18类常用抢救药品精品PPT课件

18种急救药品八种高危药品：1、重酒石酸去甲肾上腺素注射液（正肾）【药理作用】为肾上腺素受体激动药，是强烈的α受体激动药，同时也激动b受体。

通过α受体激动，也可引起血管极度收缩，时血压升高，冠状动脉血流增加；通过b受体的激动，时心肌收缩加强，心排出量增加。

【适应症】用于治疗急性心肌梗死，体外循环引起的低血压，对血容量不足所致的休克、低血压或嗜铬细胞瘤切除后的低血压，本品作为急救时补充血容量的辅助治疗，使血压回升，暂时维持脑与冠状动脉灌注，直到补充血容量发生作用；也可用于椎管内阻滞时的低血压及心跳骤停复苏后血压维持。

【规格】1ml:2mg【用法用量】用5%葡萄糖注射液或葡萄糖氯化钠注射液稀释后静滴。

【不良反应】1药液外漏可引起局部组织坏死。

2本品强烈的血管收缩可以使重要脏器器官血流减少，肾血流锐减后尿量减少，组织供血不足导致缺氧和酸中毒，之久或大量使用时，可使回心血量减少，外周血管阻力升高，心排血量减少，后果严重。

3应重视的反应包括静脉输注时沿静脉径路皮肤发白，注射局部皮肤破溃，皮肤紫癜，发红，严重眩晕，上述反应虽属少见，但后果严重。

4个别病人因过敏而有皮疹，面部水肿。

5在缺氧，电解质平衡失调、器质性心脏病病人中或逾量时，可出现心律失常，血压升高后可出现反射性心率减慢。

6以下反应如持续出现应注意：焦虑不安、眩晕、头疼、皮肤苍白、心悸、失眠等。

7逾量时可出现严重头痛及高血压、心率减慢、呕吐、抽搐。

2、盐酸肾上腺素注射液（副肾）【药理作用】可兴奋α、β二种受体。

兴奋心脏β1-受体，使心肌收缩力增强，心率加快，心肌耗氧量增加；兴奋α-受体，可收缩皮肤、粘膜血管及内脏小血管，使血压升高；兴奋β2-受体可松驰支气管平滑肌，解除支气管痉挛。

用于过敏性休克、心脏骤停、支气管哮喘、粘膜或齿龈的局部止血等。

【用法】1．抢救过敏性休克：肌注0.5～1mg/次，或以0.9％盐水稀释到10ml缓慢静注。

如疗效不好，可改用2～4mg溶于5％葡萄糖液250～500ml中静滴。

18种常用的抢救药物急诊科长用药物有;肾上腺素、阿托品、利多卡因、胺碘酮、多巴胺、甘露醇、速尿、硝酸甘油、消心痛、西地兰、尼可刹米、纳洛酮、地塞米松、氨茶碱、吗啡、立止血、垂体后叶素、安定、碳酸氢钠、亚硝酸异戊脂、亚甲兰、氯磷定、二巯基丁二酸钠。

回一、中枢神经兴奋药：尼可刹米（可拉明）、山梗菜碱（洛贝林）二、抗休克血管活性药：多巴胺、肾上腺素（副肾素）间羟胺（阿拉明）三、强心药：西地兰（去乙酰毛花甙）四、抗心律失常药：利多卡因、心律平（普罗帕酮）乙胺碘呋酮五、降血压药：硝普钠、硫酸镁六、血管扩张药：硝酸甘油七、利尿剂：速尿（呋喃苯胺酸）八、脱水药：甘露醇九、镇静药：安定（地西泮）苯巴比妥（鲁米那）咪唑安定十、解热药：安痛定（含安基比林、安替比林、巴比妥）来比林十一、镇痛药：杜冷丁（哌替啶）吗啡十二、平喘药：氨茶碱喘啶甲强龙十三、止吐药：胃复安（甲氧氯普胺）异丙嗪十四、促凝血药：6-氨基己酸（氨甲环酸）止血芳酸（氨甲苯酸）止血敏（酚磺乙胺）立止血十五、解毒药：解磷定、阿托品备选药：山莨菪碱（654-2）十六、激素药：地塞米松(氟美松) 备选药：氢化可的松（皮质醇）十七、水电酸碱平衡药：碳酸氢钠氯化钾十八、抗过敏药：苯海拉明（可他敏）葡萄糖酸钙尼可刹米（可拉明）[药理及应用]直接兴奋延髓呼吸中枢，使呼吸加深加快，也可刺激颈动脉体和主动脉体化学感受器，提高呼吸中枢对CO2的敏感性。

