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2014年普通高等学校招生全国统一考试（四川卷）英语第Ⅰ卷（选择题共90分）第一部分英语知识运用（共两节，共40分）第一节单项填空从A、B、C、D四个选项中，选出可以填入空白处的最佳选项，并在答题卡上将该项涂黑。
（共10小题；每小题1分，满分10分）1．She’d lived in London and Manchester, but she liked and moved to Cambridge．A．both B．neither C．none D．either2．Grandma pointed to the hospital and said, “That’s I was born．”A．when B．how C．why D．where3．Was it because Jack came late for school Mr．Smith got angry?A．why B．who C．where D．that4．Until now, we have raised 50, 000 pounds for the poor children, is quite unexpected．A．that B．which C．who D．it5．The manager was satisfied to see many new products after great effort．A．having developed B．to developC．developed D．develop6．I still remember my happy childhood when my mother take me to Disneyland at weekends．A．might B．must C．would D．should7．—I hope to take the computer course．—Good idea．more about it, visit this website．A．To find out B．Finding outC．To be finding out D．Having found out8．I’ll be out for some time．anything important happens, call me up immediately．A．In case B．As if C．Even though D．Now that9．She someone, so I nodded to her and went away．A．phoned B．had phoned C．was phoning D．has phoned10．—How about dinner tonight? It’s on me．—．A．You are welcome．B．Oh, I’d like toC．Well, I’m afraid so D．That’s all right第二节，完形填空（共20小题；每小题1．5分，满分30分）阅读下面的短文，从短文后各题所给的四个选项中（A、B、C和D）中，选出可以填入空白处的最佳选项，并在答题卡上将该选项涂黑。
2014年职称英语考试真题(综合类C级)第一部分：词汇选项(第1～15题，每题1分，共15分)下面共有15个句子，每个句子中均有1个词或短语划有底横线，请从每个句子后面所给的4个选项中选择1个与划线部分意义最相近的词或短语。
1.The AIDS convention will be held in Glasgow.A.partyB.celebrationC.unionD.conference2.He made a number of rude remarks about the food.mentsB.signsC.mannersD.noises3.The new service helped boost pre-tax profits by10%.A.returnB.realizeC.increaseD.doubleck of space forbids further treatment of the topic here.A.receivesB.preventsC.deservesD.accepts5.Take some spare clothes in case you get wet,A.extraB.fineC.winterD.outdoor6.The book raised a storm of controversy.A.damageB.voiceC.argumentD.doubt7.His heart gave a sudden leap when he saw her.A.jumpB.hopeC.silenceD.life8.I'm sure I'll able to amuse myself for a few hours.A.treatB.entertainC.holdD.keep9.Some comments are just inviting trouble.A.keeping out ofB.getting intoC.asking forD.suffering from10.My principal concern is to get the job done fast.A.seriousB.deepC.particularD.main11.Several windows had been smashed.A.cleanedB.brokenC.replacedD.fixed12.His knowledge of French is fair.A.quite goodB.very usefulC.very limitedD.rather special13.They are trying to identify what is wrong with the present system.A.discoverB.proveC.considerD.imagine14.The worst agonies of the war were now beginning.A.partsB.aspectsC.painsD.results15.Afterwards there was just a feeling of letdown.A.excitementB.disappointmentC.angerD.calm第二部分：阅读判断(第16～22题，每题l分，共7分)下面的短文后列出了7个句子，请根据短文的内容对每个句子做出判断：如果该句提供的是正确信息，请选择A；如果该句提供的是错误信息，请选择B；如果该句的信息文中没有提及，请选择C。
四川省人事厅关于2010年度专业技术人员职称外语、古汉语、医古文、藏语文等级考试工作有关问题的通知文章属性•【制定机关】四川省人事厅•【公布日期】2009.11.11•【字号】川人办发[2009]525号•【施行日期】2009.11.11•【效力等级】地方规范性文件•【时效性】现行有效•【主题分类】行政机构设置和编制管理,语言文字工作正文四川省人事厅关于2010年度专业技术人员职称外语、古汉语、医古文、藏语文等级考试工作有关问题的通知（川人办发〔2009〕525号）各市（州）人事局，省级各部门：根据人力资源和社会保障部办公厅《关于2010年度专业技术人员资格考试计划及有关问题的通知》（人社厅发〔2009〕117号）和人力资源和社会保障部人事考试中心《关于做好2010年度全国专业技术人员职称外语等级统一考试考务工作的通知》（人考中心函〔2009〕63号）精神，结合我省实际情况，现就做好2010年度职称外语、古汉语、医古文、藏语文考试的有关问题通知如下：一、考试时间、科目和等级2010年度全国职称外语等级考试时间统一为2010年3月28日上午9时至11时。
全国统一命题考试的语种和级别有英、日、俄、德、法和西班牙语的A、B、C 级。
全国未实行统一考试的古汉语、医古文、藏语文A、B、C级和英语D级，仍然由全省统一命题考试，考试时间与全国统一考试时间相同。
我省专业技术人员参加职称外语、古汉语、医古文、藏语文等级考试，按川职改办〔2005〕20号文规定的等级对应关系分级报考。
二、报名方式、时间及程序（一）报名采取网上报名方式进行。
英语考试应按三个专业类别（综合、理工、卫生）和A、B、C三个级别分别组织报名；日语、俄语、德语、法语及西班牙语和我省组织的古汉浯、医古文、藏语文考试按语种和A、B、C三个级别分别组织报名；英语D级考试不分专业类别，报名按统一规定组织进行。
（二）报名时间统一定于2009年11月15日至12月15日。
全国职称英语等级考试全真模拟试卷参考答案（一）1 C2 A3 A4 D5 C6 B7 C8 B9 C 10 C 11 D 12 A 13 D 14 A 15 D 16 A 17 A 18 B 19 B 20 C 21 C 22 A 23 B 24 E 25 A 26 D 27 E 28 C 29 A 30 F 31 D 32 C 33 A 34 B 35 D 36 C 37 A 38 D 39 A 40 C 41 B 42 A 43 C 44 D 45 C 46 E 47 A 48 D 49 C 50 B 51 B 52 A 53 D 54 C 55 B 56 A 57 D 58 C 59 A 60 B 61 D 62 B 63 A 64 C 65 D其中：第1-15题，每题1分，共15分；第16-22题，每题1分，共7分；第23-30题，每题1分，共8分；第31-45题，每题3分，共45分；第46-50题，每题2分，共10分；第51-65题，每题1分，共15分。
试卷满分：100分。
全国职称英语等级考试全真模拟试卷（一）解析第1部分：词汇选项l C room这个词通常的意思是“房间”，但它还可以作“空间”解，在作“空间”解时它是个不可数名词。
本句的意思是“我们会给每一位教师发展的空间。
”又如：There is still room for improvement（还有改进的余地。
）在四个选项中只有space有“空间”的意义。
2 A动词identify的意思是“指认、认出”，name做动词有“命名”的意思，但也有“说出……的名字，指出”的意思。
在这个语境里和identify同义。
capture是“抓获”的意思，call sb。
则是“喊，给……打电话”的意思。
3 A occur的意思是发生，在四个选项中只有happen和它同义，又如：I don't rememberwhat actually happened/occurred我记不起到底发生了什么事。
2014年职称英语综合类考试教材概况大意文章及译文（6）2014年职称英语考试时间为3月29日。
小编为您整理职称英语教材中，概括大意部分的文章及译文，希望对您有所助益。
How We Form First Impression1 We all have first impression of someone we just met. But why? Why do we form an opinion about someone without really knowing anything about him or her — aside perhaps from a few remarks or readily observable traits.2 The answer is related to how your brain, allows you to be aware of the world. Your brain is so sensitive in picking up facial traits, even very minor difference in how a person’s eyes, ears, nose, or mouth are placed in relation to each other makes you see him or her as different1. In fact, your brain continuously processes incoming sensory information — the sights and sounds of your world. These incoming “signals” are compared a gainst2 a host of “memories” stored in the brain areas called the cortex system to determine what these new signals “mean.”3 If you see someone you know and like at school3, your brain says “familiar and safe. ‘‘If you see someone new, it says, “new —potentially threatening.” Then your brain starts to match features of this stranger with other “known” memories;The height, wei ght, dress, ethnicity, gestures, and tone of voice are all matched up. The more unfamiliar the characteristics, the more your brain may say, “This is new. I don’t like this person.” Or else, “I’m intrigued. “Or your brain may perceive a new face but famili ar clothes, ethnicity, gestures —like your other friends;so your brain says: “I like this person.” But these preliminary “impressions” can be dead wrong4.4 When we stereotype people, we use a less mature form of thinking(not unlike the immature thinking of a very young child)that makes simplistic and categorical impressions of others. Rather than leam about the depth and breadth of people — their history, interest, values, strengths, and true character — we categorize them as jocks, geeks, or freaks.5 However, if we resist initial stereotypical impressions, we have a chance to be aware of what a person is truly like. If we spend time with a person, hear about his or her life,hopes, dreams, and become aware of the person’s character, we use a different, more mature style of thinking — and the most complex areas of our cortex, which allow us to be humane.词汇：trait 特点，特征，特性host 一大群，许多 simplistic 过分单纯化的categorical 绝对的 jock 骗子geek 反常的人 stereotype 对……产生成见humane 有人情味的，人文的 sensory 感官的，感觉的cortex 脑皮层 ethnicity n.种族特点intrigue 激起兴趣 freak 怪人注释：1.Your brain is so sensitive in picking up facial traits, even very minor difference in how a person’s eyes, ears, nose, or mouth are placed in relation to each other makes you see him or her as different：从even开始到as different是个结果状语从句，相当于that even very minor ... .，而that是与主句中的so呼应的。
2014年职称英语等级考试用书（理工类）第二部分阅读判断第一篇Inventor of LED第二篇E1 Nino第三篇Smoking第四篇Engineering Ethics 第五篇Recue Platform第六篇Microchip Research Center Created第七篇ModerateEarthquake StrikesEngland第八篇What isdream第九篇Dangers AwaitBabies withAltitude第十篇Thy biologyof music第四部阅读理解第一篇Ford Abandons Electric Vehicles第二篇 World Crude Oil Production May Peak a Decade Earlier Than Some Predict第三篇 Citizen Scientists第四篇 Motoring Technology第五篇 Late-Night Drinking第六篇 Making Light of Sleep第七篇 Sugar Power for Cell Phones第八篇 Eiffel Is an Eyeful第九篇 Egypt Felled by Famine 第十篇 Young FemaleChimps Outlearn TheirBrothers第十二篇 Florida Hit byCold Air Mass第十三篇 InvisibilityRing第十四篇 Japanese CarKeeps Watch for DrunkDrivers第十五篇 Winged RobotLearns to Fly第十六篇 JapaneseDrilling into Core ofEarth*第十七篇 A Sunshade forthe Planet*第十八篇 Thirst for Oil*第十九篇Musical RobotCompanion EnhancesListener Experience*第二十篇 Explorer ofthe Extreme Deep*第二十一篇 Plant Gas*第二十二篇 Snowflakes*第二十三篇 Powering aCity? It's a Breeze.*第二十四篇 UndergroundCoal Fires -- a LoomingCatastrophe*第二十五篇 Eat to Live*第二十六篇 Male andFemale Pilots CauseAccidents Differently*第二十七篇 Driven toDistraction*第二十八篇 Sleep LetsBrain File Memories*第二十九篇 I will BeBach*第三十篇 Digital Realm*第三十一篇 HurricaneKatrina*第三十二篇Mind-reading Machine*第三十三篇 Experts Callfor Local and RegionalControl of Sites forRadioactive第五部分补全短文第二篇 The BilingualBrain第三篇 How deafinessMakes It Easierto Hear第六部分完型填空第一篇 Captain CookArrow Legend第二篇 Avalanche andIts Safety第四篇 Animal's"Sixth Sense"第五篇 Singing AlarmsCould Save the Blind* 第六篇 Car ThievesCould Be Stopped Remotely* 第七篇 AnIntelligent Car* 第九篇 Wonder Webs* 第十篇Chicken Soupfor the Soul：ComfortFood Fights Loneliness1第一篇Inventor of LED1. Holonyak’s colleagues thou ght he would fail in his research on LEDs at the time when he started it. A Right B Wrong C Not mentioned2. Holonyak believed that his students that were working with him on the project would get the Lemelson- MIT Prizesooner or later.A RightB WrongC Not mentioned3. Holonyak was the inventor of the transistor in the early 1950s.A RightB WrongC Not mentioned4.Holonyak believed that LEDs would become very popular in the future.A RightB WrongC Not mentioned5. Holonyak said that you should not do anything you are not interested in.A RightB WrongC Not mentioned6. Edith Flanigen is the onlyco-inventor of LEDs.A RightB WrongC Not mentioned7. The Lemelson-MIT Prize has a history of over 100 years.A RightB WrongC Not- mentioned 第二篇 El Nino1. The method used by the Columbia University researchers can predict El Nino a few months in advance. A RightB WrongC No mentioned2. The Columbia University researchers studied the relationship between the past EI Nino occurrences and sea-surface temperatures.A RightB WrongC Not mentioned3. The Columbia University researchers are the first to usesea-surface temperatures to match the past El Nino occurrences.A RightB WrongC Not mentioned4. Weare’s contribution in predicting El Nino, was highly praised by other meteorologists.A RightB WrongC Not mentioned5. According to a Chinese report, the flooding in China caused by El Nino in 1991 and 1997 affected 200 million Chinese people.A RightB WrongC Not- mentioned6. It takes about eight months for El Nino to reach its peak.A RightB WrongC Not- mentioned7. A special institute has bee n set up in America to study El Nino.A RightB WrongC Not- mentioned第三篇Smoking1. It is easy to determine whether smoking is hazardous. A Right B WrongC Not mentioned2. Smoking reduces one’s life expectancy. A Right B Wrong C Not mentioned3. Smoking may induce lung cancer.A RightB WrongC Not mentioned4. There is evidence that smoking isresponsible for breast cancer.A RightB WrongC Not mentioned5. Male smokers have a lower deathrate from heart disease than femalesmokers. A Right B Wrong C Not mentioned6. Nicotine is poisonous.A RightB WrongC Not mentioned7. Filters and low tar tobacco makesmoking safe.A RightB WrongC Not mentioned第四篇 Engineering Ethics1. Engineering ethics is a compulsorysubject in every institute of scienceand technology in the United States. ARight B Wrong C Not mentioned2. The number of students wishing