in Northern Spain, particularly in the mountainous region of picos de Europa. W e’ve upgraded all these Spanish sites, and improved them considerably from their original three-star ratingWe believe our holidays offer superb facilities for the whole family. Parents who want their children to be fully occupied for all or part of the day can take advantage of our children’s activities. These are organised by our well-qualified and enthusiastic staff. Each day kicksoff a sports match, perhaps football, or volleyball, followed by an hour of drama for everyone. This may include singing or dancing, mime or other activities. In the afternoon, there’s a different art activity for each day of the week including a poster competition or model making. What’s more, our sites are truly child-friendly, and, with this in mind, we operate a no-noise ru le in the evenings. Children’s evening activities usually finish at 9:30, or occasionally 10, and from 10:30 holiday-makers are expected to be quiet in the areas where there are tents.We want nothing to go wrong on a PS Camping holiday, but if it does, we also want all customers to be insured. If you haven’t organised an annual insurance policy of your own you’ll need to take out the low-cost cover we offer and we require that you arrange this when you take your holiday reservation.There are many advantages to choosing PS Camping, and to recommending it to others. As a regular customer. You’ll be kept informed of special offers. And your friends can benefit from ten per cent off their holiday, or book a luxury tent for the price of a standard one. In return, we’ll send you a thank-you present, which you can choose from a list of high-quality items.When it comes to our tents, these are equipped to the highest standard. We really do think of every essential detail, from an oven and cooking rings fuelled by bottled gas, to mirrors in the bedroom areas. If you don’t want to cook indoors, you can borrow a barbecue if you ask in advance for one to be made available, and there’s even a picnic blanket to sit on outside your tent. Inside, a bo x of games and toys can be found, and children’s tents can be hired if required, All tents have a fridge, and if you want to spend the day on the beach, for example, ask for a specially designed PS Camping cool box, which will keep your food and drinks chilled. There are excellent washing facilities at all our sites, with washing machines and clothes lines in the central areas, along with mops and buckets in case your tent needs cleaning during your stay. All sites have a cafe and/or a shop for those who’d rather ‘eat in’ than dine at a local restaurant.Section 3Tutor:Well, you’ve both been looking at different styles of managing individuals，in companies and the workplace. How’s the research going,philip?Philip:Well, I’ve been looking at why individualis m, I mean individual difference, are such an important area of management studies. When you think about any organization, be it a family business or a multinational company, they are all fundamentally a group of people working together. But it’s what these individuals contribute to their pleases of work that makes you realize how important they are. Of course they bring different ideas, but it’s also their attitudes and their experiences of learning. Diversity is important in these areas too. Tutor:So why do people behave so differently from one another at work?Philip:There are lots of reason but research has shown a lot of it comes down to personality. And the other factor is gender. It’s a well known fact that men and women do lots of things in different ways, and the workplace is no different.Tutor:Did you look at the effects of this variation on companies?Philip:Yes, I did. On the positive side, exposure to such diversity helps encourage creativity which is generally an asset to a company. But unfortunately individual difference are alsothe root of conflict between staff and they can lead to difficulties for management, which can sometimes be serious.**********************************************Tutor:Thanks,philip. So now I guess the two main things to remember here are to identify individual talent and then to utilize it. So Janice, you were looking at identifying different talents in workers Do you think this is easy for managers to do?Janice:Well,currently teamwork is in fashion in the workplace and in my opinion the importance of the individual is generally neglected. What managers should be targeting is those employees who can take the lead in a situation and are not afraid to accept the idea of responsibility.Tutor:That’s true. Janice but unf ortunately many managers think the entire notion of encouraging individuality amongst their staff is far too hard.Janice:Yes. That may be true but I think one of the most important tasks of managers is to consider the needs of the individual on one hand and group co-operation and conformity on the other. It requires creative thinking on the part of management to avoid tension.Tutor:So Janice, what kind of people do you think companies should be looking for? Janice Well, it has to start from the very beginning when companies are looking for new employees. When the personal department is choosing between applicants they need to look for someone who’s broken the mould and can think for themselves. Instead, people making these decisions often ues a range of psychological tests to see if a person is a problem solver, or will do as they’re told. I’m not convinced these qualities are actually the most important. Tutor:So do you think being a good team player is overrated?Janice No,it’s not overrated. You do need to learn the rules and learn them fast. No individual can get around this if you’re working in an organization.Tutor:So how should managers deal with this?Janice Rewards. When an individual demonstrates, the behaviour the organisation expects, some kind of incentive can be given. What’s important here is that this happens right at the beginning so new recruits learn the rules of the system immediately. Also the incentive should be something the individual actually wants, and this isn’t always just money。

test1_section1test1_section1M: Good morning!M:早上好!W: Good morning! How can I help you?W:早上好!我如何帮助你?M: I understand that the school organizes … umm, trips to different…M:我知道学校组织…嗯,去不同的…W: Yes. We run five every month, three during weekends and two Wednesday afternoon trips.W:是的。

我们每月运行五,三个在周末和两个周三下午的旅行。

M: What sort of places?M:什么样的地方?W: Well. Obviously, it varies, but always places of historical interest and also which offers a variety of W:好。

显然,它不同,但总是名胜古迹,也提供各种各样的shopping, because our students always ask about that. And then we go for ones where we know there 购物,因为我们的学生总是问。

然后我们去的,我们知道are guided tours because this gives a good focus for the visit.导游,因为这给了一个很好的集中访问。

M: Do you travel far?M:你旅行远吗?W: Well, we are lucky here obviously because we are able to say that all our visits are less than threeW:好吧,显然我们很幸运,因为我们能说,我们所有的访问都是不到三个小时hours drive.小时车程。