对血管运动中枢也有微弱兴奋作用。

临床常用于中枢性呼吸抑制，对各种中枢抑制药如吗啡等过量引起的呼吸抑制疗效较好，对巴比妥类中毒者效果较差。

[用法]常用量：肌注或静注，0.375/次，必要时1～2小时重复。

剂量：1.25g/次。

[注意]大剂量可引起血压升高、心悸、出汗、呕吐、心律失常、震颤及惊厥。

山梗菜碱（洛贝林）[药理及应用]兴奋颈动脉体化学感受器而反射性兴奋呼吸中枢。

临床常用于用于新生儿窒息、小儿感染性疾病引起的呼吸衰竭以及一氧化碳中毒。

18类常用抢救药品1、中枢神经兴奋药尼可刹米（可拉明）[用法]常用量：肌注或静注，0.25～0.5g/次，必要时1～2小时重复。

极量：1.25g/次。

[注意]大剂量可引起血压升高、心悸、出汗、呕吐、心律失常、震颤及惊厥。

山梗菜碱（洛贝林）[用法]常用量：肌注或静注，3mg/次，必要时半小时重复。

极量20mg/日。

[注意]不良反应有恶心、呕吐、腹泻、头痛、眩晕；大剂量可引起心动过速、呼吸抑制、血压下降、甚至惊厥。

2、抗休克血管活性药多巴胺[注意]1.不良反应有恶心、呕吐、头痛、中枢神经系统兴奋等；大剂量或过量时可使呼吸加速、快速型心律失常。

2.高血压、心梗、甲亢、糖尿病患者禁用。

3.使用以前应补充血容量及纠正酸中毒。

4.输注时不能外溢。

肾上腺素（副肾素[用法]1．抢救过敏性休克：肌注0.5～1mg/次，或以0.9％盐水稀释到10ml 缓慢静注。

如疗效不好，可改用2～4mg溶于5％葡萄糖液250～500ml中静滴。

2．抢救心脏骤停：1mg静注，每3～5分钟可加大剂量递增（1～5mg）重复。

3．与局麻药合用：加少量(约1：200000—500000)于局麻药内（＜300μg）。

[注意]1.不良反应有心悸、头痛、血压升高，用量过大或皮下注射时误入血管后，可引起血压突然上升、心律失常，严重可致室颤而致死。

2．高血压、器质性心脏病、糖尿病、甲亢、洋地黄中毒、低血容量性休克、心源性哮喘等慎用。

备选药：间羟胺（阿拉明）3、强心药西地兰（去乙酰毛花甙）[用法]常用量：初次量0.4mg，必要时2～4小时再注半量。

饱和量1～1.2mg。

[注意]1.不良反应有恶心、呕吐、食欲不振、腹泻，头痛、幻觉、绿黄视，心律失常及房室传导阻滞。

2.急性心肌炎，心梗患者禁用；并禁与钙剂同用。

四、抗心律失常药4.利多卡因[用法]静注：1～1.5mg/kg/次（一般用50～100mg/次）必要时每5分钟后重复1～2次。

静滴：取100mg加入5%葡萄糖100～200ml中静滴，静速1～2ml/分。

18 types of commonly used rescue drugs(For emergencydepartment only)1. Central nervous system stimulantsNicosame (Colamin)[Pharmacology andapplication] Directly excite the medulla oblongata respiratory center to deepen and speed up breathing. It also has a weak excitatory effect on the vascular movement center. Used for central respiratory depression and circulatory failure, poisoning of anesthetics and other central depressants.[Usage] Common dosage: intramuscularly or intravenously, 0.25-0.5g/time, repeat 1 to 2 hours if necessary. Maximum amount:1.25g/time.[Note] Large doses can cause elevated bloodpressure, palpitations, sweating, vomiting, arrhythmia, tremor and convulsions.Lobeline (Lobeline)[Pharmacology and application] Exciting carotid body chemoreceptors and reflex excitement of respiratory center. It is used for neonatal asphyxia, inhalation anesthetics and other central depressant poisoning, carbon monoxide poisoning and respiratory failure caused by pneumonia.[Usage] Common dosage: intramuscularly or intravenously, 3 mg/time,repeat in half an hour if necessary. The maximum amount is 20mg/day.[Note] Adverse reactions include nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, headache, dizziness; large doses can cause tachycardia, respiratory depression, blood pressure drop, and even convulsions.2. Anti-shock vasoactive drugsDopamine[Pharmacology and application] Directactivation of α and β receptors, as well as dopamine receptors. The effect on different receptors is related to the dose: low-dose (2～5μg/kg•min) l ow-speed instillation, excites dopamine receptors, Dilate the kidneys, mesenteric, coronary arteries and cerebral vessels, increase blood flow and urine output. At the same time, it stimulates the β1 receptors of the heart, and also produces a moderately programmed positive inotropic effect by releasing norepinephrine; at a medium dose (5～10μg/kg•min), it can obviously activate β1 receptors to excite the heart and strengthen the myocardium. Contraction force. At thesame time, it also stimulates alpha receptors, causingperipheral blood vessels such as skin and mucous membranes to contract. At high doses (>10μg/kg•min), the positive muscle strength and vasoconstriction effect are more obvious, and the renal vasodilation effect disappears.Positive muscle strength and renal vasodilatation are dominant in medium and low-dose anti-shock therapy. It is used for various types of shock, especially for patients with renal insufficiency, decreased cardiac output, and increased peripheral vascular resistance that have already supplemented blood volume.[Usage] Common dosage: intravenous drip, add 20mg/time to 250ml of 5% glucose, start with 20 drops/min, adjust the drip rate as needed, and the maximum shall not exceed 0.5mg/min.