totake the course of engineering ethicsis declining at Texas A&M University.A RightB WrongC Not mentioned3. The National Science Foundationinvolves itself directly in writing upmaterial about ethical issues. A Right BWrong C Not mentioned4. It seems that medical ethics andbusiness ethics are more mature thanengineering ethics. A Right B Wrong CNot mentioned5. Several engineering professors havequit from teaching to protest againstthe creation of a new course inengineering ethics. A Right B Wrong CNot mentioned6. Many engineering professors maynot have time to prepare material forclass discussion on professional ethics.A RightB WrongC Not mentioned7. It is likely that following thisintroductory passage, the author willprovide the necessary material relatedto the topic of engineering ethics. ARight B Wrong C Not mentioned第五篇Rescue Platform1. A rescue platform called the Eagle iscapable of moving vertically but notsideways.A RightB WrongC Not mentioned2. The four propellers are fittedhorizontally to the Eagle.A RightB WrongC Not mentioned3. With the help of jet engines, theEagle can fly at a speed of 100 milesan hour.A RightB WrongC Not mentioned4. In the third paragraph, the wordhelicopter refers to the Eagle.A RightB WrongC Not mentioned5. The mare jet engines are fitted tothe propellers, the more people theplatform can carry.A RightB WrongC Not mentioned6. In the wake of September 11, Mr.Metreveli has secured enough fundingto build up a small-scale model of theEagle to test his idea.A RightB WrongC Not mentioned7. Mr. Metreveli is designing for Israela more advanced form of rescueplatform than the Eagle or the Eaglet.A RightB WrongC Not mentioned第六篇Microchip ResearchCenter Created1. The country says that theinvestment of US $14 million is bigenough for dev eloping that country’schip industry.A RightB WrongC Not mentioned2. That country gives top priorities todeveloping chips for military purposes.A RightB WrongC Not mentioned3. Although the licensing fees are notvery high, that Far Eastern countrycannot afford to pay.A RightB WrongC Not mentioned.4. Many western countries ban theexporting of the most advancedchip-making technologies to thatcountry to prevent them from beingused for military purposes.A RightB WrongC Not mentioned5. Currently, almost all the flagshipchipmakers in that country are ownedby American investors.A RightB WrongC Not mentioned6. Mainstream chip productiontechnology develop rapidly. A Right B Wrong C Not mentioned7. More than 10 chip plants being builtin that country are an example ofself-reliance.A RightB WrongC Not mentioned第七篇Moderate EarthquakeStrikes England1. During the April 28 earthquake, thewhole England was left without power.A RightB WrongC Not mentioned2. The Channel Tunnel was closed for10 hours after the earthquakeoccurred.A RightB WrongC Not mentioned3. It was reported that one lady hadgot her head and neck injured, but notseriously.A RightB WrongC Not mentioned4. France and several other Europeancountries sent their medical teams towork side by side with the Britishdoctors.A RightB WrongC Not mentioned25. The country’s strongest earthquake took place in London in 1580.A RightB WrongC Not mentioned6. Musson predicted that another earthquake would occur in southeast England sooner or later. A Right B Wrong C Not mentioned 7. It can be inferred from the passage that England is rarely hit by high magnitude earthquakes. A Right B Wrong C Not mentioned.第八篇What Is a Dream?1．Not everyone agrees that dreams are meaningful.A RightB WrongC Not- mentioned 2．According to Freud, people dream about things that they cannot talk about.A RightB WrongC Not- mentioned 3．Jung believed that dreams did not help one to understand oneself.A RightB WrongC Not- mentioned 4．In the past, people believed that dreams involved emotions.A RightB WrongC Not- mentioned 5．According to Domhoff, babies do not have the same ability to dream as adults do.A RightB WrongC Not- mentioned 6．Men and women dream about different things.A RightB WrongC Not- mentioned 7．Scientists agree that dreams predict the future.A RightB WrongC Not- mentioned 第九篇Dangers Await Babies with Altitude1. According to the passage，one of the reasons why newborns in mountain communities are underweight is that their mothers are under-nourished.A RightB WrongC Not mentioned2. Giussani’s team members are all British researchers and professors from Cambridge University.A RightB WrongC Not mentioned3. Giussani did not expect to find that the weight of a baby had little to do with the financial conditions of the family he was born into.A RightB WrongC Not mentioned4. The weight of a newborn has to do with the supply of oxygen even when he was still in his mother’s womb.A RightB WrongC Not mentioned5. High-altitude babies have heads that are larger than their bodies. A Right B Wrong C Not mentioned 6. High-altitude babies have longer but thinner limbs than average.A RightB WrongC Not mentioned 7. Giussani has arrived at theconclusion that babies in high-altituderegions are more likely to have hearttrouble when they grow up. A Right B Wrong C Not mentioned*第十篇The Biology of Music1．Humans, but not animals, can sing.A RightB WrongC Not- mentioned2．People can use music tocommunicate their emotions.A RightB WrongC Not- mentioned3．We use the same part of the brainfor music and language.A RightB WrongC Not- mentioned4．Geoffery Miler has done researchon music and emotions.A RightB WrongC Not- mentioned5．It’s hard for humans to composemusic.A RightB WrongC Not- mentioned6．Memory is not an important part insinging in tune.A RightB WrongC Not-mentioned 7．Scientists does notknow all the answers about theeffects of music on humans. ARight B Wrong C Not-mentioned第五部分补全短文第一篇Mobile PhonesMobile phones should carry a label ifthey proved1to be a dangerous sourceof radiation, according to Robert Bell,a scientist. And no more mobile phonetransmitter towers should be builtuntil the long-term health effects ofthe electromagnetic radiation theyemit are scientifically evaluated, hesaid. “Nobody’s going to drop deadovernight2but we should be asking formore scientific information,” RobertBell said at a conference on the healtheffects of low-level radiation. 1 “Ifmobile phones are found to bedangerous, they should carry awarning label until proper shields canbe devised,” he said.A report widelycirculated among the public says thatup to now scientists do not really knowenough to guarantee there are noill-effets on humans fromelectromagnetic radiation. Accordingto Robert Bell, there are 3.3 millionmobile phones in Australia alone andthey are increasing by 2,000 a day3. 2By the year 20004 it is estimated thatAustralia will have 8 million mobilephones: nearly one for every twopeople.As well, there are 2,000 transmittertowers around Austrnlia, many in highdensity residential areas5. 3 E Forexample, Telstra, Optus andVodaphone build their towers where itis geographically suitable to them anddisregard the need of the community.The electromagnetic radiation emittedfrom these towers may have alreadyproduced some harmful effects on thehealth of the residents nearby. RobertBell suggests that until more researchis completed the Government shouldban construction of phone towers fromwithin a 500 metre radius of schoolgrounds, child care centres, hospitals,sports playing fields and residentialareas with a high percentage ofchildren. 4 A He says there is emergingevidence that children absorblow-level radiation at a rate more thanthree times that of adults6.He addsthat there is also evidence that ifcancer sufferers are subjected toelectromagnetic waves the growth rateof the disease accelerates. 5 D Thenwho finances the research? Accordingto Robert Bell, it is reasonable for themajor telephone companies to fund it.Besides, he also urges theGovernment to set up a wide-ranginginquiry into possible health effects.第二篇The World’s LongestBridgeRumor has it that1a legendarysix-headed monster lurks in thedeep waters of the Tyrrhenian Seabetween Italy and the island ofSicily. 1 If true, one day youmight spy the beast while zipping(呼啸而过) across the MessinaStrait Bridge. When completed in2010, the world’s longest bridgewill weigh nearly 300,000 tonsequivalent to the iceberg thatsank the Titanic — and stretch 5kilomerers long. “that’s nearly 50percent longer than any otherbridge ever built,” saysstructural engineer Shane Rixon.2 What do the world’s longestbridges have in common? They’resuspension bridges, massivestructures built to span vastwater channels or gorges. Asuspension bridge needs just twotowers to shoulder the structure’smammoth weight, thanks to heftysupporting cables slung betweenthe towers and anchored firmly indeep pools of cement at each endof the bridge. The Messina StraitBridge will have two 54,00-ton34towers, which will support most of the bridge ’s load. The beefy cables of the bridge, each 1.2 meter in diameter, will hold up the longest and widest bridge deck ever built. When construction begins on the Messina Strait Bridge in 2005, the first job will be to erect two 370 meter-tall steel towers. 3 The second job will be to pull two sets of steel cables across the strait, each set being a bundle of 44,352individual steel wires. Gettingthese cables up will be something 2. It ’s not just their length — totally 5.3 kilometers — but their weight. 4 They will tip up the scales at 166,500 tons — more than-half the bridge’s total mass. After lowering vertical “suspender ” cables from the main cables, builders will erect a 60meter-wide 54,630-ton steel roadway, or deck — wide enough to accommodate 12 lanes of traffic. The deck ’s weight will pull down on the cables with a force of 70,500 tons. In return, the cables yank up against their firmly rooted anchors with a force of 139,000 tons — equivalent to the weight of about 100,000 cars. Those anchors are essential. 5 They ’re what will keep the bridge from going anywhere.第三篇 Reinventing the Table An earth scientist has rejigged theperiodic table 1to make chemistry simpler to teach to students. 1 There have been many attempts to redesign the periodic table since Dmitri Mendeleev drew it up in 1871.But Bruce Railsback from the University ofGeorgia 3says he is the first to create a table that breaks with tradition and shows the ions of each element rather than just the elements themselves. “I got tired of breaking my arms trying to explain the periodic table to earth students,”he says, criss-crossing his hands in the air and pointing to different bits of a traditional table. 2 Railsback has still ordered the elements according to the number of protons they have. But he has added contour lines to charge density, helping to explain which ions react with which. “Geochemists just want an intuitive sense of what’s going on with the elements,” says Albert Galyfrom the University of Cambridge 4. 3“I imagine this would be good for undergraduates.” 4 Railsback has listed some elements more than once. He explains that sulphur, for example, shows up in three different spots — one for sulphide, which is found in minerals, one for sulphite, and one for sulphate, which is found in sea salt, for instance. He has also included symbols to show which ions arc nutrients, and which are common in soil or water. 5 And the size of element’s symbol reflects how much of it is found in the Earth’s crust.