[Note] 1. Adverse reactions include nausea, vomiting, headache, central nervous system excitement, etc.; large doses or overdose can accelerate breathing and rapid arrhythmia. 2.Disabled for patients with hypertension, myocardial infarction, hyperthyroidism, and diabetes. 3. Before use, blood volume should be supplemented and acidosis should be corrected. 4. No spillage during infusion.Adrenaline (Adrenaline)[Pharmacology and Application] It can excite the α and β receptors. Exciting the heart β1-receptors can increase myocardial contractility, increase heart rate, and increase myocardial oxygen consumption; excite α-receptors, which cancontract skin, mucosal blood vessels and small bloodvessels in internal organs, and increase blood pressure; excite β2-receptors Relax bronchial smooth muscles and relieve bronchospasm. Used for anaphylactic shock,cardiac arrest, bronchial asthma, local hemostasis of mucosa or gums, etc.[Usage] 1. Rescue anaphylactic shock: intramuscular injection of 0.5 to 1 mg/time, or slow intravenous injection with 0.9% saline diluted to 10 ml. If the curative effect is not good, use 2～4mg dissolved in 5% glucose solution 250～500ml intravenously instead. 2. Rescue cardiac arrest: 1 mg intravenously, the dose can be increased and repeated every 3 to 5 minutes (1 to 5 mg). 3. Combined with local anesthetics: add a small amount (about 1:200,000-500,000) in the local anesthetic (<300μg).[Note] 1. Adverse reactions include palpitations, headaches, and increased blood pressure. Excessive dosage or stray blood pressure during subcutaneous injection can cause a sudden increase in blood pressure, arrhythmia, and severe ventricular fibrillation and death. 2. Use with caution in hypertension, organic heart disease, diabetes, hyperthyroidism, digitalis poisoning, hypovolemic shock, cardiogenic asthma, etc.Alternative medicine: meta-hydroxylamine (alamin)Three, cardiotonicmedicineCedilan (desacetyl lanolin)[Pharmacology and application] Strengthen myocardial contractility, reflexly excite the vagus nerve, reduce the autonomy of the sinus node and atrium, slow down the heart rate and conduction, and increase the heart rate. Used for congestive heart failure, atrial fibrillation and paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia.[Usage] Common dose: 0.4mg for the initial dose, if necessary, inject half the dose for 2 to 4 hours. Saturation amount is 1～1.2mg.[Note] 1. Adverse reactions include nausea, vomiting, loss of appetite, diarrhea,headache, hallucinations, green and yellow vision, arrhythmia and atrioventricular block. 2. Acute myocarditis, patients with myocardial infarction are forbidden; and it is forbidden to use it with calcium.Fourth, anti-arrhythmic drugsLidocaine[Pharmacology and application] At low doses, it promotes K+ outflow in myocardial cells, reduces the autonomy of myocardial conduction fibers, and has the effect of anti-ventricular arrhythmia. Used for ventricular tachycardia and premature ventricular.[Usage] Intravenous injection: 1～1.5mg/kg/time (usually 50～100mg/time) if necessary, repeat 1～2 times every 5 minutes. Intravenous infusion: Take 100mg and add 5% glucose 100~200ml forintravenous infusion, static speed is 1~2ml/min. The total amount is <300mg.[Note] 1. Adverse reactions are mainly central nervous system symptoms such as dizziness, drowsiness, paresthesia, muscle tremor, etc. Excessive amounts can cause convulsions, coma and respiratory depression. ccasionally, symptoms of cardiotoxicity such as hypotension, bradycardia, and conduction block are seen. 2. It is forbidden for patients with Alzheimer's syndrome, pre-excitation syndrome and conduction block.Use with caution in patients with liver insufficiency,congestive heart failure, glaucoma, epilepsy, and shock.Propafenone (Propafenone)[Pharmacology andapplication] Extend the time of action potential andeffective refractory period, reduce the spontaneous excitability of the myocardium, reduce the autonomy, and slow down the conduction velocity. In addition, it also blocks beta receptors and L-type calcium channels, and has a mildly negative inotropic effect. It is used for patients with supraventricular and ventricular tachycardia andpremature beats, and pre-excitation syndrome withtachycardia or atrial fibrillation.[Usage] Intravenous injection within 3 to 5 minutes after the first dilution of 70mg, and repeated once after 20 minutes of ineffective; or 1 intravenous injection followed by (20-40/hour) to maintain intravenous infusion. The total amount in 24 hours is less than 350mg.[Note] 1. Adverse reactions include nausea, vomiting, constipation, taste changes, headache, dizziness, etc. In severe cases, it can cause arrhythmia, such as conduction block, sinus node dysfunction. 2. Use with caution in patients with sick sinus syndrome, hypotension, heart failure, and severe CPD.Five, blood pressure lowering drugsReserpine[Pharmacology and application] It can empty the storage of norepinephrine, block the transmission of sympathetic nerve impulse, thus make blood vessels relax and blood pressure drop. It is characterized by slowness, gentleness and long-lasting; and has a calming and slowing heart rate effect. Suitable for patients with mild and moderate hypertension (especially effective for patients with mental stress).[Usage] Common dosage: intramuscularly or intravenously,1mg/time, repeat once after 6 hours of ineffective.[Note] 1.Common adverse reactions include nasal congestion, fatigue, lethargy, and diarrhea. Large doses can causeparalysis tremens. Long-term application can causedepression. 2. Avoid use for patients with gastric and duodenal ulcer.Magnesium Sulfate[Pharmacology and application] After injection, excessive magnesium ions relax the peripheral vascular smooth muscles, causing sympathetic nerve impulse transmission barriers, thereby dilating blood vessels and lowering blood pressure, characterized by rapid and strong antihypertensive effect. Used for convulsions, pregnancy-induced hypertension, eclampsia, tetanus, hypertension, acute renal hypertensive crisis, etc.[Usage] Common dosage: 25% magnesium sulfate 10ml/time, deep intramuscular injection (slow).[Note] 1. Too fast injection speed or excessive dosage can cause rapid hypotension, central nervous system depression, respiratory depression, etc. (calcium rescue); 2. Use digitalis with caution during menstruation.Six, vasodilatorsNitroglycerin[Pharmacology and application] It has the effect of relaxing smooth muscles, relaxing the veins and arteries of the whole body, and it is more obvious than the small arteries in thepost-capillary veins (volume vessels). It also has asignificant diastolic effect on coronary blood vessels, reduces peripheral resistance, and reduces heart load. It isused for the treatment and prevention of angina pectoris of coronary heart disease, and can also be used to lower blood pressure or treat congestive heart failure.[Usage] Dilute with 5% dextrose or sodium chloride solution and then intravenously, the starting dose is 5μg/min, it is best to use an infusion pump to input at a constant rate. There are great differences between patients and the drug. There is no fixed suitable dose for intravenous drip. The dose should be adjusted according to individual blood pressure, heart rate and other hemodynamic parameters.[Note] 1. Common adverse reactions include headache, dizziness, facial flushing, palpitations, orthostatic hypotension, and syncope. 