第四篇 The Bilingual BrainWhen Karl Kim immigrated to the United States from Korea’s a teenager, he had a hard time learning English. Now he speaks it fluently, and he had a unique opportunity to see how our brains adapt to a second language.1 As a graduate student, Kim worked in the lab of Joy Hirsch, a neuroscientist in New York. 1Their work led to an important discovery. They found evidence that children and adults don’t use the same parts of the brain when they learn a second language. The researchers used an instrument called an MRI2 (magnetic resonance imaging) scanner to study the brains of two groups of bilingual people. 2One group consisted of those who had learned a second language as children. The other consisted of people who ， like Kim ，learned their second language later in life. People from both groups were placed inside the MRI scanner. This allowed Kim and Hirsch to see which parts of the brain were getting more blood and were more active. They asked people from both groups to think about what they had done the day before, first in one language and then the other. They couldn’t speak out loud because any movement would disrupt the scanning. Kim and Hirsch looked specifically at two language centers in the brain - Broca's area3, which is believed to control speech production, and Wernicke’s area3, which is thought to process meaning. Kim and Hirsch found that both groups of people used the same part of Wernicke's area no matter what language they were speaking. 3 But their use of Broca ’s area was different. People who learned a second language as children used the same region in Broca’s area for both their first and second languages. People who learned asecond language later in life used a dif ferent part of Broca’s area for their second language. 4 How does Hirsch explain this difference? Hirsch believes that when language is first being programmed in young children, their brains may mix the sounds and structures of all languages in the same area. Once that programming is complete, the processing of a new language must be taken over by a different part of the brain. A second possibility is simply that we may acquire languages differently as children than we do as adults. Hirsch thinks that mothers teach a baby to speak by using different methods involving touch, sound, and sight. 5 And that is very different from learning a language in a high school or college class.第五篇 The Magic of Sound Music is one of the most beautiful forms of artistic expressions ever invented. In movies and plays, music has an added function 1: it not only moves people but also can shock people. Is it true that an ordinarymusical instrument can be so powerful? Our eardrums can withstand sound within 20 to 80 decibels. Once sound exceeds this limit 2, even beautifulmusic will become car-splitting noise 3and harm health. A strong blast of high sound can twist and break a solid iron sheet. 1 High sound of 150 decibels can kill a healthy rat. The noise from a plane’s engine is over 140 decibels. However, the sound of a flute is at most a few decibels. 2 Therefore, the sound of ordinary musical instruments cannot harm your health. It has been proven that people who have worked in an environment with a high sound intensity for a long time suffer varying degrees of heart disease or altered brain waves. In movies, sometimes the hero can produce a sound that ordinary people can ’t hear and only those who have the same ability can feel. In nature, there is actually sound that is beyond our hearing. In physics, the sound that exceeds 20,000 Hz is called ultrasonic. 3 Dolphins, whales and bats can make suchhigh-frequency sound.It does no harm to health. Sound less than 20 Hz is called infrasonic waves. When we move, the air will vibrate. 4 The vibration of air can produce5infrasonic waves. As thefrequency of infrasonic waves is close to that of people ’s internalorgans 4, infrasonic wave may cause resonance in human bodies. As a result, people ’s vision may weaken and internal organs may rupture. However, whether an infrasonic wave can be used as a weapondepends on its intensity 5. If its intensity is very low, it won ’t damage internal organs or a person ’s health. 5 If the intensity of infrasonic wave exceeds 160 decibels, it is extremely harmful. When wind blows at a force of 3 or 4 over thesea 6, it will produce infrasonic waves of several decibels. Only typhoons can produce infrasonic waves of over 100 decibels. At present, scientists can only produce infrasonic weapons in the lab with the help of advanced scientific tools and powerful electric power.第六篇 Dung to Death 1Fields across Europe are contaminated with dangerous levels of the antibiotics given to farm animals. The drugs, which are in manure sprayed onto fields as fertilizers, could be getting into our food and water, helping to create a new generation of antibiotic-resistant“superbugs ”.2The warning comes from a researcher in Switzerland who looked at levels of the drugs in farm slurry. 1 His findings are particularly shocking because Switzerland is one of the few countries to have bannedantibiotics as growth promoters in animal fee .Some 20,000 tons of antibiotics are used in the European Union and the US each year. More than half are given to farm-animals to prevent disease and promote growth. 2 But recent research has found a direct link between the increased use of these farmyard drugs and the appearance of antibiotic-resistant bugs that infect people. Most researchers assumed that humans become infected with the resistant strains by eating contaminatedmeat.3But far more of the drugs end up in manure than in meat products, says Stephen Mueller of the Swiss Federal Institute for Environmental Science andTechnology in Dubendorf. 3 And manure contains especially high levels of bugs that are resistant to antibiotics, he says. With millions of tons of animals manure spread onto fields of crops such as wheat and barley each year, thispathway seems an equally likely route for spreading resistance,4he said. The drugs contaminate the crops, which are then eaten. 4 They could also be leaching into tap water pumped from rocks beneath fertilized fields.Mueller is particularly concerned about a group of antibiotics called sulphonamides. 5 They do not easily degrade or dissolve in water. His analysis found that Swiss farm manure contains a highpercentage of sulphonamides; each hectare of field could be contaminated with up to 1 kilogram of the drugs. This concentration is high enough to trigger the development of resistance among bacteria.5But vets are nottreating the issue seriously. There is growing concern at the extent to which drugs, includingantibiotics, are polluting the environment. Many drugs given to humans are also excretedunchanged and are not broken down by conventional sewage treatment. 第七篇 Time in the Animal World Rhythm controls everything in Nature. 1 It controls, for example, the flapping of birds’ wings, the beating of the heart and the rising and setting of the sun.The sun provides a basic time rhythm for all living creatures including humans. Nearly all animals are influenced by sun cycles and have developed a biological clock in their bodies following these cycles. The moon also exerts its force and influence on the sea. Its gravitational attraction causes the rising of the tide. 2 The tide goes out when the moon moves away and its attraction is weaker. When the moon is behind the Earth, centrifugal force causes the second tide of the day. Animals living in tidal areas must have the instinct of predicting these changes, to avoid being stranded and dying of dehydration. Since the time of the dinosaurs, the king crab has been laying eggs 1at the seaside in a set way 2. To avoid predator fish 3, the eggsare always far from seawater and protected by sand. In the following two months, the eggs undergo dramatic changes related to the cycles of the moon 4. When the second spring tide comes, the young king crabs have matured. 3 The second spring tide takes them back to the sea. Most of the mammals, either the giant elephant or the small shrew, have the same average total number of heart beats in their lifetime. Shrews live only for two and a half years, and spend their life at a high speed and high tempo. Animals like shrews with a pulse rate of 600 per minute have an average total of eight hundred million heartbeats 5throughout their life. The African elephant has a pulse rate of 25 beats per minute, and a life span 6of 60 years. The size of the body determines the speed of life. 4 The larger the animal is, the longer its life span is and the slower its life tempo is.As we get older, our sense of time is being influenced by the physiological changes of our body. The elderly spend more time resting, and do few sports. 5 For an adult, time goes fast year by year. For a child, a week is seen as a long time.第八篇 Watching Microcurrents FlowWe can now watch electricity as it flows through even the tiniest circuits. By scanning the magnetic field generated as electric currents flow through objects, physicists have managed 1 to picture the progress of the currents. The technology will allow manufacturers to scan microchips for faults, as well as revealing microscopic defects in anything from aircraft to banknotes. Gang Xiao and Ben Schrag at Brown University in Providence, Rhode Island, visualize the current by measuring subtle changes in the magnetic field of an object and 2 converting the information into a color picture showing the density of current at each point .Their sensor is adapted 1from an existing piece of technology that is used to measure large magneticfields in computer hard drives.2“We redesigned the magnetic sensor to make it capable of measuring very weak changes in magnetic fields,” says Xiao. The resulting device is capable of detecting a current as weak as 10 microamperes , even when the wireis buried deep within a chip, and it shows up features as small as 40 nanometers across. At present, engineers looking for defects in a chip have to peel off the layers and examine the circuits visually; this is one of the obstacles 3 to making chips any smaller. But the new magnetic microscope is sensitive enough to look inside chips and reveal faults such as short circuits, nicks in the wires or electro migration — where a dense area of current picks up surrounding atoms and move them along. “It is like watching a river flow,”explains Xiao. As well as scanning tiny circuits, the microscope can be used to reveal the internal structure of any object capable of conductingelectricity.3For example, itcould look directly at microscopic cracks in an aeroplane’s fuselage, 4 faults in the metal strip of a forged banknote or bacteria in a water sample.The technique cannot yet pick up electrical activity in the human brain because the current there is too small, but Xiaodoesn’t rule it out 4in the future.“I can never say never,” he says. Although the researchers have only just made the technical details of the microscope public,it is already on sale,5fromelectronics company Micro Magnetics in Fall River, Massachusetts. It is currently the size of a refrigerator and takes several minute to scan a circuit, but Xiao and Schrag arc working 5 to shrink it to the size of a desktop computer and cut the scanning time to 30 seconds .