2. It is contraindicated in patients with severe hypotension and tachycardia in the early stage ofmyocardial infarction, severe anemia, glaucoma, and increased intracranial pressure.Seven, diureticsFurosemide (furananiline)[Pharmacology and application] Inhibit the reabsorption of sodium and chlorine in the medulla of the ascending branch of the loop, promote the excretion of sodium, chloride, and potassium, and affect the formation of renal medulla hyperosmotic pressure, thereby interfering with the process of urineconcentration and diuresis Strong. It is used for theadjuvant treatment of various edema, reduction ofintracranial pressure, excretion of drug poisoning and hypertensive crisis.[Usage] Intramuscular or intravenous injection: 20mg～80mg/day, every other day or 1 to 2 timesa day, starting from a small dose.[Note] Long-termmedication has water and electrolyte disorders (hypokalemia, hyponatremia, hypochlorite), which can cause nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, thirst, dizziness, muscle cramps, etc.; occasionally skin rash, itching, blurred vision;sometimes Produce orthostatic hypotension, hearingimpairment, leukopenia and thrombocytopenia.Eight,dehydration medicineMannitol[Pharmacology and application] Causes high osmotic pressure in the renal tubules and diuresis, and at the same time increases blood osmotic pressure, which can dehydrate tissues and reduce intracranial pressure. It is used to treat cerebral edema and glaucoma. It is also used for early renal failure andprevention of acute oliguria.[Usage] Intravenous drip: 250～500ml/time of 20% solution, drip rate 10ml/min.[Note]1. Adverse reactions include water and electrolyteimbalance. ther headaches, blurred vision, dizziness,long-term use of large doses can cause renal tubulardamage. 2. Use with caution in patients with cardiac insufficiency, cerebral hemorrhage, and oliguria due to dehydration.Nine, sedativesValium (Diazepam)[Pharmacology and Application] It has sedative, hypnotic, anti-anxiety, anti-convulsant and skeletal muscle relaxation effects. It is used for anxiety and various neuroses, insomnia and anti-epilepsy, and relieves reflex muscle spasm caused by inflammation.[Usage] Common dosage: 10mg/time, then add 5-10mg every 3 to 4 hours as needed. The total amount in 24 hours is limited to40-50mg.[Note] 1. Adverse reactions include drowsiness, dizziness, ataxia, etc., occasionally respiratory depression and hypotension. 2. Use with caution in patients with acute alcoholism, myasthenia gravis, glaucoma, hypoproteinemia, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.Alternative medicine: Phenobarbital (lumina)10. AntipyreticsAntongding (including antipyrine, antipyrine, barbital)[Pharmacology and Application] It has antipyretic, analgesic and anti-inflammatory effects. Mainly used for fever, headache, migraine, neuralgia, toothache and rheumatic pain.[Usage] Common dosage: intramuscularinjection, 2~4ml/time.[Note] ccasionally skin rash orexfoliative dermatitis, a very small number of allergic patients have agranulocytosis; weak physique to prevent collapse; anemia, hematopoietic dysfunction patients are not used.11. AnalgesicsDulantin (Meperidine)[Pharmacology and application] The opioid receptor acting on the central nervous system produces sedation and analgesia. Used for all kinds of severe pain, cardiogenic asthma, and pre-anaesthetic administration.[Usage] Common dosage: intramuscular injection 25~100mg/time, 100~400mg/day. Maximum amount: 150mg/time, 600mg/day. The interval between two medications should not be less than 4 hours.[Note] This product is dependent. Adverse reactions include nausea, vomiting, dizziness, headache, sweating, and dry mouth. verdose can cause dilated pupils, drop in blood pressure, tachycardia, respiratory depression, hallucinations, convulsions, coma, etc.Alternative medicine:Morphine12. Antiasthmatic drugsAminophylline[Pharmacology and Application] It has a relaxing effect on bronchial smooth muscle, intermittentlyinhibits the release of histamine and other allergicsubstances, and relieves congestion and edema of tracheal mucosa. It also relaxes the smooth muscle of the biliary tract, dilates the coronary arteries and has mild diuretic, cardiac and central excitatory effects. Used for bronchial asthma, also can be used for cardiogenic asthma, biliary colic, etc.