第九篇Heat Is KillerExtremely hot weather is common in many parts of the world. Although hot weather just makes most people feel hot, it can cause serious medical problems —even death. Floods, storms, volcano eruptions and other natural disasters kill thousands of people every year.１So does extreme heat.Experts say heat may be nat ure’s deadliest killer. Recently, extreme heat was blamed for killing more than one hundred people in India. It is reported that the total heat of a hot day or several days can affect health. ２Several hot days are considered a heatwave. Experts say heat waves oftenbecome dangerous when thenighttime temperature does not dropmuch from the highest daytimetemperature. This causes great stresson the human body.３Doctors say people can do manythings to protect themselves fromthe dangers of extreme heat. outof the sun, if possible. Drinklots of cool water. Wear lightcolored clothing made of naturalmaterials; avoid wearingsynthetic clothing. Make sure theclothing is loose, permittingfreedom of movement1. And learnthe danger signs of the medicalproblems, such as headache andvomiting that are linked to heat.Most people suffer only musclepain as a result of heat stress.４Most people suffer only musclepain as a result of heatstress.pain is a warning that thebody is becoming too hot2. Doctorssay those suffering headache ormuscle pain should stop allactivity3and rest in a cool placeand drink cool liquids. Do notreturn to physical activity for afew hours because more seriousconditions could develop: Doctorssay some people face an increaseddanger from heat stress.５Suchpersons have a weak or damagedheart, high blood pressure, orother problems of the bloodsystem.Hot weather also increasesdangers for people who must takemedicine for high blood pressure4,poor blood flow, nervousness ordepression.第十篇How Deafness Makes ItEasier to HearMost people think of Beethoven’shearing loss as an obstacle tocomposing music. However, heproduced his most powerful works inthe last decade of his life when he wascompletely deaf.This is one of the most glorious casesof the triumph of will over adversity1,but his biographer, Maynard Solomon,takes a different view. 1_ Solomonargues that Beethoven’s deafness“heightened”his achievement as acomposer. In his deaf worldBeethoven could experiment, freefrom the sounds of the outside world,free to create new forms andharmonies.Hearing loss does not seemto affect the musical ability ofmusicians who become deaf. Theycontinue to “hear” music with asmuch, or greater, accuracy than if theywere actually hearing it being played.2Michael Eagar, who died in2003,became deaf at the age of 21. Hedescribed a fascinating phenomenonthat happened within three months:“my former musical experiencesbegan to play back to me. I couldn’tdifferentiate between what I heardand real hearing.2 After many years, itis still rewarding to listen to these playbacks, to ‘ hear’ music which is new tome and to find many quietaccompaniments for all of mymoods. ”How is it that the world wesee，touch，hear，and smell is both“out there”and at the same timewithin us? There is no better exampleof this connection between externalstimulus and internal perception thanthe cochlear implant3. 3 Noman-made device could replace theability to hear. However, it might bepossible to use the brain’s remarkablepower to make sense of the electricalsignals the implant produces.WhenMichael Edgar first “switched on” hiscochlear implant, the sounds he heardwere not at all clear. Gradually, withmuch hard work, he began to identifyeveryday sounds. For example, “Theinsistent ringing of the telephonebecame clear almost at once.”Theprimary purpose of the implant is toallow communication with others.When people spoke to Eagar, he heardtheir voices “coming through like along-distance telephone call on a poorconnection.” But when it came to hisbeloved music, the implant was of nohelp.4 _ When he wanted toappreciate music, Eagar played thepiano . He said, “I play the piano as Iused to and hear it in my head at thesame time. The movement of myfingers and the feel of the keys giveadded ‘ clarity’ to hearing in myhead.5”Cochlear implants allow thedeaf to hear again in a way that is notperfect，but which can change theirlives. 5 Still, as Michael Eagardiscovered, when it comes to musicalharmonies, hearing is irrelevant. Eventhe most amazing cochlear implantswould have been useless toBeethoven as he composed his NinthSymphony at the end of his life.6。
四川省2014级普通高中学业水平考试语文试题时间：120分钟满分：100分第Ⅰ卷（共10分）注意事项：⑴答第Ⅰ卷前，考生务必用蓝、黑墨水钢笔或圆珠笔将自己的姓名、准考证号、考试科目等填写在答题卡上，考试结束时，由监考人员将试卷和答题卡一并收回。
⑵每小题选出答案后，用2B铅笔把答题卡上对应题目的答案标号涂黑，如需改动，用橡皮擦干净后，再选涂其它答案，不能答在试卷上。
一、（6分，每小题2分）1.下列各句中，加点的词语使用不恰当的一句是A.从当当网到亚马逊再到拇指阅读，太多的平台跃跃欲试．．．．地满足了我们的阅读好奇心。
B.我细细观赏它纤细的脉络，嫩芽，以揠苗助长．．．．的心情，巴不得它长得快，长得茂绿。
C.马克思在他研究的每一个领域，都有独到的发现，而且任何一个领域都不是浅尝辄止．．．．。
D.现实生活中动人心弦的场景并不少见，只是我们习以为常．．．．，才没有产生情感的共鸣。
2.下列说法，不正确的一项是A.关于汉字的构成有“六书”说，即象形、指示、会意、形声、转注、假借六种方法。
B.《祝福》选自鲁迅的小说集《呐喊》，作者塑造了祥林嫂这一普通劳动妇女的形象。
C.古人常并用帝王纪年和干支纪年，例如《兰亭集序中》有“永和九年，岁在癸丑”。
D.古人见面常用的礼仪是拜礼和揖礼，前者以叩头跪拜为主，后者以拱手示意为主。
3.下列句子中没有语病的一项是A.在过去三五十年的这三个节目里，如何兴奋了这地方的人，直到现在，还毫无什么变化，仍旧是那地方居民们最有意义的几个日子。
B.鲍勃·迪伦能够获得2016年诺贝尔文学奖，是因为他把美国的乡土气和欧洲的精致风巧妙结合，满足评委对作品文学性要求的原因。
C.若想用自己建筑上的优良传统建设适合新中国的建筑，先得熟悉自己建筑上的“文法”和“词法”，否则是不能写出一篇中国“文章”的。
D.从那时起，“藏獒”开始成为张继科的代号，没有什么比这种看上去沉默迟钝，关键时刻疯狂爆发的动物更能恰如其分的形容他的个性。
2014年四川大学考博英语入学考试试题考生请注意：1．本试题共5大题，共12页，请考生注意检查，考试时间为180分钟。
2．1-70题答案请填写在机读卡相应处，否则不给分。
3．翻译和作文请答在答题纸上，答在试题上不给分。
书写要求字迹清楚、工整。
I．Reading Comprehension (30%; one mark each)Directions: Read the following six passages. Answer the questions below each passage by choosing [A], [B], [C], or [D]. Write your answers on the Answer Sheet.Passage OneIn general, our society is becoming one of giant enterprises directed by a bureaucratic management in which man becomes a small, well-oiled cog in the machinery. The oiling is done with higher wages, Nell-ventilated factories and piped music, and by psychologists and “human-relations”experts; yet all this oiling does not alter the fact that man has become powerless, that he is bored with it. In fact, the blue and the white-collar workers have become economic puppets who dance to the tune of automated machines and bureaucratic management.The worker and employee are anxious, not only because they might find themselves out of a job; they are anxious also because they are unable to acquire any real satisfaction of interesting life. They live and die without ever having confronted the fundamental realities of human existence as emotionally and intellectually independent and productive human beings.Those higher up on the social ladder are no less anxious. Their lives are no less empty than those of their subordinates. They are even more insecure in some respects. They are in a highly competitive race. To be promoted or to fall behind is not a matter of salary but even more a matter of self-respect. When they apply for their first job, they are tested for intelligence as well as for the right mixture of submissiveness and independence. From the moment on they are tested again and again-by the psychologists, for whom testing is a big business, and by their superiors, who judge their behavior, sociability, capacity to get along, etc. This constant need to prove that one is as good as or better than one’s fellow-competitor creates constant anxiety and stress, the very causes of unhappiness and illness.Am I suggesting that we should return to the preindustrial mode of production or to nineteenth-century “free enterprise” capitalism? Certainly not. Problems the never solved by returning to a stage which one has already outgrown. I suggest transforming our social system form, a bureaucratically managed industrialism in which maxima, production and consumption are ends in themselves, into a humanist industrialism in which man and full development of his potentialities-those of all love and of reason-are the aims of social arrangements. Production and consumption should serve only as means to this end and should be prevented from ruling man.1. By “a well-oiled cog in the machinery” the author intends to deliver the idea that man is ____.[A] a necessary part of the society though each individual’s function is negligible[B] working in complete harmony with the rest of the society[C] an unimportant part in comparison with the rest of the society[D] a humble component of the society, especially when working smoothly2. The real cause of the anxiety of the workers and employees is that ____.[A] they are likely to lose their jobs[B] they have no genuine satisfaction or interest in life[C] they are faced with the fundamental realities of human existence[D] they are deprived of their individuality and independence3. From the passage we can conclude that real happiness of life belongs to those ____.[A] who are at the bottom of the society[B] who are higher up in their social status[C] who prove better than their fellow-competitors[D] who could dip fir away from this competitive world4. To solve the present social problems the author puts forward a suggestion that we should ____.[A] resort to the production mode of our ancestors[B] offer higher wages to the workers and employees[C] enable man to fully develop his potentialities[D] take the fundamental realities for granted5. The author’s attitude towards industrialism might best be summarized as one of ____.[A] approval [B] dissatisfaction[C] suspicion [D] susceptibilityPassage TwoThe government-run command post in Tunis is staffed around the clock by military personnel, meteorologists and civilians. On the wall are maps, crisscrossed with brightly colors arrows that painstakingly track the fearsome path of the enemy.What kind of invader gives rise to such high-level monitoring? Not man, not beast, but the lowly desert locust（蝗虫）. In recent moths, billions of the 3-inch-long winged warriors have descended on Algeria, Libya, Morocco and Tunisia, blackening the sky and eating up crops and vegetation. The insect invasion, the worst in 30 years, is already creating great destruction in the Middle East and is now treating southern Europe. The current crisis began in late 1985 near the Red Sea. Unusually rainy weather moistened the sands of the Sudan, making them ideal breeding grounds for the locust, which lays its eggs in the earth. The insect onslaught threatens to create yet another African famine. Each locust can eat its weight (not quite a tenth of an ounce) in vegetation every 24 hours. A good-size swarm of 50 billion insects eats up 100,000 tons of grass, trees and crops in a single night.All $150 million may be needed this year. The U.S. has provided two spraying planes and about 50,000 gal. of pesticide. The European Community has donated $3.8 million in aid and the Soviet Union, Canada, Japan and China have provided chemical-spraying aircraft to help wipe out the pests. But relief efforts are hampered by the relative mildness of approved pesticides, which quickly lose their deadly punch and require frequent replications. The most effective locust killer Dieldrin has been linked to cancer and is banned by many Western countries and some of the affected African nations. More than 5 million acres have been dusted with locust-killing chemicals; another 5 million will be treated by the end of June.On May 30, representatives of Tunisia, Algeria, Libya, Morocco and Mauritania will meet in Algiers to discuss tactics to wipe out the ravenous swarms. The move is an important step, but whatever plan is devised, the locust plague promised to get worse before the insects can be brought under control.6. The main idea of the first sentence in the passage is that ____.[A] the command post is stationed with people all the time.[B] the command post is crowded with people all the time.[C] there are clocks around the command post.[D] the clock in the command post is taken care of by the staff.7. The favorable breeding ground for the locust is ____.[A] rich soil.[B] wet land[C] spaces covered crops and vegetation[D] the Red Sea8. People are alert at the threat of the locust because ____.[A] the insects are likely to create another African famine.[B] the insects may blacken the sky.[C] the number of the insects increases drastically.[D] the insects are gathering and moving in great speed.9. Which of the following is true?[A] Once the pesticides are used, locust will die immediately.[B] Relief efforts are proved most fruitful due to the effectiveness of certain pesticides.[C] Dieldrin, the most effective locust killer, has been widely accepted in many countries.[D] Over 10 million acres of affected area will have been treated withlocust-killing chemicals by the end of June.10. The purpose for affected nations to meet in Algiers on May 30 is ____.[A] to devise antilocust plans.[B] to wipe out the swarms in two years.[C] to call out for additional financial aid from other nations.[D] to bring the insects under control before the plague gets worse.Passage ThreeThe London 2012 sustainability watchdog embroiled in a row over the sports ship of the Olympic Stadium by Dow Chemical is to push theInternational Olympic Committee to appoint an “ethics champion” forfuture Games.The Commission for a Sustainable London 2012 has been bruised by criticism over Dow’s sponsorship of the wrap that will surround the Olympic stadium, particularly since commissioner Meredith Alexander last month resigned in protest.Campaigners believe that Dow has ongoing liabilities relating to the 1984 Bhopal disaster that resulted in the deaths of an estimated 20,000 people and the serious injury of tens of thousands more. Dow, which bought the owner of the plant in 2001, insists that all liabilities have been settled in full.Commission chairman Shaun McCarthy said that its tight sustainability remit did not extend to acting as moral guardian of the Olympic movement but that it would press for such a role to be created when evaluating sponsors for future Games.In addition to sponsoring the 7m pounds wrap that will surround the Olympic Stadium, Dow has a separate 100m dollars sponsorship deal with the IOC that was signed in 2010.But McCarthy also defended the commission’s role in evaluating the Dow deal, after Amnesty International wrote to London 2012 chairman Lord Coe to raise the issue.“What has been lost in all of this story is that a really excellent, sustainable product has been procured, we looked at Locog’s examination of Dow Chemical’s current corporate responsibility policies and, again, Dow achieved that highest score in that evaluation. We verified that.” said McCarthy.“As far as the history is concerned and issues around Bhopal, there is no doubt Bhopal was a terrible disaster and snore injustice was done to the victims. Who is responsible for that injustice is a matter for the courts and a matter for others. We have a specific remit and terms of reference that we operate under and we have operated diligently under those terms.”The commission will on Thursday release its annual review. It findsthat “good press” has been made to wands many of Locog’s sustainability target, but that “major challenges” remain.In particular, the commission found that there was no coherent strategy to achieve a 20% reduction in carbon emissions after an earlier scheme to use renewable energy feel through when a wind turbine on the site proved impractical.“We had conversations with Locog over a year ago about this and said they had to demonstrate how they were going to achieve at least 20% carbon reductions through energy conservation if they’re not going to do itthrough renewable energy,” said McCarthy. “There are some goodinitiatives, but quite frankly they just haven’t done it.”11. Why was Dow’s sponsorship criticized according to the passage?[A] The products are not sustainable.[B] It was related to Bhopal disaster.[C] It bribed the London Olympic committee.[D] It can’t reduce 20% of the carbon emission.12. What is Paragraph 4 mainly about?[A] Commission’s role[B] Commission’s achievements[C] Commission’s complaints[D] Commission’s defense13. Which of the following words can best replace the underlined word “row”(Para. 1)?[A] line [B] argument[C] boating [D] course14. What is one of the challenges of the sustainability target mentioned in the passage?[A] Ethic champion of the games.[B] Reduction in carbon emissions.[C] The wind turbine proved to be impractical.[D] Renewable energy is not available.15. Which of the following can best summarize the passage?[A] Commission defends its own role in evaluating controversial.[B] Dow’s way to the 2012 London Olympic Games.[C] Campaign against Dow’s sponsorship.[D] IOC’s review on the controversy.Passage FourAs Facebook dominates the news with its initial public offering,activists are seizing the moment to pressure the company to add some estrogen and ethnicity to its white-male board.A women’s rights group called Ultraviolet, which has been running an online petition that claims to have attracted more than 50,000 signatures,is escalating its push, posting a new YouTube video called “Do Women Havea Future at Facebook?”. The video shows photos of successful women such as Hillary Clinton getting their heads cropped off the replaced with thesmiling face of Facebook founder Mark Zuckerberg.“Facebook has grown off the backs of women, who make up the majorityof its users and are responsible for the majority of sharing and fanactivity on the site,” the group says in a blurb accompanying the video.An all-male board, the group says, is “not just wrong, it’s bad for business”. A related campaign, called Face It, criticizes the lack ofethnic diversity on the seven-member board. “seven white men: That’s ridiculous,” the group says on its homepage, along side headshots of the men. The campaign, which lists dozens of human-rights groups and corporate executives as supporters, also has its own YouTube video. Called “Face it, Facebook”, the video cites a recent Zuckerberg letter to investors that says:“Facebook was not originally created to be a company. It was built to accomplish a social mission-to make the world more open and connected.”That message is at odds with the pale-faced board, activists say. Susan Stautberg, co-chairwoman of Women Corporate Directors, an organization for female corporate board members, says Zuckerberg’s thinking is flawed. “If you’re trying to expand a company globally, then you want someone on the board who has built a global brand,” she says. “Most of these guys on Facebook’s board all have the same skills-they’re mostly from Silicon Valley and Washington. You want someone who has worked in China and India and rising markets. You want someone who has marketed to women. When you’re putting together a board, you don’t want your best friends, you wantthe best people.”Having zero female directors does not appear to be a good business plan, research shows. Companies with women on the board perform substantially better than companies with all-mall boards, according to a 2011 study of Fortune 500 companies conducted by the research group Catalyst. The study showed that over the course of four to five years, companies with three or more female board members, on average, outperformed companies with nofemale board members by 84 percent when it came to return on sales and by60 percent when it came to return on invested capital.Facebook may secretly be on the lookout for a female board member, according to a recent Bloomberg report. Citing unnamed sources, Bloomberg said Facebook had enlisted the corporate-recruitment firm Spencer Stuart to help seek some diversity. Spencer Stuary says it does not comment onclients due to confidentiality agreements.16. Which of the following descriptions is CORRECT about the Ultraviolet Group?[A] It is a non-government organization.[B] It is appealing for “more female roles in big corporations likeFacebook” through the Internet.[C] It has the support of many female celebrities such as Hillary Clinton.[D] It is getting more and more support from the society.17. Which of the following descriptions is INCORRECT about the campaign “Face It”?[A] It pointed out the irrational composition of Facebook’s board of directors.[B] The campaign has plenty of human-rights supporters.[C] It indicated the original objective of Zuckerberg’s establishment of Facebook.[D] It is constantly using other media devices to support Facebook.18. The underlined phrase “at odds with” in the fourth paragraph has the closest meaning of ____.[A] against all odds [B] supported by[C] disagree with [D] waifs and strays19. According to Susan Stauberg, a well-performed business should _____.[A] have a complex system of management.[B] possess the most market globally.[C] have your best and close friends as your board members.[D] have a diverse board member in which everyone has his/her ownspecialties and can contribute different skills into the corporation.20. What will probably happen to Facebook?[A] The corporation will turn to Spencer Stuart for recruiting morefemale board members.[B] The corporation will dominate the news because its worldwide popularity.[C] The corporation will gradually lose its users because it does nothave female board members.[D] None of the above.Passage FiveFor this generation of young people, the future looks bleak. Only onein six is working full time. Three out of five live with their parents or other relatives. A large majority-73 percent-think they need more education to find a successful career, but only half of those say they willdefinitely enroll in the next few years. No, they are not the idle youth of Greece or Spain or Egypt. They are the youth of America, the world’srichest country, who do not have college degrees and aren’t getting them anytime soon. Whatever the sob stories about recent college graduates spinning their wheels as baristas or clerks, the situation for their less-educated peers is far worse. For this group, finding work that pays aliving wage and offers some sense of security has been elusive.Despite the continuing national conversation about whether college is worth it given the debt burden it entails, most high school graduateswithout college degrees said they believe they would be unable to get good jobs without more education.Getting it is challenging, though, and not only because of formidable debt levels. Ms. McClour and her husband, Andy, have two daughters under 3 and another due next month. She said she tried enrolling in college classes, but the workload became too stressful with such young children. Mr. McClour works at a gas station. He hates his work and wants to study phlebotomy,but the nearest school is an hour and half away.Many of these young people had been expecting to go to college sincethey started high school, perhaps anticipating that employers would demand skills high schools do not teach. Just one in ten high school graduates without college degrees said they were “extremely well prepared by their high school to succeed in their job after graduation.” These young people worried about getting left behind and were pessimistic about reaching someof the milestones that make up the American dream. More than half-56percent-of high school graduates without college diplomas said that their generation would have less financial success than their parents. About the same share believed they would find work that offered health insurancewithin that time frame. Slightly less than half of respondents said thenext few years would bring work with good job security or a job with earnings that were high “enough to lead a comfortable life”. They were similarly pessimistic about being able to start a family or buy a home.The online survey was conducted between March 21 and April 2, and covered a nationally representative survey of 544 high school graduatesfrom the classes of 2006-11 who did not have bachelor’s degrees. Themargin of sampling error was plus or minus 5 percentage points.21. What does the underlined phrase “spinning their wheels” mean in Paragraph 1?