[Usage] Common dosage: intravenous injection, intravenous drip. 0.25～0.5g/time, diluted with 5% glucose for use. The maximum amount is 0.5g/time, 1g/day.[Note] Too fast intravenous injection or too high concentration can cause nausea, vomiting, palpitations, drop in blood pressure and convulsions. Contraindicated in patients with acute myocardial infarction, hypotension, and severe coronary atherosclerosis.13.AntiemeticsMetoclopramide (Metoclopramide)[Pharmacology and Application] It can block the dopamine receptors, inhibit the emetic chemoreceptors of the brain to exert antiemetic effect, promote gastric peristalsis, and accelerate the emptying of gastric contents. It is used for uremia, vomiting caused by tumor chemotherapy and radiotherapy, and gastrointestinal dyskinesia caused by chronic functional dyspepsia.[Usage] Common dosage: intramuscularinjection, 10mg～20mg/time, no more than 0.5mg/kg per day.[Note] 1. Adverse reactions include orthostatic hypotension, constipation, etc. Large doses can causeextrapyramidal reactions and hyperlactemia. 2. It is contraindicated in pheochromocytoma, epilepsy, breast cancer patients undergoing radiotherapy or chemotherapy.14. Procoagulant drugs6-aminocaproic acid (tranexamic acid)[Pharmacology and application] Byinhibiting fibrinolysis, it can stop bleeding. Used for hemorrhage caused by elevated plasmin activity, such as postpartum hemorrhage, postoperative hemorrhage of prostate, liver, pancreas, lung and other internal organs.[Usage] Common dosage: intravenous infusion, the initial dosage is 4~6g, after dilution, the maintenance amount is 1g/h.[Note] 1. Adverse reactions include nausea, diarrhea, dizziness, skin rash, muscle pain, etc. Too fast intravenous injection can cause hypotension and bradycardia. verdose can cause thrombosis. 2. Those who have a tendency to thrombosis or have a history of thrombotic vascular disease are prohibited. Reduce or use with caution in patients with renal insufficiency.Alternative medicine: Hemostatic acid (aminomethyl methanoic acid),hemostatic allergic (sulphur ethyl amine), reptilase15. AntidotePralidoxime[Pharmacology and application] In the body, it can combine with the phosphoryl group inphosphorylated cholinesterase to form a non-toxicsubstance and be excreted in urine to restorecholinesterase activity. Used for the rescue of organophosphorus pesticides.[Usage] Common dosage: intravenous drip or slow intravenous injection. 1. Mildpoisoning: 0.4g/time, repeat once in 2 to 4 hours if necessary. 2. Moderate poisoning: 0.8~1.2g for the first time, then 0.4~0.8g every 2 hours, 2~3 times; 3. Severe poisoning: 1~1.2g for the first time, 0.4g per hourthereafter.[Note] Because of iodine, it can sometimes cause sore throat and parotid gland swelling. Excessive injection can cause dizziness, blurred vision, nausea, vomiting, and tachycardia. In severe cases, convulsions and even respiratory depression can occur. Avoid compatibility with alkaline drugs.atropine[Pharmacology and application] M cholinergic receptor blocker. In addition to the general anti-M choline effect, such as relief ofgastrointestinal smooth muscle spasm, inhibition of glandular secretion, pupil dilation, increase of intraocularpressure, paralysis of vision adjustment, heart rate increase, etc., large doses can act on vascular smooth muscle and make blood vessels dilate , Relieve vasospasm, improve microcirculation. Used to relieve various visceral colic. 2. Sinus block, atrioventricular block and other slow arrhythmias caused by excessive vagus nerve excitement. 