[A] fastening the pace [B] confusing the situation[C] asking for help [D] scooting out22. What will the high school graduates probably do according to the article?[A] Find jobs right after graduation.[B] Receive further study in college.[C] Go to join the national conversation.[D] Pay for the debt.23. What does the story of “Andy and Ms. McClour” try to inform us?[A] They both prefer making money to education.[B] Colleges do not accept students who are married and have children.[C] Although people are eager to join in the college, life burden may block in the way.[D] None of the above.24. What is the financial outlook for this generation compared with their parents?[A] They have a prosperous outlook compared with the last generation.[B] Their financial situation is not as successful as their parents.[C] It depends on how hard they work and their educational background.[D] Not mentioned in the article.25. What can we infer from the last sentence?[A] The online survey is done nationally.[B] The result of the survey is completely trustworthy.[C] There is more or less inaccuracy of the survey.[D] The survey will have a continuous part coming soon.Passage SixSome 60 years ago, George Orwell wrote an allegorical novel, called Nineteen Eighty-Four, to describe life in a futuristic Britain under a oneparty police-sate presided over by an all-powerful figure known as Big Brother. One of the fealures of the nasty world described by Orwell was its systematic misuse of language, which went by the name of “Newspeak”. Byre-defining words and endlessly repeating them, the Ministry of Truth through the Thought Police was able to control what people thought, and through that, their actions. Language was instrumental in destroying the culture.The same technique is being used by different people today, withsimilar effects. In all areas of public administration, the words “spouse”, “husband” and “wife” have been replace by the word “partner”, although the words are subtly but substantially different in meaning, and convey different realities. In some schools and university departments, feminist ideologues have dictated that the personal pronoun “he” must not be used, and is replaced by the word “they”, which means something different. The word “homophobic”, which just a few years agowas used to describe a person who supported vigilante action against homosexuals, is now being used to describe anyone who defends the universal definition of marriage.Although the transformation of language is seen most obviously around social issues, it is also being used systematically to shape political debate. So, we are told that the federal government is introducing a Carbon Pollution Reduction Scheme, which is newspeak for its new carbon tax. The fact is that the new tax is not remotely concerned with “carbon pollution”at all, but rather with emissions of the gas CO2 which is not a pollutantby any credible definition, but rather, an essential building block inevery cell in every living plant and creature. By the government’s own admission, it will not lead to any reduction in CO2 levels, either in Australia or globally. And the Carbon Pollution Reduction Scheme is being introduced in Australia at the same time the government is expandingexports of coal, which is virtually 100 percent carbon, to countries suchas China.We live in a society in which the ordinary meaning of words is being systematically manipulated by spin-doctors and ideologues, as a means of changing the way people think, and, more fundamentally, the way they act. Language is an important part of the culture wars. For those of us who see this as a challenge to the foundations of society, it is important that we identify the problem and expose it.It is clearly preferable to avoid using the new debased, transformed language of the politically-correct left, although this can be difficult in situations where constant usage has already normalized it, as has happened with the term “same-sex marriage”. The alternative phrase, “same-sex unions”, has a different meaning. When such terms are used, they should be identified for what they are: a form of linguistic dishonesty, designed to undermine existing institutions and transform them.26. Which of the following descriptions is INCORRECT about George Orwell’s allegorical novel Nineteen Eighty-Four?[A] It describes a story that happens in the future.[B] One of the features in the novel is the misuse of language.[C] It is the most famous detective novel in the world.[D] It was written in the 20th century.27. Which of the following is NOT mentioned as an example of misuse of language?[A] Feminists insist “he” be replaced by “they”.[B] “Partner” has taken the place of “husband” and “wife”.[C] “Homophobic” is now being employed to refer to defend conventionalunderstanding of marriage.[D] The meaning of “literacy” is no longer restricted to the ability to read and write.28. The example of carbon pollution is used to illustrate _______.[A] transformation of language is usually seen in social issues.[B] transformation of language is also tracked in political debate.[C] transformation of language is generated in the age of information.[D] transformation of language is legitimate to a certain extent.29. The underlined word “credible” in Para. 3 means ______.[A] reliable [B] correct[C] beneficial [D] provable30. According to the passage, transformed language serves to _______.[A] make people sound fashionable[B] change the way people think and act[C] eliminate discrimination against minorities[D] None of the aboveII. Vocabulary (10%; 0.5 mark each)31. The town was flooded when the river burst its banks. To make it worse,the storm _____ outside.[A] raided [B]ragged [C] raged [D]reaped32. My new laptop can _____ information much more quickly than my old computer.[A] proceed [B] precede [C] produce [D] process33. The country’s failure to abide by the Kyoto Protocol was _____ in all newspapers.[A] announced [B] denounced [C] renounced [D] trounced34. The company has _____ over three decades into a multi-million dollar organization.[A] evolved [B] revolved [C] involved [D] devolved35. We would like to _____ our customers of the best possible service.[A] assure [B] ensure [C] insure [D] ensue36. The government has promised to offer 10 million of emergency food aidto help ______ the famine in this region.[A] release [B] relate [C] reveal [D]relieve37. The course _____ two years’ training into six intensive months.[A] impresses [B] compresses [C] depresses [D] represses38. Make sure you pour the juice into the glass without _____ it.[A] splitting [B] spilling [C] spinning [D] spitting39. The vast majority of people in any culture _____ to the established standard of that culture.[A] confine [B] conform [C] confront [D] confirm40. Tom pointed out that the living standard of urban and _____ people continued to improve.[A] remote [B] municipal [C] rural [D] provincial41. The Egyptians _____ an area almost equal to France and Spain combined.[A] dwell [B] settle [C] reside [D] inhabit42. I’m going to have to take these clothes off, for I’m _____ to the skin![A] dipped [B] soaked [C] immersed [D] submerged43. The WHO has to come up with new and effective measures to _____ hisnext move in the game.[A] limit [B] cut [C] curb [D] keep44. My grandfather sat back in his chair for a few minutes to _____ hisnext move in the game.[A] think [B] ponder [C] reflect [D] dwell45. At this school we aim to _____ the minds of all the students by reading.[A] cultivate [B] instruct [C] teach [D] coach46. Most doctors _____ on a diet which contains a lot of fat.[A] criticize [B] object [C] oppose [D] frown47. Since you intend to sell your house, how will you _____ of all the furniture?[A] disapprove [B] discard [C] dispose [D] disregard48. The politicians were discussing the best way to _____ democracy andprosperity in their country.[A] hinder [B] foster [C] linger [D] quote49. Only one member of the committee _____ from the final report.[A] dissented [B] crawled [C] whispered [D] redeemed50. We always try to _____ him with financial assistance if necessary.[A] dazzle [B] sanction [C] accommodate [D] terminateIII. Cloze (10%; 0.5 mark each)The term “quality of life” is difficult to define. It (51) a verywide scope such as living environment, health, employment, food, familylife, friends, education, material possessions, leisure and recreation, and so on. (52) speaking, the quality of life, especially (53) seen by the individual, is meaningful in terms of the degree (54) which these various areas of life are available or provide (55) for the individual.As activity carried (56) as one thinks fit during one’s spare time, leisure has the following (57): relaxation, recreation and entertainment, and personal development. The importance of these varies according to the nature of one’s job and one’s life style. (58), people who need to (59) much energy in their work will find relaxation most (60) in leisure. Those with a better education and in professional occupations may (61) more to。
词汇选择的说明1. 单词：《普通高中英语课程标准》（实验）（2003年版）词汇表中所列的七级要求词汇+ 现行高中教材1-7中出现的《普通高中英语课程标准》（实验）（2003年版）词汇表中所列的八级要求词汇。
2. 习惯用语或固定搭配确定依据：《全日制义务教育普通高级中学英语课程标准》（实验稿）（2001年版）词汇表中所列的全部习惯用语和固定搭配。
3. 数词、月份、星期：《普通高中英语课程标准》（实验）（2003年版）词汇表中所列内容。
4. 主要国家名称及相关信息：依据《普通高中英语课程标准》（实验）（2003年版）词汇表中所列内容，参考《湖北卷说明》做了部分删减。
词汇表说明：1．本表共收约3056个单词及364个习惯用语或固定搭配。
2. 数词、月份、星期、主要国家名称及相关信息单独列出。
3．部分可根据构词法推导出的词未单列。
（一）单词表Aa (n) art abandon vability nable aaboard prep abolish vabout ad & prep above prep, a & ad abroad a & ad abrupt a absence nabsent a absolute aabsorb v accelerate vaccent naccept vaccess n & v accessible aaccident n accompany v accomplish vaccount n accountant n accumulate v accurate aaccuse vache v & n achieve v achievement n acid a acquaintance n acre n across prep act n & v action n active a activity n actor n actress n actual a acute a AD nad＝advertisement n add v address n adequate a adjust v adjustment n administration n admire v admit v adolescent n adopt v adult n advance v & n advantage n adventure n advertise v advertisement n advice n advise vadvocate vaffair naffect vafford vafraid aAfrica nAfrican a & nafter ad, prep & conj afternoon nafterward (s) adagain adagainst prepage nagenda nagent n aggressive aago adagree vagreement nagriculture nahead adaid n & vAIDS naim n & vair naircraft nairline nairmail nairplane nairport nairspace nalarm n & valbum nalcohol nalgebra nalike adalive aall ad, a & pron allergic aallow vallowance nalmost adalone aalong ad & prep alongside ad aloud ad alphabet n already adalso ad alternative a although conj altogether ad aluminium n always adam v (be) am./am, AM./AM n amateur a amaze v amazing a ambassador (ambassadress) n ambition n ambulance n America n among prep amount n & v amusement n analyse v analysis n ancestor n anchor n & v ancient aand conj anecdote n anger nangle nangry a animal nankle n anniversary n announce v annoy v another a & pron answer n & v ant n Antarctic n anxiety n anxious aany pron & aanybody pron anyhow ad anyone pron anything pron anyway ad anywhere adapart ad & a apartment n apologize v apology n apparent a appeal n & v appear v appearance n appetite napple n application napply v appoint v appointment n appreciate v approach n & v approximately ad apron narch n architect nArctic nare v (be) area nargue v argument narise (arose, arisen）v arithmetic narm n & v armchair narmy n around ad & prep arrange v arrangement narrest varrival narrive varrow nart n article nartist nas ad, conj & prep ash nashamed aAsia nAsian a & naside adask vasleep aaspect nassistance nassistant n association nastonish vastronaut n astronomer nastronomy nat prepathlete nathletic aAtlantic a atmosphere natom nattach vattack v & nattain vattempt v & nattend vattention nattitude nattract vattractive aaudience naunt nauthor nautomatic aautumn navailable aavenue naverage a & navoid vawake (awoke, awoken) v & aaward naware aaway ad awesome aawful a awkward aBbaby n bachelor nback ad, a & n background n backward (s) ad bacon nbad (worse, worst) a badminton nbag n baggage n balance nball n balloon n bamboo nban v & n banana nband n bandage nbank nbar n barbecue n barber n barbershop n bargain n & v bark v & n base n baseball n basement nbasic abasin nbasis n basket n basketball nbat nbath nbathe v bathroom n bathtub nbattery nbattle nBC nbe (am, is, are, was, were, being, been) v beach nbean nbear1nbear2vbeard nbeast nbeat (beat, beaten) v & n beautiful abeauty nbecause conjbecome (became, become) vbed nbedroom nbee nbeef nbeer nbefore prep, ad & conj beg vbegin (began, begun) vbehave vbehaviour nbehind prep & ad being nbelief nbelieve vbell nbelly nbelong vbelow prepbelt nbench nbend (bent, bent) vbeneath prep beneficial abenefit n & vbeside prepbesides prep & ad betray vbetween prepbeyond prep bicycle nbid n & v big a bike＝bicycle nbill n biochemistry n biography n biology n bird n birth n birthday n birthplace n biscuit nbit n bite (bit, bitten) v bitter a black n & a blackboard n blame n & v blank n & a blanket n bleed v blind a block n & v blood n blouse n blow (blew, blown) v blue n & a board n & v boat n body n boil v bomb n & v bond n bone n bonus n book n & v boom v boot n border n bored a boring a born a borrow vboss nbotanical abotany nboth a & prom bother vbottle nbottom nbounce nbound vboundary nbow v & nbowl nbowling nbox nboxing nboy nbrain nbrake n & vbranch nbrand nbrave abread nbreak (broke, broken) v & n breakfast n breakthrough nbreast nbreath nbreathe vbrick nbride n bridegroom nbridge nbrief abright abrilliant abring (brought, brought) vbroad abroadcast (broadcast, broadcast或-ed, -ed) v broken abroom nbrother nbrown n & abrunch nbrush v & nbudget nbuild (built, built) v & nbuilding nbunch nbungalow nburden nbureaucratic aburglar nburn (burnt, burnt或-ed, -ed) v & nburst vbury vbus nbush nbusiness nbusinessman/woman (pl businessmen/women) n busy abut conj & prep butcher n & vbutter nbutterfly nbutton n & vbuy (bought, bought) vby prepbye intCcab ncabbage ncaféncafeteria ncage ncake ncall n & vcalm a & vcamel ncamera ncamp n & vcampaign ncan1 (could)；can't＝cannot modal vcan2ncanal ncancel vcancer n candle n candy n canteen n cap n capital n capsule n captain n car n carbon n card n care n & v careful a careless a carpenter n carpet n carriage n carrier n carrot n carry v cartoon n case n cash n & v cassette n cast ( cast, cast ) v castle n cat n catalogue n catastrophe n catch (caught, caught) v category n cattle n cause n & v cautious a cave n CD＝compact diskceiling n celebrate v celebration n cent n centigrade a centimetre (Am centimeter) n central a centre (Am center) n century nceremony ncertain achain nchair n chairman/woman (pl chairmen/women) n chalk n challenge n challenging a champion n chance n change n & v channel nchant v & n chaos n chapter n character n characteristic ncharge v & n chart nchat n & v cheap acheat n & v check n & v cheek ncheer n & v cheerful acheers int cheese nchef n chemical a & n chemist n chemistry n cheque (Am check) nchess nchest nchew v chicken nchief a & n child (pl children) n childhood n chocolate nchoice nchoir nchoke v& n choose (chose, chosen) v chopsticks n Christian n Christmas n church n cigar n cigarette n cinema n circle n & v circuit n circumstance n circus n citizen ncity ncivil a civilian n civilization n clap v class n classic a classmate n classroom n claw n clean v & a cleaner n clear a clerk n clever a click v climate n climb v clinic n clock n clone v close a & ad cloth n clothes n clothing n cloud n cloudy a club n coach n coal n coast ncoat n cocoa n coffee ncoin n coke ncold a & n collar n colleague n collect v collection n college n collision n colour (An color) n & v comb n & v combine v come (came, come) v comedy n comfort n comfortable a command n & v comment n commit v committee n common a communicate v communication n companion n company n compare v compass n compete v competition n complete a & v complex a & v component n composition n comprehension n compromise v compulsory a computer n concentrate v concept n concern v & n concert n conclude v conclusion n concrete n condition n conduct n conference n confident a confidential a confirm v confuse v congratulate v congratulation n connect v connection n consensus n consequence n consider v considerate a consideration n consist v constant a constitution n construction n construction n consult v consultant n contain v contemporary a content1n content2 a continent n continue v contradict v contradictory a contrary n & a contribute v contribution n control v & n convenience n convenient a conventional a conversation n cook n & v cooker ncookie ncool acopy n & v corn n corner n corporation n correct v & a correction ncost ncosy a cottage n cotton n & a cough n & v could modal v count v country n countryside n couple n courage n course n court n courtyard n cousin n cover n & v cow n crash v & n crayon n crazy a create v creature n credit n crime n criminal ncrop n cross n & v crossroads n crowd n & v cruel acry n & v cubic a culture ncup n cupboard ncure v & n curious a curriculum ncurtain ncushion ncustom n customer ncut (cut, cut) v & n cycle vcyclist nDdad＝daddy ndaily a, ad & n dam n damage n & v damp a & n dance n & v danger n dangerous adare v & modal v dark n & a darkness ndata n database ndate n & v daughter ndawn nday ndead a deadline ndeaf adeal ndear adeath ndebt ndecide v decision ndeclare vdecline n decorate v decoration n decrease vdeed ndeep a & addeer n defeat v defence (Am defense) n defend v degree n delay n & v delicious a delight n delighted a deliver v demand v dentist n department (Dept.) n depend v deposit n & v describe v description n desert vt & n deserve v design n, v & n desire v & n desk n dessert n destination n destroy v detective n determine v develop v development n devote v devotion ndial v dialogue (Am dialog) n diamond ndiary n dictation n dictionary ndie vdiet n differ v difference n different a difficult a difficulty n dig (dug, dug) v digital a dinner n dinosaur n dioxide n dip v diploma n & v direct a direction n director n directory n dirty a disability n disabled a disadvantage n disagree v disagreement n disappear v disappoint v disappointed a disaster n discount n discover v discovery n discrimination n discuss v discussion n disease n dish n disk＝disc n dislike v dismiss v distance n distant a distinction n distinguish v distribute v district n disturb v dive v diverse a divide v division n divorce vdizzy ado (did, done) vdoctor n document ndog ndoll ndollar ndoor n dormitory (dorm) n double a & n doubt n & v down prep & ad download n & v downstairs ad downtown ad, n & a dozen nDr ＝doctor ndraft ndrag vdraw (drew, drawn) v drawer ndream (dreamt, dreamt或-ed, -ed) n & v dress n & v drill n & v drink (drank, drunk) vdrive (drove, driven) vdriver ndrop n & v drug ndrum ndrunk adry v & a duck ndue a dumpling nduring prep dusk ndust n dustbin ndusty aduty nDVD＝digital versatile disk n dynamic aE each a & pron eager aeagle near nearly a v adearn vearth n earthquake neast a, ad & n Easter neastern aeasy aeat (ate, eaten) vedge nedition neditor neducate v education n educator neffect neffort negg n eggplant neither a, conj & ad elder nelect velectric a electrical a electricity nelegant a elephant nelse ade-mail n & v embarrass v embassy n emergency n emperor nemploy vempty a encourage v encouragement nend n & v enemy n energetic aenergy n engine n engineer nenjoy v enjoyable a enlarge v enough n, a & ad enter v entertainment n enthusiastic aentire a entrance n envelope n environment nenvy v & n equal a & v equality nequip v equipment n eraser nerror nerupt v escape n & v especially ad essay n Europe n European a & n even ad evening nevent n eventually adever ad every a everybody pron everyday a everyone pron everything pron everywhere ad evidence n evolution nexact aexam =examination n examine v example n excellent a except prep exchange n excite v excuse n & v exercise n & v exhibition n exist v existence n exit n expand v expect v expectation n expense n expensive a experience n experiment n expert n explain v explanation n explode v explore v export n & v express v & n expression n extra a extraordinary a extreme a eye n eyesight nFface n & v facial a fact n factory nfail v & n failure n fair1 a fair2n faith nfall1 (fell, fallen) vfall2 (Am)＝autumn n false afamiliar afamily nfamous afan nfancy n, v & a fantastic afantasy nfar (farther, farthest或further, furthest) a & ad fare nfarm nfarmer nfast a & adfasten vfat n & afather nfault nfavour (Am favor) nfavourite (Am favorite) a & nfax n & vfear nfeather nfederal afee nfeed (fed, fed) vfeel (felt, felt) vfeeling nfellow nfemale a & nfence nfestival n & afetch vfever nfew pron & afibre (Am fiber) nfiction nfield nfierce afight (fought, fought) n & vfigure n & vfile nfill vfilm n & vfinal afind (found, found) v fine1 a fine2v finger n fingernail n finish v & n fire n & v firm1n firm2 a fish n & v fisherman nfist nfit a & v fix v flag n flame n flash n flashlight n flat1n flat2 a flee (fled, fled) v flesh n flexible a flight n float v flood n & v floor n flour n flow v flower nflu n fluency n fluent afly1 (flew, flown) vfly2n focus v & n fog n foggy a fold v folk a follow v fond a food n fool n & v foolish afoot (pl feet) nfootball nfor prep & conj forbid (forbade, forbidden) vforce v forecast n & v forehead nforeign a foreigner nforest nforever adforget (forgot, forgot/forgotten) v forgive (forgave, forgiven) vfork nform n & v format nformer a fortunate afortune nforty num forward adfoster vfound v fountain nfox n framework nfranc nfree