3. Anti-infective toxic shock. 4. Rescue organophosphate poisoning. 5. Administer before general anesthesia.[Usage] Common dosage: intramuscular or intravenous injection, 0.5-1 mg/time, total amount<2mg/day. When used for organophosphorus poisoning, 1-2 mg (5-10 times in severe cases), repeat every 10-20 minutes, and sometimes need 2 to 3 days to maintain.[Note] 1. The adverse reactions caused by the dose from small to large are as follows: 0.5mg, slight heart rate slowdown, slightly dry mouth and less sweat; 1mg, dry mouth, accelerated heart rate, slightly dilated pupils; 2mg, palpitations, significant Dry mouth, dilated pupils, and sometimes blurred vision; 5 mg, the above symptoms are aggravated, and there are slurred speech, irritability, dry skin, fever, difficulty urinating, and decreased bowel movements; above 10 mg, the above symptoms are moresevere, and the pulse is weak. , The central excitement phenomenon is serious, breathing speeds up and deepens, delirium, hallucinations, convulsions, etc.; severepoisoning can be turned from central excitement to inhibition, resulting in coma and respiratory paralysis. The lowest lethal dose is about 80-130 mg for adults and 10 mg for children. 2. High fever, tachycardia, diarrhea and the elderly should be used with caution. Those with glaucoma, pyloric obstruction and prostatic hypertrophy are disabled.Alternative medicine: Anisodamine (654-2)16. HormonesDexamethasone (flumethasone)[Pharmacology and Application] Anti-inflammatory, anti-toxic, anti-allergic, anti-shock and immunosuppressive effects. Used for the treatment of various inflammations and allergies.[Usage] Intramuscular injection, intravenous drip. 2～20mg/time.[Note] Adverse reactions: Inducing or aggravating infection, osteoporosis, muscle atrophy, slow wound healing, etc.; when used in large quantities, it is easy to cause Cushings syndrome (full moon face, buffalo back, central obesity, skin thinning, low Potassium, high blood pressure, urine sugar, etc.); long-term use can easily cause mental symptoms (insomnia, agitation, euphoria)and mental illness. People with a history of hysteria and mental illness are not used. Use with caution in patients with ulcer disease, thrombophlebitis, active tuberculosis, and postoperative intestinal anastomosis.Alternativemedicine: Hydrocortisone (cortisol)17. Hydropoweracid-base balance medicineSodium bicarbonate[Pharmacology and Application] It can increase the body's alkali reserve. Used to prevent and correct metabolic acidosis, septic shock, etc.[Usage] Metabolic acidosis: 1.4% 20ml/kg/time, intravenously. Infectious shock acidosis: 5% 5ml/kg/time, intravenously. All of the above can increase the C2 binding capacity by 10% (V), and correct it in stages until the symptoms disappear.[Note] A large amount of intravenous injection in a short time cancause metabolic alkalosis, hypokalemia, and hypocalcemia. It should be used with caution in patients with congestive heart failure and renal insufficiency.18.Anti-allergic drugsDiphenhydramine (Ketamine)[Pharmacology and application] H1 receptor antagonist. It can compete with the histamine released from the tissues for H1 receptors on effector cells, thereby eliminating allergic symptoms; and has central nervoussystem inhibitory effects such as sedation and hypnosis;also has antiemetic, local anesthesia and anti-M-choline-like effects. It is used to treat allergic diseases, motion sickness and vomiting.[Usage] Common dosage: intramuscular injection, 20 mg/time, 1 to 2times/day.[Note] 1. Adverse reactions include fatigue, dizziness, drowsiness, dry mouth, nausea, etc. ccasionally, it can cause skin rash and neutropenia. 2. Contraindicated in patients with glaucoma, enlarged prostate, pyloric obstruction and intestinal obstruction.Alternative medicine: calcium gluconate【翻译失败,可能限速延时太小！】。