a freedom n freeway nfreeze (froze, frozen) v freezing a frequent afresh afriction nfridge＝refrigerator nfriend nfriendly a friendship nfrighten vfrog nfrom prepfront a & nfrost n fruit nfry v fuel nfull a fun n & a function n & v fundamental a funeral n funny afur n furniture n future nGgain v gallery n game n garage n garbage n garden n garlic n garment n gas n gate n gather v general a & n generation n generous a gentle a gentleman n geography n geometry n gesture n get (got, got) vgift n gifted a giraffe ngirl n give (gave, given) v glad a glance v glare v glass n globe nglory nglove nglue ngo (went, gone) vgoal ngoat ngod ngold n & a golden agolf ngood (better, best) a goods n goose (pl geese) n govern v government n grade n gradual a graduate v graduation ngrain ngram n grammar n grandchild n granddaughter n grandma＝grandmother n grandpa ＝grandfather n grandparents n grandson n granny n grape n grasp vgrass n grateful agreat a & ad greedy a green a & n greengrocer n greeting ngrey (Am gray) a grocery n ground n group ngrow (grew, grown) v guarantee v guard n guess v guest n guidance n guide n guilty a guitar ngun n gym ＝gymnasium n gymnastics nHhabit nhair n haircut nhalf a & n hall n ham n hamburger n hammer n hand n & v handbag n handkerchief n handle n & v handsome a handwriting n handy a hang (hung, hung或=ed, -ed) v happen v happiness n happy a harbour (Am harbor) n hard ad & a hardly ad hardworking a harm n & v harmful a harmony n harvest n & v hat n hatch v hate v & n have (has, had, had) vhe pronhead n & v headache n headline n headmaster/mistress n health n healthy ahear (heard, heard) v hearing nheart nheat n heaven n heavy aheel n height n helicopter nhello int helmet nhelp n & v helpful ahen nher pron herb nhere adhero nhers pron herself pron hesitate vhi inthide (hid, hidden) vhigh a & ad highway nhill nhim pron himself pron hire vhis pron history nhit (hit, hit) n & v hobby nhold (held, held) vhole n holiday n home n & ad homeland n hometown n homework n honest ahoney nhonor (Am honor) n & v hope n & v hopeful a hopeless a horrible ahorse n hospital nhost n & v hostess nhot a hotdog nhotel nhour nhouse n housewife n housework nhow ad however ad & conj howl vhug vhuge a human a & n human being n humor (Am humor) n humorous a hunger n hungry ahunt vhunter n hurricane nhurry vhurt (hurt, hurt) v husband nII pronice nice-cream nidea n identity nidiom nif conj ignore vill aillegal aillness n imagine v immediately ad immigration nimport v & n importance n important a impossible a impress v impression n improve vin prep & ad inch n incident n include v income n increase v & n indeed a independence n independent a indicate v industry n influence n & v inform v information ninitial ninjure vinjury nink ninn n innocent ainsect ninsert vinside prep & ad insist v inspect v inspire v instant a instead ad institute n institution n instruct v instrument n insurance n intelligence n intend v intention n interest n interesting a international a Internet n interpreter n interrupt v interval n interview n & v into prep introduce v introduction n invent v invention n invitation n invite v iron n & v is v (be) island nit pron its pron itself pronJjacket n jam njar n jaw n jazz n jeans n jeep n jewellery njob n join v joke n journalist n journey njoy n judge n & v judgment n juice n jump n & v jungle n junior ajust a & ad justice nKkangaroo n keep (kept, kept) v kettle nkey n keyboard nkick v & n kid nkill vkilo n kilogram n kilometer nkind1nkind2 a kindergarten n kindness nking n kingdom nkiss n & v kitchen nkite n knee n knife (pl knives) n knock n & v know (knew, known) v knowledge nLlab ＝laboratory n labor (Am labor) nlack v & n lady nlake n lamb n lame alamp nland n & v language n lantern nlap nlarge alast a & v late a & ad laugh n & v laughter nlatter alaw n lawyer nlay (laid, laid) vlazy alead (led, led) v & n leader nleaf (pl leaves) n league nleak vlearn (learnt, learnt或-ed, -ed) v least n leather nleave (left, left) v lecture nleft a, ad & n leg nlegal a lemon n & a lemonade nlend (lent, lent) v length n lesson nlet (let, let) vletter nlevel n liberation n librarian n library n license nlid nlie1n & vlie2vlife (pl lives) nlift v & n light n, v & a lightning nlike v & prep likely alimit vline n & v link vlion nlip nliquid n & a list n & v listen vliter (Am liter) n literary a literature nlitter vlittle (less, least) alive v & a lively aload nlocal alock n & v lonely along a & ad look n & v loose alorry nlose (lost , lost) vloss nlot nloud a lounge nlove n & v lovely alow a & ad luck nlucky a luggage nlunch nlung nM machine nmad a madam/Madame n magazine n magic amaid nmail n & v mailbox nmain a mainland nmajor a majority nmake1 (made, made) vmake2nmale a & n man (pl men) n manage v manager n mankind n manner nmany (more, most) pron & a map n marathon n march n & v mark n & v market n marriage n marry vmask n & v mass n master vmat n match v & n material n mathematics＝math/maths n mature amay modal v maybe adme pron meal nmean (meant, meant) v meaning n means n meanwhile admeasure vmeat n medal n media n medical a medicine nmeet (met, met) v & n meeting n member n memorial n memory n mend v mental a mention n & v menu n merchant n mercy n merely ad merry amess n message n messy ametal n & a meter (Am meter) n method n microscope n middle n midnight nmight modal v mild amile nmilk n & v millionaire nmind n & v mine1pron mine2n & v minibus n minister n minority n minus prep & a minute n mirror nmiss1vmiss2n missile nmistake (mistook, mistaken) v & nmistaken a misunderstand (misunderstood, misunderstood) v mix vmixture nmm＝millimeter nmobile amodel nmodem nmodern amodest amom＝mum nmoment nmommy＝mummy nmoney nmonitor nmonkey nmonth nmonument nmoon nmop v & nmoral a & nmore (much, many) a, ad & nmorning nmosquito nmost a & admother nmotherland nmotivation nmotor nmotorcycle nmotto nmountain nmountainous amourn vmouse (pl mice) nmoustache nmouth nmove vmovement nmovie nMr. (mister) nMrs. (mistress) nMs. nmuch a & ad mud nmuddymultiply vmurder v museum n mushroom nmusic nmusical a & n musician nmust modal v my pron myself pronNnail nname n & v narrow anation nnational a nationality n nationwide adnative anatural anature nnavy nnear a, ad & prep nearby anearly adneat a necessary aneck n necklace nneed n & modal v needle n neighbor (Am neighbor) n neighborhood (Am neighborhood) n neither anephew nnervous anest nnet nnetwork n never adnew anews n newspaper nnext a & ad nice aniece nnight nno ad & a No. ＝number nnoble a nobody n & pron nod vnoise nnoisy anone pron noodle nnoon nnor conj normal n & a north a, ad & n northeast n northern a northwest nnose nnot adnote n & v notebook n nothing n, ad & v notice n & v novel n novelist nnow ad nowadays ad nowhere ad nuclear a number nnurse n nursery nnut n nutrition nOO.K. adobey vobject nobserve vobtain vobvious a occupation noccupy voccur vocean n Oceania no'clock nof prepoff prep & ad offer n & v office nofficer nofficial n & a offshore adoften adoh intoil n & vold aOlympic (s) a & non prep & ad once n, ad & conj one pron oneself prononion nonly a & ad onto prepopen a & v opera noperate v operation n operator nopinion noppose vopposite n & a optimistic aoptional aor conjoral aorange n & aorbit n order n & v ordinary aorgan n organization n organise (Am organize) vorigin nother pron & a otherwise adought modal vour pronours pron ourselves pronout ad outcome n outdoors adouter a outgoing aouting noutline noutput noutside n, ad & prep outspoken a outstanding aoval n & ad over prep & ad overcoat n overcome v overlook v overweight aowe vown a & v owner nox (pl oxen) noxygen nPP.C.＝personal computer nP.E.＝physical education np.m./pm, P.M./PM npace nPacific apack n & v package npaddle vpage npain npainful apaint n & v painter npainting npair npalace npale apanda npanic v & a paper n paperwork n paragraph nparallel aparcel npardon nparent npark1npark2 vparking nparrot npart n, a & v particular apartly adpartner npart-time a & ad party npass v passage n passenger n passport npast ad, n & prep path n patience npatient1npatient2 apattern npause n & v pavement npay (paid, paid) v & npea npeace n peaceful a peach n pear n pedestrian n pen n pence n pencil n penny n pension n people n pepper n per prep percent n percentage n perfect a perform v performance n performer n perhaps ad period n permanent a permission n permit n & v person n personal a personally ad personnel n persuade v pest n pet n petrol n phenomenon (pl phenomena n phone＝telephone v & n photo =photograph n photograph n photographer n phrase n physical a physician n physicist n physics n piano n pick v picnic n & v picture npie npiece npig npile npill npillow npilot npin n & vpine npineapple nping-pong npink apioneer npipe npity nplace n & vplain aplan n & vplane nplanet nplant v & nplastic aplate nplatform nplay v & n playground npleasant aplease vpleased apleasure nplenty nplot n & vplug vplus v & prep pocket npoem npoet npoint v & npoison npole npolice npoliceman/woman (pl policemen/women) n policy npolish v polite a political a politician n politics n pollute v pollution n pond n pool n poor a pop＝popular a popcorn n popular a population n pork n port n position n positive a possess v possibility n possible a post1 n post2 v & n postage n postcard n postcode n poster n postman (pl postmen) n pot n potato n potential a pound n pour v powder n power n powerful a practical a practice n & v practise (Am practice) v praise n & v pray v precious a predict v prefer v pregnant aprepare v prescription n present1 a & v present2n presentation n preserve v president n presst1v press2n pressure n pretend v pretty a prevent v preview v previous a price n pride n primary a primitive a principle n print v prison n prisoner n private a privilege n prize n probably ad problem n procedure n process n & v produce v product n production n profession n professor n profit n programme (Am program) n progress n & v prohibit v project n promise n & v promote v pronounce v pronunciation n proper a properly ad protect v protection n proud a prove v provide v province npub n public a & n publish vpull v & n pulse n pump v punctual a punish v punishment n pupil n purchase v purple n & a purpose n purse n push n & v put (put, put) v puzzle nQqualification n quality n quantity n quarrel v & n quarter n queen n question v & n questionnaire n queue v & n quick a & ad quiet a quilt nquit v quite ad quiz nRrabbit n race v & n radio n rag nrail n railway n rain n & v rainbow n raincoat n rainy a raise v range n & v rank n rapid a rare arat n rather ad razor n reach v react v read (read, read) v reading n ready a real a reality n realise (Am realize) v really ad reason v & n reasonable a receipt n receive v receiver n recent a reception n recite v recognise (Am recognize) v recommend v record n & v recorder n recover v recreation n recycle v red n & a reduce v refer v referee n reference n reflect v reform v & n refresh v refrigerator n refuse v regard v & n regret n & v regular a regulation n relate v relation n relationship n relax u relay v & n reliable a relief n religion nrely v remain v remark n remember v remind v remote a remove vrent n & v repair n & v repeat v replace v reply n report n & v reporter n representative n republic n reputation n request n require v requirement n rescue v research n resemble v reserve n & v。
